Part 1
{261} NOTES AND QUERIES:
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No. 230.] SATURDAY, MARCH 25. 1854 [Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
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CONTENTS.
NOTES:-- Page
Original English Royal Letters to the Grand Masters of Malta, by William Winthrop 263
Fata Morgana, by J. Macray 267
On the Destruction of Monumental Brasses 268
Original Letter of the Countess of Blessington to Sir William Drummond 268
MINOR NOTES:--The late Judge Talfourd--Authors' Trustee Society--The Old Clock at Alderley--The Olympic Plain, &c.--Electric Telegraph--Irish Law in the Eighteenth Century--Gravestone Inscriptions 269
QUERIES:--
MINOR QUERIES:--Paintings of Our Saviour--Heraldic-- Dedication of Kemerton Church--Consolato del Mare-- Consonants in Welsh--Atonement--Sir Stephen Fox-- "Account of an Expedition to the Interior of New Holland"--Darwin on Steam--Scottish Female Dress-- "The Innocents," a Drama--Waugh of Cumberland-- Norton--De La Fond--"Button Cap"--Cobb Family-- Prince Charles' Attendants in Spain--Sack 270
MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Ralph Ashton the Commander-- Christopher Hervie--Dannocks--Brass in All Saints, Newcastle-upon-Tyne--Imperfect Bible--The Poem of "Helga"--"Merryweather's Tempest Prognosticator"-- Edward Spencer's Marriage--Yew-tree at Crowhurst 272
REPLIES:--
The Electric Telegraph in 1753 274
Factitious Pedigrees: Dixon of Beeston, by Lord Monson, E. P. Shirley, &c. 275
Licences to Crenellate, by the Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson, &c. 276
Newspaper Folk Lore, by C. Mansfield Ingleby, &c. 276
French Season Rhymes and Weather Rhymes, by Edgar MacCulloch 277
Vault Interments: Burial in an Erect Posture: Interment of the Trogloditæ 278
Do Conjunctions join Propositions only? by H. L. Mansel, &c. 279
Has Execution by Hanging been survived? 280
PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--A Stereoscopic Note-- Photographic Query--Deepening Collodion Negatives-- Caution to Photographers 282
REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Artesian Wells--Prior's Epitaph on Himself--Handwriting--"Begging the Question"--When and where does Sunday begin or end?--Precious Stones-- Scotch Grievance--"Corporations have no Souls," &c.-- Devereux Bowly--Reversible Names--Duval Family, &c. 283
MISCELLANEOUS:--
Notes on Books, &c. 288
Books and Odd Volumes wanted 289
Notices to Correspondents 289
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{263}
_LONDON, SATURDAY, MARCH 25, 1854._
Notes.
ORIGINAL ENGLISH ROYAL LETTERS TO THE GRAND MASTERS OF MALTA.
(_Continued from_ Vol. ix., p. 101.)
It will be remembered that the last English royal letters which we sent were translations of those from Henry VIII. to L'Isle Adam; and finding none recorded of Edward VI., Mary I., Elizabeth, James I, Charles I. (or from Cromwell), we come to the reign of Charles II. We have now before us ten letters bearing the autograph of this monarch, all of which we hope to forward in due course according to their dates. The two of the earliest date are as follow. The first was written to introduce the English Admiral, Sir Thomas Allen, who had been sent with a squadron into the Mediterranean to protect English commerce; and the second, to claim from the Order a large amount of property which belonged to Roger Fowke, the English consul at Cyprus, and had been seized by a Maltese commander in one of his cruises against the Turks in the neighbourhood of that island. Their perusal will serve to show the deep interest taken by Charles II. in all which related to the commercial affairs or legal rights of his subjects.
WILLIAM WINTHROP.
Malta.
No. VII.
Charles the Second by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c.
To the most illustrious and most high Prince, the Lord Nicholas Cottoner, Grand Master of the Order of Malta, our well-beloved cousin and friend--Greeting:
Most illustrious and most high Prince, our well-beloved cousin and friend.
Having deemed it fitting to despatch a squadron of ships under the command of our well-beloved and valiant Sir Thomas Allen, Knight, for the protection of the freedom of navigation and commerce of our subjects in the Mediterranean Sea, which is never too sure, and sometimes becomes endangered, we have determined to request your highness, by right of amity, to permit him and our ships under his command, as friends, to touch, in case of need, at any of the coasts of your highness' dominions; and also to allow our ships to make use of your highness' harbours, whenever it may become necessary to refit or re-victual them; and that they may purchase at a proper price those things which they may require, and experience such other offices of friendship and humanity as may be needful: and as we no way doubt of your highness' amicable feelings towards us and ours, we are desirous that your highness should be assured that on any opportunity offering, we will reciprocate with equal readiness and benevolence.
It only remains for us to express our wishes for your highness' perfect health and prosperous success everywhere.
Given in our Palace of Westminster, on the 17th day of the month of January, in the year of our Lord 1667-68.
Your Highness' good Cousin and Friend,
CHARLES REX.
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No. VIII.
Charles the Second by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c.
To the most illustrious and most high Prince, the Lord Nicholas Cottoner, Grand Master of the Order of Malta, our well-beloved cousin and friend--Greeting:
Most illustrious and most high Prince, our well-beloved cousin and friend.
Some years have elapsed since we first addressed letters to your highness concerning certain goods and merchandise, to the value of 4500 pieces of eight, which had been unjustly seized by some of the ships which it is customary to despatch annually from your highness' island to cruise against the Turks in the neighbourhood of Cyprus, from our subject Roger Fowke, a person for many reasons by us well beloved, and our consul in the island of Cyprus; and also concerning the sentence which, after many delays and much trouble, had been at last unjustly given in favour of your people.
Farther complaints have, however, been received from our subject, stating that our letters have had little effect with your highness, and that he, already wearied with long expectation, has not had anything restored, that his expenses are increasing to a great amount, and that little or no hope remains of reparation for his loss.
Painful, indeed, was it to us to hear our subject relate such injustice on the part of the Knights of Malta; we, however, thought is right to make it clearly appear that nothing has remained untried to bring back to more sane counsels the generous minds of the Maltese; and therefore, under the advice of our Privy Council, we deemed proper to refer, without loss of time, the complaint of our subject, together with the letters which we formerly addressed to your highness, and those which your highness latterly wrote to us, to our advocate in our High Court of Admiralty, Sir Robert Wyseman, Knight; who, having well considered the whole, has expressed his opinion in the following terms:
"I have read and seriously pondered the petition of Roger Fowke, transmitted to me by your {264} Majesty's special mandate; as also the letters written by your Majesty to the Grand Master of the Order of Malta in favour of the above-mentioned, and those from the said Grand Master in reply; and it is evident to me, after mature examination, that your Majesty has done so much, and that it is proved that the sentence of the Maltese Tribunal against the said Roger Fowke was pronounced contrary to right and justice (as is clearly shown in the letters written by your Majesty to the Grand Master); that therefore it appears to be incumbent on me only to set forth to your Majesty, and to the Lords of the Privy Council, whether it be my opinion that sufficient satisfaction has been given by the Grand Master's letters to your Majesty, who by the above-cited letters demand restitution; and if not, whether in consequence it be lawful to your Majesty to grant the so-called letters of reprisal, on which subject I beg humbly to submit to your Majesty, and to the singular prudence and judgment of the above-mentioned Lords, this my opinion; that is to say, that the answers of the Grand Master are so far from being in any way satisfactory, that from them it may be easily perceived that the above-mentioned Grand Master, although he does not deny in express terms reparation for his loss to the above Roger, nevertheless does not decree anything certain on this head; from which your Majesty may reasonably conclude that the said reparation was refused. Nor does it tend to his defence that he asserts that all that was done by his tribunal was done by solemn sentence, that the judges were men of great reputation, and that it is to be believed that the reasons produced by both sides were justly considered; for judicial authority is not of the same value as regards foreigners and subjects. It is not lawful for subjects to demand a re-examination of the sentence pronounced by their superiors, although to foreign princes it entirely appertains to make such demand, in cases interesting themselves or their subjects; otherwise, if all given sentences were considered as freeing nations from reprisals, such decrees might perhaps be obtained in any case, even though manifestly unjust; and consequently it is by all agreed to be a just cause for reprisals, not only when justice is not rendered, but also when in any case, not of a doubtful nature, judgment may have been given against right; although certainly, in cases of a doubtful nature, the presumption would be in favour of those who may have been elected as public judges. Had the Grand Master indicated to your Majesty that the said Roger Fowke might have preferred an appeal against the sentence pronounced against him to a superior tribunal, and that by the negligence of the said Roger the first sentence had become affirmed, in that case the remedy demanded by your Majesty would have been untenable; but the said Grand Master makes no mention of such appeal: I am therefore of opinion that nothing in the law of nations could militate against the lawfulness of your Majesty's granting letters of reprisal in the manner demanded.
(Signed) ROBERT WYSEMAN."