Chapter 3

Strange to say, Mr. Raine, in his _St. Cuthbert_, p. 108., appears to confound the cross brought from Holy Rood House, and in honour of which it was founded, with the Black Rood of Scotland. He was misled, no doubt, by the statement in the passage above extracted from the _Ancient Monuments_, that this cross was brought out of Holy Rood House.

I fear that the fact that it was formed of silver and gold, gives little reason to hope that this historical relique escaped destruction when it came into the hands of King Henry's church robbers. Its sanctity may, indeed, have induced the monks to send it with some other reliques to a place of refuge on the Continent, until the tyranny should be overpast; but there is not any tradition at Durham, that I am aware of, to throw light on the concluding Query of your correspondent P.A.F., as to "what became of the 'Holy Cross,' or 'Black Rood,' at the dissolution of Durham Priory?"

That the Black Rood of Scotland, and the Cross of Holy Rood House were distinct, there can, I think, be no doubt. The cross mentioned by Aelred is not mentioned as the "Black Rood:" probably it acquired this designation after his time. But Fordoun, in the _Scoti-Chronicon_, Lord Hailes in his _Annals_, and other historians, have taken Aelred's account as referring to the Black Rood of Scotland. Whether it had been brought from Dunfermline to Edinburgh before Edward's campaign, and remained thenceforth deposited in Holy Rood Abbey, does not appear: but it is probable that a relique to which the sovereigns of Scotland attached so much veneration was kept at the latter place.

W.S.G.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Nov. 2. 1850.

* * * * *

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.

_Hæmony_ (Vol. ii., p. 88.).--MR. BASHAM will find some account of this plant under the slightly different type of "Hemionion" in Pliny, xxv. 20., xvi. 25., xxvii. 17.:

"Invenit et Teucer eadem ætate Teucrion, quam quidam 'Hemionion' vocant, spargentem juncos tenues, folia parva, asperis locis nascentem, austero sapore, nunquam florentem: neque semen gignit. Medetur lienibus ... Narrantque sues qui radicem ejus ederint sine splene inveniri.

"Singultus hemionium sedat.

"'Asplenon' sunt qui _hemionion_ vocant foliis trientalibus multis, radice limosa, cavernosa, sicut filicis, candida, hirsuta: nec caulem, nec florem, nec semen habet. Nascitur in petris parietibusque opacis, humidis."

According to Hardouin's note, p. 3777., it is the _Ceterach_ of the shops, or rather _Citrach_; a great favourite of the mules, [Greek: hêmionoi], witness Theophrastus, _Hist._, ix. 19.

Ray found it "on the walls about Bristol, and the stones at St. Vincent's rock." He calls it "Spleenwort" and "Miltwaste." _Catalog. Plant._ p. 31. Lond. 1677.

I have a copy of Henri du Puy's "original" _Comus_, but do not recollect his noticing the plant.

G.M.

Guernsey.

_Byron's Birthplace._--Can any of your correspondents give any information relative to the house in which Lord Byron was born? His biographers state that it was in Holles Street, but do not mention the number.

C.B.W.

Edgbaston.

[Our correspondent will find, on referring to Mr. Cunningham's _Handbook of London_, that "Byron was born at No. 24. Holles Street, and christened in the small parish church of St. Marylebone."]

_Ancient Tiles_ (Vol. i., p. 173.).--The device of two birds perched back to back on the twigs of a branch that rises between them, is found, not on tiles only, but in wood carving; as at Exeter Cathedral, on two of the Misereres in the choir, and on the gates which separate the choir from the aisles, and these again from the nave.

J.W.H.

_Modena Family_ (Vol. ii., p. 266.).--Victor Amadeus III., King of Sardinia, died in October, 1796. Mary Beatrice, Duchess of Modena, mother of the present Duke of Modena, was the daughter of Victor Emmanuel V., King of Sardinia, who abdicated his throne in 1821, and died 10th January, 1824. The present Duke of Modena is the direct heir of the house of Stuart in the following line:--

All the legitimate issue of Charles II. and James II. being extinct, we fall back upon Henrietta Maria, youngest child of Charles I. She married her cousin Philip, Duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV., and by him had three children. Two died without issue: the youngest, Anna Maria, b. Aug. 1669, mar. Victor Amadeus II., Duke of Savoy, and had by him three children, one son and two daughters.

The son, Charles Emmanuel III., Duke of {411} Savoy, married and had Victor Amadeus III., who married Maria Antoinette of Spain, and had:--1. Charles Emmanuel IV., who died without issue, and 2. Victor Emmanuel V., who married an Austrian Archduchess; his eldest daughter married Francis IV. Duke of Modena. She died between A.D. 1841-1846, I believe, and left four children:--1. Francis V., Duke of Modena. 2. The wife of Henri, Comte de Chambord. 3. Ferdinand. 4. Marie, wife of Don Juan, brother of the present de jure King of Spain, Carlos VI.

J.K.

_Nicholas Breton's Fantasticks_ (Vol. ii., p. 375.).--In reply to the second Bibliographical Query of J. MT., Edinburgh, respecting Nicholas Breton's _Fantasticks_, I beg to inform him that my copy is perfect, and contains twenty-two leaves. The title is _Fantasticks: seruing for a perpetuall Prognostication_, with the subjects of the twenty-four _Descants_, as they are called, in prose, contained in the volume. 4to. bl. lett. London: Printed for Francis Williams, 1626. After this is a dedication "To the worshipfull and worthy knight Sir Marke Ive, of Rivers Hall, in Essex;" and a short address "To the Reader," one leaf. It is an entertaining work, and contains some curious and useful remarks on our ancient manners, customs, and habits. My copy had successively belonged to Garrick, Fillingham, and Heber; the latter of whom has written in it, "Who has ever seen another copy?"

T.C.

Strand.

_Gaudentio di Lucca_ (Vol. ii., pp. 247. 298. 327.).--The Rev. Simon Berington, the author of _The Memoirs of Gaudentio di Lucca_, "of whom" MR. CROSSLEY (Vol. ii., p. 328.) "regrets that so little is known," was the fourth son of John Berington, of Winesley, co. Hereford, Esquire, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Thomas Wolrich, of Dudmaston, co. Salop, Bart. He was born 1679. He studied and took holy orders at Douay College.

W.L.

Nov. 3. 1850.

_Weights for weighing Coins_(Vol. ii., p. 326.).--I am able to supply H.E. with a reference to this subject of an earlier date than those he quotes. In the MS. _Compotus_ or _Accounts of Sibton Abbey, in Suffolk_, in my possession, occurs the following item, under the year 1363-4:

"Et de ix d. pro ij paribus Balaunces pro aure ponderand'."

The following extract, although of later date than H.E. requires, may yet be not without its use to him in illustration of the subject. It occurs in the _Compotus_ of a collegiate establishment at Mettingam, Suffolk, from an earlier volume of which some extracts were furnished to the _Archæological Journal_ (vol. vi. p. 62.). It is as follows, under the year 1464:--

"Item in ponderibus pro novo aura ponderant' s' nobili _xs._ di. nobyl et quadrant' ejusdem cunagii et pro nobili de _vj_s. _viij_d. di. nobil et quadrant' et minoribus ponderibus utriusque cunagii cum le Scolys et Cophino pro eisdem. _ij_s. _j_d."

The new gold is of course the reduced coinage of Edward IV. I conclude that the nobles of 6s. 8d. were the same as the angels.

C.R.M.

_Mrs. Partington_ (Vol. ii., p. 377.).--IGNORANS no doubt refers to the oft-repeated allusion to "Dame Partington and her mop;" and taking it for granted that he does so, I will enlighten him a little on the subject. The "original Mrs. Partington" was a respectable old lady, living, at Sidmouth in Devonshire; her cottage was on the beach, and during an awful storm (that, I think, of Nov. 1824, when some fifty or sixty ships were wrecked at Plymouth) the sea rose to such a height as every now and then to invade the old lady's place of domicile: in fact, almost every wave dashed in at the door. Mrs. Partington, with such help as she could command, with mops and brooms, as fast as the water entered the house, mopped it out again; until at length the waves had the mastery, and the dame was compelled to retire to an upper story of the house. I well recollect reading in the Devonshire newspapers of the time an account similar to the above: but the first allusion to the circumstance was, I think, made by Lord Brougham in his celebrated speech in the house of Commons on the Reform Bill, in which he compared the Conservative opposition to the bill to be like the opposition of "Dame Partington and her mop, who endeavoured to mop out the waves of the Atlantic."

ROBERT COLE.

_Mrs. Partington._--Mr. Greene, the witty editor of the _Boston (N.E.) Post_, is believed to be the original of Mrs. Partington: at least he fathers all her sayings. He began to print them about twelve or fifteen years ago.

G.M.B.

[G.M.B. has also kindly forwarded to us some of "_Mrs. Partington's Queries_ from a recent number of the _Boston Post_, from which we select a couple of specimens, viz.,--

"Whether the Emperor of China is a _porcelain_ statue or a mere fiction?"

"Is the _Great Seal_ alive, or only stuffed?"]

_The East Anglian Word "Mauther"_ (Vol. ii., pp. 217. 365.).--Skinner's note on this word is

"Mawther, vox Norfolciensi agro peculiaris: _Spelman_ ipse eodem agro ortus a Dan. _Moer_, Virgo, Puella, deflectit. Possit tamen et declinari a Belg. _Maegd_, Teut. _Magd_, idem signante, addita term. _er_ vel _der_, ut in proximo agro Lincolniensi in vocibus _Heeder_ et _Sheeder_ quæ Marem et Feminam notant. Author Dict. Angl. scribit _Modder_, et cum Kiliano deducit a Belg. _Modde_, _Moddeken_, Pupa, Puella, Virgincula."--_Etymol._ sub voce.

Webster merely gives (with strange neglect, having Skinner before him): {412}

"Mauther, a foolish young girl(not used)."--_Ben Jonson._

Skinner is, I believe, wrong in assigning the _r_ termination to the Danish word. Such a termination of the word _maid_ is not to be found in any of the Teutonic dialects. The diphthong sound and the _th_ appear frequently; as,

1. Moeso-Gothic: _Magath_ or _Magaths_; _Mawi_, dim. _Mawilo_. 2. Anglo-Saxon: _Maeth_, _Maegth_, dim. _Meowla_. 3. Old-German: _Maget_. 4. Swedish: _Moe_. 5. Norse: _Moei_.

I therefore suppose the _r_ termination in _mauther_ to be a mere corruption, like that pointed out by Skinner in the Lincoln Folk-speech: or is it possible that it may have arisen from a contusion of the words _maid_ and _mother_ in Roman Catholic times? In Holland the Virgin Mary was called _Moeder Maagd_,--a phrase which may possibly have crossed over to the East Anglian coast, and occasioned the subsequent confusion.

B.H.K.

P.S. Do the words _modde_, _moddeken,_ quoted by Skinner, exist? and, if so, are they Dutch or Flemish? I have no means of verifying them at hand.

[On referring to Kilian's _Dictionarium Teutonico-Latin-Gallicum_ (ed. 1642), we find, "MODDE, MODDEKEN, Pupa, Poupée."]

_Cheshire Cat_ (Vol. ii., p. 377.).--A correspondent, T.E.L.P.B.T., asks the explanations of the phrase, "grinning like a Cheshire cat." Some years since Cheshire cheeses were sold in this town moulded into the shape of a cat, bristles being inserted to represent the whiskers. This may possibly have originated the saying.

T.D.

Bath.

"_Thompson of Esholt_" (Vol. ii., p. 268.).--In an old pedigree of the Calverley family, I find it stated that _Henry Thompson of Esholt_ (whose only daughter _Frances_ William Calverley of Calverley married, and by her acquired that property) was great-grandson to Henry Thompson,

"One of the king's gentlemen-at-arms at the siege of Boulogne (temp. H. 7.), where he notably signalised himself, and for his service was rewarded with the _Maison Dieu at Dover_, by gift of the king; afterwards, in the reign of Edward VI., exchanged it for the manor and rectory of _Bromfield_ in Cumberland, and the site of the late dissolved nunnery of Esholt."

Further particulars regarding the above grant of _Bromefield_, and a _pedigree_ of the Thompsons, are published in _Archæologia Oeliana_, vol. ii. (1832), p. 171.

W.C. TREVELYAN.

Wallington.

_Minar's Book of Antiquities_ (Vol. i., p. 277.; ii. p. 344.).--I am much obliged to T.J. for his endeavours to help me to Minar's _Book of Antiquities_. But there still remains a chasm too wide for me to jump; inasmuch as Christopher Meiners published his treatise _De Vero Deo_ in 1780, and Cardinal Cusa, who refers to Minar, died in 1464, being more than 300 years before.

A.N.

_Croziers and Pastoral Staves_ (Vol. ii., pp. 248, 313.).--The opinion expressed by the REV. MR. WALCOT (in your No. 50.), that by the word _crozier_ is to be understood the crossed staff belonging only to archbishops and legates, while the staff with a crook at its end is to be called the pastoral staff, cannot, I think, be considered satisfactory, for the following, among other reasons.

Crozier is generally (I should formerly have said universally) understood to mean the staff with a crook, the so well-known "ensign of bishops."

In the instances mentioned by MR. WALCOT, _croziers_ are repeatedly spoken of as having been borne at the funerals of _bishops_, while the crosses borne before Wolsey are called crosses, and not croziers.

The word _crozier_ seems to be derived from the mediæval Latin word _crocia_. This is explained by Ducange: "Pedum, baculus pastoralis, episcopalis." Crocia seems to be derived from, or closely connected with, "crocha, uncinus, lamus," and "crochum, uncus quo arcubalistæ tenduntur" (Ducange). Hence it appears that _crozier_ does not refer to a cross but to a crook.

In such ancient authorities as I have had the opportunity of referring to at the moment, as brasses, incised slabs, &c., bishops and archbishops are alike represented with the crooked staff; a cross is of more rare occurrence, and at the moment only two instances occur to me, one in the fine brass of Frederic, son of Casimir, king of Poland, and a cardinal, which is in the cathedral of Cracow, and in which he is represented holding a crozier, while crosses are figured on the sides under the cardinal's hat. The other is in the curious brass of Lambert, bishop of Bamberg, in the cathedral of that city: in this the bishop holds a cross in his right and a crozier in his left hand.

The statement that the crook of the bishop's staff was bent outwards, and that of the abbot's inward, is one which is often made in books; I should, however, be very glad to learn whether any difference has been observed to exist either in mediæval representations of croziers on seals, accompanying, effigies, or in paintings, or in the existing examples. So far as I have seen, the crook, in all except a few early instances, is bent in the same manner, _i.e._ inwards.

N.

_Socinian Boast_ (Vol. ii., p. 375.).--The following lines "De Ruinâ Babylonis" occur in the works of a Socinian writer, one Samuelis Przipcovius, who died in 1670, and evidently have reference to those quoted by Dr. Pusey:-- {413}

"Quid per Luterum, Calvinum, perque Socinum, Funditus eversam jam Babylona putas? Perstat adhuc _Babylon_, et toto regnat in orbe Sub vario primum nomine robur habens. Ostentat _muros_, jactat sublimia _tecta_ De _fundamento_ quis metus esse potest? Ni Deus hanc igitur molem disjecerit ipse Humano nunquam Marte vel arte ruet."

Przipcovius was a Polish knight, and cotempory the author of _Hudibras_. In a tract entitled _Religio Vindicata a Calumniis Atheismi_, he thus alludes to the spiritual Quixotism which induced Butler to "crack the satiric thong:"

"Sæpe audivi quod in _Angliâ_ (quæ regio sicut in multis aliis rebus, sic præcipue in religionibus totius mundi compendium est) de ejusmodi fanaticis perhibetur, quod ita sui suarumque irrationabilium opinionum sint amantes, ut audeant propter eas divinam Providentiam angustis Ecclesiarum suarum (quæ ex angustis cujuslibet Penatibus constant) terminis circumscribere.... Et quemadmodum omnes isti miseri aperte delirant, præcipue ii quos zeli æstus eousque deducit, ut tanquam bacchantes aut cerriti per plateas, domos, templa, absque ullo ordine et respectu cursitantes concionentur, et interdum _anseres, equos, vel oves_ (cujus rei ibi satis frequentia exempla occurrunt) dum eis homines aures præbere nolunt, ad suas opiniones convertere tentent."

R. PRICE.

Cheam.

_MSS. of Locke_ (Vol. i., pp. 401. 462.).--In reply to a question in "NOTES AND QUERIES," I may state, that the address of the son of the late Dr. Hancock, is George H., Park Grove, Birkenhead; and he will furnish information relative to the MSS. of Locke.

AN INTENDED READER.

_Sir William Grant_ (Vol. ii., p. 397.).--Your correspondent R. says that "_Sir William Grant_" was one of the few Scotchmen who had freed himself from the peculiarities of the speech of his country. Frank Horner is another." If R. means to include the _Scottish accent_, he is mistaken as to Sir William Grant, who retained a strong Scottish _burr_. If he means only correctness of diction, then I should say the number was not _few_. Mackintosh's and Jeffery's English was, I think, quite as pure as Horner's; and Lord Brougham, with much idiosyncrasy, had no _Scotch peculiarities_, at least--_me judice_--infinitely less than Sir William Grant. I could name twenty members of the present houses of parliament in whom I have never detected any "Scotch peculiarity."

C.

_Tristan d'Acunha_ (Vol. ii., p. 358.).--The island is noticed, but briefly, in p. 54. of the first volume of Perouse's _Voyage round the World_, Lond. 1799. It is there stated that a tolerably minute account of it is contained in _Le Neptune Oriental_, by D'Apres (or Apres de Manvilette). This work was published in Paris, 1775, in two volumes, large folio.

C.I.R.

_Arabic Numerals_ (Vol.ii., pp. 27. 61. 339.).-- In a work in Arabic, by Ahmad ben Abubekr bin Wahshih, on Ancient Alphabets, published in the original, and accompanied with an English translation, by Von Hammer, your correspondent on the subject of Arabic numerals will find that these numerals were not invented as arbitrary signs, and borrowed for various alphabets; but that they are actually taken from an Indian alphabet of nine characters, the remaining letters being made up at each decimal by repeating the nine characters, with one or two dots. The English Preface states that this alphabet is still in use in India, not merely as a representative of numbers, but of letters of native language. The book is a neat quarto, printed in London in 1806; and the alphabet occurs in page 7. of the Arabic original.

E.C.H.

Athenæum.

_Luther's Hymns_ (Vol. ii., p. 327.).--If F.Q. will turn to Mr. Palmer's _Origines Liturgicæ_, vol. ii. p. 238. 4th edit., he will find that the sentence in the Burial Service, "In the midst of life we are in death," &c., is taken from the _Salisbury Breviary Psalter_. The Salisbury Use was drawn up by Bishop Osmund in the eleventh century.

N.E.R. (a Subscriber.)

_Bolton's Ace._--What is the meaning of "_Bolton's Ace_," in the following passage in the address to the reader prefixed to Henry Hutton's _Follies Anatomie_, 8vo. Lond. 1618? It is passed over by DR. RIMBAULT in his reprint of the work for the Percy Society in 1842:

"Could ye attacke this felon in's disgrace, I would not bate an inch (not _Bolton's ace_) To baite, deride, nay, ride this silly asse."

J. CT.

["_Bate me an ace quoth Bolton_" is an old proverb of unknown origin. Ray tells us that a _Collection of Proverbs_ having been presented to Queen Elizabeth, with an assurance that it contained all the proverbs in the English language. "Bate me an ace, quoth Bolton," said the queen, implying that the assertion was too strong; and, in fact, that every proverb was not in the collection. See Nares' _Glossary_, who quotes the following epigram by H.P., to show the collection referred to

"_Secundæ Cogitutiones meliores._

"A pamphlet was of proverbs penned by Polton, Wherein he thought all sorts included were; Untill one told him _Bate m' an ace quoth Bolton_, 'Indeed,' said he, 'that proverb is not there.'"]

_Hopkins the Witchfinder_ (Vol. ii., p. 392.).--If the inquiry of CLERICUS relates to Mathew Hopkins the witchfinder general, my friend W.S. Fitch of Ipswich has some manuscript account of his residence in that town, as a lawyer of but little {414} note, and his removal to Manningtree, in Essex; but whether it gives any further particulars of him I am unable to state, as I have not seen the manuscript.

J. CLARKE.

_Sir Richard Steel_ (Vol. ii., p.375.).--The death and burial-place of Sir Richard Steel is thus noticed in Cibber's _Lives of the Poets_, vol. iv. p.120.:--

"Some years before his death he grew paralytic, and retired to his seat at Langunnor, near Caermarthen, in Wales, where he died, September 1st, 1729, and was privately interred, according to his own desire, in the church of Caermarthen."

J.V.R.W.

_Ale-draper_ (Vol. ii., p.310.).--A common designation for an ale-house keeper in the sixteenth century. Henry Chettle, in his very curious little publication, _Kind-Harts Dreame_, 1592 (edited for the Percy Society by your humble servant), has the following passage:

"I came up to London, and fall to be some tapster, hostler, or chamberlaine in an inn. Well, I get mee a wife; with her a little money; when we are married, seeke a house we must; no other occupation have I but to be an _ale-draper_." (P. 37. of reprint.)

Again, in the same tract, the author speaks of "two milch maydens that had set up a shoppe of "_ale-drapery_."

In the _Discoverie of the Knights of the Poste_, 1597, is another notice of the same occupation:

"So that now hee hath left brokery, and is become a draper. A draper, quoth Freeman, what draper--of woollin or linnen? No, qd. he, an _ale-draper_, wherein he hath more skil then in the other."

Probably these instances of the use of the term may be sufficient for your correspondent.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

P.S. The above was written before J.S.W.'s note appeared (Vol. ii., p. 360.), which does not carry the use of this term further back than Bailey's _Dictionary_.

_George Herbert_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.) was buried under the communion table at Bemerton, but there is no monument to his memory. The adornment of his little church would be one of the most fitting offerings to his memory. It is painful to contrast the whitewash and unpainted deal of the house of God with the rich furniture and hangings of the adjoining rectory. In the garden of the latter is preserved a medlar-tree, planted by "the sweet singer of the temple."

J.W.H.

_Notaries Public_ (Vol. ii., p. 393.).--Why does your correspondent MANLEIUS think this form of expression "putting the cart before the horse?" _Public notary_ (though that phrase is sometimes erroneously used) is not so exact as "notary public;" for a notary is not, as the first form would imply, a public officer appointed by the public to perform public services, but an individual agent through whose ministry private acts or instruments become _publici juris_. The same form, and for analogous reasons, prevails in several other legal and technical titles or phrases, as Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, Accountant-General, Receiver-General, Surveyor-General; Advocate Fiscal; Theatre Royal, Chapel Royal; Gazette Extraordinary; and many other phrases in which it is evident that the adjective has a special and restricted meaning.

C.