Part 2

_Jezebel._--The name of this queen is, I think, incorrectly translated in all the _Bible Dictionaries_ and _Cyclopædias_ that have come under my notice. It was common amongst all ancient nations to give _compound_ names to persons, partly formed from the names of their respective _divinities_. This observation applies particularly to the Assyrians, Babylonians, and their dependencies, together with the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Egyptians, and Greeks. Hence we find, both in scripture and profane history, a number of names compounded of _Baal_, such as _Baal_-hanan, Gen. xxxvi. 38., the gift, grace, mercy, or favour of _Baal_; the name of the celebrated Carthaginian general, Hanni_bal_, is the same name transposed. The father of the Tyrian prince, Hiram, was called Abi_bal_, my father is _Baal_, or _Baal_ is my father. Esh_baal_, the fire of _Baal_; Jerub_baal_, let _Baal_ contend, or defend his cause; Meri_baal_, he that resists _Baal_, or strives against the _idol_, were Hebrew names, apparently imposed to ridicule those given in honor of _Baal_. The father of _Jezebel_ was called Eth_baal_, Kings xvi. 31., (classically, Itho_balus_,) with _Baal_, towards _Baal_, or him _that rules_. Lastly, Hasdru_bal_ signifies help or assistance of _Baal_. Will some of the talented contributors to "NOTES AND QUERIES" inform me what is the _composition_ and _meaning_ of _Jezebel_, as it has hitherto baffled my own individual researches? Is it the contracted _feminine form_ of Hasdru_bal_?

W. G. H.

_Clarendon, Oxford Edition of 1815._--The following curious fact, relating to the Oxford edition of Lord Clarendon's History in 1815, was communicated to me by a gentleman who was then officially interested in the publication, and personally cognisant of the circumstances.

In the year 1815, the University of Oxford determined to reprint Clarendon's _History of the Rebellion_, and to add to it that of the Irish rebellion; but as it was suspected by one of the delegates of the press, that the edition from which they were printing the "Irish Rebellion" was spurious, as it attributed the origin of the rebellion _to the Protestants instead of the Catholics_; a much earlier copy was procured from Dublin, through the chaplain of the then Lord Lieutenant, which _reversed the accusation_ which was contained in the copy from which the University had been about to print.

J. T. A.

September 30. 1850.

_Macaulay's Country Squire._--I suppose I may take it for granted that all the world has long since been made merry by Mr. Macaulay's description of "the country squire on a visit to London in 1685." (_History of England_, vol. i. p. 369.)

I am not aware that Steele's description of a country gentleman under similar circumstances has ever been referred to; it is certainly far from being as graphic as Mr. Macaulay's; but the one may at all events serve to illustrate the other, and to prove that Urbs had not made any very great progress in _urbanity_ between 1685 and 1712.

"If a country gentleman appears a little curious in observing the edifices, signs, clocks, coaches, and dials, {358} it is not to be imagined how the polite rabble of this town, who are acquainted with these objects, ridicule his rusticity. I have known a fellow with a burden on his head steal a hand down from his load, and slily twirl the cock of a squire's hat behind him; and while the offended person is swearing or out of countenance, all the wag-wits in the highway are grinning in applause of the ingenious rogue that gave him the tip, and the folly of him who had not eyes all round his head to prevent receiving it."--_Spectator_, No. 354.

C. FORBES.

October 11.

_Miching Mallecho._--The Writer of the review of _Urquhart's Travels_ in the _Quart. Rev._ for March 1850, who is, in all probability, identical with the author of the _Handbook of Spain_, felicitously suggests that _Miching Mallecho_ is a mere misprint for the Spanish words _Mucho Malhecho_, _much mischief_: _Hamlet_, iii. 2. Imagining that I had seen this ingenious conjecture somewhere in print before, I referred to, and was disappointed when I found it not in Knight's _Shakspeare_ (library ed.). Recently, in looking over Dr. Maginn's admirable dissections of _Dr. Farmer's Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare_, I discovered what I was in search of, and beg to present it to the notice of your readers.

"That the text is corrupt, I am sure; and I think Dr. Farmer's substitution of _mimicking malhecco_, a most unlucky attempt at emendation. In the old copies it is _munching malicho_, in which we find traces of the true reading, _mucho malhecho_, much mischief.

"'Marry, _mucho malhécho_--it means mischief.'"--_Fraser's Magazine_, Dec. 1839, p. 654.

J. M. B.

* * * * *

Queries.

THE INQUISITION--THE BOHEMIAN PERSECUTION.

My query as to the authorship of _The Adventures of Gaudentio di Lucca_ has drawn so satisfactory a reply from your correspondents (whom I beg to thank most heartily for the information they have communicated), that I am induced to ask you to aid me in ascertaining the authorships of the following works of which I have copies:--

"Histoire de l'Inquisition et son Origine. A Cologne, chez Pierre Marteau, M.DC.XCIII." 1 vol. 12mo.

Is this the same work as that mentioned in Watt's _Bib. Brit._ as--

"The History of the Inquisition and its Origin, by James Marsollier, 1693." 12mo.?

I have often searched for a copy of this work in English, but have never found it. Was it ever translated into English?

"L'INQUISIZIONE PROCESSATA OPERA STORICA E CURIOSA, Divisa in due Tomi. IN COLONIA APPRESSO PAULO DELLA TENAGLIA, M.DC.LXXXI."

I should like to know something of the authorship of these volumes, and of the circumstances under which they were published.

"The Slaughter-House, or a brief description of the Spanish Inquisition, &c., gathered together by the pains and study of James Salgado." N.D.

The biographical dictionaries within my reach give no account of Salgado. Who was he?

"Historia Persecutionium Ecclesiæ Bohemicæ jam inde à primordiis Conversionis suæ ad Christianismum hoc est, 894, ad annum usque 1632, Ferdinando Secundo Austriaco regnante, &c., anno Domini M D CXLVIII." 1 vol. 32mo.

I have an English translation of this small work, published in 1650. Can any of your readers inform me who were the authors? (The preface concludes, "In our banishment in the year 1632. N. N. N., &c.")

IOTA.

Liverpool, October, 1850.

* * * * *

Minor Queries.

_Osnaburg Bishopric._--Can any of your correspondents inform me who succeeded the late Duke of York as Bishop of Osnaburg? how the Duke of York attained it? and whether there were any ecclesiastical duties attached to it? or whether the appointment was a lay one?

B. M.

_Meaning of "Farlief"._--May I ask for a definition of the word "farlief", used in Devonshire to designate some service or payment to the lord of the manor by his copyholders, apparently analogous to the old feudal "relief"?

V. J. S.

_Margaret Dyneley._--In Stanford Dingley Church, Berkshire, there is a "brass" of _Margaret Dyneley_, from whose family, I presume, the parish has received its appellation of _Dingley_. As, however, I have not yet succeeded in obtaining any account as to this lady or her ancestors, I should feel obliged by any information which your learned correspondents only be able to afford.

J. H. K.

_Tristan d'Acunha._--COSMOPOLITE will be glad to have references to any authentic sources of information respecting the island of Tristan d'Acunha.

_Production of Fire by Friction._--In most of the accounts written by persons who have visited the South Sea Islands, we meet with descriptions of the method adopted by the natives to produce fire by the rapid attrition of two bits of wood. Now I wish to ask whether any person has ever seen the same effect produced in this country by similar means? If not, to what cause is the difficulty--if such difficulty really exists--attributable?

{359} Does it depend upon the nature of the wood used, the condition of the atmosphere, or the dexterity of the operator? I have not quoted any particular passages, as they are sufficiently familiar to readers of voyages and travels in the South Sea hemisphere; and although they exhibit some diversity in the _modus operandi_, the principle involved is essentially the same in each mode. I need scarcely add, that I am of course well aware of the means by which, whether by accident or design, heat is ordinarily generated by friction in this country.

D.

Rotherfield.

_Murderer hanged when pardoned._--I have a copy of the _Protestant's Almanack_ for 1680, full of MS. notes of the period, written by one of the Crew family. Among other matter it states:

"A man was hung for a murder in Southwark (I think), notwithstanding the king's pardon had been obtained for him, and he actually had it in his pocket at the time."

Will some kind friend oblige me with further information of this case, or tell me where I may obtain it?

GILBERT.

_Burke, Passage from._--The following passage is quoted as a motto _from Burke_:--

"The swarthy daughters of Cadmus may hang their trophies on high, for when all the pride of the chisel and the pomp of heraldry yield to the silent touches of time, a single line, a half worn-out inscription, remain faithful to their trust."

In what composition of Burke's is it to be found?

Q.(2.)

_Licensing of Books._--Can any of your readers inform me what was the law in 1665 relative to the licensing of books? also when it was introduced (or revived), and when modified? I find in a manual of devotion printed in that year the following page, after the preface:--

"I have perused this book, and finding nothing in it but what may tend to the increase of private devotion and piety, I recommend it to my Lord the Bishop of London for his licence to have it printed."

JO. DURESME.

"Imprimatur: Tho. Grigg, R. P. D. Hamff. Ep. Lond. a Sac. Dom. Ex Ædibus, Lond. Mart. 28. 1665."

R. N.

_Captain John Stevens._--I should be glad to learn some account of _Capt. John Stevens_, the continuator of Dugdale's _Monasticon_ in 1722. He is generally considered to have edited the English abridgment of the _Monasticon_, in one vol. 1718, though a passage in Thoresby's _Diary_ mentions that it contained "some reflections upon the Reformation, which the _Spanish Priest_, who is said to be translator and abridger of the three Latin volumes, would not omit."

A note by the editor of Thoresby's _Diary_ says that--

"Mr. Gough was uncertain by whom this Translation and Abridgment was prepared. He supposed that it was done by Captain Stevens, the author, or rather compiler of a valuable, Supplement to the _Monasticon_, in which he was assisted by Thoresby."

J. T. A.

_Le Bon Gendarme._--Close to the boundary stone which separates the parishes of Fulham and Hammersmith, and facing the lane which leads to Brook Green, on the Hammersmith Road, is a way-side public-house, known as "The Black Bull." So late as three months ago, in addition to the sign of the Black Bull, there was painted over the door, but somewhat high up, a worn-out inscription, "Le Bon Gendarme," as if that had originally been the name of the inn. These words have been lately effaced altogether: but as they no doubt relate to some circumstance or adventure which had happened in or near to the place, perhaps some reader of the "NOTES AND QUERIES" will have the goodness to satisfy the curiosity of one who has asked at the inn in vain for a solution.

U. U. C.

University Club.

* * * * *

REPLIES.

TASSO TRANSLATED BY FAIRFAX.

The variation in the first stanza of Fairfax's _Godfrey of Bulloigne_ has been long known to bibliographers, and was pointed out in _The Critical Review_ more than thirty years ago. I cannot fix on the particular number, but it contained a long notice of the version of Tasso by Fairfax, and the very stanzas extracted by T. N. The translator could not please himself with the outset of his undertaking, and hence the recorded substitution; but it is not known that he carried his fastidiousness so far as to furnish a _third_ version of the first stanza, as well as of the "Argument" of the introductory canto, differing from both the others. In the instance pointed out by T. N. the substitution was effected by pasting the _approved_ stanza over the _disapproved_ stanza; but the _third_ version was given by reprinting the whole leaf, which contains other variations of typography, besides such as it was thought necessary to make in the first stanza.

I formerly had copies of the book, dated 1600, including all three variations; but the late Mr. Wordsworth having one day looked particularly at that with the reprinted leaf, and expressing a {360} strong wish to possess it, I gave it to him, and I presume that it remained in his library at his death. What I speak of happened full twenty years ago.

_The Critical Review_ of the date I refer to (I am pretty confident that it was of the early part of 1817) contained a good deal of information regarding Fairfax and his productions; but it did not mention one fact of importance to show the early estimation and popularity of his translation of the _Gerusalemme Liberata_, viz., that although it was published in 1600, it is repeatedly quoted in _England's Parnassus_, printed in the same year, and containing extracts, as most people are aware, from all the distinguished poets of that day, and somewhat earlier. This circumstance ascertains also that Fairfax's Tasso came out before _England's Parnassus_, although both bear the date of 1600 on the title-pages.

THE HERMIT OF HOLYPORT.

_Fairfax's Tasso._--In my copy of the second edition, 1624, the first stanza of the first book is given precisely as in Mr. Knight's reprint. But in the very beautiful edition published by Bensley, 1817, and edited by Mr. Singer, that stanza which T. N. terms an "elegant variation," introduces the canto. The editor's preface states that the _first_ edition, 1600, had been followed in that re-impression, "admitting some few corrections of errors, and emendations of orthography, from the _second_, I printed in 1624." Of this second edition it is remarked that "it appears to have been revised by some careful corrector of the press; yet nothing material is changed but the orthography of particular words." No notice is taken of the difference between the first stanza of the second edition, and that of the first edition, identical with the cancel in T. N.'s copy. Possibly, _both_ the copies of these two editions, which happened to come under the editor's notice, had this cancel, and so presented no variation from each other. If, however, _all_ the copies of the second edition contained the stanza as given by Mr. Knight, and Mr. Singer's opinion (drawn from the dedicatory verses to Prince Charles, prefixed to _some_ copies of the second edition) that this edition _was_ seen, and probably corrected, by the author, be well-founded, it would seem to follow that Fairfax finally preferred the stanza in this its first and later state, and as it appears in Mr. Knight's edition. If the "cancel-slip" be an "elegant" variation, may not the original stanza be regarded as more vigorous?

G. A. S.

_Fairfax's Tasso._--In the elegant edition published by Mr. Singer in 1817, the first stanza is printed according to the variation noticed by your correspondent T. N. (Vol. ii., p. 325.), "I sing the warre," &c., and the original stanza is printed at the end of the first book, with a note stating that the pasted slip is found "in most copies" of the first edition. My copy contains no such peculiarity, but it is of course possible that the pasted slip may have been removed. The second edition (folio, London, 1624) has the stanza in the form in which it originally stood in the first, beginning "The sacred armies," &c.

J. F. M

* * * * *

ALE-DRAPER.--EUGENE ARAM.

(Vol. ii., p. 310.)

Your correspondent D. asks whether the word _ale-draper_ was ever in "good use." The only place in which I can find it is Bailey's _Dictionary_, where it occurs thus:

"Ale-draper (a humorous name), a seller of malt liquors; an alehouse-keeper or victualler."

The humour, I suppose, consists in applying to one kind of occupation that which was commonly given to another; in taking _draper_ from the service of cloth, and pressing it by force into that of _ale_. That it was ever considered as a word of respectable standing, can hardly be imagined. In such writers as Tom Brown it is most likely to occur.

1. With reference to Eugene Aram, D.'s remark about the _over-ingeniousness_ of his defence has been anticipated by Paley, who was present at the trial, and said that Aram would not have been hanged had he less studiously defended himself. That laboured address to the jury must have employed his thoughts for years. I should like very much to know whether anyone has ever attempted to verify the references which he gives to the cases in which he says that bones have been found. The style of the speech has been much praised, but is surely not very surprising when it is considered that Johnson had previously written the _Rambler_. The composition wants ease.

2. Ever since I began to read about Eugene Aram, and that is some years ago, I have had a settled opinion that his attainments, and perhaps his abilities, had been greatly overrated. He was doubtless a man of considerable mental powers; but we cannot but suspect that had he acquired all the learning which is attributed to him, he would have attracted more notice than it was his fortune to obtain.

3. Mr. Scatchard's attempts, and all other attempts, to clear him from "blood-guilty stain," must be equally futile, for he himself confessed his guilt while he was in prison.

Some time ago, a dozen years or more, there appeared in the _Literary Gazette_, as a communication from a correspondent, an anecdote concerning Aram, which well deserves to be repeated. During the time that he was in the school of Lynn, it was the custom for the head-master, at the termination of every half-year, to invite the parents of the boys to an entertainment, and all {361} who accepted the invitation were expected to bring with them the money due on account of their sons, which, _postquam exempta fames epulis_, they paid into the head-master's hands. The master would thus retire to rest with a considerable sum in his possession. On one of these occasions, after he had gone to his chamber and supposed that all the family were in bed, he heard a noise in a passage not far distant, and, going out to see what was the cause of it, found Aram groping about in the dark, who, on being asked what he wanted, said that he had been obliged to leave his room on a necessary occasion, and had missed his way to the place which he sought. The passage was not one into which he was likely to wander by mistake, but the master accepted his excuse, and thought no more of the matter till Aram was arrested for the robbery and murder of Clarke, when he immediately recollected the circumstance, and suspected that he had intended on that night to commit another robbery or murder. I have not the number of the _Literary Gazette_ in which this statement was given to refer to, but I am sure that I have repeated the substance of it correctly, and remember that it was inserted as being worthy of credit. It is another illustration of the fact that the nature of a man is unchangeable.

Bulwer's novel, which elevates Aram from a school-assistant into a private gentleman, may have pleased those, if there were such, who knew nothing of Arum's acts before they began to read it. But all who knew what Aram was, must be disgusted at the threshold. I regarded the book, at the time of its appearance, as one of the most presumptuous falsifications of biography that had ever been attempted. It is not easy to see why Bulwer might not have made an equally interesting story, if he had kept Aram in his proper station.

J. S. W.

Stockwell.

* * * * *

ON THE WORD "GRADELY."

Permit me to make a few remarks on the word _gradely_:--

1. It seems to have no connexion with the Latin noun _gradus_, Angl. _grade_, step.

2. Its first syllable, _grade_, is both a substantive and an adjective; and _gradely_ itself both adjective and adverb, as _weakly_, _sickly_, _godly_, &c.

3. It is not confined to Lancashire or to England, but appears in Scotland as _graith_ (ready), _graith_ (furniture); whence _graithly_ (readily), to _graith_, _grathe_, or _graid_ (prepare), &c. See Jamieson's _Sc. Dict._ and _Supplement_.

4. It is in fact the Anglo-Saxon _gerad_, which is both substantive and adjective. As a substantive it means condition, arrangement, plan, reason, &c. As an adjective, it means prudent, well-prepared, expert, exact, &c. The _ge_ (Gothic _ga_) is merely the intensive prefix; the root being _rad_ or _rath_. The form in _ly_ (adjective or adverb), without the prefix _g_, appears in the Anglo-Saxon _raedlic_, prudent, expert; _raedlice_, expertly. This interesting root, which appears as _re_, _ra_, _red_, _rad_, _rath_, &c.; sometimes by transposition, as _er_, _ar_, _erd_, &c. (perhaps also as _reg_, _rag_, _erg_, _arc_, &c.), seems to represent the nobler qualities of man: thought, reason, counsel, speech, deliberate action; and perhaps, also, government.

Thus in the Semitic family of languages we have the radicals _rââ_ (saw, foresaw, counselled); _râdhâ_ (helped, ruled); _râthâd_ (arranged); _râto_ (directed, instructed); and others, with their numerous derivatives.

The Indo-European family gives us, in Sanscrit, _râ_ or _râe_ (ponder, experience); _rât_ (speak); _râdh_ (accomplish); _râj_ (excel); _râgh_ (attain, reach); and others, with derivatives. In Greek, _rheô_ (speak), transp. _erô_ or _werô_ (whence _verbum_, _wort_, _word_); _rherô_ or _rhedô_ (do), transp. _erdô_, also _ergô_ (whence _werke_, _work_); _archô_ (rule), and others, with derivatives. In Latin, _reor_ (think), whence _ratus_ and _ratio_ (reason); _res_ (thing, action); _rego_ (rule), with derivatives (_rex_, _regula_, _rectus_, &c.). In Celtic (Welsh), _rhe_ (active); _rheswm_ (reason); _rhaith_ (judgment, right); _rhi_ (prince); _rhag_ (van, before). In Sclavonic, _rada_, _rade_ (counsel); _redian_ (to direct), &c.

In the Teutonic dialects (Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Icelandic, Scotch, and English) the forms of this root are very numerous. Thus we have, in Anglo-Saxon, _rad_, _raed_ (counsel); _raedlich_, _grad_, as above, whence _geradien_ (to prepare), and other words. In German, _rede_ (discourse); _rath_ (counsel); _reden_ (to speak); _regel_ (a rule); _recht_ (right); _gerecht_ (just); _gerade_ (exactly), &c.; _bereiten_ (prepare), &c. In English, _ready_, _read_, _rule_, _right_, _riddle_, _reason_, _rather_, to which we must add _gradely_. In Scotch, _red_, _rede_, _rade_, _rath_, &c., with the words mentioned above; of which _graith_ (furniture) is the German _geräth_. Your readers will derive much information on this class of words by reference to Jamieson, under _red_, _rede_, _rath_, _graith_, &c.

BENJ. H. KENNEDY.

Shrewsbury, Oct. 19.