Part 3

Some of the bats captured northwest of Diriamba were taken in a net placed across the center of a water-filled, concrete cistern that was located in a large, open space used for drying coffee beans. Open at the top, the cistern was approximately 12 m in diameter, and the water level was approximately 3 m below the rim. Several _Artibeus jamaicensis_, _A. lituratus_, and _Molossus pretiosus_ were caught in the same net. Aside from bats removed from the net, a few _Eptesicus_ and _Molossus_ were retrieved from the water where they fell, apparently stunned, after colliding with the wall of the cistern. The fact that a number of decomposed bats of these two species were observed floating in the water indicated that such entrapment was not caused by the placement of our net.

A female pregnant with two embryos (crown-rump length 15 mm) was captured on 22 April, whereas one taken on 5 July was lactating. Adult males taken in March (two) and April (two) had testes 5, 7, 9, and 10 mm long, respectively.

Rhogeessa tumida tumida H. Allen, 1866

_Specimens._--_Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, 2. _Carazo_: 3 km N, 4 km W Diriamba, 600 m, 2. _Chinandega_: 6 km N, 1 km E Cosigüina, 10 m, 3; Hda. Bellavista, 720 m, Volcán Casita, 1. _Matagalpa_: 1 km NE Esquipulas, 420 m, 1.

This small vespertilionid occurs throughout much of Central America, but the available material still is insufficient to permit an accurate assessment of geographic variation in that region. All but one of our specimens were trapped in mist nets. Those captured near Diriamba were taken in a net stretched across a trail bordered by high cut-banks, whereas those from other localities were netted over small streams. The one bat from Bellavista was shot as it foraged in the evening along trees bordering the hacienda yard.

Two females taken on 5 March each had swollen uteri and may have been in an early stage of pregnancy. Others taken on 13 July, 9 August, and 15 August were reproductively inactive. Males had testes that measured 2.5 (March), 3 (July), and 2 (August) mm.

We have compared our material with representative specimens from México of _R. parvula_ and _R. tumida_, as defined by Goodwin (1958); we are not wholly convinced that these are valid species (rather than variable geographic races of the same species). Certainly there is need for additional investigation of the problem. Our Nicaraguan specimens most closely resemble _R. t. tumida_ (see Goodwin, _op. cit._:3), to which they are tentatively referred.

Selected measurements of two females from Boaco and a male from Matagalpa, followed by the average (and extremes) of three males and three females from western Nicaragua (Carazo and Chinandega), are, respectively: length of forearm, 30.4, 28.5, 28.3, 28.2 (27.5-29.0) mm; greatest length of skull, 12.8, 12.7, 12.8, 12.1 (11.8-12.5) mm; zygomatic breadth, 8.1, 8.4, 8.6, 8.1 (7.8-8.6) mm; mastoid breadth, 7.1, 7.2, 7.2, 6.8 (6.6-7.1) mm; breadth of braincase, 6.0, 5.7, 6.0, 5.6 (5.3-6.1) mm; postorbital constriction, 3.3, 3.0, 3.3, 3.0 (2.9-3.2) mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 4.7, 4.7, 4.5, 4.3 (4.2-4.6) mm; weight, 4.4, 4.3, 3.8, 3.5 (3.1-3.9) gms.

Tadarida laticaudata yucatanica (Miller, 1902)

One adult male (testes 5 mm) of this free-tailed bat from Potosí, 5 m, Chinandega, on the Cosigüina Peninsula, provides the only record of the genus _Tadarida_ from Nicaragua. This specimen was netted after dark over a small stream that flowed into the Bay of Fonseca approximately 200 yards below our nets (see account of _Noctilio leporinus_). Other species taken in the same net included _Carollia subrufa_, _Sturnira lilium_, _Eptesicus furinalis_, _Molossus ater_, and _Molossus molossus_.

Selected measurements of the male are: total length, 92 mm; length of tail, 31 mm; length of hind foot, 10 mm; length of ear, 15 mm; length of forearm, 39.2 mm; weight, 10.3 gms; greatest length of skull, 17.2 mm; zygomatic breadth, 10.6 mm; postorbital constriction, 4.0 mm; breadth of braincase, 8.6 mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 6.5 mm.

Eumops auripendulus (Shaw, 1800)

A broken skull (USNM 339917) of a female of this species from Hda. Mecatepe [2 km N, 11.5 km E Nandaime, _ca._ 40 m], Granada, represents the only known specimen of the genus _Eumops_ from Nicaragua. This bat was obtained by M. K. Clark on 25 August 1964, but the conditions under which it was captured are not known. Available cranial measurements are: zygomatic breadth, 12.6 mm; breadth of braincase, 10.7 mm; postorbital breadth, 4.3 mm; rostral breadth, 7.4 mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 9.1 mm; length of mandibular c-m3, 10.0 mm.

Molossus ater nigricans Miller, 1902

_Specimens._--_Chinandega_: Potosí, 5 m, 21; 4.5 km N Cosigüina, 15 m, 2; El Paraíso, 1 km N Cosigüina, 20 m, 17; Hda. Bellavista, 720 m, Volcán Casita, 4; Hda. San Isidro, 10 km S Chinandega, 20 m, 2; San Antonio, 35 m, 2. _Nueva Segovia_: Corozo, 15 km NNE Jalapa, 660 m, 1; 3.5 km S, 2 km W Jalapa, 660 m, 4.

Only one specimen of this large molossid (from Volcán de Chinandega--J. A. Allen, 1908:670) has been reported from Nicaragua. All of our specimens are from the northern or northwestern part of the country. Many were shot in early evening as they followed a straight, direct flight pattern (presumably from day-roosts toward foraging or watering areas); the series from Potosí was netted over a small stream as described in the account of _Noctilio leporinus_. We confidently refer our material to the species currently known as _ater_, although assignment to the subspecies nigricans is tentative.

Of 21 females autopsied in the first week of March on the Cosigüina Peninsula, seven were pregnant, each with a single embryo (7-22 mm in crown-rump length, average 16.7). Ten males taken at the same time had an average testicular length of 5.7 (2-7) mm, whereas the testes of a male obtained on 9 March at San Antonio measured 8 mm. None of five females obtained in late July in Nueva Segovia evidenced reproductive activity, nor did two of three females taken in July and one taken in August from Chinandega; the fourth Chinandegan female, taken on 17 July, carried an embryo that was 36 mm in length. Two males from southern Chinandega (mid-July) had testes 7 and 4 mm long.

Representative measurements of 10 specimens of each sex from Nicaragua are given in Table 4.

Molossus molossus aztecus Saussure, 1860

_Specimens._--_Chinandega_: Potosí, 5 m, 1; Hda. San Isidro, 10 km S Chinandega, 20 m, 1 (USNM). _Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, 7. _Managua_: 3 mi SW Managua, 8. _Rivas_: Rivas, 60 m, 4.

This small free-tailed species has been reported from Nicaragua by Felten (1957:14), who listed two females from Corinto. Our records indicate that it is widely distributed, but of localized occurrence. Specimens from Potosí and Santa Rosa were captured in mist nets over streams (as described in the accounts of _Noctilio leporinus_ and _Myotis elegans_, respectively). The specimen from Hda. San Isidro was shot in flight, whereas those from Rivas were captured in a daytime retreat in a deep crevice in a concrete school building. We have no precise knowledge of the conditions under which bats from 3 mi SW Managua were obtained but suspect they were taken from a building.

Females in our series were reproductively active at all times for which we have information--early March through mid-July--as follows: a female from Potosí (6 March) carried an embryo that measured 5 mm (crown-rump length) as did one from Santa Rosa (21 March, 17 mm in length); two of three females taken 3 mi SW Managua on 28 March were pregnant (embryos 13 and 15 mm), whereas each of two collected there on 3 May were gravid (embryos 27 and 30 mm); one female from Rivas (25 June) carried an embryo (30 mm) and another was lactating and accompanied by a small (forearm, 19.7 mm) hairless juvenile; and, finally, one of six females netted at Santa Rosa on 13 July was pregnant (embryo 23 mm), but the others evinced no reproductive activity. An adult male, taken at Rivas with the females mentioned above, had testes that were 6 mm in length.

Bats of the genus _Molossus_ are in need of thorough systematic study. We think most, if not all, mainland populations of small _Molossus_ with pale-based hairs pertain to the species _Molossus molossus_, originally described from the Lesser Antilles. Although there is some variation in size and overall color among our Nicaraguan samples, all seem to represent that species. Because specimens from Nicaragua closely resemble examples of _M. m. aztecus_ from Jalisco, México (Table 3), in external and cranial proportions, we tentatively refer them to _aztecus_.

In our field experience in both Middle and South America, colonies of _M. molossus_ tend to be extremely localized, with individual populations or demes frequently separated by many miles of territory in which the species seemingly does not regularly occur.

TABLE 3.--Selected measurements of adult _Molossus molossus_.

Table Legend:

Col. A: Number of specimens averaged or catalogue number, and sex Col. B: Length of forearm Col. C: Greatest length of skull Col. D: Condylobasal length Col. E: Zygomatic breadth Col. F: Mastoid breadth Col. G: Breadth of braincase Col. H: Postorbital constriction Col. I: Length of maxillary toothrow Col. J: Breadth across upper molars

====================================================================== A B C D E F G H I J ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Western Jalisco, México

KU 109075, [Male] 38.2 18.0 15.3 11.0 10.5 9.1 3.8 6.2 7.9 KU 109076, [Male] 37.3 17.8 15.3 11.0 10.5 9.2 3.6 6.3 8.1 KU 120540, [Male] 37.7 17.8 15.3 11.0 10.8 8.9 3.9 6.3 8.1 Average 15 ([Female]) 37.1 17.2 14.8 10.7 10.3 8.9 3.8 6.1 7.9 Minimum 36.0 16.5 14.2 10.4 10.1 8.5 3.7 6.0 7.7 Maximum 38.1 17.7 15.2 11.0 10.5 9.2 3.9 6.2 8.2

Departamento de Chinandega, Nicaragua

USNM 337552, [Male] 39.0± 18.2 15.5 11.0 10.7 9.0 3.7 6.0 8.0 KU 114140, [Female] 37.3 16.8 14.7 10.7 9.9 8.7 3.4 5.9 7.4

3 mi SW Managua, Nicaragua

KU 71009, [Male] 39.8 18.7 16.1 11.1 10.9 8.9 3.8 6.3 8.0 KU 71011, [Male] 39.4 18.5 16.5 -- 11.0 9.2 3.7 6.7 8.0 Average 5 ([Female]) 38.9 17.5 15.4 10.7 10.3 9.0 3.6 6.1 7.8 Minimum 38.1 17.2 15.1 10.5 10.1 8.9 3.5 5.9 7.6 Maximum 39.7 18.0 15.9 10.9 10.6 9.1 3.7 6.3 8.0

Santa Rosa, Boaco, Nicaragua

Average 6 ([Female]) 36.0 17.5 14.7 10.8 10.6 9.1 3.7 6.0 8.0 Minimum 35.5 17.3 14.4 10.6 10.4 9.0 3.6 5.7 7.8 Maximum 36.7 17.8 15.1 11.0 10.8 9.2 3.8 6.2 8.2

Rivas, Nicaragua

KU 106291, [Male] 38.2 18.8 16.1 11.5 10.9 9.4 3.8 6.6 8.3 KU 106290, [Female] 39.6 17.4 15.0 11.0 10.5 9.1 3.6 6.0 7.7 KU 106293, [Female] 37.2 17.3 14.8 10.7 10.2 9.0 3.5 5.7 7.8 ----------------------------------------------------------------------

The localized and presumably highly inbred populations may have diverged morphologically, in some cases at least, to a degree that mensural differences can be demonstrated even between samples from the same general geographic area. Localized variation and relatively marked secondary sexual variation (unrecognized by some earlier workers), superimposed on geographic variation, have resulted in application of a relatively large number of names to these small _Molossus_. Felten (1957:13-14), for example, apparently used different specific names for males and females from El Salvador, and Gardner (1966) employed three different specific names for North American specimens. Only when material is available for a detailed study of variation throughout the Neotropics can the perplexing mosaic of characters in these small _Molossus_ be assessed adequately.

We have seen no specimens from Nicaragua that are identifiable as _Molossus bondae_, another relatively small species that has been reported from Greytown (Miller, 1913a:89) and from elsewhere in Central America by other authors (Goodwin, 1942c:145; Handley, 1966b:772; Gardner _et al._, 1970:727). Our examination of the female holotype of _M. bondae_ reveals that it is larger than _M. molossus_, corresponding in size to females recently reported from Costa Rica by Gardner _et al._ (_loc. cit._), and that _bondae_ has dark-based hairs. The two males reported by Goodwin (_loc. cit._) from Honduras as _bondae_, would seem to be too small for that species, based on the measurements listed; also, these specimens allegedly have white-based hairs and probably represent _M. molossus_ as here defined.

Molossus pretiosus pretiosus Miller, 1902

_Specimens._--_Boaco_: Los Cocos, 14 km S Boaco, 220 m, 28; San Francisco, 19 km S, 2 km E Boaco, 200 m, 3. _Carazo_: 3 km N, 4 km W Diriamba, 600 m, 25. _Managua_: 6 mi WSW Managua, 3.

This relatively large mastiff bat has not been reported previously from Nicaragua. Specimens from several localities in Boaco were captured in mist nets over streams; most of those from northwest of Diriamba were shot in the early evening as they foraged high around large trees in a coffee finca, but several were netted over a water-filled concrete tank or found in the water in the tank as detailed in the account of _Eptesicus furinalis_. At Los Cocos, bats that we netted seemed to be emerging from a hollow located high in a tree over the stream.

Selected measurements of _M. p. pretiosus_ from Nicaragua, which compare favorably with those of topotypes from Venezuela, are listed in Table 4 along with measurements of _M. ater_ and _M. sinaloae_. The taxonomic relationships of _M. pretiosus_ and _M. ater_ are less than clear, and some authors (Handley, 1966b:773, for instance) have suggested that the two may be conspecific. Whatever their ultimate relationships may prove to be, two distinctive taxa seem to be present in Nicaragua; the larger is assignable to _ater_ and the smaller to _pretiosus_, as currently understood. Furthermore, the presumed presence of two large _Molossus_ with dark-based hairs elsewhere in Central America (Dilford C. Carter, personal communication) and in southeastern México (Goodwin, 1956:4; Goodwin and Greenhall, 1964:20) argues for specific recognition of _pretiosus_.

The species _ater_ and _pretiosus_ differ mainly in size (Table 4), some measurements clearly separating the two when sexual dimorphism is considered. Also, the average weights of 18 nonpregnant females and four males of _pretiosus_ (all adults) collected on 20 February 1968 at Los Cocos, were 20.9 (14.6-23.8) and 27.0 (24.6-31.7) gms, respectively, significantly smaller than corresponding figures for 11 nonpregnant females and nine males of _M. a. nigricans_ taken two weeks later on the Cosigüina Peninsula--29.1 (26.1-33.0) and 32.9 (29.3-35.1) gms. It is of note that we have not collected these two large species at the same localities in Nicaragua, and it is possible that one competitively excludes the other in local situations.

TABLE 4.--Selected measurements of adults of three species of _Molossus_ from Nicaragua.

Table Legend:

Col. A: Number of specimens averaged or catalogue number, and sex Col. B: Length of forearm Col. C: Greatest length of skull Col. D: Condylobasal length Col. E: Zygomatic breadth Col. F: Breadth of braincase Col. G: Length of maxillary toothrow Col. H: Breadth across upper canines

==================================================================== A B C D E F G H --------------------------------------------------------------------

_Molossus ater nigricans_, Departamento de Chinandega, Nicaragua

Average 10 ([Male]) 49.5 23.2 20.2 14.3 11.0 8.2 6.1 Minimum 48.2 22.8 19.9 14.1 10.5 8.0 6.0 Maximum 50.7 23.5 20.5 14.9 11.2 8.3 6.3 Average 10 ([Female]) 49.0 22.0 19.2 13.6 10.7 7.8 5.8 Minimum 47.1 21.5 18.8 13.3 10.5 7.6 5.6 Maximum 51.2 22.5 20.0 14.1 11.0 8.2 6.1

_Molossus pretiosus pretiosus_, Departamento de Boaco, Nicaragua

Average 8 ([Male]) 45.1 21.7 18.8 13.4 10.6 7.6 5.9 Minimum 44.1 21.0 18.3 13.1 10.2 7.4 5.6 Maximum 46.1 22.2 19.1 13.7 10.9 7.9 6.1 Average 23 ([Female]) 43.6 20.2 17.7 12.5 10.1 7.3 5.2 Minimum 41.0 19.5 17.2 12.2 9.5 7.1 5.0 Maximum 44.8 20.7 18.2 13.1 10.4 7.6 5.6

6 mi SW Managua, Nicaragua

KU 70135, [Male] 44.8 21.7 18.6 13.0 10.2 7.7 5.8 KU 70137, [Male] 45.1 21.6 19.0 13.2 10.7 7.7 5.8 KU 70136, [Female] 43.5 19.9 17.8 12.7 10.3 7.5 5.5

3 km N, 4 km W Diriamba, Nicaragua

Average 7 ([Male]) 44.8 21.2 18.5 13.0 10.5 7.4 5.5 Minimum 43.8 20.7 18.3 12.7 10.2 7.2 5.4 Maximum 45.7 21.3 18.8 13.3 10.9 7.6 5.5 Average 9 ([Female]) 44.0 20.7 18.0 12.6 10.2 7.3 5.3 Minimum 42.0 20.0 17.4 12.0 10.0 7.0 5.0 Maximum 45.5 21.2 18.6 13.0 10.6 7.5 5.5

_Molossus sinaloae sinaloae_, El Recreo, Nicaragua

Average 4 ([Male]) 47.6 21.2 18.6 12.3 9.8 7.7 5.4 Minimum 46.7 20.7 18.3 12.0 9.7 7.6 5.3 Maximum 48.6 21.5 18.9 12.6 10.0 7.9 5.5 Average 10 ([Female]) 47.5 20.2 17.8 11.8 9.7 7.3 5.1 Minimum 46.2 20.0 17.6 11.5 9.5 7.1 5.0 Maximum 48.3 20.4 18.0 12.0 9.8 7.5 5.5 --------------------------------------------------------------------

Among females from Departamento de Boaco, none of 18 collected on 20 February was pregnant, whereas three of four obtained on 4 April were gravid (embryos 13, 15, and 17 mm in crown-rump length) as was one (embryo 21 mm) taken on 18 July. Among those from northwest of Diriamba, two of three were pregnant on 30-31 March (embryos 7 and 13 mm in length), whereas only three of eight carried embryos (29, 31, and 34 mm) in mid-August at a time when flying young also were collected. Additionally, a female captured 6 mi WSW Managua on 27 March had an embryo that measured 11 mm.

Four adult males collected on 20 February had an average testicular length of 5.7 (4-7) mm, whereas those of seven obtained in late March averaged 5.0 (4-6) mm; testes of two adults taken on 18 July were 6 and 6.5 mm, and those of three taken in the period 12-15 August were 5 mm in length.

Molossus sinaloae sinaloae J. A. Allen, 1906

_Specimens._--_Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, 1. _Managua_: 1 km N Sabana Grande, 1; 3 mi SW Managua, 1; 8 km SW Managua, 400 m, 3. _Rivas_: San Juan del Sur, 20 m, 1. _Zelaya_: S side Río Mico, El Recreo, 25 m, 73.

This mastiff bat can be distinguished easily from the other two large species of _Molossus_ in Nicaragua in that the hairs of the dorsum are relatively long and are pale, frequently white, basally. The species has been reported twice previously from Nicaragua--from Greytown by Miller (1913a:89) and by Goodwin and Greenhall (1964:13), who listed four individuals from Río Grande.

Most of our specimens were taken from buildings. A large series obtained in a house at El Recreo in late June 1966 consisted only of females and young, many of which were nearly full grown; some females still were lactating and at least two were pregnant (on 23 June--crown-rump length of embryos 12 and 14 mm). A group taken from another house at El Recreo (from cracks in the stone wall and from between rafters and the corrugated metal roof) in late July 1966 consisted of adult males, lactating females, and young. Similarly, an adult male, a pregnant female (embryo 14 mm in crown-rump length), and a hairless juvenile were shot, on 16 February 1964, from a small colony in an attic of a large house southwest of Managua; _Glossophaga soricina_ also was taken in this attic. The testes of an adult male captured in June were 6 mm in length; those of four taken in July were 5, 5, 6, and 7 mm, and one obtained in August had testes that measured 3 mm.

Selected measurements of _M. s. sinaloae_ from El Recreo are given in Table 4.

CHECKLIST OF NICARAGUAN BATS

Following is a checklist of the 68 species of bats thus far reported from Nicaragua. Citations are given only to publications that are primary sources of information on Nicaraguan specimens. In some instances, specimens were reported in the literature under a name different than the one here employed; we have mentioned earlier-used names where it seemed appropriate to do so. Taxa preceded by an asterisk are included in the present paper.

Family EMBALLONURIDAE

_Rhynchonycteris naso_ (Wied-Neuwied, 1820).--J. A. Allen (1908:669, 1910:110), Sanborn (1937:327), Davis _et al._ (1964:375, 379).

_Saccopteryx bilineata_ (Temminck, 1838-1839).--J. A. Allen (1910:110), Sanborn (1937:331), Jones (1964a:506).

*_Saccopteryx leptura_ (Schreber, 1774).--Davis _et al._ (1964:374), Jones (1964a:506).

_Cormura brevirostris_ (Wagner, 1843).--J. A. Allen (1910:110--specimens listed as _Peropteryx canina_ from Peña Blanca, see Sanborn, 1937:348), Miller (1924:38), Sanborn (1937:349), Goodwin (1942c:119).

_Peropteryx kappleri kappleri_ Peters, 1867.--J. A. Allen (1908:669, 1910:110--as _P. canina_), Sanborn (1937:344).

*_Peropteryx macrotis macrotis_ (Wagner, 1843).

_Balantiopteryx plicata plicata_ Peters, 1867.--Jones _et al._ (1962:152), Davis _et al._ (1964:375), Jones (1964a:506).

_Diclidurus virgo_ Thomas, 1903.--Alston (1879-82:30).

Family NOCTILIONIDAE

*_Noctilio labialis labialis_ (Kerr, 1792).--Goodwin (1942c:121, 1946:297), Davis _et al._ (1964:376), Kohls _et al._ (1965:344), Wenzel _et al._ (1966:578).

*_Noctilio leporinus mexicanus_ Goldman, 1915.--Davis _et al._ (1964:376).

Family PHYLLOSTOMATIDAE

*_Pteronotus davyi fulvus_ (Thomas, 1892).

*_Pteronotus parnellii fuscus_ J. A. Allen, 1911.--Miller (1902:402), Rehn (1904:203).

*_Pteronotus suapurensis_ (J. A. Allen, 1904).--Goodwin (1942a:88, 1946:299, 1953:246).

_Micronycteris brachyotis_ (Dobson, 1879).--Goodwin (1946:302--as _M. sylvestris_), Sanborn (1949:224--as _M. platyceps_), Goodwin and Greenhall (1961:231).

_Micronycteris hirsuta_ (Peters, 1869).--Valdez and LaVal (1971:247).

*_Micronycteris megalotis mexicana_ Miller, 1898.--G. M. Allen (1929:130).

*_Micronycteris megalotis microtis_ Miller, 1898.--Miller (1898:328, 1900:154), Lyon and Osgood (1909:263), J. A. Allen (1910:110), Poole and Schantz (1942:133).

_Micronycteris minuta_ (Gervais, 1856).--Valdez and LaVal (1971:248).

_Micronycteris schmidtorum_ Sanborn, 1935.--Davis _et al._ (1964:378).

_Macrophyllum macrophyllum_ (Schinz, 1821).--Davis _et al._ (1964:378), Jones (1964a:506).

*_Tonatia nicaraguae_ Goodwin, 1942.--Goodwin (1942b:205, 1946:305, 1953:246), Davis and Carter (1962:67), Valdez and LaVal (1971:248).

_Phyllostomus discolor verrucosus_ Elliot, 1905.--Jones (1964a:507), Wenzel _et al._ (1966:598).

*_Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis_ J. A. Allen, 1904.--Goodwin (1942c:126), Wenzel _et al._ (1966:597).

*_Trachops cirrhosus coffini_ Goldman, 1925.--Carter _et al._ (1966:491).

*_Chrotopterus auritus auritus_ (Peters, 1856).

_Vampyrum spectrum nelsoni_ (Goldman, 1917).--Gray (1844:18), Dobson (1878:471), Alston (1879-82:39), J. A. Allen (1910:111), Goldman (1917:116), Goodwin (1946:310).

_Glossophaga commissarisi_ Gardner, 1962.--Davis _et al._ (1964:380), Jones (1964a:507).