Notes And Queries Number 184 May 7 1853 A Medium Of Inter Commu

Chapter 1

Chapter 115,279 wordsPublic domain

" . . . . . like silly beggars, Who sitting in the stocks, refuge their shame, That many have [sat] and others must sit there."

And even from a much later writer, Bolingbroke:

"This dedication may serve for almost any book that has, is, or shall be published."

Where we must supply _been_ after _has_. But in the passage I attempted, and I think successfully, to set right, admitting that custom would allow of the ellipsis of the participle _been_, after the auxiliary _have_, to what can "am, have, and will be" possibly refer?

" . . . . . I do professe That for your highness' good, I euer labour'd More then mine owne, that am, haue, and will be."

What? Add _true_ at the end of the line, and it mars the verse, but make the probable correction of _true_ for _haue_, and you get excellent sense without any ellipsis. I am as averse to interpolation or alteration of the text, when sense can by any rational supposition be made of it, as my opponent, or any true lover of the poet and the integrity of his language, can possibly be; but I see nothing rational in refusing to correct an almost self-evident misprint, which would redeem a fine passage that otherwise must always remain a stumbling-block to the most intelligent reader. We have all I trust but one object, _i. e._ to free the text of our great poet from obvious errors occasioned by extremely incorrect printing in the folios, and at the same time to strictly watch over all attempts at its corruption by unnecessary meddling. This, and not the displaying of our own ingenuity in conjectures, ought to be our almost sacred duty; at least, I feel conscious that it is mine.

S. W. SINGER.

"That one may smile, and smile, and be a villain." _Hamlet_.

The notable quotation of this line by the Earl of Derby, in the Lords, on Monday evening, April 25, has once more reminded me of my unanswered Query respecting it, Vol. vi., p. 270.

On the 26th February (Vol. vii., p. 217.) MR. COLLIER was good enough to say, that his only {450} reason for not answering it was, that he had not then within his reach the copy of "N. & Q." wherein it had been proposed; politely adding, that if I would reprint the Query, he would at once answer it.

Supposing, however, that MR. COLLIER'S absence from his library would be only temporary, I deemed it less troublesome to the Editor of "N. & Q." to wait until MR. COLLIER could refer to the Query, as already printed.

Two months have since elapsed, and I now no longer hesitate to ask the Editor for an opportunity of again referring to it, trusting that a sufficient excuse will be found in the importance of the subject, as affecting the fundamental sense of a passage in Shakspeare.

A. E. B.

Leeds.

_Mr. J. Payne Collier's "Notes and Emendations."_--There can be no doubt that many of these emendations are rational and judicious; but I cannot help thinking, _on the whole_, that MR. COLLIER has rather overrated their value, and placed too implicit faith in the infallibility of his unknown guide. At all events, there is not a shadow of authority given for any one of the corrections, and we have therefore a full right to try them, as the lawyers would say, "upon the merits;" or, in other words, to treat them as mere speculative alterations, and to adopt or reject them, as may appear advisable in each particular case. It is difficult to conjecture what can have been the position in life, or the occupation of this mysterious annotator. That his pursuits were not purely literary, I think is plain: first, from the very circumstance of his not authenticating any of his notes, which a literary inquirer would certainly have done; and, secondly, from the very minute attention which is paid to the _business_ of the scene and the movements of the actors. These considerations, coupled with the fact of his frequently striking out whole passages of the text (which a literary enthusiast would _not_ have done), would at first lead us to suppose that the writer was a theatrical manager, and that the alterations were made to suit either the fancies, or perhaps the peculiar qualifications of certain performers. But in this case one can hardly suppose that the remarks would have extended to more than a certain number of plays, which were most frequently acted. Thus much, however, appears certain, that the commentaries are rather those of an _habitual play-goer_, than of a studious critic; and it will be easy to show that a great portion of the new readings he proposes are really changes _for the worse_, while a still larger number are at least unnecessary! I shall content myself with only a few instances, on this occasion, as I am unwilling to encroach too far on your space; but I can easily multiply them, if I am encouraged to renew the subject.

In the first place, I differ from MR. COLLIER entirely as to the famous passage from _Henry VIII._, p. 324., which he brings so prominently forward as to give it special notice in his Introduction. To me, I confess, the phrase--

"To steal from spiritual _labour_ a brief span,"

appears quite tame and poor in comparison with

"To steal from spiritual _leisure_ a brief span,"

and, moreover, destroys all the poetry of the thought. Nor can I see the slightest difficulty in the _sense_ of the original passage. The king means to say that Wolsey cannot steal from the _little leisure_ afforded him by his spiritual labours "a brief span, to keep his earthly audit:" and surely this is much more poetical than the substituted passage.

In p. 323., from the same play, we have--

"to the sharp'st _kind_ of justice,"

transformed to "sharp'st _knife_ of justice:" but I cannot assent to this change. The obvious meaning of the poet is, that the contempt of the world, "_shutting all doors_" against the accused, is a sharper _kind_ of justice than any which the law could inflict: but, to be given up to "the sharp'st _knife_ of justice" could only mean, being consigned to the public executioner,--which was just what Katherine was deprecating.

In p. 325. the lines relating to Wolsey's foundations at Ipswich and Oxford are printed thus in the folio--

"one of which fell with him, Unwilling to outlive the good that did it:"

that is, unwilling to outlive the virtues which prompted it,--a passage teeming with poetical feeling: but the commentator has ruthlessly altered it to--

"Unwilling to outlive the _good man_ did it;"

which, I submit, not only destroys all the poetry, but is decidedly _not English!_

The next passage I would notice is from _Much Ado about Nothing_, p. 76. How, I would ask, can the phrase--

"And sorrow wag,"

be a misprint for "call sorrow joy?" No compositor, or scribe either, could possibly be misled by any sound from the "reader" into such a mistake as that! The words "and sorrow wag," I admit, are not sense; but the substitution of "call sorrow joy" strikes me as bald and common-place in the extreme, and there is no pretence for its having any authority. If, then, we are to have a mere fanciful emendation, why not "bid sorrow wag?" This would be doing far less violence to the printed text, for it would only require the alteration of two letters in the word "and;" while it would preserve the Shakspearian character of the passage. "Wag" is a favourite expression in {451} the comedies of the Bard, and occurs repeatedly in his works. The passage would then run thus--

"If such a one will smile and stroke his beard, _Bid sorrow wag_--cry hem! when he should groan."

In p. 73. we find--

"Soul-tainted flesh," &c.

substituted for "_foul_ tainted flesh;" and we are told that the critics have been all wrong, who supposed that Shakspeare intended any "metaphor from the kitchen!" If so, what meaning can be attached to the line--

"And salt too little which may season give?"

If that is not a metaphor from the kitchen, I know not what could be? I still believe that "foul tainted flesh" is the correct reading. The expression "_soul_-tainted flesh" is not intelligible. It should rather be "_soul-tainting_ flesh." The _soul_ may be tainted by the _flesh_: but how the _flesh_ can be _soul-tainted_, I cannot understand.

Turning further back, to p. 69., we find it asserted, quite dogmatically, that the word "truths" of the folios ought to be "proofs;" but no reason whatever is offered for the change. I cannot help thinking that "seeming _truths_" is much the most poetical expression, while in "seeming _proofs_" there is something like redundancy,--to say nothing of the phrase being infinitely more common-place!

In the play of the _Tempest_, p. 4., the beautiful passage--

"he being thus _lorded_ Not only with what my revenue yielded," &c.,

is degraded into "he being thus _loaded_," &c. Can there be a moment's doubt that "lorded" was the word used by Shakspeare? It is completely in his style, which was on all occasions to coin verbs out of substantives, if he could. "He being thus _lorded_," i. e. _ennobled_ "with what my revenue yielded," is surely a far superior expression to "being thus _loaded_,"--as if the poet were speaking of a costermonger's donkey!

Again, in p. 10.:

"Wherefore _this_ ghastly looking?"

or, this ghastly appearance? Who will venture to say, that the substitution of "_thus ghastly_ looking" is not decidedly a change for the worse?

In the Merchant of Venice, p. 118.:

"and leave itself _unfurnished_,"

is altered to "leave itself _unfinished_!" I confess I cannot see the slightest warrant for this change. The words--

"having made one, Methinks IT should have power to steal _both his_,"

distinctly show that the author was alluding to the _eye_ only, and not to the _portrait_ and how could the eye (already _made_) describe itself as _unfinished_? Surely the sense is _unfurnished_, that is, _unfurnished_ with its companion, or probably with the other accessories required to complete the portrait.

P. 119. has the line--

"And swearing 'til my very _roof_ was dry,"

transmogrified into--

"And swearing 'til my very _tongue_ was dry."

Now, why "this lame and impotent conclusion?" What can be a more common expression than the "roof of the mouth?" and it is just the part which is most affected by a sensation of dryness and pricking, after any excitement in speaking, whereas the _tongue_ is not the member that suffers!

In _As You Like It_, p. 127., in the line--

"Mistress dispatch you with your _safest haste_,"

the last two words are made "fastest haste," which, to say the least, are tautology, and are like talking, of the "highest height", or the the "deepest depth!" Surely, the original form of words, "Dispatch you with your _safest haste_;" that is, with as much haste as is consistent with your personal safety--is much more dignified and polished address from the duke to a _lady_, and at the same time more poetical!

In p. 129.,

"The constant _service_ of the antique world,"

is converted into

"The constant _favour_ of the antique world:"

in which line I cannot discover any sense. If I might hazard a guess, I should suggest that the error is in the _second_ word, "service," and that it ought to be "servants:"

"When _servants_ sweat for duty, not for meed."

In the _Taming of the Shrew_, p. 143., the substitution of "_Warwickshire_ ale" for "sheer ale" strikes me as very far-fetched, and wholly unnecessary. There is no defect of sense in the term "_sheer_ ale." Sly means to say, he was "fourteen pence on the score for ale alone:" just as one speaks of "sheer nonsense," _i. e._ nothing but nonsense, "sheer buffoonery," "sheer malice," &c. Why should Sly talk of being in debt for _Warwickshire_ ale at Wincot? If he kind been drinking ale from Staffordshire, or Derbyshire, or Kent, he might possibly have named the county it came from; but to talk of _Warwickshire_ ale within a few miles of Stratford-on-Avon seems absurd. It is as if a man came from Barclay and Perkins's, and talked of having been drinking "_London_ porter."

In p. 144., I submit, with great deference, that turning "Aristotle's checks" into "Aristotle's ethics" is the very reverse of an improvement. What can be more intelligible than the line--

"And so devote to Aristotle's _checks_;"

that is, to the checks which Aristotle's rules impose upon profligacy? The idea is more poetical, {452} and the line runs more smoothly; while the altered line is prosaic in comparison, and the metre is not correct.

My dwindling space warns me that I must very soon pause; but these examples can be extended _ad infinitum_, should another opportunity be afforded me.

The instances of alterations simply _unnecessary_ are too numerous to be recorded here. I have already a list of forty odd, selected from only eight plays.

CECIL HARBOTTLE.

* * * * *

Minor Notes.

_Local Rhymes, Norfolk._--

"Halvergate hares, Reedham rats, Southwood swine, and Cantley cats; Acle asses, Moulton mules, Beighton bears, and Freethorpe fools."

Z. E. R.

"_Hobson's Choice._"--I, the other day, in a paper of 1737, came upon the inclosed, if of interest sufficient for insertion in "N. & Q.:"

"Upon the mention of Mr. Freeman being appointed one of the four horse carriers to the university of Cambridge, we had the following paragraph:--'This was the office that _old Hobson_ enjoyed, in which he acquired so large a fortune as enabled him to leave the town that ever-memorable legacy the conduit, that stands on the Market Hill, with an estate to keep it perpetually in repair. The same person gave rise to the well-known adage, 'Hobson's choice--this or none;' founded upon his management in business. He used to keep, it seems, hackney horses, that he let out to young gentlemen of the university, with whose characters being well acquainted, he suited his beast to its rider, who upon a dislike was sure to receive that answer from him, 'This or none.'"

J. W. G. G.

_Khond Fable._--The following is a free version of a fable current among the Khonds of Oriosa, of whom a very interesting account is given by Captain Macpherson in the _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_ for 1852:

"A mosquito was seated on the horn of a bull, and fearing that his weight might be oppressive to the quadruped, he politely accosted him, begging that, if he felt any inconvenience, he would mention it, and professing himself ready, in that case, to remove to some other position. The bull replied, 'O mosquito, so far are you from oppressing me with your weight, that I was not even aware of your existence.'"

The moral of this is common enough, but is the fable found elsewhere in a similar _form_?

J. C. R.

_Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, Bart._--As those who have read the deeply interesting memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton are aware, he was placed at a school in Donnybrook in the year 1802, and shortly after "entered" the University of Dublin. His success in that seat of learning, where able competitors were many in number, was brilliant; for "on the 14th of April in the same year [1807], he received his thirteenth premium, and also the highest honour of the university,--the gold medal. With these distinctions, and the four silver medals from the Historical Society, he prepared to return to England." In fact, so high did his character stand, that a proposal was made to him by the electors (which, however, he deemed it prudent to decline) to come forward as a candidate for the representation of the university in the imperial parliament, and good grounds were given him to expect a triumphant return.

Now, this man was doubtless an honour to the "silent(?) sister" in Ireland; and, as an Irishman, I feel some little degree of pride in our having educated him so well for his subsequent career. With surprise, then, do I find, on referring to the _Dublin University Calendar_ for the present year, the name of a "Mr. _John Powell_ Buxton" in the list of gold medallists. The editor appears to be sadly ignorant of the proper person, and cannot lay the blunder at the printer's door, having very unaccountably repeated it from year to year. I have taken the trouble of examining many volumes of the _Calendar_.

ABHBA

_Anagrams._--I beg to forward the following:

"Antonius B. Magliabechius"

(He was the librarian at Florence, about the end of the sixteenth century). This name makes--

"Is unus Bibliotheca magna."

In the poems of some Jesuit father (Bacchusius, I think) the following rather offensive one is mentioned, on the celebrated father Costerus:

"Petrus Costerus Jesuita!"

_i. e._

"Vere tu es asinus: ita!"

PHILOBIBLION.

* * * * *

Queries.

SEAL OF WILLIAM D'ALBINI.

A few years since there was published a _History of the Parish of Attleburgh, in Norfolk_, by the then rector, Dr. Barrett. It is a very handsome volume in quarto, and reflects great credit upon the learning and taste of the reverend editor.

What I wish more particularly to allude to is an engraving of the seal of William de Albini, who was called "William with the Strong Hand;" of whom Dugdale records, that having distinguished himself at a tournament appointed by a queen of France, then a widow, she became so enamoured of him that she offered him marriage. But he, having plighted his troth to Adeliza, widow to {453} King Henry I. of England, refused her. In revenge for this refusal, the queen of France inveigled him into a den in the garden, where was a fierce lion. Being in this danger, he rolled his mantle about his arm, and putting his hand into the mouth of the beast, pulled out his tongue by the root; followed the queen to her palace, and gave it to one of her maids to present to her. Returning to England with the fame of this glorious exploit, he was forthwith advanced to the earldom of Arundel, and for his arms the lion given him.

Amongst the many illustrations in Dr. Barrett's book is the seal of this William de Albini, representing a knight on horseback, in the usual style of such knightly seals; but in front of the knight is a young lion, and under the feet of the horse some sort of animal of the lizard kind.

In elucidation of this seal, there is a long and elaborate note, with remarks by Mr. Hawkins of the British Museum, with a view of showing that the device on this seal alludes to the story of his combat with the lion.

The attempt to establish this point appears to me amusing; for there seems nothing on the face of the seal different from the usual seals of royal and knightly rank in ancient times.

It strikes me, that the true interpretation of this device, and the introduction of the lion and the lizard-like animal under the horse's feet, may be found in the 13th verse of Psalm xci.:

"Thou shalt go upon the lion and adder: the young lion and the dragon shalt thou tread under thy feet."

I should like to learn from some of your correspondents, whether this Psalm, or this portion of it, was used in the solemnities attendant on the installation of a knight, which would tend much to confirm my conjecture.

SENEX.

* * * * *

FORMS OF JUDICIAL OATH.

The forms of an oath are different among different denominations of Christians. The Roman Catholics of the Continent swear by raising the hand; the Scotch Presbyterians follow the same practice. The Protestants of the Church of England are sworn on the Gospels; so also are the Irish Roman Catholics. The Quakers reject every form of oath, and confine themselves to a simple affirmation. Upon these points I beg leave to submit the following Queries.

1. What form of judicial oath was first sanctioned by the professors of Christianity as a body? It is stated in Haydn's _Dictionary of Dates_, that "oaths were taken on the Gospels so early as A.D. 528." How were they taken before then?

2. Did the practice of swearing on the Gospels prevail in England before the Reformation? If not, at what period was it introduced?

3. When was that form of oath first adopted by the Irish; and was its adoption a voluntary proceeding on their part, or enforced by legislative enactment?

4. Was the practice of raising the hand in use in Scotland before the Reformation?

5. At what period was the latter form adopted by the Continental Christians, in lieu of the more solemn oath on the Gospels?

6. Are there now, or have there been at any former period, any forms of judicial oath in use among Christians, other than the forms above mentioned?

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

* * * * *

Minor Queries.

_Passage in Boerhaave._--Will any of our readers kindly oblige me by the _exact word_ of a passage in Boerhaave, of which I cite the following from memory?--

"The only malady inherent in the human frame, is the decay of old age."

A FOREIGN SURGEON.

7. Charlotte Street, Bedford Square.

_Story of Ezzelin._--Where is the story to be found from which Fuseli derived the subject for his remarkable picture of Ezzelin (Braccioferro) musing over the body of Meduna? It was engraved by J. R. Smith, and published by Jas. Birchel, 473. Strand, May, 1781. What has become of the original picture?

J. SANSOM.

_The Duke._--Can any of your readers tell me whether Sir Arthur Wellesley's speech in the House of Commons upon Mr. Paull's charge against his brother, was the first he made in Parliament?

ROBERT J. ALLEN.

Oxford.

_General Sir Dennis Pack._--This gallant officer, who, in command of the light division of the Duke's army, distinguished himself in nearly every battle of the Peninsula, and finally at Waterloo, was descended from a younger son of Simon, son of Sir Christopher Pack, Alderman and Lord Mayor of London. The family was originally from Leicestershire. Sir Christopher, having advanced money for the reduction of the Irish rebels of 1641, received a grant of land in the county of Westmeath; and his younger son, Simon, settled in Ireland about that period. From this Simon descended Thomas Pack, Esq., of Ballinakill in the Queen's County, grandfather of Sir Dennis Pack.

As I have in the press a _History of the Cathedral of St. Canice_, Kilkenny, which latter contains a monument and a fine bust of Sir Dennis Pack by Chantrey, and of which his father the Rev. Thomas {454} Pack, D.D., was dean, any information which will enable me to complete the pedigree between Simon Pack and the above-named Thomas will be thankfully received.

JAMES GRAVES.

Kilkenny.

_Haveringemere._--Gervase of Tilbury, in the 4th book of his _Otia Imperialia_, sect. 88., mentions a certain pond or mere lying near the confines of Wales, and named Haveringemere, of which the peculiarity is, that if a person passing over it in a boat utters, in a loud voice, certain opprobrious words, a commotion arises in the waters and sinks the boat. The words, as printed in the edition of Leibnitz (Leibnitii _Scriptores Brunsvicenses_, tom. i. p. 990.), are "_Prout haveringemere_ aut _allethophe cunthefere_;" which he explains to mean, "_Phrut_ tibi, mare, et omnibus qui te transfretant." He adds with great simplicity: "Et satis mirandum, quod aquæ hujus modi concipiunt indignationes." It is plain that we ought to read, "Phrut Haveringemere, and alle thai that on thee fere" (_i. e._ ferry). _Phrut_ or _prut_ is a word of contempt, of which Mr. Halliwell gives an instance, _s. v._ Prut, from an Harleian MS.: "And seyth _prut_ for thy cursing prest." Is anything known of this mere at the present day, and is there any remnant of this old superstition? Gervase wrote his book anno 1211.

C. W. G.

_Old Pictures of the Spanish Armada._--At Beddington Hall, famous for its fine banqueting-hall, in which Queen Elizabeth feasted, I have heard that there used to be one or more pictures of the Spanish Armada, presented by Elizabeth herself to the family resident there. Can any reader of "N. & Q." inform me whether these pictures (if more than one) are still in existence: if so, where they are, and whether they are to be seen? A large gilt lock, also presented by Queen Elizabeth, still remains on one of the doors of the said banqueting-hall.

J. S. A.

Old Broad Street.

_Bell Inscription._--The following inscription occurs on two bells formerly belonging to St. Sepulchre's Church, Cambridge. I should be glad of an explanation:

"[DE] + [PVRI] SANTI EDMONDVS STEFANVS TOMMI ME FECIT [WL] 1576."

C. W. G.

_Loselerius Villerius, &c._--I wish to know who was Loselerius Villerius, who edited an edition of the Greek Testament, with the Vulgate and Beza's Latin version (I think) in parallel columns. This edition seems to have been successful, as I have a copy of the third edition. The title-page of my copy is missing, but the dedication to Henry Earl of Huntingdon is dated "London, vi cal. Nov. 1573." Any information about Loselerius would be acceptable. I should also be glad to know whether the edition is considered at all valuable.

Whilst upon this subject, let me ask whether there is any list of editions of the Bible that can be looked upon as in any way complete? I have had occasion to refer to the Duke of Sussex's catalogue, but have there been unable to find all that I required. There is, for instance, in a friend's possession, a Bible which his family traditions maintain to be of great rarity. I find it catalogued nowhere, and should be glad to know if it is really so great a curiosity. It is a fine folio, profusely illustrated. I subjoin a copy of the title-page:

"The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments, &c., with most profitable Annotations on all the hard Places, and other Things of great Importance; which Notes have never before been set forth with this new Translation, but are now placed in due order, with great Care and Industry. A Amsterdam, printed for Stephen Swart, at the Crowned Bible, on the West Side of the Exchange. 1679."

S. A. S.

Bridgewater.

_The Vinegar Plant._--Is it indigenous or imported? Some botanists and _savans_ who have examined the subject take the former view. I should be inclined to take the latter, for the following among other reasons:--First, because it is known that many specimens of it _have been so introduced_ from various quarters. Secondly, because in all the attempts to produce it that I have heard of, including some experiments made by myself, in no instance has a specimen been procured by means of any of the moulds that are of spontaneous growth in this country, which has entirely resembled the vinegar plant, or which has been so efficient in the production of vinegar. Thirdly, because in tropical and warm climates abnormal variations of vegetable productions are much more likely to originate, and to become naturalised, than in this country. If imported, perhaps some of your correspondents could say where it was originally brought from.

FRITZ.

_Westminster Parishes._--What are the names of the respective parishes in the city of Westminster in 1630; how far back do their records extend; and what charge would be made for a search in them? I wish to trace a family whose ancestor was born in that city, but in what parish I am ignorant. Were any churches in _Westminster_, as distinguished from _London_, destroyed in the Great Fire?

Y. S. M

Dublin.

_Harley Family._--Can any reader of your invaluable miscellany give an account of Thomas Harley, citizen of London, who died in the year 1670, ætat. fifty-six? The Thomas Harley referred to possessed good estate in the county of Leicester, {455} particularly at Osgathorpe, Walton-on-Wolds, Snibston, and Heather. He founded a hospital at Osgathorpe, and endowed the same at 60l. for the maintenance and support of six clergymen's widows. Moreover he also erected a free-school, which he endowed with 60l. a year. He married Mary, widow of William Kemp, citizen of London. His daughter, and sole heiress, married into the family of Bainbrigge of Lockington Hall, county of Leicester; which alliance carried with it the estate of Thomas Harley into that family.

The arms of Thomas Harley are: Crest, a lion's head rampant; shield, Or, bend cotized sable.

Is the foregoing family a branch of that of Herefordshire, now ennobled; or does it come down from one of the name anterior to the time when such earldom was made patent, viz. from Sir Richard Harley, 28 Edward I.: whose armorial bearings, according to one annalist, is mentioned as _Or, bend cotized sable_?

Brian de Harley, son of Sir Robert Harley, in the reign of Henry IV., changed his crest; which was a buck's head proper, to a lion rampant, gules, issuing out of a tower, triple towered proper.

ALDRORANDUS.

Leicester.

_Lord Cliff._--In 1645, James Howell published his _Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ_; amongst the letters was one on Wines, addressed to the Right Hon. Lord Cliff. Who was he? The letter is dated Oct. 7, 1634.

Y. S. M

Dublin.

_Enough._--Was this word always pronounced as at present, _enuf_? I am inclined to think not; for Waller, in his poem "On a War with Spain," rhymes it with _bough_:

"Let the brave generals divide that bough, Our great Protector hath such wreaths _enough_."

And again, in his "Answer to Sir John Suckling's Verses," he couples it with _plough_, in those anti-Malthusian lines:

"The world is of a large extent we see, And must be peopled: children there must be!-- So must bread too; but since there are _enough_ Born to that drudgery, what need we plough?"

When did the change of pronunciation take place? Perhaps some reader of "N. & Q." can also give the etymology of the word.

ROBERT WRIGHT.

_Archbishop Magee._--In a committee of the House of Lords, 1825, Lord Holland asked Archbishop Magee: "Does your grace really think that there is any person capable of holding such a monstrous opinion, as that the Roman Catholic religion is idolatrous?" The Archbishop calmly fixed his eyes on Lord Holland's countenance, and replied "My Lord, _some have sworn to it_."--I only quote so much of the anecdote (which your readers will find in Archbishop Magee's _Works_, vol. i. p. 67., 1842) as my purpose requires.

As reported in _The Times_, on April 18, 1853, Lord Lansdown, speaking of an old committee in the House of Lords, said:

"During those two days, a right reverend prelate was examined; and he was required to state upon oath whether the Creed of St. Athanasius was necessary to salvation. The reply was, 'He would not say whether it was that, but a great many persons had sworn that it was.'"

Some correspondent may be able to state whether these two extracts pertain or not to one and the same occurrence, and which is the true version.

INDAGATOR.

_Carpets at Rome._--In a cutting from a newspaper or periodical, apparently of the year 1790, narrating an accident that happened to Lady Augusta Clavering, daughter of the Duke of Argyle (whilst staying at Rome) by her muslin dress catching fire, it is said:

"Fortunately, the gentlemen did not lose their presence of mind; and there happening to be a carpet in the room, _a thing very uncommon in that that country_, they covered her with it," &c.

Can any of your readers oblige me by informing me whether it is a fact, that the luxury of a carpet was _very uncommon_ at Rome at the period referred to; and when carpets were first introduced at Rome?

L. A. M.

Great Yarmouth.

_Nursery Rhymes._--Can you or any of your correspondents tell me where I shall find an account of the origin of our common nursery rhymes? Is there not reason to believe that many of them are of great antiquity?

Oxford.

_Gloves at Fairs._--I think that I have read that at some large fair it was customary to hang out on the town-hall a large gilt glove, as a token of freedom from arrest for debt during the period that the fair lasted. Can any of your correspondents inform me if such was the case, and where? In Halliwell's _Dictionary_, "hoisting the glove" is said to be practised at Lammas Fair, in Devonshire: but why? In the east of England certain village fairs are called _Gants_,--Mattishall Gant, &c. Forby derives this from A.-S. _gan_, to go; but may it not have some reference to the French _gants_, gloves?

E. G. R.

_Mr. Caryl or Caryll._--Every one knows that the _Rape of the Lock_ was written at the request of _Mr. Caryl_, stated by Pope to have been private secretary to James II.'s queen before the {456} Revolution. It also appears in the Prolegomena to the _Life of James_, that two royal warrants issued at St. Germains by the abdicated monarch and his son the Pretender in 1701 and 1707, are counter-signed _Caryll_ as Secretary of State. Is there any doubt that this is the same person; and if not, is there any account of when and on what terms he returned to England? where he must have been again domiciled in 1711, and some years after, during which period he corresponded with Pope. His family was settled near East Grinstead, in Sussex.

_Early Reaping-machines._--Have the former Numbers of "N. & Q." contained an account of the invention of a reaping-machine in the last century, similar in design and construction to the one lately invented in America? A friend of mine has in his possession a work, entitled _The Complete Farmer, or a General Dictionary of Husbandry_; containing the various methods of improving the land, &c., together with great variety of new discoveries and improvements, the 4th edition, by a society of gentlemen. There is no date on the title-page; but from internal evidence, I am led to think that the work was not published before 1780. If it be thought desirable, I shall be happy to send an extract from the work, giving an account of the machine, or, if drawings be admitted into the pages of "N. & Q.," the work might be sent to the Editor.

H. D. W.

* * * * *

Minor Queries with Answers.

"_Diary of a Self-Observer._"--

"Augustine's _Confessions_ may be in some degree compared with the _Private Diary of a Self-Observer_ (_Geheimes Tagebuch von einem Beobachter seiner selbst_) which has in our own days been read with so great eagerness and sympathy. Not as if the celebrated author of the latter work did not in many ways deserve a preference above the African bishop," &c.--Schröckh's _Kirchengeschichte_, xv. 376.: Leipzig, 1790.

What is the book here meant, and by whom was it written?

J. C. R.

[This _Diary_ is by the celebrated John Caspar Lavater, author of _Essays on Physiognomy_. In 1769 he commenced it under the title of _Secret Journal of a Self-Observer_. In the following year it fell into the hands of a stranger, and from him it was transmitted to Zollikofer, with such alterations, however, as to conceal the real author. Zollikofer, thinking that it contained much useful matter, had it printed; and among others, sent a copy of it to his friend Lavater, who was beyond measure astonished at the sight. However, as it was now before the world in a somewhat disfigured state, Lavater edited it with the necessary alterations, and with an additional volume: Leipsic, 1771 and 1773. In 1795, the German original was translated into English by the Rev. Peter Will, of the Reformed German Chapel in the Savoy, in two vols. 8vo. Prefixed to the second volume is a letter from Lavater to the editor, with the editor's reply. See Chalmers's _Biographical Dictionary, s. v._, and Heisch's _Memoirs of John Caspar Lavater_, pp. 58-60.]

_Jockey._--Mr. Borrow, in his Introduction to _The Gypsies of Spain_, says:

"The English gypsies are constant attendants at the race-course. What jockey is not? Perhaps jockeyism originated with them, and even racing, at least in England. Jockeyism properly implies _the management of a whip_; and the word _jockey_ is neither more nor less than the term, slightly modified, by which they designate the formidable whip which they usually carry, at present in general use amongst horse-traffickers under the title of jockey-whips."

Can any of your correspondents give the derivation of _jockey_?

Q. Q.

[Most etymologists derive it from _Jackey_, a diminutive of the Scotch term _Jock_, or _Jack_, John: primarily, a boy that rides horses.]

_Boyle Lectures._--In that valuable and well-executed work, now publishing by Darling of Great Queen Street, called the _Cyclopædia Bibliographica_, a list of the preachers of the Boyle Lecture is given. The list is very nearly complete, the preachers during the following years only being marked "Unknown:"--1729, 1733-5, 1746, 1753-5, 1764-5. With these few omissions, the names of preachers from 1692 to 1807 are given without exception. Will some of your correspondents kindly supply the hiatus above referred to? Possibly the lectures for those years were not printed, as was the case very frequently (see columns 405. 406. _Cyc. Bibl._)--so there may be some slight difficulty in identifying the preachers.

W. SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A.

[The same omissions occur in the _Oxford Catalogue_, 1837, so that it is a probable conjecture they were never printed.]

* * * * *

Replies.

THE DISCOVERY AND RECOVERY OF MSS.

(Vol. iii., pp. 161. 261. 340.; Vol. iv., p. 282.; Vol. vii., p. 354.)

I am glad to see that a subject to which I have at various times attempted to turn public attention, has at least been responded to by one voice. When the "N. & Q." was first established, I felt that there was now at least one place where it was possible to print historical documents of various kinds, and no one can deny that at various times very interesting and important papers have been made publicly available, which might otherwise have escaped notice. I may instance a very interesting account of the inquest on Chatterton, which I have myself, in a sketch of that ill-fated {457} youth's fate, been the first to make use of for biographical purposes.

It is still my conviction that at some time or other an association for such purposes will be formed, and I must attain earnestly entreat those persons whose position would command assistance, and whose learning and opportunities would aid the cause I am advocating, to give some sign of their favourable intention toward such a scheme. I must once more place this very important matter before the eyes of the public; I trust that my appeal may not be in vain.

See how in other cases, when something offers itself promising amusement and instruction, societies can be formed and spring into life and activity at once. For instance, I might adduce the beautiful and useful processes of photography; within the short space of a few months the art has been brought to a high decree of excellence: a Photographical Institute is, I believe, now in active working, there is a photographical journal, besides the continued and unwearying co-operation of "N. & Q." itself. Why may not historical documents have something of the same sort? For a slight sum (but a few shillings a year), if the reading public were willing, such a society might be founded, and many invaluable documents of every description placed where they would be available for the historian, for the archæologist, for the editor, and for the general inquirer.

Let me hope that something may be proposed; I have myself hunted through dusty MS. folios, quartos, duodecimos innumerable, and my investigations have not been wholly useless.

If there be any who look with a favourable eye upon these hints, I shall be glad to hear from them.

KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE.

68. Mortimer Street.

* * * * *

"THE WHIPPIAD."

(Vol. vii., pp. 393. 417.)

Perhaps a few lines from a fellow-collegian of Reginald Heber, during his last years of residence at Brazenoze College, may throw light on this discussion.

My contemporary MS. copy of _The Whippiad_ contains Heber's _own notes_, additional ones by myself, explanatory of places and persons mentioned, autographs of the latter, and Blackwood's printed copy (the subject of inquiry), No. 333., July, 1843.

The _notes_ subjoined to Blackwood's printed copy are _Heber's notes_, varying only from my MS. copy in immaterial points.

As to the _epigram_ mentioned in p. 417., the two first stanzas were by Heber, and written (as I think) after his election to All Souls. The third was attributed to Mr. Wilson, the learned High Master of Clithero School.

Very many _jeux d'esprit_ by Heber, relative to convivialities and passing events in Brazenoze and All Souls, live in the memory and MSS. of his surviving friends; but their amiable author would doubtless have wished them to be forgotten, with the subjects to which they related. The forbearance of Mr. Halliwell made him vainly anxious for the suppression of _The Whippiad_.

I subjoin from Heber's autograph a Song for a Bow Meeting, near St. Asaph, in or about 1808. It has an airy freshness, and is (as I believe) unpublished.

LANCASTRIENSIS.

The Soldier loves the laurel bright, The Bard the myrtle bough, And smooth shillalas yield delight To many an Irish brow. The Fisher trims the hazel wand, The Crab may tame a shrew, The Birch becomes the pedant's hand, But Bows are made of yew.

CHORUS.

The yew, the yew, the hardy yew! Still greenly may it grow, And health and fun Have everyone That loves the British Bow.

II.

'Tis sweet to sit by Beauty's side Beneath the hawthorn shade; But Beauty is more beautiful In green and buff array'd. More radiant are her laughing eyes, Her cheeks of ruddier glow, As, hoping for the envied prize, She twangs the Cambrian bow.

The yew, the yew, &c.

III.

The Fop may curl his Brutus wig, And sandy whiskers stain, And fold his cravat broad and big; But all his arts are vain. His nankeen trowsers we despise, Unfit for rain or dew, And, pinch'd in stays, he vainly tries His strength against the yew.

The yew, the yew, &c.

IV.

The heiress, once, of Bowdale Hall, A lovely lass, I knew-- A Dandy paid his morning call, All dizen'd out to woo. I heard his suit the Coxcomb ply; I heard her answer--"No;" A true love knot he ne'er could tie, Who could not bend a bow.

The yew, the yew, &c.

{458}

* * * * *

SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION.

(Vol. vii., p. 286.)

Leaving the philosophy of this question for the _savans_, I beg to add the following to the alleged cases already referred to. Dr. Lindsley has compiled a table of nineteen instances, from the _Dictionnaire de Médecine_,--not, however, of _spontaneous_ combustion exactly, but of something akin to it; namely, the rapid ignition of the human body (which _per se_ is not combustible) by contact with flame, as a consequence of the saturation of its tissues by alcohol:

The following case is related, on the authority of Dr. Schofield, Upper Canada, in the _Journal of the American Temperance Union_ for March, 1837:--A young man, aged twenty-five, had been an habitual drunkard for many years. One evening at about eleven o'clock he went to a blacksmith's shop: he was then full of liquor, though not thoroughly drunk. The blacksmith, who had just crossed the road, was suddenly alarmed by the breaking forth of a brilliant conflagration in his shop. He rushed across, and threw open the door, and there stood the man, erect, in the midst of a widely-extended silver-coloured flame, bearing, as he described it, exactly the appearance of the wick of a burning candle in the midst of its own flame. He seized him by the shoulder, and jerked him to the door, and the flame was instantly extinguished. There was no fire in the shop, and no articles likely to cause combustion within reach of the individual. In the course of a short time a general sloughing came on, and the flesh was almost wholly removed in the dressing, leaving the bones and a few of the large blood-vessels standing. The blood nevertheless rallied round the heart, and life continued to the thirteenth day, when he died, a loathsome, ill-featured, and disgusting object. His shrieks and cries were described as truly horrible.

Some information will be found in Nos. 44. and 56. of an old magazine called _The Hive_,--a book which may be found in the British Museum. Two cases have occurred recently, one in 1851 at Paris, {459} and one last year somewhere in the north. Both may be found by reference to the newspapers.

SHIRLEY HIBBERD.

* * * * *

MAJOR GENERAL LAMBERT.

(Vol. vii., p. 269.)

LORD BRAYBROOKE speaks of a _tradition_ of Major-General Lambert's having been imprisoned in Cornet Castle, in the island of Guernsey, after the Restoration. The following documents, copies of which exist in Guernsey, will prove that he really was kept as a prisoner in that island:

CHARLES R.

Upon suite made unto us by Mrs. Lambert, for liberty for herself and children to goe to and remaine w^{th} her husband Collonell Lambert yo^r prisoner, Wee, graciously inclyninge to gratifye her in that request, have thought fitt to signify our royall pleasure to you in that particular, willing and requiring you, upon sight hereof, to suffer the said Mrs. Lambert, her three children, and three maid-servants, to goe and remaine w^{th} the said Mr. Lambert, under the same confinement he himselfe is, untill o^r further pleasure be knowne. And for soe doinge this shalbe y^r warrant. Given at our Court at Whitehall, the 17^{th} day Febr., 1661/2.

By his Ma^{ts} Comand, EDW. NICHOLAS.

To our right trusty and welbeloved Counsello^r S^r Hugh Pollard, K^{nt} and Bar^t, Governo^r of our Island of Guernsey and Castle there, or to other our Governo^r for y^e tyme beinge, and in his absence to his Deputy Governo^r.

This is a true copie of his Ma^{t's} Warrant.

(Signed) HUGH POLLARDE.

[In dorso.]

The King's order for Lambert's children.

In 1662, Christopher Lord Hatton was appointed Governor of Guernsey, upon which the following warrant was issued:

CHARLES R.

Our will and pleasure is, That you take into your custody the person of John Lambert, commonly called Collonell Lambert, and keepe him close prisoner, as a condemned traytor, untill further order from us, for which this shall be your warrant. Given at our Court at Hampton Court, this 25^{th} day of July, 1662.

By his Ma^{ty's} Co[=m]and, EDW. NICHOLAS.

To our trusty and welbeloved Councellor y^e Lord Hatton, Governor of our Island of Guernsey, and to the Lieutenant Governo^r thereof or his Deputy.

Lambert to Guernsey.

Four months later the following order was issued:

CHARLES R.

Our will and pleasure is, That from sight hereof you give such liberty and indulgence to Collonell John Lambert your prisoner, within the precincts of that our island, as will consist with the security of his person, and as in your discretion you shall think fitt; and that this favour be continued to him till you receive our order to the contrary, allwayes understood, that he the sayd Collonell Lambert show himself worthy thereof in his comportment, and entertaine noe correspondencyes to the prejudice of our service, for which this shall be your warrant. Given at our Court at Whitehall, November the eighteenth, one thousand six hundred sixty-two,

By his Ma^{ts} command, HENRYE BENNET.

To our trusty and well-beloved Counsellor the Lord Hatton, our govern^r of our Island of Guernsey, to his Leiftenant Governour, or other officer commanding in chief there.

Liberty of the Island to Mr. Lambert.

[In dorso.]

The King's order for Mr. Lambert's liberty.

In Rees's _Cyclopædia_, art. AMARYLLIS, sect. 27., _A. Sarniensis_, Guernsey lily, I find the following statement: "It was cultivated at Wimbledon, in England, by General Lambert, in 1659." As Guernsey, during the civil wars, sided with the Parliament, it is probable that Lambert procured the roots from some friend in the island.

The exact date of his arrival as a prisoner in Guernsey is fixed by a sort of journal kept by Pierre Le Roy, schoolmaster and parish clerk of St. Martin de la Bellouse in that island, who says:

"Le 17^e de 9vembre, 1661, est arrivé au Château Cornet, Jean Lambert, générall des rebelles sectères en Angleterre, ennemy du roy, et y est constitué prisonnier pour sa vie."

There is no tradition in the island of his having died there. I remember to have read, but cannot at present remember where, that he died a Roman Catholic.

EDGAR MACCULLOCH.

Guernsey.

[Lambert was removed to the island of St. Nicholas, at the entrance of Plymouth Harbour, in 1667, where his death took place during the _hard winter_ at the close of 1682 or commencement of 1683.--See "N. & Q"., Vol. iv., p 340. Probably some of our readers in that neighbourhood might, by a reference to the parish registers, be enabled to ascertain the precise date of that event.]

{460}

* * * * *

THE "SALT-PETER-MAN."

(Vol. vii., p. 377.)

Your correspondent J. O. asks for information to No. 4. of his notes respecting the "salt-peter-man," so quaintly described by Lord Coke as a troublesome person. Before the discovery and importation of rough nitre from the East Indies, the supply of that very important ingredient in the manufactory of gunpowder was very inadequate to the quantity required; and this country having in the early part of the seventeenth century to depend almost entirely upon its own resources. Charles I. issued a proclamation in 1627, which set forth that the saltpetre makers were never able to furnish the realm with a third part of the saltpetre required, especially in time of war. The proclamation had reference to a patent that had been granted in 1625 to Sir John Brooke and Thomas Russel, for making saltpetre by a new invention, which gave them power to collect the animal fluids (ordered by the same proclamation to be preserved by families for this purpose), once in twenty-four hours in summer, and in forty-eight hours in winter. This royal proclamation was very obnoxious and inconvenient to the good people of England, increased as it was by the power granted to the saltpetre makers to dig up the floors of all dove-houses, stables, cellars, &c., for the purpose of carrying away the earth, the proprietors being at the same time prohibited from laying such floors with anything but "mellow earth," that greater facility might be given them. This power, in the hands of men likely to be appointed to fulfil such duties, was no doubt subject to much abuse for the purposes of extortion, making, as Lord Coke states, "simple people believe that Lee (the salt-peter-man) will, without their leave, breake up the floore of their dwelling-house, unless they will compound with him to the contrary." The new and uncertain process for obtaining the constituents of nitre having failed to answer the purpose for which the patent was granted, an act was passed in 1656, forbidding the saltpetre makers to dig in houses or lands without leave of the owner: and this is the point to which the learned commentator of the law, in his _Discouerie of the Abuses and Corruption of Officers_, alludes, when "any such fellowe if you can meete with all, let his misdemenor be presented, that he may be taught better to understand his office." In England, up to about the period when these curious acts of parliament were passed, the right of all soil impregnated with animal matter was claimed by the crown for this peculiar purpose; and in France the rubbish of old houses, earth from stables, slaughter-houses, and all refuse places, was considered to belong to the Government, till 1778, when a similar edict, to relieve the people from the annoyances of the saltpetre makers, was made.

J. DECK.

Cambridge.

* * * * *

METRICAL PSALMS AND HYMNS.

(Vol. iii., pp. 119. 198.)

In reply to your correspondent ARUN, who inquired about the origin and authority of metrical psalms and hymns in churches, in addition to an extract from one of Bishop Cosin's letters on the subject, I referred also to the treatise commonly known as Watson's _Deduction_, but of which treatise Heylin was in fact the author. I have recently met with a passage in Heylin's _History of the Reformation_ (ann. 1552, Lond., 1674, p. 127.) which seems to contain the rudiment or first germ of the _Deduction_, and to which ARUN therefore (if not already acquainted with it) may be glad to be referred:

"About this time (says Heylin) the Psalms of David did first begin to be composed in English meetter by one Thomas Sternhold, one of the grooms of the Privy Chamber; who, translating no more than thirty-seven, left both example and encouragement to John Hopkins and others to dispatch the rest:--a device first taken up in France by one Clement Marot, one of the grooms of the bedchamber to King Francis the First; who, being much addicted to poetry, and having some acquaintance with those which were thought to have enclined to the Reformation, was persuaded by the learned Vatablus (professor of the Hebrew tongue in the University of Paris) to exercise his poetical phancies in translating some of David's Psalms. For whose satisfaction, and his own, he translated the first fifty of them; and, after flying to Geneva, grew acquainted with Beza, who in some tract of time translated the other hundred also, and caused them to be fitted unto several times; which hereupon began to be sung in private houses, and by degrees to be taken up in all the churches of the French, and other nations which followed the Genevian platform. Marot's translation is said by Strada to have been ignorantly and perversely done, as being but the work of a man altogether unlearned; but not to be compared with that barbarity and botching, which everywhere occurreth in the translation of Sternhold and Hopkins. Which notwithstanding being first allowed for private devotion, they were by little and little brought into the use of the church, _permitted rather than allowed_ to be sung before and after sermons; afterwards printed and bound up with the Common Prayer Book, and at last added by the stationers at the end of the Bible. For, though it is expressed in the title of those singing psalms, that they were set forth and allowed to be sung in all churches before and after Morning and Evening Prayer, and also before and after sermons; yet this allowance seems rather to have been a _connivance_ than an _approbation_: no such allowance being anywhere found by such as have been most industrious and concerned in the search thereof. At first it was pretended only that the said Psalms should be sung before and after Morning and Evening Prayer, and also before and after sermons; which shows they were not to be intermingled in the public Liturgie. But in some tract of time, as the Puritan faction grew in strength and {461} confidence, they prevailed so far in most places, to thrust the _Te Deum_, the _Benedictus_, the _Magnificat_, and the _Nunc Dimittis_, quite out of the church. But of this more perhaps hereafter, when we shall come to the discovery of the Puritan practices in the times succeeding."

J. SANSOM.

Oxford.

* * * * *

THE SIGN OF THE CROSS IN THE GREEK CHURCH.

(Vol. vii., p. 380.)

The cross, X, in the Greek Church, represents the initial of [Greek: Christos], the Messiah, the symbolic affixing of which (sealing) before and after baptism indicates that the name of Christ is imposed on the believer, who takes his new or Christian name at baptism. This mark on the forehead refers to Revelation vii. 3., xiv. 1., xxii. 4. The longer catechism of that church, in answer to the question, "What force has the sign of the cross, used on this and other occasions?" says, "What the _name_ of Jesus Christ crucified is, when pronounced with faith by the motion of the lips, the _very same_ is also the sign of the cross, when made with faith by _the motion of the hand_, or represented in any other way." The authority quoted is Cyril of Jerusalem (_Cat. Lect._ xiii. 36.).

In the Western Church the cross, [Symbol: cross], represented the [Greek: stauros] whereon Christ suffered.

Both these crosses are now found in the Greek Church; and the Latin form, [Symbol: cross], has at least been used therein nine centuries, for in Goar's _Rituale Græcorum_ may be seen (pp. 114, 115. 126.) the icons of Saints Methodius, Germanus, and Cyrillus, whose vestments are embellished with Latin crosses. The Latin cross is marked on the sacramental bread of the Greek communion,--which bread is also impressed with an abbreviation of the words on Constantine's labarum: "Jesus Christ overcometh." (Eusebius's _Life of Constantine_, lib. i. c. 25.: compare with Goar's _Rituale Græcorum_, p. 117.)

The Latin cross, [Symbol: cross], is rarely found on the sepulchres in the catacombs at Rome,--the most ancient Christian memorials; but, instead of it, a combination of the letters [Chi][Rho] prevails, as the monogram for "Christ." Aringhi, in his _Roma Subterranea_ (Romæ, 1651) says:

"Illud autem fatendum nobis est, nullatenus ante felicissima Constantini Magni ad fidem traducti tempora crucem publicæ populorum venerationi expositam fuisse."--Vol. ii. lib. vi. c. xiv. p. 546.

The following statement from Humphrey's _Montfaucon_ (vol. x. part ii. book iii. cap. 1. p. 158.) is very clear as to the form of the cross:

"The cross, made with beams put together, had the shape of the Samaritan _tau_, says St. Jerome, whose words are these: 'In the oldest _Hebrew_ letters, which the Samaritans now make use of, the last, which is _tau_, had the form of a cross.' This _tau_, like a cross, was like the [Tau] of the Greeks, according to Paulinus, who says that the shape of the cross is expressed by the Greek letter _tau_, which stands for three hundred. The cross of our Lord was something different from the letter _tau_; the beam that was fixed in the earth crossing that which was athwart it above, and made as it were a head by rising above it: such a cross we see in the medals of Constantine the Great, in this form, [Symbol: cross], and such is it found described in the most ancient Christian monuments; this is the form of the cross which St. Jerome means, when he compares it to birds flying, to a man swimming, and to a man praying to God, with his arms extended."

The Greek church has retained _both_ forms: the Latin Church, in its ignorance of the Greek language, has lost the more important symbol. These forms were probably invented by Constantine, who used them on his helmet, as crests were afterwards used in the ages of chivalry.

T. J. BUCKTON.

Birmingham.

The difference between the manner in which the members of the Greek and those of the Latin Church used to sign themselves with the sign of the cross is this: both used the right hand, the thumb and first and second fingers open, and the third and fourth closed; both began at the forehead, and descended to the breast: but in crossing that vertical line by an horizontal one, from one shoulder to the other, the _Greeks go from the right to the left_, but the _Latins from the left to the right_. It is said, that in the Latin Church, up to the thirteenth century, the cross line was traced indifferently from either shoulder.

Whilst there is this difference between the Greek and Latin sign of the cross when made upon oneself, there is also a difference between the two when made upon others. The Latin _Benediction_ is given with the thumb and the first two fingers open; the third and fourth fingers remaining closed. This arrangement of the the fingers is symbolical of the Trinity: the three open fingers signifying the three divine persons, and the two closed fingers being emblematic of the two natures of Christ.

The Greek benediction is given with the forefinger entirely open; the middle finger slightly bent, the thumb crossed upon the third finger, and the little finger bent.

In the present day, however, in the Latin Church, a person making on himself the sign of the cross, employs the right hand entirely open, instead of three fingers only. And as it has been thought desirable to make a distinction between the benediction given by a bishop and a priest, bishops reserved to themselves the right of blessing with three fingers; and priests give the benediction with the hand entirely open. {462}

J. C. B. will find this subject fully treated in Didron's _Christian Iconography_, Bohn's edition, pp. 405. 412.; and an illustration of the Latin benediction at p. 205., and the Greek benediction at p. 176.

CEYREP.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES.

_New Developing Fluid._--DR. DIAMOND has reported very favourably of the developing fluid, which I spoke of in "N. & Q." of March 12 as "being simple, inexpensive, and keeping good a length of time." In accordance with what I then stated, I herewith give the readers of "N. & Q." the benefit of it, and leave them to form their own opinion of its value after trying it:

Protosulphate of iron 12 grs. Nitrate of lead 8 grs. Water 10 drs. Acetic acid ½ dr.

Dissolve the protosulphate of iron in the water; then throw in the nitrate of lead in powder; stir with glass rod until it is dissolved; keep stirring while pouring in the acetic acid, and for a few minutes afterwards. Let the precipitate subside, then filter. I have used nothing else for positives on glass since I discovered the preparation. I have not tried it for developing in the wax-paper or other paper process. The liquid is colourless as water when first made. By long keeping it will change colour, but throws down no deposit, nor loses its properties. If those gentlemen who try it would give their opinions of it, I should be obliged.

J. L. SISSON.

Edingthorpe Rectory.

[Since this was in type, MR. SISSON has written to say, that he has been informed that the use of nitrate of lead has already been recommended by MR. W. BROWN. MR. SISSON was not aware of that fact, but is unwilling to appear in any way to appropriate to himself the suggestion of another.--ED.]

_Photographic Tent._--Can any of your readers inform me how, or where, to procure an _effective tent_ for photographic operations out of doors? All those I have yet seen are sadly wanting in the two great essentials--_portability_ and _cheapness_. If any one could suggest the means for supplying the desiderata, it would prove in the coming season a boon to photographers at large, and confer a favour on

M. F. M.

_Mr. Wilkinson's simple mode of levelling Cameras._--The following ingenious suggestion appears in the 3rd Number of the _Journal of the Photographic Society_, and deserves to be widely circulated. "My plan is to place a T-square on the bottom of the camera, and draw one perpendicular line on each side (exactly opposite to each other), either with paint or pencil; or the ends of the camera itself will do if perpendicular to the base. Then, having two musket bullets attached to a silk thread, simply hang them over the camera, and everything required will be attained much quicker by these plumb-lines, and with accuracy equal to the spirit-levels. The advantage of the simple contrivance of two bullets suspended by threads is, that when the thread is laid across the camera, it is at once seen whether the thread touches all the way down both sides; if not, one or other side of the camera is raised, until the thread lies close on each side: this gives the level crossways. The other perpendicular of the line is then sought for, and the back or front of the camera raised or lowered, until the thread cuts the line drawn below. Here then we have the most perfect line that can be obtained, at the expense of two bullets and a bit of silk, answering every purpose of the best spirit-level, and applied in one-half the time. It has since occurred to me, that as we sometimes require to measure the distance for stereoscopic pictures, this thread ought to be about three feet long; and we might as well make three knots, and then we should have the measure of a three-feet rule always with us. It has also occurred to me, that in taking portraits you sometimes require to have a measure of time; and by a little modification we have here the most accurate chronometer that can be produced. Instead of three feet, I make it thirty-nine inches and the decimal necessary, say two-tenths from the centre of support to the centre of the bullet. I then get a pendulum which vibrates to second exactly, from the point of suspension to the point of oscillation. I hang it by a pin, and I there have a chronometer of the greatest possible accuracy; and I can employ it for taking portraits of one, two, three, or four seconds: it will vibrate for a minute. Consequently I have a mode of levelling my camera with the greatest accuracy, a measure of time, and a measure of distance; and all at a cost considerably under one penny."

_Antiquarian Photographic Club._--This association for the interchange of photographic views of objects of antiquarian interest, has now nearly attained the number of members to which it is proposed to limit it. For the few remaining vacancies preference will be given, for obvious reasons, to parties resident in varied localities. Any gentlemen or ladies desirous to join the club, may send their names, with specimens of their skill, to the _Honorary Secretary_, care of Mr. Bell, 186. Fleet Street. The amount of the annual subscription is not yet fixed, but as all that can be required will be to meet the expenses incident to the receipt and interchange of the photographs, it must necessarily be very limited.

{463}

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Erroneous Forms of Speech: Mangel Wurzel_ (Vol. vii., p. 329.).--Against the dictum of E. G. R., I beg insertion of the following quotation from the _Agricultural Gazette_, March 4, 1848, p. 166.:

"Mangold wurzel is simply the German of _beet-root_. 'Mangel wurzel,' on the other hand, is one founded on an idea, which, though absurd, did not the less effectually answer the object of those who introduced the plant. 'Scarcity root,' or 'Famine root,' made a good heading to an advertisement."

And Rham, _Dictionary of the Farm_, p. 62.:

"The German name is 'Mangold wurzel,' or 'Mangold root;' but it is sometimes pronounced 'Mangel wurzel,' which means _scarcity root_; and, by a strange translation, it is called in French _racine d'abondance_, as well as _racine de disette_. The name of field-beet is much more appropriate."

I hope E. G. R. will, however, not insist on classing those who say and write "mangold" with those who would write "reddishes, sparrowgrass, and cowcumbers." I should be sorry to be suspected of any one of the three last; but "mangold" I will say and write till the authority of the best German scholars decrees otherwise.

GEO. E. FRERE.

_The Whetstone_ (Vol. vii., pp. 208. 319.).--Herbert, in his _Typographical Antiquities_, vol. ii. p. 1144., cites a book entitled, _Fower great Liers striving who shall win the Silver Whetstone. Also a Resolution to the Countreyman, proving it utterly unlawful to buy or use our yearely Prognostications_, by W. P.: 8vo., printed by R. Waldegrave; no date.

H. C.

_Charade_ (Vol. vi., p. 604.).--

"By mystic sign and symbol known, To Daniel, wise and meek, alone, Was Persia's coming _wo_ foreshown.

"And in great Cæsar's proudest day, The Gospel held a mightier sway, And _man_ shone forth with purest ray.

"But when, in Babylonia chain'd, _Man_ of his deepening _wo_ complain'd, A _woman_ conquering both, in faithful Esther reign'd."

SOPHRONIA SPHYNX.

_Parochial Libraries_ (Vol. vi., p. 432. &c.; Vol. vii., p. 392.).--_Totnes_ may be added to the list of places containing parochial libraries. The books are placed in presses in the vestry room of the church, and so preserved from loss and damage to which they were formerly subjected. The collection is principally composed of works of divinity published in the seventeenth century, the age of profound theological literature. I noticed amongst the goodly array of weighty folios, the works of St. Augustine, the _Homilies_ of St. Chrysostom, works of St. Ambrose, St. Gregory, &c., the works of the high and mighty King James, Birckbek's _Protestant Evidence_, and Walton's _Polyglott_. Nothing is known of the history and formation of this library. Inside the cover of one of the volumes is the following inscription:

"Totnes Library. The guift of Mr. Thomas Southcott, July 10. 1656."

I found the following incorrect and antiquated piece of information respecting this library in a flimsy work, published in 1850, entitled, _A Graphic and Historical Sketch of the Antiquities of Totnes_, by William Cotton, F.S.A., _note_, p. 38.:

"I know not what the library contains. I believe nothing more than theological lumber. It is always locked up, and made no use of by those who keep it, and it is inaccessible to those who would wish to examine it. I was once there by accident, and looked into some books, which were all on Divinity."

J. M. B.

Tunbridge Wells.

_Judge Smith_ (Vol. vii., p. 13.).--Judge Smith lived towards the close of Queen Elizabeth's reign, and was noted for severity against witches. His monument is in Chesterfield Church. He belonged to the ancient family seated at Dunston Hall, near that town, which I believe has lately ended in co-heiresses. The late Sir J. E. Smith was of the same family: his father, a considerable merchant of Norwich, married a Kindersley descended from Geoffrey,--who was queried in Vol. vi., p. 603., and is ancestor of the present Vice-Chancellor.

Z. E. R.

_Church Catechism_ (Vol. vii., p. 190.).--B. H. C. will confer a favour by printing the Latin original of the Catechism.

Z. E. R.

_Charade attributed to Sheridan_ (Vol. vii., p. 379.).--Several years ago, I think in 1818 or 1819, a friend gave me some verses nearly similar to those communicated by your correspondent BALLIOLENSIS, and requested me to ascertain if they were Mrs. Piozzi's, as my friend had been told that they were written by that lady. Soon afterwards I asked Mrs. Piozzi if she ever wrote a riddle on a gaming-table. She replied, "Yes, a very long time ago." She immediately repeated a line or two, and, after some consideration, recited the following, which, she assured me, were her original composition. These lines, it will be observed, differ somewhat from those attributed to Sheridan, but they were probably the basis of those, and also of other versions of the riddle, which, I believe, are in existence. This statement so thoroughly removes all uncertainty about the {464} author of the original, that I trust you will deem it worthy of insertion in your journal.

"A place I here describe, how gay the scene! Fresh, bright, and vivid with perpetual green, Verdure attractive to the ravish'd sight, } Perennial joys, and ever new delight, } Charming at noon, more charming still at night. } Fair pools where fish in forms pellucid play; Smooth lies the lawn, swift glide the hours away. No mean dependence here on summer skies, This spot rough winter's roughest blast defies. Yet here the government is curs'd with change, Knaves openly on either party range, Assault their monarch, and avow the deed, While honour fails, and tricks alone succeed; For bold decemvirs here usurp the sway; } Now all some single demagogue obey, } False lights prefer, and hate the intruding day. } Oh, shun the tempting shore, the dangerous coast, Youth, fame, and fortune, stranded here, are lost!"

J. S. S.

Bath.

_Gesmas and Desmas_ (Vol. vii., pp. 238. 342.).--The names of the two thieves crucified with our blessed Saviour are variously written. In the verses quoted by A. B. R. (p. 238.) they are written _Gesmas and Desmas_. In the edition of the Gospel of Nicodemus, quoted by W. C. H. (p. 342.), _i.e._ the edition of "William Hone, Ludgate Hill, 1820," the names are written _Gestas and Dimas_. He also gives an authority for the spelling "_Dismas and Gestas_." I find them written in the edition I have of the Gospel of Nicodemus, _i. e._ "Hutman's, London, 1818," _Dismas and Gesmas_ (pp. 87, 88.). Elsewhere I have met with them written as in the following verse, _Gistas and Dismas_:

"Gistas damnatur, Dismas ad astra levatur,"

which I have ventured to translate:

"Gistas to hell--with Dismas all goes well;"

or perhaps better thus:

"Gistas goes down, Dismas receives a crown."

The names of these two men in early life is said to have been _Titus_ and _Dumachus_: see the _Evangelium Infantiæ_, quoted by Hutman (p. 13.).

CEYREP.

_Lode_ (Vol. v., pp. 345. 350.).--There is in Gloucester a church and parish called Saint Mary de Lode, touching which Mr. Fosbroke (_History of City of Gloucester_, p. 341.) observes:

"This parish is said to have derived the adjunct of _Lode_ from the Severn formerly running near it; and this may have been the fact, but it is not easy to give a satisfactory explanation of the term."

I would remark, that as the term _Lode_ may be considered a general name for any navigable river, that if it be a fact that the river Severn did formerly run near the parish in question, it appears to me not difficult to give a satisfactory explanation of the term by which such parish is distinguished from St. Mary de Crypt and St. Mary de Grace.

C. H. COOPER.

Cambridge.

_Epitaphs imprecatory_ (Vol. vii., p. 256).--I have no doubt that the churchyards of Scotland will furnish many examples of the embittered feelings which religious persecution produced, during the latter half of the seventeenth century; and as a specimen I forward the following, which is found in the churchyard of Dalgarnock, in Dumfriesshire. The Duke of York alluded to was afterwards James II.; and the descendants of Mr. Harkness are still most respectable inhabitants of the parish of Closeburn, which has been united to Dalgarnock:

"Here Lyes the body of JAMES HARKNESS, in Locherben, who died 6th Dec. 1723, aged 72 years.

"Belo this stone his dust doth ly, Who indured 28 years Persecution by tirrany Did him pursue with echo and cry Though many a lonesome place, At last by Clavers he was taen Sentenced for to dy; But God, who for his soul took care, Did him from prison bring, Because no other Cause they had But that he ould not give up With Christ his Glorious King. And swear allegence to that beast, The duke of York I mean. In spite of all there hellish rage A natural death he died In full assurance of his rest With Christ ieternalie."

The following may be given as an example of a punning epitaph. It is found in St. Anne's churchyard, in the Isle of Man, and is said to have been written by Sir Wadsworth Busk, who was for many years attorney-general of the island:

"Here, Friend, is little Daniel's Tomb, To Joseph's age he did arrive; Sloth killing thousands in their bloom, While labour kept poor Dan alive. Though strange yet true, full seventy years Was his wife happy in her _Tears_.

DANIEL TEAR died December 9th, 1787, aged 110 years."

C. T. R.

_Straw-bail_ (Vol. vii., pp. 85. 342.).--The origin of the expression "a man of straw" may be traced to those mannikins or effigies representing the human figure, which are (or used to be) paraded in the streets during the Carnival in most continental countries. These mannikins were {465} generally stuffed with _straw_; and hence, in legal phraseology, "a man of straw" denotes the semblance of a man--a person of neither substance nor responsibility, who is put forward to screen a real delinquent, or bear the brunt of a prosecution. Such, at least, is the origin commonly assigned by the French to their "homme de paille," the prototype of our "man of straw."

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

_How to stain Deal_ (Vol. vii., p. 356).--If C. will apply by letter or otherwise to Mr. Henry Stevens, 54. Stamford Street, Blackfriars Road, he will learn every particular, and be furnished with samples of its effect on common deal, as now very extensively used in churches, school-rooms, &c.

_Detached Belfry Towers_ (Vol. vii., pp. 333. 416.).--Add to the list, Marston Morteyne in Bedfordshire, not far from Ampthill, and Gunwalloe, in Cornwall, about five miles south of Helston. Gunwalloe tower appears to be much older than the church, and faces the south-west angle of the nave, from which it is distant about fourteen feet.

J. M. B.

Tunbridge Wells.

CAMBRENSIS has forgotten that the _cloich teachs_ (bell-houses), or round belfries, peculiar to Ireland, and which have become famous as "round towers," are almost always separate from the churches.

JAMES GRAVES.

Kilkenny.

To your instances of detached belfries in England add Magdalene College and New College in Oxford, and Woburn in Bedfordshire.

H. C.

Thurles.

Detached church-towers exist at Beccles, Suffolk, and at East Dereham, Norfolk.

G. J. C.

Oxford.

* * * * *

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

The anniversary of the Camden Society on Monday last, when Mr. Peter Cunningham, Sir F. Madden, and Sir C. Young were elected on the Council, was distinguished by two departures from the usual routine: one, a special vote of thanks to Sir Harry Verney for placing his family papers at the service of the Society; and the other, a general expression of satisfaction on the part of the members at the steps taken by the Council to bring under the consideration of the Commission appointed to inquire into the laws regarding matters testamentary, the great impediments thrown in the way of all historical and literary inquirers by the authorities in the Prerogative Office.

It does not require the skill of an Oedipus to divine that in giving us so graphic a picture of _The Vicar and his Duties_, the Rev. A. Gatty has had the advantage of sketching from the life, and that his portraiture of

"A good man of religioun That as a poore Persone of a toun; But riche he was of holy thought and werke."

is as much a true effigy, though taken with pen and ink, as if he had put that capital parish priest, the Vicar of Leeds, before his camera. To the many friends of Dr. Hook, this little volume will be deeply interesting.

BOOKS RECEIVED.--Pulleyn's _Etymological Compendium, or Portfolio of Origins and Inventions. Third Edition, revised and improved, by_ Merton A. Thoms. This new edition of a very popular and useful little book has had the advantage of a thorough revision, and contains much new and interesting information.--Longman's _Traveller's Library_ has lately been enriched by two of Mr. Macaulay's brilliant essays, viz. on _Lord Byron_ and _The Comic Dramatists of the Restoration_, and by a carefully compiled life of _Marshal Turenne_ by the Rev. T. O. Cockayne: while Mr. Murray has added to his valuable collection of _Railway Readings_, a reprint of _The Life of Lord Bacon_, by his noble biographer Lord Campbell.--_Reynard the Fox, after the German Version of Göthe, with Illustrations by_ J. Wolf. Part V. This translation is kept up with spirit, and the present number carries us to _The Pardon_ of the wily transgressor.--Mr. Bohn has put forth numerous fresh claims on the favour of poor scholars: in his _Standard Library_ he has given a third volume of _Miss Bremer's Works_, containing _Home_ and _Strife and Peace_; in his _Classical Library_ he continues the translation of _Aristotle_ in _The Politics and Economics_, translated by G. Walford, M.A.; in his _Antiquarian Library_, he has continued in his series of translations of Early English Chronicles by giving us in one volume a translation of _Henry of Huntingdon_, and also of the _Gesta Stephani_; while he will have done good service to naturalists and keepers of aviaries and cage birds by the edition of Bechstein's _Cage and Chamber Birds_ and Sweet's _Warblers_, which he has included in the same volume of his _Illustrated Library_.

* * * * *

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

JACOB'S ENGLISH PEERAGE. Folio Edition, 1766. Vols. II., III., and IV.

GAMMER GURTON'S NEEDLE.

ALISON'S EUROPE. (20 Vols.) Vols. XIII., XX.

TILLOTSON. Vols. I., II., IV., V., XI. 12mo. Tonson, London, 1748.

LIVY. Vol. I. 12mo. Maittaire, London, 1722.

ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. Vols. I., II., III., IV., V., XIX., XX. 5s. each. The above in Parts or Monthly Numbers will do.

THE AVIARY, OR MAGAZINE OF BRITISH MELODY.

A COLLECTION OF DIVERTING SONGS, AIRS, &c. both published about the middle of last century.

CHURCHMAN'S SHEET ALMANAC: all the Years.

GRETTON'S INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION, &c. Part II.

VIEWS OF ARUNDEL HOUSE IN THE STRAND, 1646. London, published by T. Thane, Rupert Street, Haymarket. 1792.

PARKER'S GLOSSARY OF ARCHITECTURE. 2nd Edition.

PICKERING'S STATUTES AT LARGE. 8vo. Edit. Camb. From 46 Geo. III. cap. 144. (Vol. XLVI. Part I.) to 1 Wm. IV.

EUROPEAN MAGAZINE. Nos. for May, 1817; January, February, May, June, 1818; April, June, July, October, and December, 1819. {466}

STANHOPE'S PARAPHRASE OF EPISTLES AND GOSPELS. London, 1732. Vols. III. and IV.

THE LAWYER AND MAGISTRATE'S MAGAZINE, complete, or single Volumes, _circa_ 1805-1810.

TODD'S CYCLOPÆDIA OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.

PHELP'S HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF SOMERSETSHIRE. Part 4., and Parts 9. to end.

BAYLE'S DICTIONARY. English Version, by DE MAIZEAUX. London, 1738. Vols. I. and II.

SWIFT'S (DEAN) WORKS. Dublin: G. Faulkner. 19 volumes. 1768. Vol. I.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Vols. I. and II.

ARCHÆOLOGIA. Vols. III., IV., V., VIII. Boards.

MARTYN'S PLANTÆ CANTABRIGIENSES. 12mo. London, 1763.

ABBOTSFORD EDITION OF THE WAVERLEY NOVELS. Odd Vols.

THE TRUTH TELLER. A Periodical.

R. MANT'S CHURCH ARCHITECTURE CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO THE MIND OF THE CHURCH. 8vo. Belfast, 1840.

J. L. PETIT'S CHURCH ARCHITECTURE. 2 Vols.

CAMBRIDGE CAMDEN SOCIETY'S TRANSACTIONS. Vol. III.--ELLICOTT ON VAULTING.

QUARTERLY REVIEW, 1845.

COLLIER'S FURTHER VINDICATION OF HIS SHORT VIEW OF THE STAGE. 1708.

CONGREVE'S AMENDMENT OF COLLIER'S FALSE AND IMPERFECT CITATIONS. 1698.

BEDFORD'S SERIOUS REFLECTIONS ON THE ABUSES OF THE STAGE. 8vo. 1705.

*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send their names._

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

* * * * *

Notices to Correspondents.

J. N. C. _will see by this week's Number, that the line to which he refers is from_ Hamlet.

K. R. H. M.'s _communication was marked for insertion before we received his Note_.

W. F. _We were quite unable to attend to your wishes this week._

STUPIDITAS. _We have never known such failures to take place as you describe. In all probability you have not_ perfectly _immersed your paper in the saline solution. Half a drachm of muriate of soda, and the same quantity of muriate of barytes and muriate of ammonia, dissolved in a quart of water, forms a very excellent application for the paper, previous to the use of the ammonio-nitrate._

H. HENDERSON. _Any application applied to your window would in a great part obstruct the light. Brushing it over with starch might be tried._

B--Z. _Yes. Many of the very best pictures in the_ Photographic Exhibition in Bond Street, _as we may probably take an opportunity of pointing out in some future notice of that interesting collection, are from collodion negatives._

PRICE OF IODIDE OF POTASSIUM. _I beg to say that the price named by me_, i. e. 1s. 3d. _per oz., for iodide of potassium, is quoted from the list of Messrs. Simpson and Maule, Kensington Road._

F. MAXWELL LYTE.

Torquay.

_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vi., _price Three Guineas, may now be had; for which early application is desirable._

"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday._

* * * * *

MR. HALLIWELL'S FOLIO EDITION OF SHAKSPEARE.

* * * * *

SPECIMEN COPIES of the First Volume of this Work may be seen at MR. SKEFFINGTON'S, 192. Piccadilly, and at MR. RUSSELL SMITH'S, 36. Soho Square, London.

The Editor having, at a great sacrifice, adhered to the original limit, and the estimates having been considered exceeded, has been compelled, to avoid incurring an extravagant loss, to make the terms very absolute, and to raise the Subscription to the later copies. Notwithstanding, therefore, the great demand for the Work, a few copies may still be secured by early written application.

All communications on the subject are request to be addressed to--

J. O. HALLIWELL, ESQ., AVENUE LODGE, BRIXTON HILL, SURREY.

* * * * *

OPENING OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC SCHOOL.--ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.

The spacious Plate Glass House, 30 feet by 15, with the Class Rooms and Ladies' Apartment, being nearly completed, Classes or Private Lessons, embracing all branches of Photography, are now forming.

A perfect Apparatus with Ross's finest Lenses has been procured, and every new improvement will be added.

The School is under the joint direction of T. A. MALONE, Esq., who has been long connected with Photography, and J. H. PEPPER, Esq., the Chemist to the Institution.

A Prospectus, with terms, may be had at the Institution.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.

Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, London.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHY.--Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver).--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who published the application of this agent (see _Athenæum_, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price 9d. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitiveness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months; it may be exported to any climate, and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for Developing in the open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses from the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for the delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions (comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in all its Branches.

Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.

* * * * *

TO PARENTS, GUARDIANS, RESIDENTS IN INDIA, &c.--A Lady residing within an hour's drive westward of Hyde Park, and in a most healthy and cheerful situation, is desirous of taking the entire charge of a little girl, to share with her only child (about a year and a half old) her maternal care and affection, together with the strictest attention to mental training. Terms, including every possible expense except medical attendance, 100l. per annum. If required, the most unexceptionable references can be furnished.

Address to T. B. S., care of MR. BELL, Publisher, 186. Fleet Street. {467}

* * * * *

SPECTACLES.--WM. ACKLAND applies his medical knowledge as a Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company, London, his theory as a Mathematician, and his practice as a Working Optician, aided by Smee's Optometer, in the selection of Spectacles suitable to every derangement of vision, so as to preserve the sight to extreme old age.

ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as exhibited at the Academy of Sciences in Paris. The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are so constructed that the rays of light fall nearly perpendicular to the surface of the various lenses, by which the aberration is completely removed; and a telescope so fitted gives one-third more magnifying power and light than could be obtained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the various sizes on application to

WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Garden, London.

* * * * *

HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads; also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. And their new warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render their Establishment complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.

HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

* * * * *

BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and 4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen

65. CHEAPSIDE.

* * * * *

SAVE FIFTY PER CENT. by purchasing your WATCHES direct from the MANUFACTURER, at the WHOLESALE TRADE PRICE.

£. s. d. Gold Watches, extra jewelled, with all the recent improvements 3 15 0 Ditto, with the three-quarter plate movement, and stouter cases 4 10 0 Silver Watches, with same movements as the Gold 2 0 0 Ditto, with the lever escapement, eight holes jewelled 2 15 0

And every other description of Watch in the same proportion.

A written warranty for accurate performance is given with every Watch, and twelve months allowed.

Handsome morocco cases for same, 2s. extra.

Emigrants supplied with Watches suitable for Australia.--Merchants, Captains, and the Trade supplied in any quantities on very favourable terms.

£. s. d. Gentlemen's fine Gold Albert Chains 1 10 0 Ladies' ditto, Neck ditto 1 15 0

Sent carefully packed, post free, and registered, on receipt of Post-Office or Banker's Order, payable to

DANIEL ELLIOTT HEDGER,

Wholesale Watch Manufacturer, 27. City Road, near Finsbury Square, London.

* * * * *

PEOPLE'S EDITION OF ALISON'S HISTORY OF EUROPE

FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION TO THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO.

In 44 MONTHLY PARTS, at One Shilling; In WEEKLY NUMBERS, at Three-halfpence; In 12 QUARTERLY VOLUMES, at Four Shillings;