Chapter 5

"Maximilian so far forth prevailed, both with the young lady and with the principal persons about her, as the marriage was consummated by proxy, with a ceremony at that time in these parts new. For she was not only publicly contracted, but stated, as a bride, and solemnly bedded; and after she was laid, there came in Maximilian's ambassador with letters of procuration, and in the presence of sundry noble personages, men and women, put his leg, stripped naked to the knee, between the espousal sheets," &c.

TYRO.

Dublin.

_Old Fogie_ (Vol. vii., p. 354.).--MR. KEIGHTLEY supposes the term of _old fogie_, as applied to "mature old warriors," to be "of pure Irish origin," or "rather of Dublin birth." In this he is certainly mistaken, for the word _fogie_, as applied to old soldiers, is as well known, and was once as familiarly used in Scotland, as it ever was or could have been in Ireland. The race was extinct before my day, but I understand that formerly the permanent garrisons of Edinburgh, and I believe also of Stirling, Castles, consisted of veteran companies; and I remember, when I first came to Edinburgh, of people who had seen them, still talking of "the Castle fogies."

Dr. Jamieson, in his _Scottish Dictionary_, defines the word "foggie or fogie," to be first, "an invalid, or garrison soldier," secondly, "a person advanced in life" and derives it from "Su. G. _fogde_, formerly one who had the charge of a garrison."

This seems to me a more satisfactory derivation than MR. KEIGHTLEY'S, who considers it a corruption or diminutive of _old folks_.

J. L.

City Chambers, Edinburgh.

_Errata corrigenda._--Vol. ii., p. 356. col. 2., near the bottom, for Sir _William_ Jardine, read Sir _Henry_ Jardine. Sir William and Sir Henry were very different persons, though the former was probably the more generally known. Sir H. was the author of the report referred to.

Vol. vii., p. 441. col. 1. line 15, for _Lenier_ read _Ferrier_.

J. L.

City Chambers, Edinburgh.

_Anecdote of Dutens_ (Vol. vii., pp. 26. 390.).--

"Lord Lansdowne at breakfast mentioned of Dutens, who wrote _Memoires d'un Voyageur qui se repose_, and was a great antiquarian, that, on his describing once his good luck in having found (what he fancied to be) a tooth of Scipio's in Italy, some one asked him what he had done with it, upon which he answered briskly: 'What have I done with it? Le voici,' pointing to his mouth; where he had made it supplemental to a lost one of his own."--Moore's _Journal_, vol. iv. p. 271.

E. H. A.

_Gloves at Fairs_ (Vol. vii., p. 455.).--In Hone's _Every-day Book_ (vol. ii. p. 1059.) is the following paragraph:--

"EXETER LAMMAS FAIR.--The charter for this fair is perpetuated by a glove of immense size, stuffed and carried through the city on a very long pole, decorated with ribbons, flowers, &c., and attended with music, parish beadles, and the mobility. It is afterwards placed on the top of the Guildhall, and then the fair commences: on the taking down of the glove, the fair terminates.--P."

As to Crolditch, _alias_ Lammas Fair, at Exeter, see Izacke's _Remarkable Antiquities of the City of Exeter_, pp. 19, 20.

C. H. COOPER.

Cambridge.

At Macclesfield, in Cheshire, a large glove was, perhaps is, always suspended from the outside of the window of the town-hall during the holding of a fair; and as long as the glove was so suspended, every one was free from arrest within the {560} township, and, I have heard, while going and returning to and from the fair.

EDWARD HAWKINS.

At Free Mart, at Portsmouth, a glove used to be hung out of the town-hall window, and no one could be arrested during the fortnight that the fair lasted.

F. O. MARTIN.

_Arms--Battle-axe_ (Vol. vii., p. 407.).--The families which bore three Dane-axes or battle-axes in their coats armorial were very numerous in ancient times. It may chance to be of service to your Querist A.C. to be informed, that those of Devonshire which displayed these bearings were the following: Dennys, Batten, Gibbes, Ledenry, Wike, Wykes, and Urey.

J. D. S.

_Enough_ (Vol. vii., p. 455.).--In Staffordshire, and I believe in the other midland counties, this word is usually pronounced _enoo_, and written _enow_. In Richardson's _Dictionary_ it will be found "enough or enow;" and the etymology is evidently from the German _genug_, from the verb _genugen_, to suffice, to be enough, to content, to satisfy. The Anglo-Saxon is _genog_. I remember the burden of an old song which I frequently heard in my boyish days:

"I know not, I care not, I cannot tell how to woo, But I'll away to the merry green woods, And there get nuts _enow_."

This evidently shows what the pronunciation was when it was written.

J. A. H.

_Enough_ is from the same root as the German _genug_, where the first _g_ has been lost, and the latter softened and almost lost in its old English pronunciation, _enow_. The modern pronunciation is founded, as that of many other words is, upon an affected style of speech, ridiculed by Holofernes.[4] The word _bread_, for example, is almost universally called _bred_; but in Chaucer's poetry and indeed now in Yorkshire, it is pronounced bre-aed, a dissyllable.

T. J. BUCKTON.

Birmingham.

[Footnote 4: The Euphuists are probably chargeable with this corruption.]

In Vol. vii., p. 455. there is an inquiry respecting the change in the pronunciation of the word _enough_, and quotations are given from Waller, where the word is used, rhyming with _bow_ and _plough_. But though spelt _enough_, is not the word, in both places, really _enow_? and is there not, in fact, a distinction between the two words? Does not _enough_ always refer to _quantity_, and _enow_ to _number_: the former, to what may be _measured_; the latter, to that which may be _counted_? In both quotations the word _enough_ refers to _numbers_?

S. S. S.

_Feelings of Age_ (Vol. vii., p. 429.).--A.C. asks if it "is not the general feeling, that man in advancing years would not like to begin life again?" I fear not. It is a wisdom above the average of what men possess that made the good Sir Thomas Browne say:

"Though I think no man can live well once, but he that could live twice, yet for my own part I would not live over my hours past, or begin again the thread of my dayes: not upon Cicero's ground--because I have lived them well--but for fear I should live them worse. I find my growing judgment daily instruct me how to be better, but my untamed affections and confirmed vitiosity make me daily do worse. I find in my confirmed age the same sins I discovered in my youth; I committed many then, because I was a child, and, because I commit them still, I am yet an infant. Therefore I perceive a man may be twice a child before the days of dotage, and stand in need of AEson's bath before threescore."

The annotator refers to _Cic._, lib. xxiv. ep. 4.:

"Quod reliquum est, sustenta te, mea Terentia, ut potes, honestissime. Viximus: floruimus: non vitium nostrum, sed virtus nostra, nos afflixit. Peccatum est nullum, nisi quod non una animam cum ornamentis amisimus."--Edit. Orell., vol. iii. part i. p. 335.

However, it seems probable that Sir Thomas meant that this sentiment is rather to be gathered from Cicero's writings,--not enunciated in a single sentence.

H. C. K.

---- Rectory, Hereford.

_Optical Query_ (Vol. vii., p. 430.).--In reply to the optical Query by H. H., I venture to suggest that a stronger gust of wind than usual might easily occasion the illusion in question, as I myself have frequently found in looking at the fans on the tops of chimneys. Or possibly the eyes may have been confused by gazing on the revolving blades, just as the tongue is frequently influenced in its accentuation by pronouncing a word of two syllables in rapid articulations.

F. F. S.

Oxford.

_Cross and Pile_ (Vol. vii., p.487.).--Here is another explanation at least as satisfactory as some of the previous ones:

"The word _coin_ itself is money struck on the _coin_ or head of the flattened metal, by which word _coin_ or _head_ is to be understood the _obverse_, the only side which in the infancy of coining bore the stamp. Thence the Latin _cuneus_, from _cune_ or _kyn_, the head.

"This side was also called _pile_, in corruption from _poll_, a head, not only from the side itself being the _coin_ or _head_, but from its being impressed most commonly with some head in contradistinction to the reverse, which, in latter times, was oftenest a cross. Thence the vulgarism, _cross or pile, poll, head_."--Cleland's _Specimen of an Etymological Vocabulary_, p. 157.

A. HOLT WHITE.

{561}

_Capital Punishments_ (Vol. vii., pp. 52. 321.).--The authorities to which W. L. N. refers not being generally accessible, he would confer a very great obligation by giving the names and dates of execution of any of the individuals alluded to by him, who have undergone capital punishment in this country for exercising the Roman Catholic religion. Herein, it is almost needless to remark, I exclude such cases as those of Babington, Ballard, Parsons, Garnett, Campion, Oldcorne, and others, their fellows, who suffered, as every reader of history knows, for treasonable practices against the civil and christian policy and government of the realm.

COWGILL.

_Thomas Bonnell_ (Vol. vii., p. 305.).--In what year was this person, about whose published _Life_ J. S. B. inquires, Mayor of Norwich? His name, as such, does not occur in the lists of Nobbs, Blomefield, or Ewing.

COWGILL.

_Passage in the First Part of Faust_ (Vol. vii., p. 501.).--MR. W. FRASER will find good illustrations of the question he has raised in his second suggestion for the elucidation of this passage in _The Abbot_, chap. 15. _ad fin._ and _note_.

A few weeks after giving this reference, in answer to a question by EMDEE (see "N. & Q.," Vol. i., p. 262.; Vol. ii., p. 47.), I sent in English, for I am not a German scholar, as an additional reply to EMDEE, the very same passage that MR. FRASER has just forwarded, but it was not inserted, probably because its fitness as an illustration was not very evident.

My intention in sending that second reply was to show that, as in _Christabel_ and _The Abbot_, the voluntary and _sustained_ effort required to introduce the evil spirit was of a physical, so in _Faust_ it was of a mental character; and I confess that I am much pleased now to find my opinion supported by the accidental testimony of another correspondent.

It must, however, be allowed that the peculiar wording of the passage under consideration may make it difficult, if not impossible, to separate _earnest_ from the _magical_ form in which Faust's command to enter his room is given. Goethe's intention, probably, was to combine and illustrate both.

As proofs of the belief in the influence of the number _three_ in incantation, I may refer to Virg. _Ecl._ viii. 73--78.; to a passage in Apuleius, which describes the resuscitation of a corpse by Zachlas, the Egyptian sorcerer;

"Propheta, sic propitiatus, herbulam quampiam ter ob os corporis, et aliam pectori ejus imponit."--Apul. _Metamorph._, lib. ii. sect. 39. (Regent's Classics);

and to the rhyming spell that raised the White Lady of Avenel at the Corrie nan Shian. (See _The Monastery_, chaps. xi. and xvii.)

C. FORBES.

_Sir Josias Bodley_ (Vol. vii., p. 357.).--Your correspondent Y. L. will find some account of the family of Bodley in Prince's _Worthies of Devon_, edit. 1810, pp. 92-105., and in Moore's _History of Devon_, vol. ii. pp. 220-227. See also "N. & Q.," Vol. iv., pp. 59. 117. 240.

J. D. S.

_Claret_ (Vol. vii., p. 237.).--The word _claret_ is evidently derived directly from the French word _clairet_; which is used, even at the present day, as a generic name for the "_vins ordinaires_," of a light and thin quality, grown in the south of France. The name is never applied but to red wines; and it is very doubtful whether it takes its appellation from any place, being always used adjectively--"_vin clairet_," not _vin_ de _clairet_. I am perhaps not quite correct in stating, that the word is always used as an adjective; for we sometimes find _clairet_ used alone as a substantive; but I conceive that in this case the word _vin_ is to be understood, as we say "du Bordeaux," "du Champagne," meaning "du vin de Bordeaux," "du vin de Champagne." _Eau clairette_ is the name given to a sort of cherry-brandy; and lapidaries apply the name _clairette_ to a precious stone, the colour of which is not so deep as it ought to be. This latter fact may lead one to suppose that the wine derived its name from being _clearer_ and lighter in colour than the more full-bodied vines of the south. The word is constantly occurring in old drinking-songs. A song of Olivier Basselin, the minstrel of Vire, begins with these words:

"Beau nez, dont les rubis out coute mainte pipe De vin blanc et clairet."

By the way, this song is the original of one in the musical drama of _Jack Sheppard_, which many of the readers of "N. & Q." may remember, as it became rather popular at the time. It began thus:

"Jolly nose, the bright gems that illumine thy tip, Were dug from the mines of Canary."

I am not aware that the plagiarism has been noticed before.

HONORE DE MAREVILLE.

Guernsey.

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Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Now that the season is arriving for the sportsman, angler, yachtsman, and lover of nature to visit the wild and solitary beauties of _Gamle Norge_, nothing could be better timed than the pleasant gossiping _Month in Norway_, by J. G. Holloway, which forms this month's issue of Murray's _Railway Library_; or the splendidly illustrated _Norway and its Scenery_, comprising the _Journal of a Tour_ by Edward Price, Esq., and a _Road Book for Tourists, with Hints to Anglers and Sportsmen_, edited by T. Forster, Esq., which forms the new number of Bohn's _Illustrated Library_, and {562} which is embellished with a series of admirable views by Mr. Price, from plates formerly published at a very costly price, but which, in this new form, are now to be procured for a few shillings.

As the Americans have been among the most successful photographic manipulators, we have looked with considerable interest at a work devoted to the subject which has just been imported from that country, _The History and Practice of the Art of Photography, &c._, by Henry H. Snelling, _Fourth Edition_; and though we are bound to admit that it contains many hints and notes which may render it a useful addition to the library of the photographer, we still must pronounce it as a work put together in a loose, unsatisfactory manner, and as being for the most part a compilation from the best writers in the Old World.

When Dr. Pauli's _Life of Alfred_ made its appearance it received, as it deserved, our hearty commendation. We have now to welcome a translation of it, which has just been published in Bohn's _Antiquarian Library_,--_The Life of Alfred the Great, translated from the German of Dr. Pauli; to which is appended Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius, with a literal English Translation, and an Anglo-Saxon Alphabet and Glossary by_ Benjamin Thorpe; and it speaks favourably for the spread of the love of real learning, that it should answer the publisher's purpose to put forth such a valuable book in so cheap and popular a form. Mr. Thorpe's scholarship is too well known to require recognition at our hands.

BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally from Tumuli in England, by_ J. Y. Akerman. The present number contains coloured engravings of the _Umbo of Shield and Weapons found at Driffield_, and of a _Bronze Patera from a Cemetery at Wingham, Kent_.--_Gervinus' Introduction to the History of the Nineteenth Century_. Apparently a carefully executed translation of Dr. Gervinus' now celebrated brochure issued by Mr. Bohn; who has, in his _Standard Library_, given us a new edition of _De Lolme on the Constitution_, with notes by J. Macgregor, M.P.; and in his _Classical Library_ a translation by C. D. Yonge of _Diogenes Laertius' Lives and Opinions of the Ancient Philosophers_.

* * * * *

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

WALKER'S LATIN PARTICLES.

HERBERT'S CAROLINA THRENODIA. 8vo. 1702.

THEOBALD'S SHAKSPEARE RESTORED. 4to. 1726.

SCOTT, REMARKS ON THE BEST WRITINGS OF THE BEST AUTHORS (or some such title).

SERMONS BY THE REV. ROBERT WAKE, M.A. 1704, 1712, &c.

HISTORY OF ANCIENT WILTS, by SIR R. C. HOARE. The last three Parts.

REV. A. DYCE'S EDITION OF DR. RICHARD BENTLEY'S WORKS. Vol. III. Published by Francis Macpherson, Middle Row, Holborn. 1836.

DISSERTATION ON ISAIAH XVIII., IN A LETTER TO EDWARD KING, ESQ., by SAMUEL LORD BISHOP OF ROCHESTER (HORSLEY). The Quarto Edition, printed for Robson. 1779.

BEN JONSON'S WORKS. 9 Vols. 8vo. Vols. II., III., IV. Bds.

SIR WALTER SCOTT'S NOVELS. 41 Vols. 8vo. The last nine Vols. Boards.

* * * _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send their names._

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Notices to Correspondents.

_We are compelled to postpone until next week many interesting articles which are in type, and many Replies to Correspondents._

MR. RILEY'S _Reply to the_ REV. MR. GRAVES' _notice of_ Hoveden _did not reach us in time for insertion this week._

I. A. N. (93rd Highlanders.) _Several correspondents, as well as yourself, complain of the difficulty of obtaining amber varnish. There are several Eastern gums which much resemble amber, as also a substance known as "Highgate resin." Genuine amber, when rubbed together, emits a very fragrant odour similar to a fresh lemon, and does not abrade the surface. The fictitious amber, on the contrary, breaks or becomes rough, and has a resinous turpentine-like smell. Genuine amber is to be obtained generally of the tobacconists, who have often broken mouth-pieces by them: old necklaces, now out of use, are sold at a very moderate price by the jewellers. The amber of commerce, used in varnish-making, contains so much impurity that the waste of chloroform renders it very undesirable to use. The amber should be pounded in a mortar, and, to an ounce by_ measure _of chloroform, add a drachm and a half of amber (only about one-fourth of it will be dissolved), and this requires two days' maceration. It should be filtered through fine blotting-paper. Being so very fluid, it runs most freely over the collodion, and, when well prepared and applied, renders the surface so hard, and so much like the glass, that it is difficult to know on which side of the glass the positive really is. The varnish is to be obtained properly made at from_ 2s. _to_ 2s. 6d. _per ounce; and although this appears dear, it is not so in use, so very small a portion being requisite to effectually cover a picture; and the effects exceed every other application with which we are acquainted,--to say nothing of its_ instantaneously _becoming hard, in itself a most desirable requisite._

---- (Islington). _Your note has been mislaid, but in all probability the spots in your collodion would be removed by dipping into the bottle a small piece of iodide of potassium. Collodion made exactly as described by_ DR. DIAMOND _in_ "N. & Q.," _entirely answers our expectations, and we prefer it, for our own use, to any we have ever been able to procure._

J. M. S. (Manchester) _shall receive a private communication upon his Photographic troubles. We must, however, refer him to our advertising columns for pure chemicals. Ether ought not to exceed_ 5s. 6d. _the pint of twenty ounces._

_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vi., _price Three Guineas, may now be had; for which early application is desirable._

"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday._

* * * * *

This day is published,

PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS of the Catalogue of Manuscripts in Gonville and Caius College Library. Selected by the REV. J. J. SMITH. Being Facsimiles of Illumination, Text, and Autograph, done in Lithograph, 4to. size, with Letter-press Description in 8vo., as Companion to the published Catalogue, price 1l. 4s.

A few copies may be had of which the colouring of the Plates is more highly finished. Price 1l. 10s.

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Address to T. B. S., care of MR. BELL, Publisher, 186, Fleet Street. {563}

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