Part 4

Another example of St. Christopher, bearing the divine infant, is in one of the lights of the three-light window over the altar of _All Saints' Church, North Street, York_. It is the work of the fifteenth century.

In the same city, _St. John's Church, Micklegate_, has two representations of St. Christopher in glass. One is the window north of the altar, but it is only a portion of the figure; the other is in the window south of the altar, and of perpendicular character. In _St. Martin-le-Grand, Coney Street_, in the sixth or eastern window of the north aisle, is a figure of St. Christopher, of date about 1450. _St. Michael-le-Belfroy_, in the same city, has two figures of the saint: one, of perpendicular character, in the window north of the altar; the other, a fragment, in the fourth window from the east end on the south side, of date between 1540 and 1550. _Holy Trinity Church, Goodramgate_, possesses a very beautiful figure of the saint. It forms the fifth of a series of five large figures in the east window of the church, and seems to bear the date 1470.

The second question is, "What is the real meaning of the representations of St. Christopher that are so frequently found on the north walls of churches?" I cannot agree with MR. J. EASTWOOD in thinking that the explanation he gives from _Sacred and Legendary Art is sufficiently satisfactory_. It appears to me that the figures of St. Christopher were meant to symbolise the privilege enjoyed by the faithful of receiving the body and blood of Christ, and thus becoming _Christo-feri_. The emblem may have had its origin in the earliest ages, when the _disciplina arcani_ was carried out. This opinion receives strength from the circumstance, that Christopher was a name assumed by the saint, and not his baptismal name. The extraordinary powers of cure spoken of in verses often inscribed below the figures of this saint, were understood by the faithful to allude to the efficacy of the Holy Communion, that made them _Christopher's_, i.e. persons bearing their blessed Saviour, not on their shoulders, but within their breasts. His figures in sculpture and painting are always represented as colossal, to signify that this heavenly food makes each of the faithful "as a giant to run the way" (Ps. xix. 5.) This explanation will probably satisfy E. A. H. L. that the important position occupied by St. Christopher in the iconography of the mediæval church is to be solved by its symbolical signification.

In addition to the representations of this saint in painted glass mentioned above, E. A. H. L. will find mention of another specimen in the last number of the _Archæological Journal_. It is in private hands, being the property of Mr. Lucas, who purchased a collection of specimens of old glass some years since at Guildford, said to have come from an old mansion in Surrey. The specimen in question is described as "St. Christopher carrying our Saviour--an octagonal piece of glass."--P. 101.

He will also find, in the same place, that a mural painting of St. Christopher has been lately discovered in the chancel of Gawsworth Church, Cheshire, of which a description is given in p. 103.

CEYREP.

E. A. H. L. asks if there is any known representation of St. Christopher in painted glass. There is one in All Saints, York, engraved in Weale's _Papers_; and there is a small one on a brass in Tattershall Church.

C. T.

For information on this subject, I would refer E. A. H. L. to Warton, _Poetry_, vol. i. p. 451.; Coryatt's _Crudities_, vol. i. p. 29.; Rudder's _Gloucestershire_, p. 286.; Gage's _Hengrave_, p. 64.; _Winckelm. Stosch_, ch. i. n. 103.

On a loose print of "Painted Glass at Leicester," Throsby del. 1788, now before me, is a representation of him who was once Psychicus the savage, but now the holy Saint Christopher, figured, as usual, under the likeness of a man of gigantic stature, carrying on his shoulder the little child Jesus, through the broad and deep waters of a turbulent river, and steadying his steps with an uprooted palm-tree laden with fruit, which he bears in his hands by way of staff. He is here exhibited in more seemly habiliments, and as a personage of much more dignified and venerable appearance, than in the well-known picture on the walls of Wotton Church. The latter, however, is a portraiture of superior antiquarian interest, on account of its accessories, wherein St. Christopher's especial office, as patron of field sports, is, with much rudeness it is true, but most efficiently and fully illustrated.

In the extract given by J. EASTWOOD from _Sacred and Legendary Art_, we have merely the supposititious conclusions of an ingenious imagination, introduced to supply a void which the accomplished writer was unable otherwise to fill up. There is a pretty little work published by Burns, and entitled _St. Christopher; a Painting in Fordholme Church_, which contains, much too much, however, in the suspicious form of a modern religious allegory, what professes to be the authentic "Legend" of this saint.

COWGILL.

E. A. H. L. makes the inquiry whether "there are any known representations of St. Christopher in _painted glass_; if so, where?" This I am unable to answer; but your learned correspondent JARLTZBERG having sent you one version of the legend attached to this saint, may I venture to remind you of another? This is the one attached to the celebrated picture, "The Descent from the Cross," by Rubens, in the cathedral of Antwerp, in which the painter, adopting the Greek derivation of the name as given by JARLTZBERG, represents the saint supporting Christ on his removal from the crucifix. The picture was painted for the Arquebusiers of Antwerp, whose patron was St. Christopher; but they were dissatisfied with it, and refused Rubens his promised reward, a piece of land in their possession contiguous to his own, for which he had accomplished this, certainly one of his most beautiful paintings.

T. W. P.

GENERAL PARDONS--SIR JOHN TRENCHARD.

(Vol. iii., p. 279.)

I am not aware of any general pardon under the great seal having been printed; but the following transcript of one (the original with the seal attached is in the collection of my friend, R. Rising, Esq., of Horsey) is very much at J. G. N.'s service, and is especially interesting, as being one of the last acts of James II. before he quitted England for ever.

"{Jacobus Secundus Dei grati:} Anglie, Scocie, ffrancie & hib[=n]ie Rex, fidei defensor, &c. {Omnibus} ad quos p'sentes he n're [p=]veniu't sa[=lt]em. Sciatis q[=d] Nos pietate moti, ac gr'a n'ra sp'iali ac ex certa scientia & mero motu n'ris {Pardonabimus} relaxavims et remisims ac [p=] p'sentes [p=] Nobis heredibus, & successoribus n'ris, Pardonams relaxams et remittims Jo[=h]i Trenchard nu[p=] de medio Templo Londin' armigero seu quocunque alio nomine vel cognomine artis, misterii, loci vel locor' idem Jo[=h]es Trenchard sciatr censeatr vocetr vel nuncupetr aut nup' sciebatr, censebatr, vocabatr seu nuncupa batr omn' et omni'od' Prodic'ones crimina lese maiestatis, mispris'ones Prodic'onis, Conspirac'ones, Sedic'ones, Insurrecc'ones, Concelament' Bellor', gestiones Bellor', machinac'ones, Imaginac'ones, et attempt' Illicit', convinc'ones verbor', p'palac'ones ac om'ia & singula ffelon', et al' malefi'a crimina Transgressiones, contempt' et offens' quecunq: [p=] ip'um Jo[=h]em Trenchard [p=] se solum sive cum aliqua alia p'sona, seu aliquib' aliis [p=]'sonis qualicunq:, quandocunq:, seu ubicunq: antehac contra [p=]sonam n'ram Regal' vel Gub'nac'onem n'ram, vel contra Person' D[=n]i Caroli s[=e]di nu[p=] Regis Anglie preclarissimi ffratris n'ri vel Regimen suu' vel leges & statut' regni n'ri Anglie fact' co[=m]iss' sive [p=]petrat'.--Necnon fugam & fugas su[p=]inde fact'. Et licet p'fat' Jo[=h]es Trenchard [p=]inde arrestat', ind'cat', impetit', utlagat', rectat' appellat' condemnat' convict' attinct' seu adiudicat' existit vel non existit aut inde arrestari, adiudicari, impetiri, utlagari rectari, appellari, condemnari, convinci, attingi seu adiudicari contigerit in futuro. Ac om'ia & singula Jud'camenta, convic'cones, judicia, condempnac'onas attinctur', execuc'ones imprisonamenta, Penas mortis, Penas corporales, fforisfutur', punic'ones & om'es al' Penas ac penalitates quascunq: de, [p=], sive concernen' [p=]'missa, vel aliqua [p=]'missor' insu[p=] vel versus [p=]'fat Jo[=h]em Trenchard habit' fact' reddit' sive adiudicat' vel imposter' h'end' f'iend' reddend', sive adiudicand' aut que nos versus ip'um Jo[=h]em Trenchard [p=] p'missis vel aliquo p'missor' h'uimus h'emus seu imposter' h'ere poterimus, ac heredes seu successores n'ri ullo modo he're poterint in futuro. Necnon omnes et singul' utlagar' versus p'fat' Jo[=h]em Trenchard rac'one seu occac'one [p=]missor' seu eor' alicuius [p=]mulgat' seu imposter' [p=]'mulgand' At om'es & om'iod' sect', Querel', fforisfutur' impetic'ones & Demand' quecunq: que nos versus [p=]'fat' Jo[=h]em Trenchard [p=] p'missis vel aliquo [p=]'missor' h'uim' h'emus seu infuturo h'ere poterimus. Sectamq: pacis n're que ad nos versus [p=]'fat Jo[=h]em Trenchard [p=]tinet seu [p=]tinere poterit, rac'one seu occac'one [p=]'missor' seu eor' alicui. Et firmam pacem n'ram ei inde dam' et concedim' [p=] p'sentes. {Nolentes} q'd ip'e idem Jo[=h]es Trenchard [p=] Justitiar' Vice Comites Mariscallos Escaetor', Coronator', Ballivos seu aliquos al' ministros n're heredum vel successor' n'ror' quoscunq: rac'onib' seu occac'onib' p'd'tis seu eor' aliqu' molestetr [p=]'turbetr seu in aliquo gravetr {Volentes} q'd he l're n're patentes quoad om'ia singul' p'missa su[p=]ind menc'onat' bene, firme, valide, sufficien' et effectual' in lege erunt et existent licet Prodic'ones, crimina lese maiestatis, misprisiones Prodic'onis, conspirac'ones, sedic'ones, Insurecc'ones, concelament' Bellor', Gestion' Bellor', machinac'ones, Imaginac'ones, vel attempt' Illicit', convinc'ones verbor', Propalac'ones & ffelon' crimina, & offens' p'dict', minus certe specificat' existim't. Q'dq: hec Pardonaco' n'ra in om'ib' curiis n'ris et alibi interpretetr et adiudicetr in beneficentissimo sensu [p=] firmiore exonerac'one relaxac'one & Pardonac'one [p=]'fat' Jo[=h]is Trenchard ac etiam p'litetr allocetr in om'ib: Curiis n'ris absq: aliquo Brevi de Allocac'one mea parte pr'm's obtent' sive obtinend'. Et non obstante aliqua def'tu vel aliquib' def'tibus in his l'ris n'ris patentib' content' aut aliquo statuto, acto, ordinac'one provisione seu Restricc'one aut aliqua al' re, causa, vel materia quacunq: in contrar' inde ullo modo non obstante.

In Cuius rei testimoniu' has l'ras n'ras fier' fecimus Patentes.

Teste me ip'o apud West' decimo sept'o die Decembris anno regni n'ri tertio.

Per Breve de p'rato Sigillo BARKER."

This was in the year 1688, just seven days after, according to Macaulay, that he had fled secretly from the kingdom, having previously thrown the great seal into the Thames, whence it was dredged up some months after by a fisherman. Being driven back by stress of weather, he returned to London, and on the 17th Pepys states,

"That night was a council; his Ma'ty refuses to assent to all the proposals, goes away again to Rochester."

and _on that very night_ was this pardon granted, James probably endeavouring to prop up his tottering cause by attaching as many as possible to his own party. There were several documents in the collection of the late Josiah Trench, Esq., of Windsor (1648-1652) signed by John Trenchard, among the other regicides. Ewing, in his _Norfolk Lists_, states that a portrait of him is in existence, and that he was a serjeant-at-law, and at this date (1688) M. P. for Thetford, being at that date merely an esquire. In 1692, according to the same authority, Sir John Trenchard was Secretary of State; and his death took place in 1694. I should be glad to add to these scanty notices, especially as regards the reason which rendered a pardon necessary at this time.

E. S. TAYLOR.

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Dayesman_ (Vol. i., p. 189.).--Bishop Jewell writes:

"M. Harding would have had us put God's word to _daying_ (i.e. to _trial_), and none otherwise to be obedient to Christ's commandment, than if a few bishops gathered at Trident shall allow it."

_Replie to Harding_, _Works_, vol. ii. p. 424. (Dr. Jelf's edit.)

"The _Ger._ TAGEN, to appoint a day. The _D._ DAGHEN, to cite or summon on a day appointed."

(Wachter and Kilian.)

And _Dayesman_ is he, the man, "who fixes the _day_, who is present, or sits as judge, arbiter, or umpire on the _day_ fixed or appointed."

It is evident that Richardson made much use of Jewell; but this word "daying" has escaped him: his explanation of _dayesman_ accords well with it.

Q.

_Bull_; _Dun_ (Vol. ii., p. 143.).--We certainly do not want the aid of Obadiah Bull and Joe Dun to account for these words. Milton writes, "I affirm it to be a _bull_, taking away the essence of that, which it calls itself." And a _bull_ is, "that which expresses something in opposition to what is intended, wished, or felt;" and so named "from the contrast of humble profession with despotic commands of Papal bulls."

"A _dun_ is one who has _dinned_ another for money or anything."--See Tooke, vol. ii. p. 305.

Q.

_Algernon Sidney_ (Vol. v., p. 447.).--I do not intend to enter the lists in defence of this "illustrious patriot." The pages of "N. & Q." are not a fit battle ground. But I request you to insert the whole quotation, that your readers may judge with what amount of fairness C. has made his note from Macaulay's _History_.

"Communications were opened between Barillon, the ambassador of Lewis, and those English politicians who had always professed, and who indeed sincerely felt, the greatest dread and dislike of the French ascendancy. The most upright member of the country party, William Lord Russell, son of the Earl of Bedford, did not scruple to concert with a foreign mission schemes for embarrassing his own sovereign. This was the whole extent of Russell's offence. His principles and his fortune alike raised him above all temptations of a sordid kind: but there is too much reason to believe that some of his associates were less scrupulous. It would be unjust to impute to them the extreme wickedness of taking bribes to injure their country. On the contrary, they meant to serve her: but it is impossible to deny that they were mean and indelicate enough to let a foreign prince pay them for serving her. Among those who cannot be acquitted of this degrading charge was one man who is popularly considered as the personification of public spirit, and who, in spite of some great moral and intellectual faults, has a just claim to be called a hero, a philosopher, and a patriot. It is impossible to see without pain such a name in the list of the pensioners of France. Yet it is some consolation to reflect that in our own time a public man would be thought lost to all sense of duty and shame who should not spurn from him a temptation which conquered the virtue and the pride of Algernon Sidney."

_History of England_, vol. i. p. 228.

ALGERNON HOLT WHITE.

Brighton.

_Age of Trees_ (Vol. iv., pp. 401. 488.).--At Neustadt, in Wirtemberg, there is a prodigious lime-tree, which gives its name to the town, which is called _Neustadt an der Linden_. The age of this tree is said to be 1000 years. According to a German writer, it required the support of sixty pillars in the year 1392, and attained its present size in 1541. It now rests, says the same authority, on above one hundred props, and spreads out so far that a market can be held under its shade. It is of this tree that Evelyn says it was--

"Set about with divers columns and monuments of stone (eighty-two in number, and formerly above one hundred more), which several princes and nobles have adorned, and which as so many pillars serve likewise to support the umbrageous and venerable boughs; and that even the tree had been much ampler the ruins and distances of the columns declare, which the rude soldiers have greatly impaired."

There is another colossal specimen of the same species in the churchyard of the village of Cadiz, near Dresden. The circumference of the trunk is forty feet. Singularly, though it is completely hollow through age, its inner surface is coated with a fresh and healthy bark.

UNICORN.

_Emaciated Monumental Effigies_ (Vol. v., p. 427.).--In reference to your correspondents' observations on skeleton monuments, I may mention that there is one inserted in the wall of the yard of St. Peter's Church, Drogheda. It is in high relief, cut in a dark stone and the skeleton figure half shrouded by grave clothes is a sufficiently appalling object. Beside it stands another figure still "in the flesh." It is many years since I saw the monument, and whether there be any inscription legible upon it, or whether it be generally known to whom it belongs, I cannot inform you.

URSULA.

There is a very good instance of an "altar tomb," bearing on it an ordinary effigy, and containing within it a skeleton figure, visible through pierced panel work, in Fyfield Church, Berks. It is the monument of Sir John Golafre, temp. Hen. V. Another fine instance I remember to have seen (I believe) in the parish church of Ewelme, Oxon.

HENRY G. TOMKINS.

Weston-super-Mare.

_Bee Park_ (Vol. v., p. 322.).--In this neighbourhood is an ancient farm-house called Bee Hall, where I doubt not that bees were kept in great quantities in bygone ages; and am the more led to believe this because they always flourish best upon thyme, which grows here as freely and luxuriantly as I ever elsewhere observed it. About four miles from said Bee Hall, the other day, I was looking over a genteel residence, and noticing a shady enclosure, asked the gardener what it was for. He told me, to protect the bees from the sun: it was upon a much larger scale than we generally now see, indicating that the soil, &c. suit apiaries. Looking to the frequent mention of _honey_, and its vast consumption formerly, as you instance in royal inventories, to which may be added documents in cathedral archives, &c., is it not remarkable that we should witness so few memorials of the ancient management of this interesting insect? I certainly remember one well-built "bee-house," at the edge of Lord Portsmouth's park, Hurstbourne, Hants, large enough for a good cottage, now deserted. While on the subject I will solicit information on a custom well known to those resident in the country, viz. of making a great noise with a house key, or other small knocker, against a metal dish or kettle while bees are swarming? Of course farmers' wives, peasants, &c., who do not reason, adopt this because their fathers before them did so. It is urged by intelligent naturalists that it is utterly useless, as bees have no sense of hearing. What does the clamour mean,--whence derived?

B. B.

Pembroke.

_Sally Lunn_ (Vol. v., p. 371.).--In reply to the Query, "Is anything known of Sally Lunn? is she a personage or a myth?" I refer your inquirer to Hone's _Every-day Book_, vol. ii. p. 1561.:

"The bun so fashionable, called the _Sally Lunn_, originated with a young woman of that name at Bath, about thirty years ago." [This was written in 1826.] "She first cried them in a basket, with a white cloth over it, morning and evening. Dalmer, a respectable baker and musician, noticed her, bought her business, and made a song and set it to music in behalf of Sally Lunn. This composition became the street favourite, barrows were made to distribute the nice cakes, Dalmer profited thereby and retired, and to this day the _Sally Lunn Cake_ claims pre-eminence in all the cities of England."

J. R. W.

Bristol.

_Baxter's Pulpit_ (Vol. v., p. 363.).--An engraving of Baxter's pulpit will be found in a work entitled _Footsteps of our Forefathers: what they suffered and what they sought_. By James G. Miall, 1851, p. 232.

J. R. W.

Bristol.

_Lothian's Scottish Historical Maps_ (Vol. v., p. 371.).--Although this work is now out of print, and thereby scarce, your correspondent ELGINENSIS will, I have no doubt, on application to Stevenson, the "well-known" antiquarian and historical bookseller in Edinburgh, be put in possession of a copy for 12_s._

T. G. P.

Edinburgh.

_British Ambassadors_ (Vol. iv., pp. 442. 477.).--Some time ago a correspondent asked where he could obtain a list or lists of the ambassadors sent from this court. I do not recollect that an answer has appeared in your columns, nor do I know how far the following may suit his purpose:

"12. An Alphabetical Index of the Names and Dates of Employment of English Ambassadors and Diplomatic Agents resident in Foreign Courts, from the Reign of King Henry VIII. to that of Queen Anne inclusive. One volume, folio."

This is extracted from the letter of the Right Hon. H. Hobhouse, keeper of His Majesty's State Papers, in reply to the Secretary of the Commissioners of Public Records, dated "State Paper Office, Sept. 19, 1832." (See the Appendix to the _Commissioners' Report_, 1837, p. 78.)

TEE BEE.

_Knollys Family_ (Vol. v., p. 397.).--Lt.-General William Knollys, eighth Earl of Banbury, married Charlotte Martha, second daughter of the Ebenezer Blackwell, Esq., banker, of Lombard Street, and Lewisham, Kent.

The present Col. Knollys, of the Fusileer Guards, is his representative.

A. Blackwell, sister or daughter of John Blackwell, the father of Ebenezer, married an Etheridge.

W. BLACKWELL, Curate of Mells.

_'Prentice Pillars--'Prentice Windows_ (Vol. v., p. 395.).--I am reminded of a similar story connected with the two rose windows in the transept of the beautiful cathedral of Rouen. They were described to me by the old Swiss in charge, as the work of two artists, master and pupil; and he also pointed out the spot where the master killed the pupil, from jealousy of the splendid production of the _north_ window by the latter: and, as the _Guide Book_ truly says, "La rose du nord est plus belle que celle du midi"--the master's work.

BENBOW.

Birmingham.

_St. Bartholomew_ (Vol. v., p. 129.).--Thanking you for the information given, may I further inquire if any of your correspondents are aware of the existence of any copy or print from the picture in the Church of Notre Dame, at Paris, of St. Bartholomew healing the Princess of Armenia (see Jameson's _Sacred and Legendary Art_); and where such may be seen?

REGEDONUM.

_Sun-dial Inscription_ (Vol. v., p. 79.).--The following inscription is painted in huge letters over the sun-dial in front of an old farm-house near Farnworth in Lancashire:

"Horas non numero nisi serenas."

Where are these words to be found?

Y.

_History of Faction_ (Vol. v., p. 225.).--In my copy of this work, published in 1705, 8vo., formerly Isaac Reed's, he attributes it to Colonel Sackville Tufton. I observe also that Wilson (_Life of De Foe_, vol. ii. p. 335.) states, that in his copy it is ascribed, in an old handwriting, to the same author.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

_Barnacles_ (Vol. v., p. 13.).--May not the use of this word in the sense of _spectacles_ be a corruption of _binoculis_; and has not _binnacle_ (part of a ship) a similar origin?

J. S. WARDEN.