Part 2

"It was well said of St. Bernard, 'Conscientia candor est lucis aeternae, et speculum sine macula Dei majestatis, et imago bonitatis illius;' 'Conscience is the brightness and splendour of the eternal light, a spotless mirror of the Divine Majesty, and the image of the goodness of God.' It is higher which Tatianus said of conscience, [Greek: Monon einai syneidesin Theon], 'Conscience is God unto us,' which saying he had from Menander,

[Greek: Brotois hapasin he syneidesis Theos].

"God is in our hearts by his laws; he rules in us by his substitute, our conscience; God sits there and gives us laws; and as God said unto Moses, 'I have made thee a God to Pharaoh,' that is, to give him laws, and to minister in the execution of those laws, and to inflict angry sentences upon him, so hath God done to us."

In the beginning of Sanderson's second lecture, _De Obligatione Conscientiae_, he says:

"Hine illud ejusdem Menandri. [Greek: Brotois hapasin he syneidesis Theos]; _Mortalibus sum cuique Conscientia Deus est_, Quo nimirum sensu dixit Dominus se _constituisse Mosen Deum Pharaoni_; quod seis Pharaoni voluntatem Dei subinde _inculcaret_, ad cum faciendam Pharaonem _instigaret_, non obsequentem contentibus plagis insectaretur; eodem fere sensu dici potest, eundem quoque _constituisse in Deum unicuique hominum_ singularium propriam _Conscientiam_."

Sanderson's _Lectures_ were delivered at Oxford in 1647, but not published till 1660. The Dedication to Robert Boyle is dated November, 1659. The _Ductor Dubitantium_ is dedicated to Charles II. after the Restoration, but has a preface dated October, 1659. It is not likely, therefore, that, Taylor borrowed from the printed work of Sanderson. Perhaps the quotations and illustrations which they have in common were borrowed from some older common source, where they occur _associated_ as they do in these two writers. I should be glad to have any such source pointed out.

W. W.

Cambridge.

Minor Queries.

220. "_Vox vere Anglorum._"--"_Sacro-Sancta Regum Majestas._"--_Translator of Horrebow's "Iceland."_--Perhaps some of your readers may be able to tell me the names of the writers of the two following works, which were published anonymously.

1. _Vox vere Anglorum: or England's loud Cry for their King._ 4to. 1659. Pp. 15. In this the place where it was published or printed is not given.

2. _Sacro-Sancta Regum Majestas: or, the Sacred and Royall Prerogative of Christian Kings._ 4to. Printed at Oxford, 1644. The Dedication is signed "J. A."

I should also wish to find out, if possible, the name of the translator of Horrebow's _Natural History of Iceland_, published in folio, in London, in 1758.

[Greek: Boreas.]

221. "_Kings have their Conquests._"--I have met with a passage commencing thus:

"Kings have their conquests, length of days their date, Triumph its tomb, felicity its fate;"

followed by two more lines expressive of the infinity of Divine power, as compared with human, which I have forgotten. Where is the passage to be found?

JAMES F. ABSALON.

Portsea.

222. _Dryden--Illustrations by T. Holt White._--The late T. Holt White, Esq. (who edited and published in 1819 the _Areopagitica_ of Milton, adding a very ably composed preface, erudite notes, and interesting illustrations), had compiled in _many_ interleaved volumes of the works of Dryden, such a mass of information, that Sir Walter Scott, when he had turned over the leaves of a few volumes, closed them, and is reported to have said, "_It would be unjust to meddle with such a compilation; I see that I have not even straw to make my bricks with._" Can any one of your correspondents inform me if that compilation has been preserved, and where it is?

AEGROTUS.

223. _Pauper's Badge, Meaning of._--In the Churchwarden's Accounts for the parish of Eye for the year 1716, is the following entry:

"22 July, 1716.

"It is agreed that, forasmuch as Frances Gibbons _hath refused to weare the badge_, that she should not be allowed the collection [_i.e._ the weekly parish allowance] now due, nor for the future w'h shall be due."

Can any correspondent inform me what this _badge_ was, and also if it was of general use in other places?

J. B. COLMAN.

224. _The Landing of William Prince of Orange in Torbay. Painted by J. Northcote, R. A._--Can any of the readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES" inform me who is the owner of the above-named painting, which was in the Exhibition of the Royal Academy at the end of the last century, and afterwards engraved by J. Parker?

A. H. W.

225. _The Lowy of Tunbridge._--Lambarde (_Perambulation of Kent_, 1596, p. 425.) says, that round about the town of Tunbridge lieth a territory commonly called the Lowy, but in the ancient records written Leucata or Leuga, which was a French league of ground, and which was allotted at first to one Gislebert, son of Godfrey (who was natural brother to Richard, second Duke of Normandy of that name), in lieu of a town and land called Bryonnie in Normandy, which belonged to him, and which Robert, eldest son to King William the Conqueror, seized and bestowed on Robert Earle Mellent. I should be glad to know if there is at present any trace of such a territory remaining.

E. N. W.

Southwark, Sept. 28, 1851.

226. _Bones of Birds._--Some naturalists speak of the hollowness of the bones of birds as giving them buoyancy, because they are filled with air. It strikes me that this reason is inconclusive, for I should suppose that in the atmosphere, hollow bones, _quite empty_, would be more buoyant than if filled with air. Perhaps one of your correspondents will kindly enlighten my ignorance, and explain whether the air with which the bones are filled is not used by the bird in respiration in the more rarefied altitudes, and the place supplied by a more gaseous expiration of less specific gravity than the rarefied atmosphere?

Although of a different class from the queries you usually insert, I hope you will not think this foreign to the purpose of your useful miscellany.

AN AERONAUT.

227. _"Malvina, a Tragedy."_--Can any of your readers afford any information about (1.) _Malvina, a Tragedy_, Glasgow, printed by Andrew Foules, 1786, 8vo., pp. 68? A MS. note on the copy in my library states it to be written by Mr. John Riddel, surgeon, Glasgow. (2.) _Iphigenia, a Tragedy_ in four acts. In Rege tamen Pater est.--Ovid. MDCCLXXXVII. My copy has this MS. note: "By John Yorke, of Gouthwait, Esq., Yorkshire," in the handwriting of Francis, seventh Baron Napier. Neither of these tragedies in noticed in the _Biographia Dramatica_.

J. MT.

228. _Rinuccini Gallery._--I see by a late number of the _Athenaeum_ newspaper, that the splendid collection of pictures preserved in the Rinuccini Palace at Florence will be brought to the hammer in the month of May 1852. It has been stated, that amongst the works of art at one period extant in the Rinuccini Palace, were a number of paintings made by Italian artists for Cardinal Rinuccini, when on his Legatine mission to Ireland in the middle of the seventeenth century, and representing his triumphal entry into Kilkenny in November 1645. It has also been asserted that these interesting historical paintings were wilfully destroyed from a very discreditable motive. The importance of these cartoons, as illustrating a period when Ireland became the final battle-field of the contending parties which then divided the British dominions, will at once be acknowledged; and at this period, when so many foreigners are assembled in London, perhaps some reader of "NOTES AND QUERIES" may be able to set the question of the existence or destruction of these cartoons at rest. Or, at all events, some person about to seek the genial air of Italy during the winter may bear this "Query" in mind, and forward to your valuable paper a "Note" of the contents of the Rinuccini Gallery. I need hardly say that the person so doing will confer a favour on every student of Irish History.

JAMES GRAVES.

Kilkenny, Oct. 11.

Minor Queries Answered.

_Meaning of Aneroid._--What is the derivation of the word _aneroid_, as applied to a new description of barometer lately introduced?

AGRICOLA.

[From a note in Mr. Dent's interesting pamphlet, _A Treatise on the Aneroid, a newly invented Portable Barometer; with a short Historical Notice of Barometers in general, their Construction and Use_, it appears that the word _aneroid_ has been the subject of some philological discussion. "It is said to be derived from three Greek words, [Greek: a], [Greek: neros], and [Greek: eidos], and to signify _a form without fluid_. If so, it does not appear very happily chosen, since it indicates merely what the instrument is _not_, without at all explaining what it is."]

_Fox's Cunning._--Can any of your correspondents or readers give any authentic information as to the fact having been witnessed by any one, of the old story of the fox relieving itself of fleas by taking a feather in its mouth, and gradually, though slowly enough, retrograding itself into the water, first by legs and tail, then body, shoulders, and head to the nose, and thus compelling the fleas, to escape from the drowning element, to pass over the nose on to the bridge of the feather, which is then committed to the stream.

Has any one actually seen this? Has any one heard it related by one who has seen the ejectment performed?

J. D.

Torquay, May 12.

[Lord Brougham, in his _Dialogues on Instinct_ (ed. 1844, p. 110.), does not allude to this proverbial instance, but says: "I know not if it (the Fox's cunning) was ever more remarkably displayed than in the Duke of Beaufort's country; where Reynard, being hard pressed, disappeared suddenly, and was, after strict search, found immersed in a water pool up to the very snout, by which he held a willow bough hanging over the pond."]

Replies.

ARCHBISHOP OF SPALATRO.

(Vol. iv., p. 257.)

_Audi alteram partem_ is too excellent and equitable a rule, not to find ample scope given for its exercise in "NOTES AND QUERIES," especially where the memory of a foreigner is concerned, who, after dwelling awhile among us under the protection of our hospitality, and in the communion of our Church, was content eventually to sacrifice his life, rather than forsake the truth, or repudiate the Church of England.

I am led to this remark by observing the tone of depreciation in which Chalmers speaks of Antonius de Dominis, Archbishop of Spalatro, in the extract produced at p. 257. out of the _Biographical Dictionary_, for the satisfaction of MR. W. FRAZER.

The words of Chalmers, which I conceive to be objectionable, alike ungenerous and inaccurate--such as Fuller might rejoice in (conf. _Church History_, book x.)--are:

"He returned to Rome in 1622, _where he abjured his errors_; but on the discovery of a correspondence which he held with some Protestants, he was thrown into prison, where he died in 1625. He was a man of great abilities and learning, _although remarkable for a fickleness in religious matters_."

This reproach against the good archbishop, of having renounced the English communion (for that is doubtless what is meant), is clearly an unjust accusation, and appears to be based upon no better authority than a spurious book, published in the Low Countries under Spalatro's name, but without his knowledge or sanction, and bearing the following title: _Marc. Ant. de Dominis sui reditus ex Anglia concilium exponit_, 4to. Dilingae, 1623. This book at the time of its publication deceived Bishop Hall, and gave occasion to the _Alter Ecebolius M. Ant. de Dominis, pluribus dominis inservire doctus_: 4to. Lond. 1624.

It is only fair, certainly, to Spalatro's memory, that the calumnies thus raised against him in his lifetime should not now be perpetuated by the inadvertency of modern writers, for so far at least the means are at hand to refute them. Now there is one writer especially who has done much to vindicate the name of Ant. de Dominis from this charge of "fickleness in religious matters." That writer is Bishop Cosin, whose testimony herein is of the more value from the fact of his having been present (as Bishop Overall's secretary) at the "Conference between Spalato and Overall," which "Conference" the following particulars were collected by Mr. Gutch, _e Schedis MSS. Cosini_, and are preserved in the _Collectanea Curiosa_, vol. ii. p. 18.:

"A. Spalato came into England in 1616, being desirous to live under the protection of King James, having before been recommended by Padre Paolo. By King James's bounty and care he was safely conveyed through Germany into England, and lodged in Lambeth Palace: Abbot thinking fit to retire to Croydon, till either Bishop Andrewes or Bishop Overall had conferred with him. The king sent Bishop Overall to him, who took in his company his secretary, and commanded him to be near him the same morning Spalato arrived, to hear what passed between them. After dinner, some other being present, the discourse began about the state of the Church of England; of which Overall having given a large account, Spalato received great satisfaction, and made his protestation that he came into England then to live with us in the union and profession of that Catholic religion which was so much obstructed in his own country, that he could not with safety and peace of conscience live there any longer. Then he added what satisfaction he had received from the monitory preface of King James [Vid. _Apol. for the Oath of Allegiance_, ed. 4to. Lond. 1609] to all the estates and churches of Christendom; wherein the true ancient faith and religion of the Catholic Church is set forth, and no heterodoxies or novelties maintained: to the defence of which faith, and service of which Church, as he had already a long time applied his studies, and wrote ten books, _De Republica Ecclesiastica_, so, by the favour of God, and King James, he was now come into England to review and publish them, together with the _History of the Council of Trent_, which he had brought with him from Padre Paolo of Venice, who delivered it into his hands; by whom he was chiefly persuaded and encouraged to have recourse to the king and the Church of England, being the best founded for the profession of true Catholic doctrine, and the freest from error and novelties, of any Church in all places besides. Then they descended to the particular points of doctrine," &c.

It is, however, _not_ with the _doctrinal_ question which would, of course, be inadmissible in "NOTES AND QUERIES," but with the historical _fact_, that we have to do; the question being, whether Antonius Spalateasis was "fickle" in respect of the Church of England.

There is an interesting sketch of Spalatro's _after_ history in Cosin's _Treatise against Transubstantiation_, chap. ii. [section] 7.; from Luke de Beaulieu's translation of which (Cosin's _Collected Works_, vol. iv. p. 160., Oxford, 1851) I quote the following:

"Antonio de Dominis, Archbishop of Spalato, (was) a man well versed in the Sacred Writings, and the records of antiquity; who, having left Italy (when he could no longer remain in it, either with quiet or safety) by the advice of his intimate friend, Paulus Venetus, took sanctuary under the protection of King James of blessed memory, in the bosom of the Church of England, which he did faithfully follow in all points and articles of religion. But, being daily vexed with many affronts and injuries, and wearied by the unjust persecutions of some sour and over-rigid men, who bitterly declaimed everywhere against his life and actions, he at last resolved to return into Italy with a safe conduct. Before he departed he was, by order from the king, questioned by some commissionated bishops, what he thought of the religion and church of England, which for so many years he had owned and obeyed, and what he would say of it in the Roman court. _To this query he gave in writing this memorable answer, 'I am resolved, even with the danger of my life, in profess before the Pope himself, that the Church of England is a true and orthodox Church of Christ.' This he not only promised, but faithfully performed_; for though, soon after his departure, there came a book out of the Low Countries, falsely bearing his name, by whose title many were deceived, even among the English, and thereby moved to tax him with apostacy, and of being another Ecebolius; yet, when he came to Rome (where he was most kindly entertained in the palace of Pope Gregory XV., who formerly had been his fellow-student), _he could never be persuaded_ by the Jesuits and others, who daily thronged upon him, neither to subscribe the new-devised tenets of the Council of Trent, or _to retract those orthodox books_ which he had printed in England and Germany, or _to renounce the communion of the Church of England, in whose defence he constantly persisted to the very last_. But, presently after the decease of Pope Gregory, he was imprisoned by the Jesuits and Inquisitors in Castle St. Angelo, where, by being barbarously used, and almost starved, he soon got a mortal sickness, and died in a few days, though not without suspicion of being poisoned. The day following, his corpse was by the sentence of the Inquisition tied to an infamous stake, and there burnt to ashes, _for no other reason but that he refused to make abjuration of the religion of the Church of England_, and subscribe some of the lately-made decrees of Trent, which were pressed upon him as canons of the Catholic faith. I have taken occasion (Cosin adds) to insert this narration, perhaps not known to many, to make it appear that this reverend prelate, who did great service to the Church of God, may justly (as I said before) be reckoned among the writers of the Church of England."

In the first collection of Lord Somers's _Tracts_, vol. iv. p. 575., there is a curious paper bearing the title: _A relation sent from Rome, of the process, sentence, and execution done upon the body, pictures, and books of Marcus Ant. de Dominis, Archbishop of Spalato, after his death._ There are some notices of De Dominis, also, among the Birch and other MSS. in the British Museum.

MR. FRAZER might possibly ascertain the other particular about which he inquires, viz. whether Spalatro "_acted_ as a bishop in England," by consulting some of the numerous tracts written at the time, both against and in vindication of the archbishop; and, more particularly, a tract entitled: _De pace religionis M. Ant. de Dominis Spalateus. Archiepisc. Epist. ad venerabilem virum Jos. Hallum, Archipresbyterum Vigorn_, &c.: edit. Ves. Sequan. 1666.

J. SANSOM.

Perhaps it may be doubted whether it was the wish of Antonius de Dominis to reunite the churches of Rome and England: however this may be, as Dean of Windsor, he accused one of the canons, Richard Mountagu (afterwards successively Bishop of Chichester and Norwich) of preaching the Roman doctrine of the invocation of saints and angels. Mountagu replied in a pamphlet, the title of which is, _Immediate Addresse unto GOD Alone. First delivered in a Sermon before his Majestie at Windsore, since reuised and inlarged to a just Treatise of Invocation of Saints. Occasioned by a false imputation of M. Antonius de Dominis upon the Authour, Richard Mountagu._ London, 1624.

Mountagu had evidently no high opinion of his accuser: for he writes in his Epistle Dedicatory to John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, and Visitor of the collegiate church of Windsor: "There was present at my sermon that infamous Ecebolius of these times, Religionis desultor, Archbishop sometime of _Spalata_, then Deane of that church, Marcus Antonius de Dominis;" and he goes on to abuse him in no measured terms. Collier (_Ecc. Hist._, vol. ii. p. 726., ed. 1714) mentions that Antonius assisted at the consecration of some English bishops in the chapel at Lambeth Palace. He was afterwards reconciled to the Church of Rome, but was soon imprisoned on suspicion of heresy. After he was dead, he passed through the forms of the Inquisition, was pronounced a lapsed heretic, and his corpse was publicly burnt.

ROVERT.

Withyham.

ANAGRAMS.

(Vol. iv., p. 226.)

I know not whether the art of composing anagrams was much practised in the days of Swift; the description, however, of one of the employments at the Academy of Lagado--the "project for improving speculative knowledge by practical mechanical operations," which was carried into operation by covering the superficies of a large frame with wooden letters, which, by the turning of a handle, were constantly shifted into new places--so aptly satirises this practice, that it seems likely that it was to this he alluded, the more so as the one employment would be as profitable as the other. MR. BREEN, however (Vol. iv., p. 226.) having challenged the production of half a dozen good specimens of the art, perhaps you will afford him an opportunity of amending his judgment. The following twelve, whether new or not, will at least stand the test he has propounded:--

Who will deny that _Old England_ is a _golden land_; or that _lawyers_ are _sly ware_?

There are many who deem _radical reform_ a _rare mad frolic_; and when asked to _guess a fearful ruin_, would reply _universal suffrage_.

Every one will admit that _astronomers_ are _moon-starers_; and that a _telegraph_ is a _great help_.

We have long been accustomed to consider that a _revolution_ is _to love ruin_; and that _nine thumps_ constitute a _punishment_.

What answer more fitting in the _penitentiary_ than _Nay, I repent it_?

Is there a more _comical trade_ than the _democratical_? and what is more likely to make _bakers fat_ than a good _breakfast_.

But, in conclusion, I am compelled to confess that I can see no affinity between _potentates_ and _ten tea pots_.

C. A.

That on _Daniel R._ may be otherwise rendered _Erin lad_.

D. Q.

Your interesting correspondent MR. BREEN challenges the world to produce "six good anagrams." It may help him in his search for them to be referred to two curious papers on the subject in the _Bengal Moofussul Miscellany_, reprinted in London in 1837. Or, as perhaps he may not have the book within reach, he may not be displeased at my extracting a few of the best of them. The first is a compliment paid to one of the Ptolemies: [Greek: Ptolemaios], [Greek: apo melitos]. Lycophron, in a similar vein, calls [Greek: Arsinoe], [Greek: ion Heras]. Out of _William Noy_, Charles I.'s Ship-Money Attorney-General, we have, _I moyl in law_. _Loraine_ produces _alerion_, which is assigned as the reason for that house bearing eaglets in their arms. _Sir Edmundbury Godfrey_ gives, _I fynd murder'd by rogues_. The tale about Lady Eleanor Davies, lately referred to by one of your contributors, occurs in the first of these papers; as does another of somewhat later date, which really deserves to be preserved among your "Notes."

"When young Stanislaus, afterwards king of Poland, returned home from his travels, all the illustrious family of Leczinki assembled at Lissa to congratulate him on his arrival. Festivals, shows, and rejoicings of every kind took place: but the most ingenious compliment that graced the occasion, was the one paid by the College of Lissa. There appeared on the stage thirteen dancers, dressed as youthful warriors; each held in his hand a shield, on which was engraved in characters of gold, one of the thirteen letters which compose the two words 'Domus Lescinia.' They then commenced their dance, and so arranged it, that at each turn their row of bucklers formed different anagrams. At the first pause they presented them in the natural order: