Part 1
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NOTES AND QUERIES:
A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
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No. 241.] SATURDAY, JUNE 10. 1854 [Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
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CONTENTS.
NOTES:-- Page
Stone Pillar Worship 535
Somersetshire Folk Lore 536
Irish Records, by James F. Ferguson 536
Derivation of Curious Botanic Names, and Ancient Italian Kalydor, by Dr. Hughes Fraser Halle 537
MINOR NOTES:--Forensic Jocularities--Ridley's University-- Marvellous, if true--Progress of the War--Hatherleigh Moor, Devonshire--Cromwellian Gloves--Restall 538
QUERIES:--
Sepulchral Monuments 539
"Es Tu Scolaris" 540
On a Digest of Critical Readings in Shakespeare, by J. O. Halliwell 540
MINOR QUERIES:--"Original Poems"--A Bristol Compliment-- French or Flemish Arms--Precedence--"[Greek: Sphidê]"-- Print of the Dublin Volunteers--John Ogden--Columbarium in a Church Tower--George Herbert--Apparition which preceded the Fire of London--Holy Thursday Rain-water--Freemasonry 541
MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Lewis's "Memoirs of the Duke of Gloucester"--Apocryphal Works--Mirabeau, Talleyrand, and Fouché--"The Turks in Europe," and "Austria as It Is"--"Forgive, blest Shade"--"Off with his head," &c.--"Peter Wilkins"--The Barmecides' Feast--Captain 542
REPLIES:--
Coleridge's unpublished Manuscripts, by Joseph Henry Green 543
King James's Irish Army List, 1689 544
Barrell's Regiment 545
Clay Tobacco-pipes, by W. J. Bernhard Smith 546
Madame de Staël 546
Cranmer's Martyrdom 547
PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Difficulties in making soluble Cotton--Light in Cameras--Cameras--Progress of Photography--A Collodion Difficulty--Ferricyanide of Potassium 548
REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Postage System of the Romans--Epigram on the Feuds between Handel and Bononcini--Power of prophesying before Death--King John--Demoniacal Descent of the Plantagenets--Burial Service Tradition--Paintings of our Saviour--Widdrington Family--Mathew, a Cornish Family--"[Greek: Pistis]," unde deriv.--Author of "The Whole Duty of Man"-- Table-turning--Pedigree to the Time of Alfred--Quotation wanted--"Hic locus odit, amat"--Writings of the Martyr Bradford--Latin Inscription on Lindsey Court-house--Blanco White's Sonnet--"Wise men labour," &c.--Copernicus--Meals, Meols--Byron and Rochefoucauld--Robert Eden--Dates of Maps--Miss Elstob--Corporation Enactments, &c. 549
MISCELLANEOUS:--
Notes on Books, &c. 554
Books and Odd Volumes Wanted 554
Notices to Correspondents 555
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THE ASTLEY COOPER PRIZE ESSAY FOR 1853.
This Day, 8vo., with 64 Illustrations, 15s.
ON THE STRUCTURE AND USE OF THE SPLEEN. By HENRY GREY, F.R.S., Demonstrator of Anatomy at St. George's Hospital.
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Just published, in fcap. 8vo., price 7s. 6d. cloth.
THE BOOK OF PSALMS IN ENGLISH VERSE, and in Measures suited for Sacred Music. By EDWARD CHURTON, M.A., Archdeacon of Cleveland.
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THE WESTERN WORLD REVISITED. By the REV. HENRY CASWALL, M.A., Vicar of Figheldean; Author of "America and the American Church," "Scotland and the Scottish Church," &c.
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AMERICAN BOOKS.--LOW, SON, & CO., as the Importers and Publishers of American Books in this Country, have recently issued a detailed Catalogue of their Stock in Theology, History, Travels, Biography, Practical Science, Fiction, &c., a Copy of which will be forwarded upon application.
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LONGFELLOW, THE POET.--There is a sweet song by this admired writer just now much inquired after. It is called "EXCELSIOR." This really sublime effusion of the poet is charmingly wedded to music by MISS M. LINDSAY. It is particularly a song for the refined evening circle, and is adorned with a capital illustration. It is among the recent publications of the MESSRS. ROBERT COCKS & CO., Her Majesty's Music Publishers, of New Burlington Street.--See _The Observer_, May 28, 1854.
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THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE and HISTORICAL REVIEW for JUNE, contains the following articles:--1. Leaves from a Russian Parterre. 2. History of Latin Christianity. 3. Our Lady of Montserrat. 4. Memorials of Amelia Opie. 5. Mansion of the Dennis Family at Pucklechurch, with an Illustration. 6. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: A Plea for the threatened City Churches--The British Museum Library--The late Master of Sherburn Hospital--Original Letter and Anecdotes of Admiral Vernon, &c. With Notes of the Month, Historical and Miscellaneous Reviews, Reports of Antiquarian and Literary Societies, Historical Chronicle, and OBITUARY, including Memoirs of the Duke of Parma, the Marquis of Anglesey, the Earl of Lichfield, Lord Colborne, Lord Cockburn, John Davies Gilbert, Esq., T. P. Halsey, Esq., Alderman Thompson, Alderman Hooper, Dr. Wardlaw, Dr. Collyer, Professors Jameson and Wilson, Montgomery the Poet, &c. &c. Price 2s. 6d.
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CONSECRATION _versus_ DESECRATION.--An APPEAL to the LORD BISHOP of LONDON against the BILL for the DESTRUCTION of CITY CHURCHES and the SALE of BURIAL GROUNDS.
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J. B. NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street; J. H. PARKER, Oxford and London; G. BELL, Fleet Street.
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OVER THE WAVES WE FLOAT. Duet by STEPHEN GLOVER, Author of "What are the Wild Waves Saying?" Words by J. E. CARPENTER, ESQ. 2s. 6d.
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SYNONYMS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT: being the Substance of a Course of Lectures addressed to the Theological Students, King's College, London. By RICHARD CHENEVIX TRENCH, B. D., Professor of Divinity, King's College, and Examining Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of Oxford.
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Library of the late JOHN HOLMES, Esq., of the British Museum, Framed Engravings, &c.
PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on THURSDAY, June 15, the LIBRARY of the late JOHN HOLMES, Esq., of the Manuscript Department of the British Museum, consisting chiefly of modern useful Books in various Classes of Literature, Books of Reference, privately printed Books, &c.; also several framed Engravings, including the popular Works of Sir D. Wilkie, engraved by Raimbach and Burnet; others by Sir R. Strange, Woollett, Raphael Morghen, &c.; Stothard's Canterbury Pilgrimage, proof; and other Engravings, and inclosed Print Case, &c.
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_LONDON, SATURDAY, JUNE 10, 1854._
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Notes.
STONE PILLAR WORSHIP.
In Vol. v., p. 121. of "N. & Q.," there is an interesting note on this subject by SIR J. EMERSON TENNENT, which he concludes by observing that "it would be an object of curious inquiry, if your correspondents could ascertain whether this (the superstitious veneration of the Irish people for such stones) be the last remnant of pillar worship now remaining in Europe." I am able to assure him that it is not. The province of Brittany, in France, is thickly studded with stone pillars, and the history and manners of its people teem with interesting and very curious traces of the worship of them. In fact, Brittany and Breton antiquities must form the principal field of study for any one who would investigate or treat the subject exhaustively.
A list of the principal of these pillars still remaining may be found in the note at p. 77. of the first vol. of Manet's _Histoire de la Petite Bretagne_: St. Malo, 1834. But abundant notices of them will be met with in any of the numerous works on the antiquities and topography of the province. They are there known as "Menhirs," from the Celtic _maen_, stone, and _hirr_, long; or "Peulvans," from _peul_, pillar, and _maen_ (changed in composition into _vaen_), stone. See _Essai sur les Antiquités du Département du Morbihan_, par J. Mahé, Vannes, 1825, where much curious information on the subject may be found. This writer, as well as the Chevalier de Freminville, in his _Monuments du Morbihan_, Brest, 1834, p. 16., thinks that these menhirs, so abundant throughout Brittany, may be distinguished into three classes: 1. Those intended as sepulchral monuments; 2. Those erected as memorials of some great battle, or other such national event; and 3. Those intended to represent the Deity, and which were objects of worship. I have little doubt that these gentlemen are correct in the conclusions at which they have arrived in this respect. But it is curious to find both of them--men unquestionably of learning, and of widely extended and varied reading--considering the poems of Ossian as indisputably authentic, and quoting from them largely as from unquestioned documents of historic value.
The largest "menhir" known to be in existence--if, indeed, it can still be said to be so--is that of Locmariaker, a commune of the department of Morbihan, a little to the south of Vannes. This vast stone, before it was thrown down and broken into four pieces--its present condition--was fifty-eight French feet in length. Its form, when entire, was that of a double cone, so that its largest diameter was at about the middle of its length. It has been calculated to weigh more than four hundred thousand French pounds. In its immediate neighbourhood is a very large specimen of the "Dolmens" or druidical altars on which victims were sacrificed.
As to the question when the worship of these stones ceased, my own observations of the manners and habits of the people there, some fifteen years since, would lead me to say that it had not then ceased. No doubt such an assertion would be indignantly repelled by the clergy, and perhaps by many of the peasantry themselves. The question, however, if gone into, would become a subtle one, turning on another, as to what is to be deemed _worship_. And we all know that the tendency of unspiritual minds to idolatry has led the priesthood of Rome to institute verbal distinctions on this point, which open the door to very much that a plain unbiassed man must deem rank polytheism. My knowledge of the people in Italy enables me to affirm, with the most perfect certainty, that not only the peasantry very generally, but many persons much above that rank, do, to all intents and purposes, and in the fullest sense of the word, _worship_ the Madonna, and believe that there are several separate and wholly distinct persons of that name. And that this worship is often as wholly Pagan in its nature as in its object, is curiously proved by the fact, which brings us back again to Brittany, that in many instances in that province we find chapels dedicated to "Notre Dame de la Joye," and "Notre Dame de Liesse," which are all built on spots where, as M. de Freminville says in his _Antiquités du Finisterre_, p. 106., "the Celts worshipped a divinity which united the attributes of Cybele and Venus." And Souvestre, in his _Derniers Bretons_, vol. i. p. 264., tells us that there still exists near the town of Tréguier, a chapel dedicated to Notre Dame de la Haine; that it would be a mistake to suppose that the people have ceased to believe in a deity of hate, and that persons may still be seen skulking thither to pray for the gratification of their hatred.
SIR J. EMERSON TENNENT quotes a passage from Borlase, in which he says, speaking of this stone-worship among the Cornish, a people of near kin to the Armorican Bretons, that it might be traced by the prohibitions of councils through the fifth and sixth, and even into the seventh century. I find a council, held at Nantes in 658, ordering that the stones worshipped by the people shall be removed and put away in places where their worshippers cannot find them again; a precaution which the history of some of these stones in Brittany shows to have been by no means superfluous. But the usage may be traced by edicts seeking to restrain it to a later period than this. For in the _Capitulaires_ of Charlemagne (Lib. x. tit. 64.), he commands that the abuse of worshipping stones shall be abolished.