CHAPTER LVIII.--Our knowledge of the earth and sea--How it has
increased--The earth the daughter of the ocean--The opinion of science--The mean depth of the ocean--The extent of the ocean--Its volume--Specific gravity of sea-water--Constitution of salt-water--The silver in the sea--The waves of the sea--The currents of the ocean--The tides--The aquarium--The commerce of modern times--The spread of peace 696
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
No. Page
1. Gigantic Cuttle Fish _Frontispiece._
2. Asiatic Deluge 18
3. Hand of Satan 19
4. Stormy Petrel 30
5. The First Navigator 31
6. Modern Row Boat 33
7. The Deluge and the Ark 35
8. Noctulius Miliaris 45
9. Supposed form of the ship _Argo_ 54
10. The World, according to Homer 61
11. The Earth, according to Anaximander 62
12. The Great Penguin 64
13. Greek Vessel of the 6th Century 65
14. The Ptolemy Philopator 72
15. Common Penguin 74
16. The Sacred Promontory 78
17. Plan of Pythias' Voyage 79
18. Plan of the Voyage of Nearchus 83
19. Supposed form of the ships of Nearchus 91
20. Venetian Galley of the 10th Century 92
21. Wedding the Adriatic 95
22. Danish vessel of the 10th Century 99
23. The Northmen of America 104
24. Fishing for Herrings 107
25. Ancient Chinese Compass 113
26. Chinese Junk 119
27. Ship of the 14th Century 121
28. Teneriffe 122
29. Cape Bojador 124
30. Cape Verd 130
31. Sea Swallow 132
32. Christopher Columbus 137
33. Violet Asteria 145
34. The Fleet of Columbus 146
35. Head of the Merganser 147
36. The _Nina_ homeward bound 157
37. Columbus taking possession of Guanchani 158
38. Reception of Columbus by Ferdinand, etc. 162
39. Columbus in chains at Cadiz 168
40. Water Spout 170
41. The Phaeton 178
42. Vasco de Gama 179
43. Map of Africa, drawn 1497 182
44. Spectre of the Cape 187
45. Phosphorescence 188
46. The Man overboard, and the Albatross 189
47. Calicut in the 16th Century 196
48. Wreck of the _San Raphael_ 197
49. De Gama's Flag Ship 204
50. Vessels employed in the Spice Trade in the 16th Century 207
51. Ponce de Leon and the Fountain of Youth 213
52. Balboa and the Indian 217
53. Balboa discovering the Pacific Ocean 219
54. Balboa taking possession of the Pacific Ocean 221
55. Fate of De Solis and his companions 224
56. Ferdinand Magellan 225
57. Cape Virgin, east end Magellan's Strait 231
58. Laminaria 235
59. Natives of Borneo prepare to attack Magellan 236
60. Tidore 242
61. Scene on the Canadian Coast 246
62. Henry VIII. Embarking at Dover 255
63. Francis Drake 256
64. Drake and his Raft 260
65. Drake and the Patagonians 261
66. Drake condemning Doughty 262
67. Sea Anemones 266
68. Drake interrupting Justin at Acopulco 270
69. Queen Elizabeth knighting Drake 274
70. British Ship of War. 1578 276
71. Cavendish in Brazil 277
72. Port Famine 278
73. Hull of a vessel of the Armada 282
74. Procession in honor of the defeat of the Armada 284
75. Sir Walter Raleigh 285
76. Native of the Solomon Islands 291
77. Islanders before a Breeze 296
78. The Dutch at Walrus Island 297
79. The Dutch in Winter quarters 299
80. The female Otter and her young 303
81. Funeral of Mahu at Brava Island 304
82. Affray between the Dutch and Patagonians 310
83. The Two Admirals at close quarters 314
84. A Dutch Pic-Nic in the Mauritius 315
85. Turtles Head 315
86. Woman and Child of Espiritu Santu 316
87. Scene at Tahiti 318
88. Hudson's vessel, _The Half Moon_, off Sandy Hook 323
89. Dutch vessel trading at the Ladrones 326
90. Conflict between the Dutch and Spanish Fleets 330
91. The Dutch surprised by the Spaniards 331
92. Cape Horn 335
93. The _Concord_ at Fly Island 336
94. Arctic Gull 338
95. _Speedwell_ and _Mayflower_ 339
96. Cod Fish 345
97. Tasman's vessel, _The Zeehaan_ 346
98. Murderer's Bay 349
99. Natives of Murderer's Bay 349
100. A Buccaneer 351
101. Boats used in the Philippian Islands 360
102. Surf Bathing by Natives 362
103. Polynesian Canoe with its Outrigger 364
104. Dampier's Boat in a Storm 365
105. Wreck of the Pirate Ship, _Whidah_ 372
106. Home of Alexander Selkirk 373
107. Selkirk and his Family 376
108. Catching Turtles 378
109. The Hammer-headed Shark 382
110. The Eagle and the Pirate 383
111. Mirage at Behring's Straits 391
112. Lord Anson 393
113. Bombardment of Paita 397
114. Anson's Encampment at Firman 401
115. The Centurion and the Treasure Ship 407
116. Byron at King George's Island 410
117. Parting of Wallis and Oberea 418
118. Burning of the _Le Prince_ 423
119. Chain of Phosphorescent Salpas 425
120. Bougainville 426
121. A Ferry Boat at Buenos Ayres 428
122. Bougainville at Magellan's Straits 429
123. Cascade at Port Praslin 433
124. Capt. James Cook 435
125. A New Zealand Canoe 443
126. Cape Pigeon 450
127. Cook's ship beset by Water Spouts 451
128. King Otoo's sister dancing 455
129. Reception of Cook at the Friendly Islands 456
130. Canoes of the Friendly Islands 458
131. New Caledonian double Canoe 460
132. Sandwich Island King to visit Cook 461
133. Omai 465
134. Habitations in Nootka Sound 467
135. Man of the Sandwich Islands 469
136. Woman of Sandwich Islands 470
137. Fight with the Natives 472
138. Death of Capt. Cook 474
139. Lapérouse 480
140. Lapérouse's Disaster at Frenchport 485
141. Remnants of the wreck 490
142. Consecration of the Cenotaph 491
143. Scene in Terra del Fuego 492
144. Colonists of Pitcairn's Island 498
145. A Deserted Village 501
146. The _Discovery_ on a Rock 502
147. Burning of the _Philadelphia_ 506
148. The _Clermont_, the first steamboat 508
149. The _Savannah_, the first ocean steamer 517
150. Head of a White Bear 519
151. Reception of Otzebue at Otdia 520
152. Sea Lions upon the Ice 523
153. Attacked by Walruses 524
154. White Bears 526
155. Cutting In 529
156. Cutting Out 529
157. The Whale of Capt. de Blois 531
158. The Navigators frozen in 535
159. The _Victory_ in a Gale 536
160. Dr. Kane 547
161. Dr. Kane passing through Devil's Nip 548
162. The Seal 552
163. Japanese Vessel 558
164. The Leviathan 559
165. Cape Alexander, the Arctic Gibraltar 561
166. Chaos 563
167. Wild Dog Team 565
168. Open Polar Sea 566
169. Seeking Eider Down 570
170. The Telegraphic Fleet 571
171. Hauling the Cable ashore 573
172. Landing the Cable 574
173. A hollow Wave 575
174. The Cable in the bed of the Ocean 576
175. Sections of Atlantic Cable 577
176. The Telegraphic Plateau 584
177. The _Agamemnon_ in a Gale 590
178. The Seal 594
179. Diving Bell 595
180. Fixed Apparatus supplied with Compressed Air 596
181. Payerne's Submarine Hydrostat 598
182. Mushroom Drill 601
183. Ready to go down 603
184. Putting in the Charges 605
185. Grappling Machine 606
186. Divers dressed in their Apparatus 607
187. Divers finding a Box of Gold 608
188. Arming the Diver 611
189. Casting off the Diver 612
190. Diver down 613
191. Cannon, bell, and bones, brought up from the Wreck 615
192. Salvage of Russian Ships 616
193. Caulking a Vessel 617
194. The Northern Diver 625
195. Star Fish 627
196. Sponge fishing 628
197. Coral fishing off coast of Sicily 631
198. Faggots suspended to receive Oyster Spat 636
199. Dredging for Oysters 639
200. A Shell containing Chinese Pearls 640
201. Pearl Fisher in danger 642
202. Shark fishing 646
203. Cuttle fish making his Cloud 648
204. Ideal Scene 650
205. Red Coral 651
206. Dredging 652
207. Brook's Deep Sea Sounding Apparatus 657
208. Bull Dog Sounding Machine 659
209. Massey's Sounding Machine 660
210. The stern of the _Porcupine_ 668
211. Sail boat in a Gale 673
212. _Pennsylvania_ and _Ohio_ on the Stocks 675
213. Monitors 678
214. Plans of the Monitors 679
215. St. Louis 680
216. Double Ender 681
217. _Minnehaha_, or Tin Clad 683
218. The Ram Ironsides 685
219. Torpedo Explosion 687
220. Life Raft 691
221. Ocean Yacht Race, _Henrietta_, _Vesta_ and _Fleetwing_ 694
222. Fancy Sail Race 695
223. Appearance of Ice at the Poles 710
224. Light Ship 711
225. A Coral Island 712
Section I.
FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA.