Part 1

Transcriber's Notes: Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and change of font text by =equal signs=. There is no Bold text to convert in this project. The caret character (^) is used for superscript numbers (see l. 2795)

The Greek passages were very to hard to read, and every effort has been made to reproduce them correctly.

Typographical errors worth a special mention:

Line 828: Original has 'Onocentanrus'. It should read: 'Onocentaurus'. Corrected.

Line 1058: Original reads'=Paules Aegineta= writeth'. It should read: '=Paulus Aegineta= writeth'. Corrected.

Line 1705: In the original book the abbreviation "w[superscript 't'] appears to be purely the author's own abbreviation for the word 'with'. For clarity this has been changed to 'with' in this text version.

Line 2651: [Sidenote: The spirit of Athens.] Original reads: 'The spirit of Athen.'. Corrected.

Line 4817: The original reads: 'in the 16. of =Ruke='. It should read: 'in the 16. of =Luke=.'. Corrected.

Line 5848: Original contains an isolated bracket: 'life of =Cimon=, (as hée is translated'. It has been left as shown in the original as uncertain as to where the missing bracket should be.

Line 6173: Original reads: '(which many haue noted before mee (that many'. The bracket is reversed. It should read: '(which many haue noted before mee) that many'. Corrected.

Line 7762: Original reads: 'fault vpon his wife =Eua=,'. It should read:'fault vpon his wife =Eue=,'. Corrected.

Line 8216: Original reads: 'passiuely, as they terme it in the schooles)'. The opening bracket is missing. It should read: 'passiuely, (as they terme it in the schooles)'. Corrected.

OF Ghostes and Spirites, Walking by Night,

And of straunge Noyses, Crackes, and sundrie forewarnings, which commonly happen before the death of men: Great slaughters, and alterations of Kingdomes.

One Booke,

Written by _Lewes Lauaterus of Tigurine_.

And translated into English by _R. H._

Imprinted at London by Thomas Creede. 1596.

To the Reader.

Being desirous (gentle Reader) to exercise my selfe with some translation, at vacant times, and seeing, that since the Gospell hath been preached, this one question, touching the appearing of spirits and soules departed, hath not bin much handled amongst vs, and therfore many, otherwise well affected in religion vtterly ignorant heerein, I thought it not amisse to take in hand some good and learned Treatise concerning this matter. Wherein as many haue both learnedly, painfully, and religiously trauelled: so amongst others, none in my iudgement hath more handsomly & eloquētly, with more iudgment & better method discoursed the same, thē _Lewes Lauaterus_, Minister of Tigurine. Others haue hādled it indeed wel, but yet _Nihil ad nostrā hunc_, being either too short, or too long, or too darke, or too doubtful, or otherwise so cōfused, that they leaue the Reader more in suspence in the end, then they found him in the beginning. As for Maister _Lauaterus_ his discretion heerein, I will no otherwise commend it, then to desire the Reader to view, and iudge himself. For thus much at the first sight he shall see: A cleare methode, with a familiar and easie stile, the matter throughly handled _Pro_ and _Con_, on both sides, so that nothing seemeth to be wanting, nor any thing redounding. And if it be true that Horace saith, _Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit vtile dulci_, that is, He winneth the prize, that ioyneth pleasure with profit: I thinke this Authour may also in this respect be pronounced _Victor_, and adiudged to the best game. For he so intreateth this serious and terrible matter of Spirits, that he now and thē inserting some strange story of Monks, Priestes, Friers, and such like counterfeits, doth both very liuely display their falshood, and also not a litle recreate his Reader: and yet in the end he so aptly concludeth to the purpose, that his histories seeme not idle tales, or impertinent vagaries, but very truthes, naturally falling vnder the compasse of this matter. And how profitable this his woorke is, those may best iudge, which are most ignorant in this question, some thinking euery small motion & noyse to be Spirites, and some so fondly perswaded that there are no Spirits, who being better enformed herein by this Authour, I suppose will confesse his work to haue done them some profit: if knowledge be profitable, and ignorance discommodious. And againe, those which being hitherto borne in hande that mens soules returne againe on earth, crauing helpe of the liuing, and haue spent much of their substaunce on idle Monkes and Friers, to relieue them, will confesse the like. For when they shall see they haue bene falsely taught, and that they were not the soules of men which appeared, but either falshood of Monks, or illusions of diuels, franticke imaginations, or some other friuolous & vaine perswasions, they will thinke it profitable to haue knowne the truth, as well to auoid error hereafter, as to saue their mony from such greedy caterpillers. Some also which be otherwise well trained vp in Religion, and yet not knowing what to thinke of these matters, will not iudge their labour euill imployed, nor the worke vnprofitable, wherby they may be brought out of doubt, and know certainly what to beleeue. There be many also euen now a dayes, which are hanted & troubled with spirites, and know not howe to vse themselues, who when they shall learne how a Christian man ought to gouern himselfe, being vexed with euil spirits, wil think it a very profitable point of doctrine, that shal teach them to direct themselues. Profitable therefore it is, and shalbe, no doubt, vnto many, and disprofitable vnto none, except perchance vnto popish Monks and Priests, who are like hereby to lose a great part of their gaines, which sometimes they gathered togither in great abundaunce, by their deceitfull doctrine of the appearing of dead mens soules. But this their wicked and diuellish doctrine, togither with all the patches and appendices therto belonging, he so notably teareth and cutteth in peeces, that I am well assured they shal neuer be able to cobble and clout them vp again. And this doth he with such a moderation of breuitie and tediousnesse, that I may rightly say; He hath said well, and not too much, and written truly, and not too litle.

Now as touching my translation, although I haue not made him speake with like grace in English, as hee dooth in Latine: yet haue I not chaunged his meaning, nor altered his matter, endeuouring my selfe rather to make thee vnderstand what thou readest, then to smoothe and pollish it with fine & picked words, which I graunt others might haue done more exquisitely, and perchaunce I my selfe also somewhat better, if I would haue made thereof a study and labour, and not a recreation and exercise. But howsoeuer I haue done herein, verily good reader, I trust thou wilt take in good part, which is all that I esteeme: if any man shall mislike therof, let him amend it. I trust it be sufficient to testifie my good will to do thee good, and to let thee vnderstand the Authours meaning.

_Farewell._

To the right excellent and most wise and vertuous Lord _Iohn Steigerus_ Consull _of the noble Common wealth of_ Berna, _his good Lord and Patrone_, Lewes Lauaterus _of_ Tigurine, _wisheth health_.

Many and diuers things are reasoned vpon, both of the learned and vnlearned, as wel of other matter, as also of Spirites, which are seene and heard, and make men afraid in the night season, and in the day time, by sea and by lande, in the fields, woods, and houses: And likewise concerning such straunge things which for the most part happen before the death of certain men, especially great Princes, and before notable innouations of Kingdomes and Empires. Many which neuer sawe or heard any of these things, suppose all that is reported of them, to be meere trifles and old wiues tales: for so much as simple men, and such as are fearefull and superstitious, perswade themselues they haue seen this or that, when indeed the matter is farre otherwise. Againe, there are some, which assoone as they heare of any thing, especially if it happen in the night, they by and by thinke some spirite dooth walke, and are maruellously troubled in minde, because they cannot discerne naturall things from spirites. And some (chiefly those whiche hunt after gaines, by the soules of dead men) affirme that the most part of such things which are heard or seene, are the soules of dead men, which craue helpe of them that are liuing, to be deliuered out of the torments of most cruell paine in Purgatorie. Many not only of the common sort, but also men of excellent knowledge, do maruell whether there be any spirits or no, and what maner of things they are. Yea and some of my familiar friends haue many times requested me, to shew them my opinion concerning these matters. Wherfore me seemeth it shall be worth my laboure, if I declare briefly and plainly out of the word of God, what we ought to iudge concerning these things. For the Ministers of Gods Church can take nothing more profitable in hande, than to instruct the people of God purely and plainly, in such necessary matters as come in question out of the word of God, which is a lanterne (as the Psalmist saith) vnto our feete, and a light vnto our pathes: and to deliuer them from all errour and superstition, and bring them out of all wauering and doubt. And verily their studie & diligence is to be highly commended, who for these fewe yeares ago, haue set forth certaine bookes drawne out of the scriptures, written in the Germaine tongue against sundrie errours: and theirs likewise who in these our dayes by writing of bookes do teache, instruct, and confirme the rude and vnlearned people. For amongst many other excellent benefits, which God our heauenly Father hath bestowed vppon mankinde, this also is a great and most liberall gift, that in this latter, and as it were old age of the world, he hath brought to light by the Art of Imprinting, aswel many other good Authours, as also the holie scriptures of the old and new Testament, written in diuers languages: whereby he doth not onlie teach vs amply and fully what to beleeue, and what to doo, but also mightily subuerteth and quite ouerthroweth diuers and sundrie errours, which by little and little haue crept into the Church. Truly all such are verie vngrateful towards God, which do not willingly acknowledge this so notable a benefit.

[Sidenote: The diuision or partes of this booke.]

As touching this my treatise concerning Spirits, and straunge wonders, I haue deuided it into three partes for the more cleare vnderstanding therof. In the first parte I shewe, that there are visions and spirits, and that they appeare vnto men sometimes, and that many & maruellous things happen besides the ordinarie course of nature. In the second I discusse what maner of things they are, that, is not the soules of dead men, as some men haue thought, but either good or euill angels, or else some secret and hid operations of God. In the third I declare why God doth somtime suffer Spirits to appear, and diuers forewarnings to happen: and also how mē ought to behaue themselues when they happen to meete with such things. In these points or partes, the chiefest thing wheron men vse to reason touching this matter, are conteined. Now I mean to handle this matter, being very obscure and intricate, with many questions, (I trust) so plainly, & clerely out of the holy scriptures, whereon we may surely stay our selues, out of the anciēt fathers, allowed historiographers, and other good writers, that those which are studious and louers of Gods truth, may well vnderstand what may be denied & thought of those apparitions, & other straunge & maruellous matters. And I also trust that euen our aduersaries also, (in case they wil lay their affections aside, but a litle while) wil say that I haue truly alleaged all their arguments, and confuted thē without any railing or bitternesse. For my purposed ende is according to the doctrine of Saint _Paule_, to edifie and not to destroy.

As touching diuinations, blessings, iuglings, coniurings, and diuers kinds of sorcerie, and generally of all other diuellish practises, certaine learned men of our time haue written bookes, as _Gasper Pencerus_, _Ioannes Viera_, _Ludouicus Mellichius_, and perchaunce some others also, whose worke I haue not yet seene. It is not long ago since _Ioannes Riuius_ a man learned and eloquent, published a booke in the latin toong, entreating of spirites and superstition. In the which booke albeit very briefly, yet doth hee as he is wont in all things, very finely & eloquently intreat of this matter, and of other foolishe superstitions. And albeit that I do write more largely of this, yet was it not my minde to gather togither al those thinges which I could haue spoken and alleaged touching the same matter: but only such as seeme the chiefest and most especiall points, partly because I would not be tedious to the reader, & partly also least my books shuld grow vnto an ouer great quantity. I haue great hope that _Ioachimus Camerarius_, that excellent man, who readeth the auncient writers both greeks and latins, with exquisite iudgemēt, and hath great experience in all things, will shortly write learnedly & at large of this matter, and also of others like vnto it. For so muche hee seemeth to promise in his preface to _Plutarches_ Booke, _De defectu oraculorum, & figura, & consecrata Delphis_ (wherin he handleth the nature and operatiōs of diuels) and also in other of his writings. I for my parte had once written this my treatise in the vulger tong, and now bicause I trust it shal be also profitable to other men, I haue translated it into latin, adding certaine things thereto.

[Sidenote: The dedication.]

This my booke which I haue with great labour and study gathered out of other mēs writings I present & offer vnto you (most noble consul) according to the ancient fashion & custome: not for that I suppose you haue any neede of my teaching, touching these things which are herein hādled. (For I am not ignoraunt, vnder what teachers you haue atteined vnto true learning, and how you haue and do continually read ouer sundry good authors with perfect knowledge in many tongues.) But partly that I might purchase credit and authoritie vnto this my booke with those men, vnto whome your goodnes, godlinesse and constancie (which you haue alwaies hitherto euermore shewed, and yet do shewe, in setting forth true religiō, & mainteining good lawes) is throughly knowne: and partly that I might shew my selfe in some respecte thankfull vnto you. For your honour hath bestowed many benefits on me, whom you onlie knowe by sight, and vppon other Ministers of the Church, wherby ye haue so bound me vnto you, that I shall neuer be able to make any recompence.

Wherefore I most earnestly beseech you, not to refuse this signe and token of my good wil, be it neuer so simple: but rather to vouchsafe, whē ye haue leisure from the laboure and toile of the common wealth, to reade ouer this my booke: for I haue good hope it will not seeme vnpleasaunt vnto you & others in the reading, as wel for the plaine order I vse therin, as also for the sundrie and manifold histories in it recited.

Almightie God, who hath so blessed you with his heauenly gifts, that for them, (albeit very yong) you haue aspired vnto the highest degree in your noble citie and dominiō of _Berna_, vouchsafe to preserue you in health, and increase and multiply his good gifts in you. My Lords & brethren the ministers of _Tigurin_, and also your old companion master _George Grebelius_, that excellent man in lerning, vertu, and nobilitie, hartily salute your Lordship. From _Tigurin_ in the month of Ianuary, the year of Christs Natiuitie. 1570.

Contents.

A Table of the Chapters of the three principall parts, touching Spirits walking by Night.

_Of the first part._

Concerning certaine words which are often vsed in this Treatise of Spirites, and diuers other diuinations of things to come. Chapter.1. Folio.1.

Melancholike persons and madde men, imagining things which in very deed are not. Chapter.2. Fol.9.

Fearefull men, imagine that they see and heare straunge things. Chap.3. Fol.14.

Men which are dull of seeing and hearing, imagine many things which in very deed are not so. Chap.4. Fol.16.

Many are so feared by other men, that they suppose they haue heard or seene spirits. Chap.5. Fol.21.

Priests and Monkes fained themselues to be spirits: also how _Mundus_ vnder this colour defiled _Paulina_, and _Tyrannus_ abused many noble and honest matrons. Chap.6. Fol.23.

_Timotheus Aelurus_, counterfeiting himselfe to be an Angell, obteined a Bishoppricke: foure Monkes of the order of Preachers, made many vaine apparitions at _Berna_. Chapter.7. Fol.28.

Of a counterfaite and deceiuing spirite at _Orleaunce_ in _France_. Chap.8. Fol.37.

Of a certaine parish priest at _Clauenna_, which fained him selfe to be our Lady, and of an other that counterfeited himselfe to be a Soule, as also of a certaine disguised Iesuit Frier. Chapter.9. Fol.41.

That it is no maruell if vaine sightes haue bene in olde time, neither yet that it is to be maruelled at, if there be any at this day. Chap.10. Fol.45.

That many naturall things are taken to be ghostes. Chapter.11. Fol.49.

A proofe out of the Gentiles histories, that ghostes do oftentimes appeare. Chap.12. Fol.53.

A proofe out of the histories of the auncient Church, and of the writings of holy Fathers, that there are walking spirits. Chap.13. Fol.62.

That in the bookes, set foorth by Monkes, are many ridiculous and vaine apparitions. Chap.14. Fol.65.

A proofe by other sufficient writers, that spirits do sometime appeare. Chap.15. Fol.68.

Daily experience teacheth vs, that spirites do appeare to men. Chap.16. Fol.71.

That there happen straunge wonders and prognostications, and that sodain noyses and cracks and such like, are heard before the death of men, before battail, and before some notable alterations and chaunges. Chap.17. Fol.77.

It is proued by testimonies of holy scripture, that spirites are sometime seen and heard, and that other strange matters do often chaunce. Chap.18. Fol.85.

To whom, when, where, and after what sort, spirits do appeare, and what they do worke. Chap.19. Fol.88.

_The Chapters of the second part._

The opinion or beleef of the Gentils, Iewes, and Turks, concerning the estate of soules seperated from their bodies. Chapter.1. Fol.98.

The Papists doctrine touching the soules of dead men, and the appearing of them. Chap.2. Fol.102.

What hath followed this doctrine of the Papists, concerning the appearing of mens soules. Chap.3. Fol.110.

Testimonies out of the word of God, that neither the soules of the faithful, nor of infidels, do walke vpon the earth after they are once parted from their bodies. Chapter.4. Fol.114.

Testimonies of the auncient Fathers, that deade mens soules parted from their bodies, doo not wander here vppon earth. Chap.5. Fol.116.

A confutation of those mens arguments or reasons, which affirme, that dead mens soules do appeare. And first, that is answered which certaine do alleage, to wit, that God is omnipotent, and therefore that hee can worke contrary to the ordinary course of nature. Chap.6. Fol.123.

That the true Samuel did not appeare to the Witch in Endor. Chap.7. Fol.127.

A confutation of their arguments, which woulde haue Samuell himselfe to appeare. Chap.8. Fol.133.

Whether the Diuell haue power to appeare vnder the shape of a faithfull man? Chap.9. Fol.140.

_Moses_ and _Elias_ appeared in the Mount vnto Christ our Lorde: many haue beene raised from the dead both in bodie and soule, and therefore soules after they are departed, may returne on earth againe. Chap.10. Fol.145.

Whether the holy Apostles thought they sawe a mans soule, when Christ sodeinly appeared vnto them after his Resurrection. Chap.11. Fol.148.

Concerning the holy Fathers, Councels, Bishoppes, and common people, which say that soules doo visibly appeare. Chap.12. Fol.151.

Whether soules doo returne againe out of Purgatorie, and the place which they call _Limbus puerorum_. Chapter.13. Fol.155.

What those things are which men see and heare: and first that good Angels do sometimes appeare. Chap.14. Fol.159.

That sometimes, yea and for the most part, euill angels doo appeare. Chap.15. Fol.163.

Of wondrous monsters, and such like. Chap.16. Fol.164.

That it is no hard thing for the diuell to appeare in diuers shapes, and to bring to passe straunge things. Chap.17. Fol.167.

Diuels do sometimes bid men do those things which are good, and auoyde things that are euill: sometimes they tell truth, and for what cause. Chap.18. Fol.171.

_The Chapters of the third part._

God by the appearing of Spirits doth exercise the faithfull, and punish the vnbeleeuers. Chap.1. Fol.175.

What the cause is that in these our dayes, so fewe spirites are seene or heard. Chap.2. Fol.183.

Why God doth suffer straunge noyses, or extraordinary rumblings to be heard before some notable alterations, or otherwise. Chap.3. Fol.186.

After what sort they should behaue themselues, which see good or euill spirits, or meete with other straunge aduentures: and first how both Iewes and Gentiles behaued themselues in the like cases. Chap.4. Fol.187.

How Christian men ought to behaue themselues when they see spirits, and first, that they ought to haue a good courage, and to be stedfast in faith. Chap.5. Fol.190.

It behoueth them which are vexed with spirites to pray especially, and to giue themselues to fasting, sobrietie, watching, and vpright and godly liuing. Chap.6. Fol.193.

That spirits which vse to appeare, ought to be iustly suspected: and that we may not talke with them, nor enquire any thing of them. Chap.7. Fol.195.

Testimonies out of the holy Scripture, and one example whereby it is prooued, that such kinde of apparitions are not to be credited, and that we ought to be verie circumspect in them. Chap.8. Fol.201.