Chapter 4

_Scarf_ (Vol. ii, p. 126.).--The custom of the Church for many centuries, which is the authority for the wearing of the scarf, or stole, sanctions the use of it by all orders of the clergy now existing in the Church of England, but with certain distinctions in the manner of wearing it. By deacons it is worn, as in ancient times, over the left shoulder only, hanging down before and behind; by priests, over both shoulders, hanging down in front only, and was formerly crossed on the breast and passed through the girdle at the waist; bishops have always worn it over both shoulders, and not crossed. It was once considered in some sort as a mark of authority, and as peculiarly appropriate to preachers; thus the sub-deacon wore no stole, because he had no authority to preach the Gospel in public. So in the Roman Catholic Church at the present day, when a number of clergymen are assembled together, except on a few extraordinary occasions, no person wears the stole but the presiding or principal clergyman, and the person who preaches or officiates. The stole was originally a linen handkerchief used for wiping the face, but being afterwards made of embroidered silk and other rich materials, it was retained as a decoration. Previous to the Reformation, the stole was one of the vestments used in the celebration of the Holy Eucharist, and consequently, in preaching also, but not at vespers or the ordinary services. The authorities for these statements are Paley's _Gothic Architecture_, the Oxford _Manual for Brasses, Popular Tracts illustrating the Prayer-book_, No. 2., and _An Explanation of the Construction, &c., of a Catholic Church_.

Arun.

_Smoke-money_ (Vol. ii., p. 120.).--It may _contribute_ to answering B.'s Query, to know that smoke-pennies are also yearly levied from most of the inhabitants of the New Forest, and understood by them to be an indication for their right of cutting peat in the waste of the forest.

Lambda.

_Common, Mutual, Reciprocal._--1. What is equally related to A., B., (C., &c.), is _common_ to them.

2. What A. and B. entertain, feel, do, &c. towards one another, is said to be _mutual_.

3. What A. entertains, feels, does, &c. to B. in return for the same entertained, felt, done, &c. by B. towards him, is said to be _reciprocal_. Thus:

1. A., B., (C., &c.), have a _common_ friend X.

2. A. and B. entertain a _mutual_ esteem for each other.

3. B. has a regard for A., and A. has a _reciprocal_ regard for B.

In the passage quoted by Mr. Gatty (Vol. i., p. 440.), I think, with deference to the eminent historian whom he cites, that _reciprocal_ should have been written instead of _mutual_.

B.H.K.

_Juice Cups._--Should no more satisfactory Reply to the Query of N.B. (Vol. ii., p. 89.) present itself, the following suggestions may be acceptable to him. Without pretending to _professional_ knowledge on the point, I conceive that the use of an inverted cup in the centre of a fruit pie is two-fold. It answers the purpose of supporting the crust, which, being usually thin and light, has but little strength in itself, probably less than that of a meat pie, while, by the shrinking of the fruit in baking it is left unsupported: and it further serves, not indeed as some good ladies seem to suppose, to increase the quantity of juice, but to keep a portion of it in reserve; so that the pie may not become too dry when a few spoonfuls of its more liquid contents have been taken out. {175} This, I conceive, it effects in the following manner. It contains, when inserted, a considerable quantity of cold air. This expands as the pie is heated in the oven, until it drives out from under the cup all, or nearly all, of the fluid that has originally collected under it; and then, continuing to expand, much of the air escapes through the air-holes of the pie into the oven. As the pie cools, the portion of air remaining under the cup, and which, while heated, was sufficient to fill it, contracts; and then the pressure of the external atmosphere, entering through the air-holes of the pie, and acting upon the surface of the juice round about the cup, forces a portion of it into the cup, just on the same principle that water rises into the chamber or cylinder of a pump when a partial vacuum is formed in it. Having once risen into the cup, the same law of hydrostatic pressure keeps it there until the cup is raised sufficiently to admit air under its edge, when the juice of course escapes.

J.T.S.

_Curfew_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--Your correspondent Naboc will find the information he seeks upon this subject in a valuable communication to the _Journal of the British Archæological Association_, vol. iv. p. 133, by Mr. Syer Cuming. To Mr. C.'s list may be added, Charter House, London; Newport, S.W.; and Lowestoft, Suffolk.

E.B. Price.

_Derivation of Totnes._--From the Anglo-Saxon _toten_ or _totten_, to project, to rise above, and _ness_ or _nes_, nose, (French _nez_, German _nase_, Latin _nasus_). Tooting, Tottenham, &c.

B.H.K.

_Dogs in Monuments._--S.S.S. (Vol. i., p. 405.) is informed that a dog, at the feet of monumental effigies of females, is as common as a lion accompanying male figures. It is most probable that the dog was meant to represent affection, fidelity, &c., just as the lion signified courage, generosity, &c. There are, however, some instances (Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, Ingham, Norfolk) where the dog's _name_ is inscribed; and then it was doubtless the intention to give a favourite _pet_ the honour of a monument, that of itself, as well as of its mistress, should "witness live in brass."

T.S. Lawrence.

* * * * *

MISCELLANEOUS.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.

It is long since the students of English Archæology received a more welcome or valuable addition to their libraries than the recently published _Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne, in Kent_, by Charles Roach Smith, F.S.A., _illustrated by_ F.W. Fairholt, F.S.A. Originally intended to have been a volume confined to Richborough, of which the well-known collections of Mr. Rolfe were to form the basis, it has been wisely extended to Reculver and Lymne, and now forms, both in its literary and pictorial illustrations of those highly interesting localities, a most valuable and instructlve Memorial.

Messrs. Sotheby and Co. (3. Wellington Street, Strand) will sell on Wednesday, the 21st, and following Day, a rare interesting and valuable collection of Works, chiefly relating to the History of America, including an early edition of the Celebrated Letter of Columbus, some curious Books relating to the Quakers and Brownists, &c.

We have received the following Catalogue:--John Petheram's (94. High Holborn) Catalogue (Part CXIV., No. 8. for 1850) of Old and New Books.

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BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

_WANTED TO PURCHASE._

ACTIO IN HENRICUM GARNETUM, &c. London, 1607.

A FRIENDLY ADVERTISEMENT TO THE PRETENDED CATHOLICS OF IRELAND, by Christopher Sibthorp, Knt., one of H.M. Justices of His Court of Chief Place in Ireland. 1622. Dublin.

_Odd Volumes._

Farmer's Magazine and Monthly Journal of Proceedings affecting the Agricultural Interest (Old Series), 8vo. The Number for April, 1838.

New England Judged not by Man's but by the Spirit of the Lord: and the Summe sealed up of New England's Persecutions, &c. by George Bishope, 8vo. From page 152 to the end.

A Thousand Notable Things of Sundrie Sorts, whereof some are wonderfull, some strang, some pleasant, &c. Printed by John Haviland, 12mo. From the beginning to page 27, and pages 281 to 285.

Rump Songs. Title-page and Book II., page 193 to the end.

Thomas Lyte's Ancient Ballads and Songs, 12mo. 1827.

Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to he sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of NOTES AND QUERIES, 186. Fleet Street.

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Notices to Correspondents.

Volume the First of Notes and Queries, _with Title-page and very copious Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, and may be had, by order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen_.

_The Monthly Part for July, being the second of Vol. II., is also now ready, price 1s._

Notes and Queries _may be procured by the Trade at noon on Friday; so that our country Subscribers ought to experience no difficulty in receiving it regularly. Many of the country Booksellers are, probably, not yet aware of this arrangement, which enables them to receive Copies in their Saturday parcels._

C.W.B. _will see in this latter Notice an answer to his Query._

De Baldoc's _Query in our next._

Pray Remember the Grotto. _Several Correspondents who have applied to us respecting the origin of this now popular cry, are referred to_ No. 1., p. 5., _for a very probable explanation of it._

B.M.E.H. _We believe a Life of St. Philip Neri, who founded the Order of the Oratory in 1574, has been published by Richardson of Fleet Street._

* * * * *{176}

THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for AUGUST Price 2s. 6d., Contains,

Who wrote Shakspeare's Henry VIII.?

Contemporary Account of the Funeral of Amy Robsart.

A Record of Rambouillet.

Michael Drayton and Lodge; by J. Payne Collier, Esq., V.P.S.A.

Memoir of Paul Louis Courier: by F. Harwell, Esq.

Great Literary Piracy in the Prayer-Book published by the Ecclesiastical History Society.

The True Principles of Church Restoration.

Memoirs of Mr. Plumer Ward.

The Chronicle of Queen Jane.

The Duke of Cambridge at Hanover: a Letter of Elizabeth dowager Landgravine of Hesse Homburg to her brother King George the Fourth.

History of Pottery: by Joseph Marryat (_with three Plates_).

The College Plate at Oxford (_with two Plates_).

A full Report of the Meeting of the Archæological Institute at Oxford.

With Notes and Correspondence of the Month. Review of New Publications. Historical Chronicle, and Obituary, including Memoirs of the Duke of Cambridge, Sir Robert Peel, Miss Jane Porter, W. C. Townsend, Esq., Rev. William Kirby, F.R.S., &c. &c.

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