Part 5

When shall we get a good structureless paper? The _texture_ of Turner's, especially his new paper, is a great defect; and its skies are thin, _very_ inferior to the dense velvety blacks obtained with Whatman's of old date--a paper now extinct, and one which, unfortunately for us, it seems impossible to reproduce.

T. L. MANSELL.

Guernsey.

_Conversion of Calotype Negatives into Positives._--At the second meeting of the British Association at York, Professor Grove described a process by which a negative calotype might be converted into a positive one, by drawing an ordinary calotype image over iodide of potassium and dilute nitric acid, and exposing to a full sunshine. Not being able to find the proportions in any published work, can any of your numerous readers give me the required information; and whether the photograph should be exposed in its damp state, or allowed to dry?

G. GRANTHAM.

_Albumenized Paper._--Mr. Spencer, in the last number of the _Photographic Journal_, in describing a mode of preparing albumenized paper, states he has never found it necessary to iron it, as the silver solution coagulates the albumen the moment it comes in contact with it, "and I fancy makes it print more evenly than when heat has been employed." But Mr. Spencer uses a nitrate of silver solution of 90 or 100 grains to the ounce, while DR. DIAMOND recommends 40 grains. Now as it is very desirable to get rid of the ironing if possible, my Query is, Will the 40-grain solution coagulate the albumen so as to do away with that troublesome process?

P. P.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Table-turning_ (Vol. ix., p. 39.).--The following conclusions, from an _exposé_ of the laws of nature relating to this subject, have been submitted to the world, at the end of a series of articles in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_, by M. Babinet, of the French Institute:

"1^o. Que tout ce qui est raisonnablement admissible dans les curieuses expériences qui ont été faites sur le mouvement des tables où l'on impose les mains, est parfaitement explicable par l'énergie bien connue des mouvemens naissans de nos organes, pris à leur origine, surtout quand une influence nerveuse vient s'y joindre et au moment où, toutes les impulsions étant conspirantes, l'effet produit représente l'effet total des actions individuelles.

"2^o. Que dans l'étude consciencieuse de ces phénomènes mécanico-physiologiques, il faudra écarter toute intervention de force mystérieuse en contradiction avec les lois physiques bien établies par l'observation et l'expérience.

"3^o. Qu'il faudra aviser à populariser, non pas dans la peuple, mais bien dans la classe éclairée de la société, les principes des sciences. Cette classe si importante, dont l'autorité devrait faire loi pour toute la nation, s'est déjà montrée plusieurs fois au-dessous de cette noble mission. La remarque n'est pas de moi, mais au besoin je l'adopte et la défends:

'Si les raisons manquaient, je suis sûr qu'en tout cas, Les exemples fameux ne me manqueraient pas!'

Comme le dit Molière. Il est à constater que l'initiative des réclamations en faveur du bon sens contre les prestiges des tables et des chapeaux a été prise par les membres éclairés du clergé de France.

"4^o. Enfin, les faiseurs des miracles sont instamment suppliés de vouloir bien, s'ils ne peuvent s'empêcher d'en faire, au moins ne pas les faire absurdes. Imposer la croyance à un miracle, c'est déjà beaucoup dans ce siècle; mais vouloir nous convaincre de la réalité d'un miracle ridicule, c'est vraiment être trop exigeant!"--_Revue des Deux Mondes_, Janvier 15, 1854.

J. M.

Oxford.

_Female Dress_ (Vol. ix., p. 271.).--I have dresses from 1768 to the present time, two or three years only missing, from pocket-books, which I have carefully arranged and had bound in a volume. On referring to it I find that hoops ceased after 1786, excepting for court days. The ladies at that time wore large hats, the same shape young people and children have at the present day. Powder went out at the time of the scarcity, patches before hoops, and high-heeled shoes when short waists came in fashion.

I have a small engraving of their Majesties, attended by the lord chamberlain, &c., together with the Princess Royal, Prince Edward, and the Princess Elizabeth, in their boxes at the opera in the year 1782. The queen in a very large hoop, each with their hair full powdered; and the celebrated Mademoiselle Theodore, in the favourite comic ballad called "Les Petits Reins," the same year, with a large hoop, hair well powdered, a little hat at the back of her head with long strings, very short petticoats, and shoes with buckles.

JULIA R. BOCKETT.

Southcote Lodge.

_Office of Sexton held by one Family_ (Vol. ix., p. 171.).--A search into parish registers would, I think, show that the office of clerk was often a hereditary one. In Worcestershire, for example, the family of Rose at Bromsgrove, and the family of Osborne at Belbroughton, have supplied hereditary clerks to those parishes through many generations. In the latter case, also, the trade of a tailor has also been hereditary to an Osborne, in conjunction with his duties as clerk. The Mr. Tristram, who was the patron of the living of Belbroughton (afterwards sold to St. John's College, Oxford), states, in a letter to the bishop (Lyttelton), that the Osbornes were tailors in Belbroughton in the reign of Henry VIII. They are tailors, as well as clerks, to this day, but they can trace their descent to a period of more than {503} three centuries before Henry VIII. The office of parish clerk and sexton has also been hereditary in the parishes of Hope and King's Norton, Worcestershire.

CUTHBERT BEDE, B. A.

_Lyra's Commentary_ (Vol. ix., p. 323.).--The human figure described by EDWARD PEACOCK as impressed on one cover of his curious old copy of the _Textus biblie_, &c., has no glory round the head, or over it, by his account. This would warrant the conclusion that it was not intended for any saint, or it might almost pass for a St. Christopher. But I believe it is meant as emblematic of a Christian generally, in his passage through this life. I suspect that what MR. PEACOCK speaks of as a "fence composed of interlaced branches of trees," is intended to represent waves of water by undulating lines. The figure appears to be wading through the waters of the tribulations of this life, by the help of his staff, just as St. Christopher is represented. This may account for the loose appearance of his nether habiliments, which are tucked up, so as to leave the knees bare. The wallet is a very fit accompaniment for the pilgrim's staff. The wicker basket holds his more precious goods; but, to show the insecurity of their tenure, the pilgrim has a sword ready for their defence.

It is not so easy to account for the animals on the other cover. My conjecture is, that at least the four lower ones are meant for the emblematic figures of the four evangelists. The bird may be the eagle, the monkey the man; the dog may, on closer scrutiny, be found to look something like the ox or calf; and the lion speaks for itself. But I can attempt no explanation of the upper figures, which MR. PEACOCK says "may be horses." I should much like to see drawings of the whole, both human and animal, having a great predilection for studying such puzzles. But if the above hints prove of any service, it will gratify

F. C. HUSENBETH, D.D.,

Compiler of the _Emblems of Saints_.

_Blackguard_ (Vol. vii., p. 77. Vol. viii., p. 414.).--Many contributions towards the history of this word have appeared in the pages of "N. & Q." May I forward another instance of its being in early use, although not altogether in its modern acceptation?

A copy of a medical work in my possession (a 12mo., printed in 1622, and in the original binding) has fly-leaves from some _printed_ book, as is often the case in volumes of that date. These fly-leaves seem to be part of some descriptive sketches of different classes of society, published towards the early part of the seventeenth century; and some of your readers may be able to identify the work from my description of these of sheets. No. 14. is headed "An unworthy Judge;" 16. "An unworthy Knight and Souldier;" 17. "A worthy Gentleman;" 18. "An unworthy Gentleman," &c. At p 13., No. 27., occurs "A Bawde of the Blacke Guard," with her description in about sixteen lines. She is said to be "well verst in the black art, to accommodate them of the black guard: a weesel-look't gossip she is in all places, where herr mirth is a bawdy tale," and so on.

Judging from these fly-leaves, the work from which they have been taken appears to have been an octavo or small quarto. "Finis" stands on the reverse of the leaf whence my extract is copied.

JAYDEE.

Another instance of the use of the word _black-guard_, in the sense given to it in "N. & Q." (Vol. ii., pp. 170. 285.), is to be found in Burton's _Anatomy of Melancholy_, part i. sect. 2., "A Digression of the Nature of Spirits, bad Angels, or Devils, &c.," in a passage, part of which is given as a quotation. "Generally they far excel men in worth, as a man the meanest worme;" though some of then are "inferior to those of their own rank in worth, as the _black-guard_ of a prince's court, and to men again, as some degenerate, base, rational creatures are excelled of brute beasts." The edition of Burton I quote from is 1652.

C. DE D.

"Augustus Cæsar on a time, as he was passing through Rome, and saw certain strange women lulling apes and whelps in their arms: 'What!' said he; 'have the women of these countries none other children?' So may I say unto you [Dr. Cole], that make so much of Gerson, Driedo, Royard, and Tapper: Have the learned men of your side none other doctors? For, alas! these that ye allege are scarcely worthy to be allowed amongst the _black guard_."--Bp. Jewel's _Works_ (P. S. ed.), vol. i. p. 72.

This is, I think, an earlier example than any that has yet been given in "N. & Q."

W. P. STORER.

Olney, Bucks.

"_Atonement_" (Vol. ix., p. 271.).--The word [Greek: katallagê], used by Æschylus and Demosthenes, occurs 2 Cor. v. 19., Rom. xi. 15. v. 11. The word _atonement_ bears two senses: the first, _reconciliation_, as used by Sir Thomas More, Shakspeare, Beaumont and Fletcher, and Bishops Hall and Taylor; the second, _expiation_, as employed by Milton, Swift, and Cowper. In the latter meaning, we find it in Numbers, and other books of the Old Testament, as the translation of [Greek: hilasma].

Waterland speaks of "the doctrine of expiation, atonement, or satisfaction, made by Christ in His blood" (_Disc. of Fundamentals_, vol. v. p. 82.). Barrow, Secker, and Beveridge use the word _atone_ or _atonement_ in this combined sense of the term. R. Gloucester, Chaucer, and Dryden expressly speak "at one," in a similar way; and, {504} not to multiply passages, we may merely cite Tyndal:

"There is but one mediator, Christ, as saith St. Paul, 1 Tim. ii., and by that word understand an _atone-maker_, a peace-maker, and bringer into grace and favour, having full power so to do."--_Expos. of Tracy's Testament_, p. 275., Camb. 1850.

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

As a contribution towards the solution of J. H. B.'s Query, I send you the following extracts from Richardson's _Dictionary_:

"And like as he made the Jewes and the Gentiles _at one_ between themselves, even so he made them both _at one_ with God, that there should be nothing to break the _atonement_; but that the thynges in heaven and the thynges in earth shoulde be ioyned together as it were into _one_ body."--_Udal_, _Ephesians_, c. ii.

"Paul sayth, 1 Tim. ij., 'One God, one Mediatour (that is to say, aduocate, intercessor, or an _atonemaker_) betwene God and man: the man Christ Jesus, which gaue himself a raunsom for all men."--Tyndal, _Workes_, p. 158.

I am unacquainted with the work referred to in the first extract. The second is from _The Whole Works of W. Tindal, John Frith, and Dr. Barnes_ [edited by Foxe], Lond. 1573. The title of the work which contains the passage is, _The Obedience of a Christian Man, set forth by William Tindal_, 1528, Oct. 2.

[Greek: Halieus].

Dublin.

_Bible of 1527_ (Vol. ix., p. 352.).--In reference to the monogram inquired after in this Query, I think I have seen it, or one very similar, among the "mason marks" on Strasburg Tower, which would seem a place of Freemason pilgrimage: for the soft stone is deeply carved in various places within the tower with such marks as this, together with initials and dates of visit. I have also marks very similar from the stones of the tower of the pretty little cathedral of Freiburg, Briesgau. I should incline to think it a Masonic mark, and not that of an engraver on wood, or of a printer.

A. B. R.

Belmont.

_Shrove Tuesday_ (Vol. ix., p. 324.).--The bell described as rung on Shrove Tuesday at Newbury, was no doubt the old summons which used to call our ancestors to the priest to be shrived, or confessed, on that day. It is commonly called the "Pancake Bell," because it was also the signal for the cook to put the pancake on the fire. This savoury couplet occurs in _Poor Robin_ for 1684:

"But hark, I hear the pancake bell, And fritters make a gallant smell."

The custom of ringing this bell has been retained in many parishes. It is orthodoxly rung at Ecclesfield from eleven to twelve a.m. Plenty of information on this subject may be found in Brand's _Popular Antiquities_.

ALFRED GATTY.

_Milton's Correspondence_ (Vol. viii., p. 640.).--A translation of Milton's Latin familiar correspondence, made by John Hall, Esq., of the Philadelphia bar, now a Presbyterian clergyman at Trenton, N.J., was published about eighteen or twenty years ago in this city.

UNEDA.

Philadelphia

"_Verbatim et literatim_" (Vol. ix., p. 348.).--Your correspondent L. H. J. TONNA, in proposing for the latter part of the above phrase the form _ad literam_, might as well have extended his amendment, and suggested _ad verbum et literam_; for I should imagine there is quite as little authority for the word _verbatim_ being used in the Latin language, as for that of _literatim_. Vossius is an authority for the latter; but can any of your correspondents oblige me by citing one for the former, notwithstanding its frequent adoption in English conversation and writings? Neither _verbatim_ nor _literatim_ will be found in Riddle.

N. L. J.

_Epigrams_ (Vol. vii., p. 175.).--The epigram, "How D.D. swaggers, M.D. rolls," &c., was written by Horace Smith, and may be found in the _New Monthly Magazine_ for 1823, in the article called "Grimm's Ghost. Letter XII."

UNEDA.

Philadelphia.

* * * * *

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

In days like these, when so many of our new books are but old ones newly dressed up, a work of original research, and for which the materials have been accumulated by the writer with great labour and diligence, deserves especial commendation. Of such a character is the _Catholic History of England; its Rulers, Clergy, and Poor, before the Reformation, as described by the Monkish Historians_, by Bernard William MacCabe, of which the third volume, extending from the reign of Edward Martyr to the Norman Conquest, has just been published. The volumes bear evidence in every page that they are, as the author describes them, "the results of the writing and research of many hours--the only hours for many years that I had to spare from other and harder toils." Himself a zealous and sincere follower of the "ancient faith," Mr. MacCabe's views of the characters and events of which he is treating, naturally assume the colouring of his own mind: many, therefore, will dissent from them. None of his readers will, however, dissent from bestowing upon his work the praise of being carefully compiled and most originally written. None will deny the charm with which Mr. MacCabe has invested his History, by his admirable mode of making the old Monkish writers tell their own story. {505}

We some time since called the attention of our readers to a new periodical which had been commenced at Göttingen, under the title of _Zeitschrift für Deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde_, under the editorship of T. W. Wolf. We have since received the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Parts of it from Messrs. Williams and Norgate, and hope shortly to transfer from its pages to our columns a few of the many curious illustrations of our own Folk Lore, with which it abounds.

BOOKS RECEIVED.--_The Works of John Locke_, vol. i., _Philosophical Works, with a preliminary Essay and Notes_, by J. A. St. John, is the first volume of a collected edition of the writings of this distinguished English philosopher, intended to form a portion of Bohn's _Standard Library_.--_The Diary and Letters of Madame D'Arblay_, vol. iv., 1788-89. Worth more than its cost for its pictures of Fox, Burke, Wyndham, &c., and Hastings' Impeachment.--_A Poet's Children_, by Patrick Scott. A shilling's worth of miscellaneous poems from the pen of this imaginative but somewhat eccentric bard.--_Points of War, I. II. III. IV._, by Franklin Lushington. Mr. Lushington is clearly an admirer of Tennyson, and has caught not a little of the mannerism and not a few of the graces of his great model.

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Notices to Correspondents.

EDEN WARWICK. _The paragraph respecting the Crystal Palace has already appeared in our columns._

SIGMA. _How can we forward a letter to this Correspondent?_

ENQUIRER. _Our Correspondent's Query is not apparent. The Rolls House and Chapel, in Chancery Lane, never "reverted to their original use," that is, as a House of Maintenance for Converted Jews._

J. G. T. _For the origin of Bands worn by clergymen, lawyers, and others, see our Second Volume_, pp. 23. 76. 126.

"VITA CRUCEM," &c. _We have to apologise for having mislaid the copy of the following distich, requesting a translation as well as the authorship of it:_

"Vita crucem, et vivas, hominem si noscere velles, Quis, quid, cur, cujus passus amore fuit."

_Which may be literally translated, _"Shun the Cross, that you may live, if you would know Him aright, Who and what He was, why and for love of whom He suffered."_ These lines seem to be a caveat against the adoration of the material Cross, and were probably composed during the domination of the fanatics in Cromwell's time, when that redoubtable Goth, Master William Dowsing, demolished whatever was inscribed with the Cross, whether of brass, marble, or other material.--Our Correspondent will find the line, _"A falcon towering in his pride of place,"_ in _Macbeth_, Act II. Sc. 4._

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