Act I. Sc. 2.
And Gadshill the robber tells his fellows:
"There's money of the king's coming down the hill; 'tis going to the king's exchequer."--Act II. Sc. 2.
Here we learn, not only that in Shakspeare's time the road between London and Canterbury was by Gadshill, but also that the tradition was that the pilgrims had been accustomed to travel that road. We cannot, I think, be far out of the way in concluding this to have been the road that Chaucer selected, and thus have the satisfaction of connecting with it in an immediate and especial manner the two greatest names in our literature; for, if he meant the only other road that seems at all likely, he would, near Cobham, pass within two miles of this famed hill. Nor can there be much doubt that so loyal a company, following a pious custom, would tarry at Rochester, to make their offerings on the shrine of St. William; if so, among the many thousands who have trodden the steps, now well-nigh worn away, leading to its site, is there one individual whose presence here we can recall with more pleasure than that of the father of English poetry?
It is evident that the road mentioned by S. H. (Vol. ii., p. 237.) is not Chaucer's road; but I can well understand why it should be called the "Pilgrims' Road;" nor should I be surprised to learn that other roads in Kent are known by the same name, for Chaucer tells us in the "Prologue" to the _Tales_ that
"From every shire's end Of Engle-land to Canterbury they wend:"
and I need scarcely say that these widely scattered pilgrims would not all traverse the country by one and the same road, but that they would select various routes, according to the different localities from which they came. Hence, several roads might be called "Pilgrims' Roads."
From a paper which appeared in the _Athenæum_ in 1842, and has since been reprinted in a separate form, the writer of which I take to be identical with the reviewer of Buckler's work referred to by MR. JACKSON, I think we may gather that what he speaks of as the "Old Pilgrims' Road" is the Otford Road noticed by S. H. and M. (2.) Messrs. Buckler's tract mentions no wayside chapels in Kent.
It may not be uninteresting to add, that the author of _Cabinet Pictures of English Life--Chaucer_ has expressed his firm belief, the grounds for which must be sought in his work, that the "Pilgrims' Room" of the Tabard, now the Talbot, in Southwark, whence these memorable pilgrims set forth, must be at least as old as Chaucer, and that the very gallery exists along which Chaucer and the pilgrims walked.
ARUN.
Replies To Minor Queries.
_Shakspeare's Use of "Captious"_ (Vol. ii., p. 354.; Vol. iii., p. 229.).--As W. F. S. does me the favour to ask my opinion of his notion respecting the passage in _All's Well that Ends Well_, I beg to say that I am very glad to find he agrees with me in regard to the _signification_ of the word "captious;" but that I cannot suppose, with him, that Shakspeare wrote _capatious_ in a passage in which the metre is regular; for what sort of verse would be--
"Yet in this _capatious_ and intenible sieve?"
Surely W. F. S. has too good an ear to allow him to fix such a line in Shakspeare's text.
J. S. W. Stockwell, April 3. 1851.
* * * * *
_Inscription on a Clock_ (Vol. iii., p. 329.).--The words written under the curious clock in Exeter Cathedral, about which your correspondent M. J. W. HEWETT inquires, and which are, or were, also to be found under the clock over the Terrace in the Inner Temple, London, are, in truth, a quotation from Martial; and it is singular that a sentiment so truly Christian should have escaped from the pen of a Pagan writer:
"They" (that is, the moments as they pass) "slip by us unheeded, but are noted in the account against us."
What could Chrysostom or Augustine have said stronger or better? The whole epigram is so good that I venture to transcribe it.
"AD MARTIALEM DE AGENDA VITA BEATA.
"Si tecum mihi, care Martialis, Securis liceat frui diebus, Si disponere tempus otiosum, Et veræ pariter vacare vitæ, Nec nos atria, nec domos potentum, Nec lites tetricas, forumque triste Nôssemus, nec imagines superbas: Sed gestatio, fabulæ, libelli, Campus, porticus, umbra, virgo, thermæ; Hæc essent loca semper, hi labores. Nunc vivit sibi neuter, heu! bonosque Soles effugere atque abire sentit; Qui nobis PEREUNT, ET IMPUTANTUR. Quisquam vivere cum sciat, moratur?"
Lib. v. ep. 20.
W.[2]
[Footnote 2: We are indebted to several other correspondents for similar replies to this Query; and one, A. C. W., remarks that the epigram from which these lines are quoted, is thus translated by Cowley:
"Now to himself, alas! does neither live, But sees good suns, of which we are to give A strict account, set and march thick away: Knows a man how to live, and does he stay?"]
* * * * *
_Authors of the Anti-Jacobin Poetry_ (Vol. iii., p. 348.).--I knew _all_ the writers, some of them intimately; and I have no doubt of the general accuracy of MR. HAWKIN'S communication. The items marked B are the least to be relied on. I do not think Mr. Hammond, then Canning's colleague as Under-Secretary of State, wrote a line, certainly not of verse, though he no doubt assisted his friend in compiling, and perhaps correcting; good offices, which obtained him an honourable _niche_ in the counter-satire issued from Brooke's, and preserved from oblivion by having been reprinted in the _Anti-Jacobin_ to give more poignancy to Canning's reply, "Bard of the borrowed lyre," &c.
The Latin verses "Ipsa mali Hortatrix" were the _sole_ production of Lord Wellesley, and he reprinted them a year or two before his death; Mr. Frere had no share in them: but, on the other hand, Mr. Frere may have been, and I think was, the author of the _translation_, "Parent of countless crimes." Lord Wellesley certainly was not; for it was made after he had sailed for India.
With regard to Mr. Wright's appropriation of particular passages of the longer poems to different authors, it is obviously impossible that it should be more than a vague conjecture. I _know_ that both Canning and Gifford professed _not_ to be able to make any such distribution; but both left on my mind the impression that Canning's share of the "New Morality" was so very much the largest as to entitle him to be considered its author. Ought not Canning's verses to be collected?
C.
* * * * *
"_Felix, quem faciunt," &c._ (Vol. iii., p. 373.).--Though I cannot refer EFFIGIES to the original author of this passage, the following parallels may not be unacceptable to him:
"Felix, quem faciunt aliorum cornua cautum, Sæpe suo, coelebs dixit Acerra, patri."
Joannis Audoeni, _Epigr_. 147. Lib. i. (nat. circa 1600.)
Again:
"Felix, quicunque dolore Alterius disces posse carere tuo."
Tibul. lib. iii. 6. 43.
It is remarkable that the annotator on this passage in the Delphin ed., Paris, 1685, p. 327., quotes the line in question thus: "Consonat illud: Felix quem faciunt," &c., _without giving the authority_.
Again:
"Periculum ex aliis facere, tibi quod ex usu siet."--Ter. _Heaut._ i. 2. 36. (Not 25., as in the Delphin _Index_.)
Again:
"Feliciter is sapit, qui periculo alieno sapit."
This passage is assigned to Plautus in the _Sylloge_ of Petrus Lagnerius, Francf. 1610, p. 312., but I cannot find it in this author.
C. H. P. Brighton, May 12. 1851.
Perhaps it is hardly an answer to EFFIGIES to tell him that the earliest occurrence of this line, with which I am acquainted, is in a rebus beneath the device of the Parisian printer, Felix Balligault, about the year 1496. Thus:
"Felix quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum. Felici monumenta die felicia felix Pressit: et hæc vicii dant retinentve nihil."
The device is a fruit-tree, from which a shield is suspended inscribed _felix_. Two apes are seated at the foot of the tree. The thought is, however, common to the wise and the witty of every age. Menander has it thus:--
[Greek: "Blepôn pepaideum eis ta tôn allôn kaka."]
And Plautus:
"Feliciter sapit qui alieno periculum sapit."
Compare Terence, _Heaut._ i. 2. 36.:
"Periculum et aliis facere, tibi quod ex usu siet."
And Diodorus Siculus, i. ab init.:
[Greek: "Kalon gar to dunasthai tois tôn allôn agnoêmasi pros diorthôsin chrêsthai paradeigmasi."]
And Tibullus, lib. iii. eleg. vi.:
"Felix, quicunque dolore Alterius disces posse carere tuo."
These indications may perhaps put your correspondent in the way of a more satisfactory answer to his question.
S.W. SINGER.
* * * * *
_Church Bells_ (Vol. iii., p. 339.).--Should the following extract from Mr. Fletcher's _Notes on Nineveh_ have escaped the notice of MR. GATTY, it may probably interest him:--
"During the following (12th) century Dionysius Bar Salibi occupied the (Jacobite) patriarchal throne, a man noted for piety and learning. He composed several works on theological subjects, among which we find a curious disquisition on bells, the invention of which he ascribes to Noah. He mentions that several histories record a command given to that patriarch to strike on the bell with a piece of wood three times a day, in order to summon the workmen to their labour while he was building the ark. And this he seems to consider the origin of church bells, an opinion which, indeed, is common to other Oriental writers."--Vol. ii. p. 212.
E. H. A.
_Chiming, Tolling, and Pealing_ (Vol. iii., p. 339).--Though the following has not, I fear, _canonical_ authority, nor is it of _remote_ antiquity, still, as they are not lines of yesterday, they may serve as one Reply to Mr. GATTY'S late Query on _Chiming, tolling, and pealing_:--
"To call the folk to church in time We _chime_, When joy and mirth are on the wing We _ring_, When we mourn a departed soul We _toll_."
I think it probable (though I have no direct proof of it) that the great bell, or tenor, was always RUNG when a sermon was to be _preached_, which was not the case when there was to be only prayers. I believe it is so at this day at St. Mary's, Oxford; it is very certain that the great bell, being so rung, is in some places called the _Sermon_ Bell, though I remember two legends on tenor bells, which seem to imply that they were intended to call to prayers, viz.:--
"Come when I call, To serve God all."
"For Christ, his flock, I aloud do call, To confess their sins, and be pardoned all."
The difference between ringing the tenor (or any bell for prayers), and ringing it as a knell, is, that in the latter case the bell is set at every pull or stroke, which causes a solemnity in the sound very different from that produced by the very reverse mode of ringing it. Oh! what language there is in bells. In _ringing_, the bell is swung round; in _tolling_, it is swung merely sufficiently for the clapper to strike the side. _Chiming_ is when more bells than one are _tolled_ in harmony; if this be correct, to _toll_ can be applied only when _one_ bell is sounded, and Horne Tooke's definition of the word, from _tollere_, to _raise up_, must be wrong (humiliter loquor).
With regard to the present use of the old Sanctus Bell, which is called at Ecclesfield _Tom Tinkler_, the same is often called the _Ting Tang_.
H. T. ELLACOMBE. Clyd St. George.
* * * * *
_Extraordinary North Briton_ (Vol. iii., p. 409.).--In answer to the inquiries of the reviewer in the _Athenæum_ of May 17, and your correspondent, the writer of the _Extraordinary North Briton_ appears to have been an individual of the name of William Moore, not, as apparently supposed, the poet William Mason. I have, amongst a complete series of the London newspapers of the day, a set of the _Extraordinary North Briton_, beginning Tuesday (May 10, 1768) and terminating with the 91st No. (Saturday, January 27, 1770). Whether it was continued further I do not know. The early numbers are published by Staples Steare, 93. Fleet Street, and the subsequent ones by T. Peat, 22. Fleet Street, and by William Moore, 55., opposite Hatton Garden, Holborn. The second and subsequent numbers are entitled, _The Extraordinary North Briton_, by W---- M----. In the last three numbers the W---- M---- is altered to William Moore, and at the end of each is "London, printed and sold by the author, W. Moore, No. 22., near St. Dunstan's Church, Fleet Street." In the 90th number is the following advertisement:
"Mr. Moore thinks it highly incumbent on him to acquaint the public, that Thomas Brayne (who was his shopman all last winter) is now publishing a spurious paper under the same title in Holborn; that they may not be deceived, Mr. Moore's name will be in front of every paper he writes. He begs leave further to add, that Brayne sold several papers last week in his name, and told those who purchased them, that they were wrote by Mr. Moore, and that he published for him. In order that the public may not be deceived by such low artifice, an affidavit of Brayne's proceedings in this respect, will appear in the public papers some time next week."
I have also the papers published by Brayne, which are advertised at the end to be "Printed and Published by T. Brayne, No. 55., opposite Hatton Garden, Holborn."
I have referred to No. 4, for Friday, June 3, 1768, addressed to Lord Mansfield, noticed in the _Athenæum_; but, with all due respect to the opinion of the reviewer, I cannot see the slightest similitude to the style of Junius. It appears to me to be a very feeble performance, and by a very inferior person. Indeed, the entire series of the _Extraordinary North Briton_ seems poor and flat when compared with its predecessor, the original and famous _North Briton_.
The attempt to show Mason to be Junius is amusing and ingenious; but the reviewer has evidently failed in persuading himself, and therefore, amidst the many startling improbabilities by which such an attempt is encompassed, is scarcely likely to gain many converts to such a theory.
JAMES CROSSLEY.
* * * * *
_Fitzpatrick's Lines on Fox._--MR. MARKLAND, in your 78th Number (p. 334.), asks the true reading of the third line.--The word should be "mind," not "course."
The lines are under the engraved bust of Fox, prefixed to the edition, in elephant folio, of his _History of the early Part of the Reign of James II._, and the word there given is "course." In my copy of that work is inserted a letter from Miller, the publisher, to a deceased friend of mine, who was an original subscriber at "Five Guineas, boards!"
That letter, so far as is material, is as follows:--
"The error in the engraving of the writing was certainly a very bad one, and not to be remedied, but it is a satisfaction to me that it was Lord Holland's mistake and not mine. I have his lordship's original writing of the four lines to clear myself. W. Miller, Albemarle Street, June 6, 1808."
Q. D.
* * * * *
_Ejusdem Farinæ_ (Vol. iii., p. 278.).--This phrase was used in a disparaging sense long before the time of the "scholastic doctors and casuists of the middle ages," as may appear from Persius, v. 115-117., where he is showing that an elevation in rank does not necessarily produce a more elevated tone of mind; and says to an imaginary upstart:
"Sin tu, cum fueris _nostræ_ paulò antè _farinæ_, Pelliculam veterem retines, et fronte politus Astutam vapido servas sub pectore vulpem," &c.
It is needless to add that the metaphor is taken from loaves made from the "_same batch_" of flour, where, if one be bad, all the others must be equally so.
J. EASTWOOD. Ecclesfield Hall.
Stephens, in his _Thesaurus_, under the head of "Farinæ," states--
"Proverbiales locutiones sunt, Ejusdem Farinæ, Nostræ farinæ,"
but makes no allusion to its being a term expressive of baseness and disparagement. Nor does it seem to be so used by Persius in v. 115. of his 5th Satire:
"Si tu, cum fueris nostræ paulò antè farinæ."
We employ a somewhat similar expression, when we say, "both of the same kidney."
C. I. R.
This expression may be traced beyond "the scholastic doctors and casuists of the middle ages." Erasmus, in his _Adagia_, says,--
"Ejusdem farinæ dicuntur, inter quos est indiscreta similitudo. Quod enim aqua ad aquam collata, idem ad farinam farinæ. Persius in 5 Satyr.
"'Nostræ paulò antè farinæ, Pelliculam veterem retines.'"
And again, on the proverb "Omnia idem pulvis," he says,--
"Quin nobis omnia idem, quod aiunt, pulvis: alludens ad defunctorum cineres, inter quos nibil apparet discriminis. Confine illi quod alio demonstravimus proverbio, ejusdem farinæ. Siquidem antiqui farinam pollinem vocabant."
Is. Casaubon, in a note on the above passage of Persius, says,--
"Proverbium Latinum ad notandum similitudinem, 'est ejusdem farinæ,' proprie locum habet in panibus."
Though the expression is generally, if not always, used disparagingly, as the corresponding expressions "birds of a feather" and "of the same kidney," yet I should doubt whether the term "farinæ" is itself expressive of baseness, any more than "feather" or "kidney." By the way, what is the origin of the latter of the above expressions?
E. S. T. T.
* * * * *
_The Sempecta_ (Vol. iii., pp. 328. 357.).--I have to return many thanks to DR. MAITLAND for his kindness in so promptly answering my Query. The reference to Martene has enabled me to find the poem in question. It is in Martene and Durand's _Thesaurus novus Anecdotorum_, Paris, 1717; and will be found in vol. iii. col. 1333. The poem forms caput iii. of the second book of the _Historia Monasterii Villariensis in Brabantiâ, ordinis Cisterciensis_ (a title which shows the monastery to which the old soldier-monk belonged instead of Croyland), and is headed "Incipit vita beati Franconis." I think there are few of your readers who will not thank me for calling their attention to it, if they will take the trouble to refer to Martene's work.
H. R. LUARD. Trin. Coll. May 5.
* * * * *
"_Nulli fraus tuta latebris_" (Vol. iii., p. 323.) will be found in _Camerar. Emblem._, cent. ii. 40.
Q. Q.
* * * * *
_Voltaire--where situated_ (Vol. iii., p. 329.).--If the Querist will look to the _Critical Essays of an Octogenarian_, by J. R. (the learned, venerable, and respected James Roche, Esq., of Cork), he will find, at p. 11. vol. i., that there is no such place, the word "Voltaire" being merely a transposition of the name of the party assuming it as a designation. Thus, he was called _Arouet Le Jeune_. Transpose the letters of _Arouet L. J._, and allowing _j_, _u_ and _i_, _v_ to be used for each other, you have _Voltaire_.
K.
* * * * *
_By the Bye_ (Vol. ii., p. 424.; Vol. iii., p. 109.).--In further illustration of this phrase, I would advert to the practice of declaring by the bye, which prevailed in the superior courts of common law, before the Uniformity of Process Act (2 Will. IV., c. 39.). The following extract from Burton's _Exchequer Practice_, 1791, vol. i. p. 149., will sufficiently explain this happily obsolete matter:--
"By the old rules it is ordered, 'That upon every defendant's appearance, the plaintiff may put in as many declarations as he will against every such defendant, provided they all be put in at one and the same time.' If there be more than one declaration delivered at the same time against the same defendant, every additional declaration so delivered is called delivering the declaration by the bye."
In the King's Bench, in certain cases, any other plaintiff could declare by the bye against the defendant, and that even before the original plaintiffs had declared. See Crompton's _Practice Common-placed_, 2nd ed., 1783, vol. i. p. 100.
_The Doctor_ (in chap. cx.) says--
"By the bye, which is the same thing, in common parlance, as by the way, though critically there may seem to be a difference; for by the bye might seem to denote a collateral remark, and by the way a direct one."
By the bye, what a pity it is there is no Index to _The Doctor_.
C. H. COOPER. Cambridge, March 24, 1851.
* * * * *
_Bigod de Loges_ (Vol. iii., p. 306.).--There is an error, perhaps a clerical one, in M. J. T.'s statement, that "Bigod, whose name was attached to the charter of foundation of St. Werburgh's Abbey, is elsewhere, according to Ormerod, called Robert."
The remark is by Leycester, not Ormerod, and the purport is exactly the converse. To the words "Signum Roberti de Loges" is added, "alii Bigot de Loges hic legunt." Vide _Monasticon_, pars I., pp. 200. 202.
This passage will be found in Leycester's _Antiquities_, p. 111., reprinted in _Hist. Chesh._, vol. i. p. 13. But Leycester's _Prolegomena_ is the heading, and the initials "P. L." are appended to the note.
LANCASTRIENSIS.
* * * * *
_Knebsend or Nebsend, co. York_ (Vol. iii., p. 263.).--A part of Sheffield is called Neepsend, which is probably the place inquired after by J. N. C., especially as the ordinary pronunciation of it is _Nep_send.
J. EASTWOOD.
* * * * *
_Mrs. Catherine Barton_ (Vol. iii., p. 328.).--Your correspondent will find all that is known in Sir David Brewster's _Life of Newton_, and will see (p. 323.) that her maiden name must have been either Smith, Pilkington, or Barton itself.
M.
* * * * *
_Peter Sterry_ (Vol. iii., p. 38.).--In the title-page to his sermon, preached before the Parliament, Nov. 1, 1649 (Lond. 1650, 4to.), Sterry is called "sometime Fellow of Emanuel College, Cambridge; now a Preacher of the Gospel in London." Some account of him may be seen in Burnet's _History of his own Time_; and in the _Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow_. Wood says that Peter Sterry was notorious "for keeping on that side which had proved trump" (_Athenæ_, iii. 197., edit. Bliss).
EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
* * * * *
_Wife of James Torre_ (Vol. iii., p. 329.).--In reply to MR. PEACOCK'S Query I beg to inform him that the lady's name was Elizabeth, youngest of the four daughters and co-heiresses of William Lincolne, D.D., of Bottesford, and by her Mr. Torre had several children, all of whom died young except Jane, who married, in 1701, the Rev. Thomas Hassel. This is taken from Burke's _Dictionary of Landed Gentry_, vol. ii, M to Z, published by Colburn, London, 1847, where the Torre pedigree can be seen, but no other mention of the _Lincolne_ family is there made. There are seven different coats of arms and crests under the name _Lincolne_ in Burke's _Armory of England, Scotland, and Ireland_, published by Churton in 1843. This is all I can find at present.
J. N. C.
* * * * *
_Ramasse_ (Vol. iii., p. 347.).--One word to complete MR. WAY'S explanation. This style of sliding down the slopes of the Alps is called a _ramasse_, because the guides are ready below to _ramasser_, that is, to _pick up_, the travellers who are thus sent down.
C.
This word is by no means obsolete in France, in the acceptation of "a sledge." In addition to the instances given from Barré and Roquefort by MR. ALBERT WAY, in his instructive note on the "Pilgrymage of Syr R. Guylforde, Knyght," I find in Napoléon Landais' _Dictionnaire général et grammatical des Dictionnaires Français_," the following explanation:--
"RAMASSE, chaise à porteurs, traîneau pour descendre des montagnes où il y a de la neige: _descendre une montagne dans une ramasse_."
He also says, in defining the meaning of the verb "ramasser:"
"Traîner dans une _ramasse: on le ramassa pendant deux heures; quand il fut sur la montagne, il se fit ramasser_."
The late Mr. Tarver, in his _Dictionnaire Phraséologique Royal_, has also the following:
"RAMASSE, s. f. (t. de voyageur), sledge. "_On le ramassa_, they conveyed him in a sledge. "RAMASSEUR, a man who drives a sledge."
D. C. St. John's Wood, May 4. 1851.
* * * * *
_Four Want Way_ (Vol. iii., p. 168.).--Halliwell describes the word "want" as meaning in Essex a cross-road. It is still used here as denoting a place where four roads meet, and called "a four want way." I always fancied it meant a wont way, _via solita_; but I have no authority for the etymology.
BRAYBROOKE. Audley End.
["Went" is used in Chaucer in the sense of "way," "passage," "turning," or road: thus, in _Troilus and Creseide_, iii. 788., he speaks of a "a privie went," and v. 605., "And up and doun there made he many a went;" and in the _House of Fame_:
"And in a forrest as they went, At the tourning of a went."]
* * * * *
_Dr. Owen's Works_ (Vol. i., p. 276.).--The editor of the _Works of John Owen_ is informed, that in the valuable library of George Offor, Esq., of Hackney, will be found a thick volume in manuscript of unpublished _Sermons on the Fifty-third Chapter of Isaiah_, in the Doctor's own hand-writing, and apparently prepared for publication. The same library also contains two scarce pieces by Dr. Owen, which it is thought have never been reprinted: 1. _The Stedfastness of Promises, and the Sinfulness of Staggering_, opened in a sermon preached at Margaret's, in Westminster, before the Parliament, Feb. 28, 1649, being a Day set apart for Solemn Humiliation throughout the Nation. By John Owen, Minister of the Gospel. London, 1650. 4to. pp. 54.--2. _God's Work in Founding Zion, and his People's Duty thereupon._ A Sermon preached in the Abbey Church at Westminster, at the opening of the Parliament, Sept. 17, 1656. By John Owen, a Servant of Jesus Christ in the Work of the Gospel. Oxford, 1656. 4to. pp. 48.
J. Y. Hoxton.
* * * * *
_Bactrian Coins_ (Vol. iii., p. 353.).--Has your correspondent read the book by Masson _On the Coins, &c. of Afghanistan_, published by Professor H. H. Wilson? There are also references to authorities in Humphreys _On Ancient Coins and Medals_.
C. B.
_Bactria._--BLOWEN will find some trustworthy information respecting Bactria in Professor Lassen's _Indische Alterthumskunde_, Zweiter Band, pp. 277. et seq. Bonn, 1849; and a list of authorities on the Græco-Bactrian coins in the same work, pp. 282. 283. (notes).
C. H.
* * * * *
_Baldrocks_ (Vol. iii., p. 328.).--On looking over a vestry book belonging to South Lynn in this town, commencing at 1605, and ending in 1677, I find some Churchwardens' Accounts, and amongst them the two following entries, which may, I trust, assist "A CHURCHWARDEN," and lead to an elucidation of this word:--
"1610. "Janua. 17. ffor a _balledrick_ to ye great Bell, xxi_d._
"1618. "Novemb. 22. Item. for mendine of ye _baldericke_ for ye foore bell, vj_d._"
From these entries it seems that the "baldrock" was something attached to the great bell.
In most of the recent English Dictionaries the word is applied to furniture, and to a belt or girdle. But in a Latin Dictionary published at Cambridge in 1693, I find in the Anglo-Latin part the following:--
English. A bawdrick of a bell clapper. Latin. Ropali corrigia.
And the English of "Ropali Corrigia" seems (notwithstanding the English version given with it) to be "_pieces of leather_," or "_thongs of leather_" to the bell clapper, but for what purpose used I do not know.
JOHN NURSE CHADWICK.
P.S. The word "corrigia" is taken from the word "corium," a skin of leather.
[Were not these leather coverings?--that for the rope, to prevent its cutting the ringer's hands (as we constantly see), and also to prevent his hand slipping; and that for the clapper, to muffle it--straps of leather girded round them.]
* * * * *
_Tu Autem_ (Vol. iii., pp. 265. 308.).--The "Tu Autem," still remembered at Oxford and Cambridge, and yet lingering at the public dinners of the canons of Durham, is the last fragment of what was once a daily, or at least an almost daily, religious form or service at those ancient places; and it is rather strange that such a fragment should have remained so long in the collegiate and cathedral refectory without having preserved any remembrance of its real origin and meaning. If Bishop Hendren or Father Holdfast would forego their favourite pursuits for a few minutes, and look into your interesting and improving miscellany, they might inform you that in the Romish Breviary--which, no doubt, has preserved many ancient religious services--there is a form entitled _Benedictio mensæ_. As the generality of your readers may not have the Breviary at hand, I send you so much of the service as may suffice for the present purpose.
"BENEDICTIO MENSÆ.
"_Ante prandium Sacerdos benedicturus mensam, incipit_, Benedicite, _et alii repetunt_, Benedicite. _Deinde dicit_ Oculi omnium, _et alii prosequuntur_. In te sperant, Domine, et tu das escam illorum in tempore opportuno" &c. &c. Then "Gloria Patri" &c., and "Pater noster" &c. &c.
"_Posteà Sacerdos dicit_:
"Oremus.
"Benedic Domine nos, et hæc tua dona, quæ de tua largitate sumus sumpturi. Per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen.
"_Deinde Lector._ Jube Domine benedicere. _Benedictio._ Mensæ coelestis participes faciat nos Rex æternæ gloriæ. Amen.
"_Post prandium aguntur gratiæ hoc modo. Dicto à Lectore_, Tu autem Domine miserere nobis. Deo gratias, _omnes surgunt_.
"_Sacerdos incipit._ Confiteantur tibi Domine omnia opera tua. Et Sancti tui benedicant tibi. Gloria Patri, &c.
"_Posteà Sacerdos absolutè dicat_: _A_gimus tibi gratias, omnipotens Deus, pro universis beneficiis tuis, &c.
"_Deinde alternatim dicitur Psalmus._ Miserere mei Deus.
"_Vel Psalmus 116._" (in our version, 117.), &c. &c. &c.
The service then proceeds with very much repetition. The performance of the whole would probably occupy twenty minutes.
I must note that there are variations in the service depending upon the season, &c. &c.
I have indicated the _rubric_ of the Breviary by _Italics_.
J. YALC. Preston, Lanc.
* * * * *
_Commoner marrying a Peeress_ (Vol. ii., p. 230.).--Your correspondent L. R. N. inquires whether there is any decision subsequent to that in the reign of Henry VIII. on the claim to the Taylboys barony, respecting the right of a Commoner marrying a peeress to assume her title and dignity, he having issue male by her. In reply I beg to inform him that there appears to have been one on the claim of Richard Bertie, in 1580, to the Barony of Willoughby, in right of his wife Catherine Duchess of Suffolk, as tenant by the curtesy, which was rejected, and Peregrine Bertie her son was admitted in the lifetime of his father. It seems, however, from the want of modern instances, as also by the elevation of ladies to the rank of peeresses, with remainders to their children, thus enabling the issue to sit in the lifetime of the father, that the prevailing notion is against curtesy in titles of honour. This subject will be found treated at some length in Cruise's _Digest_, vol. iii. pp. 187, 188. 198. ed. 1818.
O. S.
* * * * *
_Ancient Wood Engraving_ (Vol. iii., p. 277.).--The subject of THE HERMIT OF HOLYPORT'S question is an engraving of the "Pinax" of Cebes, a Theban philosopher who wrote circa A. M. 3600, and who, in his allegorical work of that name, described human life under the guise of a picture.
This information is for the HERMIT'S especial benefit, as I suppose it will be old news to most of your correspondents.
I have an old Dutch edition of the "Pinax" (Gerard de Jager, 1683), bound in vellum, with the _Enchiridion_ and other works of Epictetus; the frontispiece of which is the fellow to the Hermit's engraving.
F. I. Bradford.
* * * * *
_Vegetating Insects_ (Vol. iii., p. 166.).--As the Query of MR. MANLEY in No. 70. has not been answered, I beg to say that Vegetating Insects are not uncommon both in New South Wales and New Zealand. The insect is the caterpillar of a large brown moth, and in New South Wales is sometimes found six inches long, buried in the ground, and the plant above ground about the same length: the top, expanded like a flower, has a brown velvety texture. In New Zealand the _plant_ is different, being a single stem from six to ten inches high: its apex, when in a state of fructification, resembles the club-headed bulrush in miniature. When newly dug up, and divided longitudinally, the intestinal canal is distinctly visible, and frequently the hairs, legs, and mandibles. Vegetation invariably proceeds from the nape of the neck; from which it may be inferred, that the insect, in crawling to the place where it inhumes itself, prior to its metamorphosis, while burrowing in the light vegetable soil, gets some of the minute seeds of the fungus between the scales of its neck, from which in its sickening state it is unable to free itself, and which consequently, being nourished by the warmth and moisture of the insect's body then lying motionless, vegetates, and not only impedes the process of change in the chrysalis, but likewise occasions the death of the insect. The New South Wales specimen is called "Sphæria Innominata," that of New Zealand "Sphæria Robertsii;" both named, I believe, by Sir W. J. Hooker. In some specimens of the New Zealand kind now before me, the _bodies_ of the insects are in their normal state, but the legs, &c., are gone.
Both specimens are figured and described in the _Tasmanian Journal_, vol. i. No. 4.
VIATOR.
Chatham.
* * * * *
_Prayer at the Healing_ (Vol. iii., p. 352.).--N. E. R. inquires whether this prayer found a place in the prayer-books printed at Oxford or Cambridge.
I have it before me in the folio Book of Common Prayer, "Oxford, printed by John Baskett, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty, and to the University, MDCCXV." It is placed between the form of prayer for Aug. 1. (the King's Accession) and the King's Declaration preceding the Articles.
This form differs from that given by Sparrow, in his _Collection_, edit. 1684, p. 165., as follows:--
Sparrow gives _two_ Gospels: Mark, xvi. 14., St. John, i. 1., the imposition of the King's hands taking place at the words "_they shall lay_," &c. in the reading of the first, and the gold being placed at reading the words "_that light_" in the second.
In Baskett's form, the _first_ Gospel only is used, with the collect "_Prevent us, O Lord_," before it.
In Baskett's form, the supplicatory versicles and Lord's Prayer, which agree in their own order with the earlier form, _follow_ this first Gospel, and _precede the imposition and the suspension of the gold_, during which (it is directed) the chaplain that officiates, _turning himself to his Majesty_, shall say these words following:
"God give a blessing to this work, and grant that these sick persons, on whom the king lays his hands, may recover through Jesus Christ our Lord."
This does _not_ appear in Sparrow's form of 1684, _neither_ does the following address, at the close, by the "chaplain, _standing with his face towards them that come to be healed_."
"The Almighty God, who is a most strong tower to all them that put their trust in Him, to whom all things in heaven, in earth, and under the earth do bow and obey, be now and evermore your defence, and make you know and feel that there is none other Name under heaven given to man, in whom, and through whom, you may receive health and salvation, but only the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, Amen."
Objectionable as the ceremony was, there can be no doubt that a much more Protestant character was given to it by these alterations.
LANCASTRIENSIS.
* * * * *
_M. or N._ (Vol. i., p. 415.; Vol. ii., p. 61.; Vol. iii., p. 323.).--With reference to the initials or letters M. and N. found in the Catechism and the Marriage Service of our Common Prayer Book, it has struck me that a fancy of mine may satisfy some of those who wish to find more than a mere caprice in the selection of them.
It is remarkable that in the Catechism we read N. or M., while in the service for Matrimony M. is for the man, N. for the woman.
I have imagined long ago that "N. or M." may mean "_n_omen viri; aut _m_ulieris:" that M. may stand for "maritus" in the other place, and N. for "nupta."
TYRO ETYMOLOGICUS.
N. stands (as it constantly did in MS.) for "nomen" or name; M. for N. N., "nomina" or names. You will observe that in black letter the forms of N and M are so very similar that by an easy contraction double N would pass into M, and thus the contracted form N. N. for "nomina" might have come into M. Corroborating this is the fact that the answer to What is your name? stands thus: Answer N. or M., and not M. or N.
J. F. T.
P.S. Throughout the Matrimonial Service I observe M. attached to the man's name, but N. to the woman's.
* * * * *
_Dancing Trenchmore_ (Vol. iii., p. 89.).--Your correspondent S. G. asks the meaning of this phrase? _Trenchmore_ was a very popular dance in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The earliest mention I find of it occurs in 1564, and the latest in 1728. The figure and the musical notes may be seen in the fifth and later editions of _The Dancing Master_. See also Chappell's _National English Airs_, vol. ii. p. 181., where some amusing quotations concerning its popularity are given. _Trenchmore_ (the meaning of which we have to seek) was, however, more particularly the name of the _dance_ than the tune. The _dance_, in fact, was performed to _various_ tunes. In proof of this I give the following quotation from Taylor the water-poet's _Navy of Land Ships_, 1627:
"Nimble-heel'd mariners (like so many dancers) capring in the pompes and vanities of this sinful world, sometimes a Morisco, or _Trenchmore_ of forty miles long, to the tune of _Dusty my deare_, _Dirty come thou to me_, _Dun out of the mire_, or _I waile in woe and plunge in paine_: all these dances have no other musicke."
EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
* * * * *
_Demosthenes and New Testament_ (Vol. iii., p. 350.).--If your correspondent C. H. P. had referred to the _Critici Sacri_, he would have found his questions answered. With regard to the quotation from Acts xvii. 21., I beg to inform him that Drusius makes the same reference, but generally only, as Pricæus; while Grotius gives the passages with particular references, in the same manner as Lagnerius. As to the passage from St. Matthew xiii. 14., he would have found, had he consulted the _Critici Sacri_, that Grotius quotes the same passage from Demosthenes as Pricæus; but, as far as I can see, they are the only commentators in that work who observed the parallel passages. However, the fact of its being "employed as an established proverb by Demosthenes having been generally overlooked," as C. H. P. supposes, is not quite correct, as it is mentioned in the brief notes in Dr. Burton's _Greek Testament_, Oxon., 1831.
H. C. K. ---- Rectory, Hereford, May 3. 1851.
* * * * *
_Roman Catholic Church_ (Vol. iii., pp. 168. 409.).--E. H. A. will find the information which he requires in the _Notizie per l'anno_ 1851. It is a very small annual published at Rome _by authority_. Its price cannot exceed 4_s._ or 5_s._
F.
* * * * *
_Yankee, Derivation of_ (Vol. iii., p. 260.).--In Webster's _American Dictionary_, and in the _Imperial Dictionary, English, Technological, and Scientific_, J. M. will see the etymology of Yankee, which M. Philarète Charles supposes not to be given in any work American or English.
NORTHMAN.
* * * * *
_English French_ (Vol. iii., p. 346.).--I take the liberty to inform C. W. B., for the justification of my countrymen, as well as of his own, that the _Guide to Amsterdam_ was probably written by a British subject born between the tropics, and will point out, not by way of reprisals, but as a curiosity of the same sort, an example of French-English to be found in a book just published by Whittaker and Co., entitled _What's What in 1851_? Let any one who understands French try to read the article, p. 69., headed "Qu'êst que, qu'êst que la veritable luxure en se promenant," and if he can guess at the meaning of the writer, no foreign-English I ever met with will ever give him trouble.
G. L. KEPPER. Amsterdam, May 10. 1851.
* * * * *
_Deans, when styled Very Reverend_ (Vol. iii., p. 352.).--I cannot answer this question, but I can supply a trace, if not a clue. I find in a long series of old almanacks that the list of deans is invariably given as _the Reverend_ the dean down to 1803 inclusive. I unluckily have not those for the three next years, but in that for 1807 I find "_the very Reverend_ the dean."
C.
* * * * *
_Duchess of Buckingham_ (Vol. iii., p. 281.).--There is one circumstance omitted by P. C. S. S., in his remarks upon the Duchess of Buckingham, which explains why _a Phipps_, on being called to the peerage, chose the titles of Mulgrave and Normanby.
By her second husband--the Duke of Buckingham and Normanby--she had one son, who succeeded to the title and estates; but, dying unmarried during his mother's lifetime, _bequeathed to her all the Mulgrave and Normanby property_. Her daughter (by her first marriage with James Annesley, third Earl of Anglesey) was then the wife of Mr. W. Phipps, son of Sir Constantine Phipps, Lord Chancellor of Ireland: to their issue, Constantine Phipps, first Lord Mulgrave, the Duchess _left by will these estates_; thus founding her grandson's fortune, although she did not live to see him created the first Baron Mulgrave.
The Sheffield Buckingham family, although extinct in the male line, is represented in the female branch by the Sheffield Dicksons; Mrs. Dickson, the widow of Major Dickson, of the Life-Guards, being in direct descent from the Lady Catherine Darnley's husband, by another wife.
A. B. Redland, April 13.
* * * * *
_Swearing by the Peacock_ (Vol. iii., p. 70.).--Swearing in the presence of a peacock, referred to by T. J., from Dr. Lingard's _History of England_, time of Edward I., is, with the ceremony observed at the Feast of the Peacock, in the thirteenth century, related at full by Mr. Knight in his _Old England_, pp. 311. and 312.; and the representation of the Feast from the Bran of Robert Braunche, in the choir of St. Margaret's Church at Lynn (a mayor of Lynn), who died October 15, 1364, is given fig. 1088.
BLOWEN.
* * * * *
_Howe Family_ (Vol. iii., p. 353.).--Your correspondent who asks what was the connexion of the Howes with the royal family, will find in Walpole's _Reminiscences_ (ch. ii.) that Charlotte Viscountess Howe, the mother of Captain Howe, afterwards the celebrated admiral, and of General Sir William Howe, was the daughter of George I. by Madame Kelmansegge, Countess of Platen, created in England Countess of Darlington.
C.
Miscellaneous.
NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.
Dr. Gregory, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh, and the translator of Reichenbach's _Researches on Magnetism_, has just published a volume destined, we believe, to excite considerable attention, both from the nature of its subject and the position of the writer. It is entitled _Letters to a Candid Inquirer on Animal Magnetism_, and in the first Part, after describing the phenomena, and their application to medical purposes, and to the explanation of much that is obscure in what is called Magic or Witchcraft, "a great part of which appears to have rested on a knowledge of these phenomena possessed by a few in an ignorant age," Dr Gregory suggests, not as a fully developed theory, but simply as a conceivable idea, an explanation of the _modus operandi_ in magnetic phenomena, especially in clairvoyance. The basis of this explanation is the existence of that universally diffused power or influence, the existence of which, in Dr. Gregory's opinion, Reichenbach has demonstrated. The second Part consists of a large and startling collection of mostly unpublished cases; and Dr. Gregory expresses his conviction that if the evidence is fairly studied, it will be impossible to believe that the alleged facts are the result of imposture or of delusion; or to resist the conviction, which investigation will confirm, that the essential facts, however apparently marvellous, are yet true, and have been faithfully reported. These cases are indeed most extraordinary, and would, at first sight, seem more fitted to fill our Folk Lore columns than to become the subject of scientific enquiry; and most readers, we believe, will rise from their perusal with an inclination to admit that there are more things true than are dreamt of in their philosophy--some with an anxious doubt whether these "arts" are not as "forbidden" as they are "curious."
The Society of Arts have opened a reading-room for the gratuitous use of foreign visitors to London during the Great Exhibition. Our readers will be doing a kindness to their friends from the Continent by making them acquainted with this act of liberality and good feeling on the part of the Society of Arts.
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=RICHARDSON'S GEOLOGY,= including MINERALOGY and PALÆONTOLOGY, revised and enlarged by Dr. THOMAS WRIGHT. Post 8vo. with upwards of 400 Illustrations on Wood. Price 5_s._ HENRY G. BOHN, York Street, Covent Garden.
Bohn's Cheap Series for June.
=THE HOUSE OF SEVEN GABLES.= A Romance, by NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. Post 8vo. Price 1_s._ 6_d._ HENRY G. BOHN, York Street, Covent Garden.
Bohn's Cheap Series for May.
=WILLIS'S HURRY-GRAPHS,= or SKETCHES of SCENERY, CELEBRITIES, and SOCIETY, taken from Life. By N. PARKER WILLIS. Price 1_s._ 6_d._ HENRY G. BOHN, York Street, Covent Garden.
COMMITTEE FOR THE REPAIR OF THE =TOMB OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER.=
JOHN BRUCE, Esq., Treas. S.A. J. PAYNE COLLIER, Esq., V.P.S.A. PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A. WILLIAM RICHARD DRAKE, Esq., F.S.A. THOMAS W. KING, Esq., F.S.A. SIR FREDERICK MADDEN, K.H. JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, Esq., F.S.A. HENRY SHAW, Esq., F.S.A. SAMUEL SHEPHERD, Esq., F.S.A. WILLIAM J. THOMS, Esq., F.S.A.
The Tomb of Geoffrey Chaucer in Westminster Abbey is fast mouldering into irretrievable decay. A sum of One Hundred Pounds will effect a perfect repair. The Committee have not thought it right to fix any limit to the contribution; they themselves have opened the list with a subscription from each of them of Five Shillings; but they will be ready to receive any amount, more or less, which those who value poetry and honour Chaucer may be kind enough to remit to them.
Subscriptions have been received from the Earls of Carlisle, Ellesmere, and Shaftesbury, Viscounts Strangford and Mahon, Pres. Soc. Antiq., the Lords Braybrooke and Londesborough, and many other noblemen and gentlemen.
Subscriptions are received by all the members of the Committee, and at the Union Bank, Pall Mall East. Post-office orders may be made payable at the Charing Cross Office, to William Richard Drake, Esq., the Treasurer, 46. Parliament Street, or Wllliam J. Thoms, Esq., Hon. Sec., 25. Holywell Street, Millbank.
WALCOTT'S HISTORY OF WESTMINSTER.
In 8vo., price 10_s._ 6_d._, the Second Edition (with Appendix and Notes) of
=MEMORIALS OF WESTMINSTER:= the City, Royal Palaces, Houses of Parliament, Whitehall, St. Peter's College, Parish Churches, Modern Buildings and Ancient Institutions. By REV. MACKENZIE E. C. WALCOTT, M.A., of Exeter College, Oxford; Curate of St. James's, Westminster.
RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place;
Of whom may be had, by the same Author, just published,
THE ENGLISH ORDINAL: its History, Validity, and Catholicity. 10_s._ 6_d._
Just published, in 1 vol. fcp. 8vo. 5_s._ cloth,
=A TREATISE OF EQUIVOCATION.= Wherein is largely discussed the question whether a Catholicke or any other person before a magistrate, being demanded upon his Oath whether a Prieste were in such a place, may (notwithstanding his perfect knowledge to the contrary) without Perjury, and securely in conscience, answer No; with this secret meaning reserved in his mynde, That he was not there so that any man is bounde to detect it. Edited from the Original Manuscript in the Bodleian Library, by DAVID JARDINE, of the Middle Temple, Esq., Barrister at Law.
London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS.
Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW. of No. 8. New Fleet Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186 Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, May 31. 1851.
[Transcriber's Note: This text uses _underscores_ to indicate _italic_ fonts; =equal= signs represent =bold= text.]