Part 4

That Sir Nicholas Upton was Grand Prior of England in 1551, is sufficiently shown in the above extract; and that _he was_ Commander of Repton, or Ripston, will be as readily seen by the following lines translated from the Latin, and to be found in a book of manuscripts of the years 1547, 1548, 1549, now in the Record Office. (Vide Lib. Bull. M. M. F. J. Homedes.)

"On the 15th November, 1547, Nicholas Upton was appointed by the Grand Master Omedes Commander of Ripston in the language of England. And on the 5th of November, 1548, he was exalted to the dignity of Turcopolier, in place of the knight Russell deceased."

I am unable to inform R. L. P. what English knights were present in Malta in 1551; but enough has already appeared in "N. & Q." to show that they were few in number, and poor as regards their worldly effects. The Reformation had destroyed the British language, and caused the ruin of its members. The first severe blow against the Order of St. John of Jerusalem was given by Henry VIII., and the last by Queen Elizabeth in the first year of her reign. (Vide "N. & Q.," Vol. viii., pp. 189. 193.)

WILLIAM WINTHROP.

La Valetta, Malta.

* * * * *

GRAMMARS, ETC., FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

(Vol. ix., p. 8.)

St. Mary's College, Winchester (publisher, D. Nutt).--_Novum Florilegium Poeticum_; _Carmina quædam elegantissima_; _De Diis et Heroibus poeticis libellus_; _Homeri Ilias_ (Heyne) _et Odysseæ_; _Interpretatio Poikiles Istorias_; _Ovidii Fasti_, libri vi.; [Greek: Poikilê Istoria]; _Selectæ Historiæ ex Cæsare, Justino et Floro_; _Notes on the Diatessaron_, by the Rev. Frederic Wickham, now Second Master; _Græcæ Grammatices Rudimenta_, by Bishop Wordsworth, late Second Master; _Greek and Latin Delectus_, by the Rev. H. C. Adams, late Commoner Tutor.

Of Eton books there were in use the _Latin and Greek Grammars_; Pindar's _Olympian and Pythian Odes_; _Scriptores Græci et Romani_. A complete list of Eton and Westminster school-books will be found in the _London Catalogue_, which enrols _Vidæ de Arte Poeticâ_; Trapp's _Prælectiones Poetica_, and the _Rise, &c. of Poetry and Fine Arts in Ancient Rome_, as Winchester school-books.

In 1512, Winchester and Eton had a common grammar. Hugh Lloyd, D.C.L., Head Master, A.D. 1580-1602, wrote _Dictata_ and _Phrases Elegantiores_ for the use of the school. William Horman, M.A., Head Master of Winchester, 1495-1502, and Eton, 1489-1495, wrote _Vulgaria puerorum_.

Hugh Robinson, D.D., Head Master, wrote _Prayers_ and _Latin Phrases_ for the school. It is almost superfluous to name Bishop Ken's _Manual for Winchester Scholars_, edited by Dr. Moberly, the present excellent Head Master, some years since.

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

In pursuance of the hint of MR. P. H. FISHER, I will describe an old school-book in my possession, which is bound up with Godwyn's _Romanæ Historicæ Anthologia_. It contains, 1. _Preces_; 2. _Grammaticalia quædam_; 3. _Rhetorica brevis_, and was printed at Oxford in 1616 by Joseph Barnes. Though there is nothing in the title-page to indicate that it was for the use of Winchester College, this sufficiently appears from the "Thanksgiving for William of Wiccham" in the grace after dinner, and also from the insertion of William of Wykeham's arms before the _Rhetorica brevis_. It bears abundant marks of having been used in the school, and contains, on the blank pages with which it was furnished, several MS. Wykehamical memoranda, some of them well known, and others, {82} perhaps, the exercises of the original owner. All are in Latin, except the following verses, which I transcribe:

_"On Queene Anne, Queene of the Scots._

March with his winds hath strooke a cedar tall, And morning April weeps the cedar's fall, And May intends noe flowers her month shall bring, Since shee must lose the flower of all the spring; Thus March's winds have caused April showers, And yet sad May must lose her flower of flowers."

C. W. B.

* * * * *

DERIVATION OF MAWMET.--CAME.

(Vol. viii., pp. 468. 515.)

That the word _mawmet_ is a derivation from the name of Mahomet, is rendered exceedingly probable by two circumstances taken in connexion: its having been in common use to signify an idol, in the age immediately following that of the Crusades; and the fact, that in the public opinion and phraseology of that time, a Saracen and an idolater were synonymous. In the metrical romances of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Mahometanism is described as "hethenesse," and Saracens as "paynims," "heathens," and "folks of the heathen law." The objects of their faith and worship were supposed to be Mahomet, Jupiter, Apollo, Pluto, and Termagaunt. Thus, in the romance of _Richard Coeur de Lion_:

"They slowe euery Sarezyn, And toke the temple of Apolyn."--L. 4031-2.

"That we our God Mahoun forsake."--L. 4395.

"And made ther her (their) sacryfyse, To Mahoun, and to Jupiter."--L. 4423.

"But to Termagaunt and Mahoun, They cryede fast, and to Plotoun."--L. 6421-2. Weber's _Metrical Romances_, vol. ii.

The editor says:

"There is no doubt that our romance existed before the year 1300, as it is referred to in the _Chronicles of Robert de Gloucester and Robert de Brunne_."--Vol. i. Introd., p. xlvi.

In the same poem, the word _mawmettes_ is used to signify idols:

"Sarazynes before hym _came_, And asked off hym Crystendame. Ther wer crystend, as I find, More than fourty thousynd. Kyrkes they made off Crystene lawe, And her (their) _Mawmettes_ lete down drawe." L. 5829-44.

In Wiclif's translation of the New Testament also, the word occurs in the same sense: _mawmetis_, _idolis_, and _false goddis_ being used indifferently where _idola_ or _simulacra_ are employed in the Latin Vulgate: thus--

"Fle ghe fro worschipyng of _mawmetis_." 1 Cor. x. 14.

"My litel sones kepe ye you fro _mawmetis_." 1 John v. 21.

And in Acts vii. 41., the golden calf is designated by the same word, in the singular number:

"And thei maden a calf in the daies, and offriden a sacrifice to the _mawmet_."

In the first line of the quotation last given from _Richard Coeur de Lion_, your correspondent H. T. G. will find an early instance of the word _came_; whether _early enough_, I cannot say. In Wiclif's version, _cam_, _came_, and _camen_ are the usual expressions answering to "came" in our translation. If above five hundred and fifty years' possession does not give a word a good title to its place in our language, without a conformity to Anglo-Saxon usage, the number of words that must fall under the same imputation of novelty and "violent infringement" is very great indeed.

J. W. THOMAS.

Dewsbury.

* * * * *

THE GOSLING FAMILY.

(Vol. vi., p. 510.)

ONE OF THE FLOCK asks for information relative to the antiquity of the name and family of Gosling. The Norman name of Gosselin is evidently the same as that of Jocelyn, the tendency of the Norman dialect being to substitute a hard _g_ for the _j_ or soft _g_, as _gambe_ for _jambe_, _guerbe_ for _gerbe_. As a family name it is far from uncommon in Normandy, and many of your antiquarian readers may recognise it as the name of a publisher at Caen of works on the antiquities of that province. A family of the name of Gosselin has been established for many centuries in the island of Guernsey. William Gocelyn was one of those sworn upon the inquest as to the services, customs, and liberties of the island, and the laws established by King John, which inquest was confirmed by King Henry III. in the year 1248. In the year 1331 an extent of the crown revenues, &c. was made by order of Edward III., and in this document the name of Richard Gosselin appears as one of the jury of the parish of St. Peter-Port.

A genealogy of the Guernsey family of Gosselin is to be found in the appendix to Berry's history of that island, and it is there stated that--

"The first on record in Jersey is Robert Gosselin, who greatly assisted in rescuing the castle of Mont Orgueil from the French in the reign of Edward III., and was, for his gallant services, not only appointed governor of the castle by that monarch, but presented with the arms since borne by that family (viz. Gules, a {83} chevron between three crescents ermine), as appears by the original grant under the great seal of England, supposed to be upon record in the Tower of London, or among the archives at Winchester. This Robert Gosselin some time after settled in Guernsey, where he married Magdelaine, daughter of William Maltravers, his majesty's lieutenant in that island."

On referring to Burke's _Armory_, I find that families of the name of Gosselin, Gosling, and Gooseling all bear arms similar to those described above, or but slightly differing, which affords a strong presumption that they are all descended from the same stock. The arms of Gosselin of Normandy are quite different.

HONORÉ DE MAREVILLE.

Guernsey.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

_Tent for Collodion Purposes._--Some time ago, I saw in "N. & Q." a slight notice of a tent for the collodion process: I think it is called "Francis' Collodion Tent." Would you, or some of your photographic correspondents, oblige me by giving a short description of this tent, or any other form, so that I may be able to operate with collodion in the open air?

I am of an opinion, with a portable tent, so that we could expose paper in a damp state, the process might be done nearly as quick as collodion. All that need be done for a paper negative, would be to expose and develop; it can be fixed at home. But after being developed, it should be well washed and dried.

JAMES O. CLAZEY.

_Multiplying Negatives and Collodion on Paper._--As I am desirous of printing a large quantity of copies of a glass negative in my possession, I shall be obliged by any hints as to the best method of multiplying such negative, so as to guard against an accident from breakage.

I should also feel obliged for any hints upon the use of collodion applied to glass, paper intervening; so that the paper may be afterwards removed from the glass, and used as a negative. I have heard of much success in this way, but am at a loss to know the best mode of operation.

M. N. S.

_Photographic Copies of Ancient Manuscripts._--Might not photography be well employed in making facsimiles of valuable, rare, and especially of unique ancient manuscripts? If copies of such manuscripts could be multiplied at a moderate price, there are many proprietors of libraries would be glad to enrich them by what, for all purposes of reference, would answer equally well with the originals.

A.

[This subject, which has already been touched upon in our columns, has not yet received the attention it deserves. We have now before us a photographic copy of a folio page of a MS. of the fourteenth or fifteenth century, on which are inscribed a number of charters; and, although the copy is reduced so as to be but about 2 inches high and 1½ broad, it is perfectly legible; and the whole of the contractions are as distinct as if the original vellum was before us.]

_Fox Talbot's Patents._--Would the Editor of "N. & Q." have the kindness to inform A. B. whether a photograph (portrait), taken from a _black cutting_ made by an amateur, and inserted in a published work, would infringe on Mr. F. Talbot's patent? Also, whether collodion portraits come within his patent, as it was understood it could only apply to the _paper process_? (The cutting would be taken on albumenised paper.)

A. B. would also be glad to know _where_ Towgood of St. Neot's _positive_ paper can be procured, and the price?

A. B.

Mr. Fox Talbot having thrown open the whole of his patents,--with the exception of the taking of portraits for sale, on which it is understood that gentleman claims a royalty which may, in some cases, be considered a prohibition,--I should be glad to know under which of Mr. Talbot's patents such royalty can be enforced, and when the patent in question expires?

H. H.

_Antiquarian Photographic Society._--We believe that most of the difficulties which have stood in the way of the organisation of this Society have at length been got over; and that we shall, in the course of a week or two, be enabled to state full particulars of its rules, arrangements, &c. Our readers are aware that its main object is the interchange of photographs among the members; each contributing as many copies of his own work as there are members of the Society, and receiving in exchange as many different photographs, Thus, if the Society is limited to twenty-five or fifty members, each member will have to furnish twenty-five or fifty copies, as the case may be, of the photograph he presents to the Society; and, in return, will receive one photograph from each of his fellow members. The difficulty, or rather trouble of printing, must necessarily limit the number of members; and as a consequence will, we doubt not, lead to the formation of many similar associations.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_"Firm was their faith," &c._ (Vol. viii., p. 564.; Vol. ix., p. 17.).--I am utterly unable to account for the reserve shown by SAXA in withholding the name of Robert Stephen Hawker, Vicar of Morwenstow, author of the beautiful volume of poems entitled _Echoes from Old Cornwall_: especially as the author's name appears on the title-page, and SAXA appears so desirous that his merits should be better known to the world.

[Greek: Halieus].

Dublin.

_Attainment of Majority_ (Vol. ix., p. 18.).--I cannot, in courtesy, omit to notice MR. RUSSELL GOLE'S obliging efforts to assist the investigation of this subject. I must, however, refer him to the first paragraph of my last communication (Vol. viii., p. 541.), on the reperusal of which he will find {84} that what he states to be "the question" has not been at any time questioned. He has apparently mistaken my meaning, and imagines that "about the beginning of the seventeenth century" means 1704 (that being the date of the case cited by him).

I beg to assure him that I intended the expression, "beginning of the seventeenth century," to be understood in the ordinary acceptation.

A. E. B.

Leeds.

_Three Fleurs-de-Lis_ (Vol. ix., p. 35.).--I have by me a MS. Biographical History of the English Episcopate, complete from the foundation of every See, with the armorial bearings of the several bishops: the whole I have collected from the best sources. I find among these, in the arms of Trilleck of Hereford, three fleurs-de-lis in chief; Stillingfleet of Worcester, Coverdale of Exeter, North of Winchester, three fleurs-de-lis, two in chief and one in base; Stretton of Lichfield, three fleurs-de-lis in bend.

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

Sir John _Egles_, who was knighted by King James II. in the last year of his reign, and was Lord Mayor of London in 1688, bore: Argent, a fess engrailed, and in chief three fleurs-de-lis sable.

The family of _France_, now represented by James France, Esq., of Bostock Hall, co. Cheshire, bear: Argent, on a mount in base a hurst proper, a chief wavy azure, charged with the three fleurs-de-lis or. (The last are probably _armes parlantes_.)

_Halford_ of Wistow bears: Argent, a greyhound passant sable, on a chief azure, three fleurs-de-lis or.

LEWIS EVANS.

DEVONIENSIS is informed, that the family of Saunders bear the following coat of arms: viz. Argent, three fleurs-de-lis sable, on a chief of the second three fleurs-de-lis of the first. Also, that the families of Chesterfield, Warwyke, Kempton, &c., bear: Three fleurs-de-lis in a line (horizontal) in the upper part of the shield. See Glovers' _Ordinary_, augmented and improved in Berry's _Encyclopædia Heraldica_, vol. i.

H. C. C.

_Newspaper Folk Lore_ (Vol. ix., p. 29.).--Although (apparently unknown to LONDONER) the correspondent of _The Times_, under "Naval Intelligence," in December last, with his usual accuracy, glanced at the "snake lore" merely to laugh at the fable, I have written to a gallant cousin of mine, now serving as a naval officer at Portsmouth, and subjoin his reply to my letter; it will, I think, amply suffice to disabuse a LONDONER'S, or his friend's, mind of any impression of credence to be attached to it, as regards the snake:

"H.M.S. Excellent.--Jonathan Smith, gunner's mate of the Hastings, joined this ship from the Hastings in July; went on two months' leave, but came back in August very ill, and was immediately sent to the hospital for general dropsy, of which he shortly after died, and he was buried in Kingston churchyard, being followed to the grave by a part of the ship's company of the Excellent.

"Shortly before his death a worm, not a snake, came from him. It was nine inches in length; but though of such formidable dimensions, such things are common enough in the East Indies, where this man must have swallowed it, when very small, in water. They seldom are the cause of death, and, in the present instance, had nothing whatever to do with it. The story of the snake got into some of the papers, but was afterwards contradicted in several."

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

_Nattochiis and Calchanti_ (Vol. ix., p. 36.).--Your correspondent F.S.A. asks what "cum g^anis et nattochiis" means, in a charter of the date of Edward II. At that time _nattes_ signified reeds, and possibly _withies_: and the words quoted I believe to mean, "with all grass and reeds (or reed-beds)." He also inquires what is meant, in a deed of grant of the time of Queen Elizabeth, by a grant of "decimas calchanti," &c.? It signifies "tithes ways," &c. The original law Latin for the modern phrase "all ways," &c., was _calceata_, signifying "raised ways."

This word has (at different periods) been written, _calceata_, _calcata_, _calcea_, _calchia_, _chaucée_, and _chaussé_; all of them, however, meaning the same thing.

JOHN THRUPP.

11. York Gate.

_Marriage Ceremony in the Fourteenth Century_ (Vol. ix., p. 33.).--If R. C. will refer to Palmer's _Origines Liturgicæ_ (Rivington, 1845, vol. ii. p. 214.), he will find that the first part of the matrimonial office was "anciently termed the _espousals_, which took place some time _before_ the actual celebration of marriage." Palmer explains:

"The espousals consisted in a mutual _promise_ of marriage, which was made by the man and woman before the bishop or presbyter, and several witnesses. After which, the articles of agreement of marriage (called _tabulæ matrimoniales_), which are mentioned by Augustin, were signed by both persons. After this, _the man delivered to the woman the ring and other gifts_; an action which was termed _subarrhation_. In the latter ages the espousals have always been performed at the same time as the office of matrimony, both in the western and eastern churches; and _it has long been customary_ for the ring to be delivered to the woman _after the contract has been made_, which has always been in the actual office of matrimony."

Wheatly also speaks of the _ring_ as a "token of _spousage_." He tell us that--

"In the old manual for the use of Salisbury, before the minister proceeds to the marriage, he is directed _to {85} ask the woman's dowry_, viz. _the tokens of spousage: and by these tokens of spousage are to be understood rings, or money, or some other things to be given to the woman by the man; which said giving is called subarration_ (i. e. wedding or covenanting), _especially when it is done by the giving of a ring._"--_A Rational Illustration of the Book of Common Prayer, &c._ (Tegg, 1845), p. 408.

Perhaps the word _subarration_ may suggest to R. C. a clue, by which he can mend his extract?

J. SANSOM.

_Clarence_ (Vol. viii., p. 565.).--I made no note of it at the time, but I remember to have read, I think in some newspaper biography of William IV., that the title of Clarence belonged to the Plantagenets in right of some of their foreign alliances, and that it was derived from the town of Chiarenza, or Clarence, in the Morea. As many of the crusaders acquired titles of honour from places in the Byzantine empire, this account may be correct. Lionel Plantagenet's acquisition of the honour of _Clare_ by his marriage with Elizabeth de Burgh, may have induced his father Edward III. to revive the dormant title of _Clarence_ in his favour.

HONORÉ DE MAREVILLE.

Guernsey.

_"The spire whose silent finger," &c._ (Vo1. ix., p. 9.).--

"And O! ye swelling hills and spacious plains! Besprent from shore to shore with steeple-tow'rs, And spires _whose silent finger points to heav'n_." Wordsworth, _Excursion_, vi. 17.

Coleridge uses the same idea in his _Friend_, No. xiv. p. 223.:

"An instinctive taste teaches men to build their churches in flat countries with spire-steeples; which, as they cannot be referred to any other object, _point as with silent finger to the sky_ and stars; and sometimes, when they reflect the brazen light of a rich though rainy sunset, appear like a pyramid of flame burning heavenward."

F. R. M., M.A.

The following lines conclude a pretty little poem of Rogers's, entitled _A Wish_. They furnish at any rate a parallel passage to, if not the correct version of, the above:

"The village church, among the trees, Where first our marriage vows were given, With merry peals shall shell the breeze, And _point with taper spire to heaven_."

C. W. B.

_Henry Earl of Wotton_ (Vol. viii., pp. 173. 281. 563.).--In reply to the editors of the _Navorscher_ I have to state--

1. That neither of the Lords Stanhope mentioned died childless, the letters _s. p._ being a misprint for _v. p._ (_vitâ patris_); Henry having died during the lifetime of his father: and it was "in regard that he did not live to enjoy his father's honours" that his widow was afterwards advanced to the dignity of Countess of Chesterfield.

2. It was Charles Stanhope's nephew (of the half-blood), Charles Henry van der Kerckhove, who took the name of Wotton. The insertion of the word "thereupon" between "who" and "took," on p. 281., would have made the sentence less obscure.

3. Philip, first Earl of Chesterfield, had, besides Henry Lord Stanhope, two daughters and ten sons. These were--John, who died a student at Oxford; Ferdinando, M.P. for Tamworth, 1640, killed at Bridgeford, Notts, 1643; Philip, killed in defence of his father's house, which was a garrison for the king, 1645; Arthur, youngest son, M.P. for Nottingham in the parliament of Charles II., from whom descended the fifth earl; Charles, died _s. p._ 1645; Edward, William, Thomas, Michael, George, died young.

The earldom descended in a right line for three generations to the issue of Henry, Lord Stanhope, viz. Philip, his son, second earl; Philip, third earl, his grandson; and Philip, fourth earl, his great-grandson.

The Alexander Stanhope mentioned by the editors of the _Navorscher_ was the only son of Philip, first Earl of Chesterfield, by his second marriage. His mother was Anne, daughter of Sir John Pakington, of Westwood, co. Worcester, ancestor of the present baronet, late Secretary of State for the Colonies.

BROCTUNA.

Bury, Lancashire.