Chapter 3

_Jock of Arden._--This worthy of the Robin Hood class of heroes, is understood to figure very prominently in the legendary history of Warwickshire. Where can any references to his real or supposed history be found, and what are the legends of which he is the hero?

W. Q.

_Inigo Jones._--Where can a full list of mansions and other important buildings, erected from designs after that great master architect Inigo Jones, be found?

A CORRESPONDENT.

_Dean Boyle._--Wanted, the pedigree of Richard Boyle, Dean of Limerick, and Bishop of Leighlin in 1661. He had a brother Roger, also in the church. Was he a grandson of John Boyle of Hereford, eldest brother of Roger, father of Richard, first Earl of Cork? This John married Alice, daughter of Alex. Hayworth, of Burdun Hall, Herefordshire.

Y. S. M.

Dublin.

_Euphormio_ (Vol. i., p. 27.).--Mention is made of _Censura Euphormionis_ and other tracts, called forth by Barclay's works: where can some account of these be found?

P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.

_Optical Query._--Last summer the following illusion was pointed out to me at Sandwich, Kent. The ingenious horizontal machine to enable the treadmill to grind the wind, in default of more substantial matter, although certainly revolving only in one direction, say from right to left, at intervals appeared to change its direction and turn from left to right. This change appeared to several persons to take place at the same time, and did not seem to be owing to any shifting of the perpendicular shutters for regulating the resistance of the air. The point from which I viewed it was near the south door of St. Clement's Church. Have any of the readers of "N. & Q." noticed a similar illusion, and can they explain it?

H. H.

Gloucester.

_Archbishop King._--The well-known William King, Archbishop of Dublin, was interred in the graveyard of the parish of St. Mary, Donnybrook, near Dublin, as appears from the following entry in the Register of Burials: "Buried, Archbishop King, May 10th, 1729." There is no stone to mark his grave. I would be glad to know whether there is any monument elsewhere,

I would likewise be glad to know whether there is any good engraving of the archbishop in existence. I have lately procured a copy of a small and rather curious one, engraved by "Kane o' Hara," and "published, Sept. 20th, 1803, by William Richardson, York House, 31. Strand;" and I am informed by a friend that a portrait (of what size I am not aware) was sold by auction in London, 15th February, 1800, for the sum of 3l. 6s. It was described at that time as "very rare."

Donnybrook graveyard, I may add, is rich in buried ecclesiastics, containing the remains of Dr. Robert Clayton, Bishop of Clogher (a man of note in his day), and other dignitaries of our church.

ABHBA.

_Neal's Manuscripts._--In Neal's _History of the Puritans_, he frequently refers at bottom of the page to a manuscript in his possession thus (MS. penes me, p. 88.): will any of your readers inform me where this MS. is preserved, and whether I can have access to it? It was evidently a voluminous compilation, as it extended to many hundred pages.

T. F.

_Whence the Word "Cossack?"_--Alison says, on the authority of _Koramsin_ (vi. 476.), "The word Cossack means a volunteer or free partisan," &c. (Vide _History of Europe_, vol. ix. p. 31.) I have found the word "Kasak" in the Gulistan of Saadi, which there means a robber of the kind called _rahzan_. From the word being spelt in the Gulistan with a [Arabic: q], it appears to me to be an Arabic word. Can any reader enlighten

MUHAMMED?

A. N. Club

_Picts' Houses and Argils._--The Cimmerians, a people mentioned by Herodotus, who occupied principally the peninsula of the Crimea, are distinguished by Prichard from the Cimbri or Kimbri, but supposed by M. Amedee Thierry to be a branch of the same race, and Celtic. Many of their customs are said to present a striking conformity with those of the Cimbri of the Baltic and of the Gauls. Those who inhabited the hills in the Crimea bore the name of Taures or Tauri, a word, Thierry says, signifying mountaineers in both the Kimbric and Gaulish idioms. The tribe of the plains, according to Ephorus, a Greek writer cotemporary with Aristotle, mentioned in Strabo, lib. v., dug subterraneous habitations, which they called _argil_ or _argel_, a pure Kimbric word, which signifies a covered or deep place:

[Greek: Ephoros phesin autous en katageiois oikiais oikein has kalousin argillas.]

Having seen several of the rude and miserable buildings underground in the Orkneys, called Picts' houses, I should like to know something of these _argils_ or _argillae_, but suppose them to be calculated for the requirements of a more advanced state of society than that of the dwellers in Picts' houses. Perhaps some of your correspondents could give information on this matter. {431} For the above, vide Introduction to Amedee Thierry's _Histoire des Gaulois, &c._, 1828, p. 57.

W. H. F.

_The Drummer's Letter._--The letter from the drummer to the corporal's wife in _The Sentimental Journey_ (it is hardly possible to give a precise reference to any part of this little work) ends thus:

"Je suis, Madame,

"Avec toutes les sentimens les plus respectueux et les plus tendres, tout a vous,

"JAQUES ROCQUE."

Why is the first of the adjectives agreeing with _les sentimens_ in the wrong gender? The blot may be a trifling one, but I think I may say that it defaces every copy of this well-known billet-doux. I have seen many editions of _The Sentimental Journey_, some by the best publishers of the time in which they lived, and I find the same mistake in all: I do not know of a single exception. If Sterne wrote _toutes_, it must have been by accident; there is nothing to prove that he wished to make the poor drummer commit the solecism, for the rest of his letter is not only correctly, but even elegantly written.

C. FORBES.

Temple.

_The Cardinal Spider._--I have read somewhere an account of a singular species of spider, which is of unusually large size, and is said to be found only in Hampton Court Palace.

It is supposed by superstitious persons that the spirits of Cardinal Wolsey and his retinue still haunt the palace in the shape of spiders; hence the name "Cardinal."

Can any of your correspondents inform me where such an account is to be met with, as I have forgotten the name of the book in which I have seen it?

W. T.

Norwich.

_New England Genealogical Society, &c._--Can any of your correspondents inform me where I can address a letter to, for Dr. Jenks, Secretary to the New England Genealogical Society? And where can I see a copy of Farmer's _New England Genealogical Register_, 1829, and _The New England Genealogical Register and Magazine for 1847_, mentioned by your correspondent T. WESTCOTT, "N. & Q.," Vol. vi., p. 495.?

J. K.

* * * * *

Minor Queries with Answers.

_Dr. John Hartcliffe, Dr. Wm. Cokayne, Dr. Samuel Kettilby._--Can any of your correspondents tell me whether John Hartcliffe, D.D., Fellow of King's, Cambridge, and Head-master of Merchant Taylors' from 1681 to 1686, is _the Dr. Hartcliffe_ whom James II. wishes to instal illegally in the Provostship of King's, as he attempted to impose a President on Magdalen, Oxon?

I should be glad also to know whether there is any continuation of Ward's _Lives of the Gresham Professors_, reaching to the present time; and, in particular, the dates of the appointments or deaths of William Cokayne, D.D., Professor of Astronomy, and William Roman, B.C.L., Professor of Geometry?

Likewise, of what faculty was Samuel Kettilby, D.D., Professor; and when did he die?

JAMES HESSEY.

Merchant Taylors'.

[It was Dr. John Hartcliffe, of Merchant Taylors', that wished to become Provost of King's College: but the mandate was obtained from King William, not from James II. Hartcliffe's _Discourse against Purgatory_, 1685, which Anthony a Wood thinks was publicly burnt in France, was not likely to recommend him to the favour of the latter king. The affair of the Provostship is thus stated by Cole (_Hist. of King's College_, vol. iv. Addit. MSS. 5817.)--"On the death of Dr. Copleston, Hartcliffe made a great stir, in order to become Provost, and actually obtained a mandate of King William to the society to choose him; but he was far from being agreeable to the Fellows of the college, who, when they heard he was in town, and upon what errand he came, directly shut up the college gates, and proceeded to an election, when Dr. Roderick was chosen, with the odds of ten votes to one. This being transacted in the infancy of King William's reign, he chose not to stir much in it; but after having shown the Fellows, by the very petition they made to him, which was presented by Mr. Newborough and Mr. Fleetwood, that he had a right to present, he dismissed them." A biographical notice of Dr. Hartcliffe is given in Nichols's _Literary Anecdotes_, vol. i. pp. 63, 64., and in Wood's _Athenae_ (Bliss), vol. iv. p. 790.

No one appears to have continued Ward's _Lives of the Gresham Professors_. Maitland, in his _History of London_, has brought the history of the institution down to 1755. Dr. Ward himself had prepared a new edition, containing considerable additions, which was presented to the British Museum by his residuary legatee. Among the Additional MSS. also will be found a large mass of papers and correspondence relating to the _Lives_. From one document, entitled "Minutes relating to the Lives of the Professors of Gresham College, being Additions to the printed Work," we extract the following notice of "William Cokayne, who was the son of George Cokayne, of Dovebridge in Devonshire, clerk. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, in London, and from thence elected probationer Fellow of St. John's College, where he was matriculated 9th July, 1736. He commenced A.M. 9th July, 1744; made Junior Proctor 1750; and B.D. 4th July, 1751." The date of his appointment as Astronomy Professor is not given; but his resignation, in 1795, will be found in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. lxv. p. 711. He appears to have died in 1798 (see _Ib._, vol. lxviii. p. 641.), when the Rev. Joseph Monkhouse succeeded him as Rector of Kilkhampton, co. Cornwall.

{432}

The MS. "Minutes" also contain a notice of William Roman, the thirteenth Geometry Professor, "who was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, London, and from thence elected to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1740, being matriculated as the son of Richard Roman, of London, Gent., aetat. 17. He commenced B.C.L., May 5th, 1747; Deacon at Christ Church, 21st Sept., 1746; Priest at Christ Church, 20th Sept., 1747." No date of his appointment, but he was Professor in 1755, when Maitland wrote his account of the college. Dr. Samuel Kettilby succeeded the Rev. Samuel Birch as Geometry Lecturer, and died June 25, 1808.--See _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. lxxviii. p. 657.]

"_Haulf Naked._"--In poring over an old deed the other night, I stumbled upon the above name, which I take to be that of a manor in the county of Sussex. Is it so? and, if so, by what name is the property now known?

CHARLES REED.

[In Dallaway's _Western Sussex_, art. WASHINGTON, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 133., is the following entry:--"In 1310, Henry Balduyne sold to Walter de Halfenaked one messuage, two acres of arable, and two acres of meadow, in Washington and Sullington. Ped. fin. 3 Edw. II."]

* * * * *

Replies.

THE LEGEND OF LAMECH--HEBREW ETYMOLOGY.

(Vol. vii., p. 363.)

Etymologists are a race who frequently need to be drawn up with a somewhat tight rein. Our Celtic fellow-subjects will not, perhaps, be much gratified by MR. CROSSLEY's tracing the first indications of their paternal tongue to the family of Cain; and as every branch of that family was destroyed by the deluge, they may marvel what account he can give of its reconstruction amongst their forefathers. But as his manner of expressing himself may lead some of your readers to imagine that he is explaining Cain, Lamech, Adah, Zillah, from acknowledged Hebrew meanings of any parts of those words, it may be as well to warn them that the Hebrew gives no support to any one of his interpretations. If fancy be ductile enough to agree with him in seeing a representation of a human arm holding a sling with a stone in it in the Hebrew letter called _lamed_, there would still be a broad hiatus between such a concession, and the conclusion he seems to wish the reader to draw from it, viz. that the word _lamed_ must have something to do with slinging, and that consequently _lamed_ must be a slinger. The Hebrew scholar knows that _lamed_ indisputably signifies to _teach_; and though perhaps he may not feel sure that the Hebrew consonant _l_ obtained its name from any connexion with that primary meaning of the root _lamed_, he will not think it improbable that as the letter _l_, when prefixed to a noun or verb, _teaches_ the reader the construction of the sentence, that may have been the reason for its being so named.

As to a legend not traceable to within some thousand years of the facts with which it claims to be connected, those may take an interest in it who like so to do. But as far as we may regard Lamech's address to his wives in the light of a philological curiosity, it is interesting to observe how naturally the language of passion runs into poetry; and that this, the most ancient poetry in existence, is in strict unison with the peculiar character of subsequent Hebrew poetry; that peculiarity consisting of the repetition of clauses, containing either the same proposition in a slightly different form, or its antithesis; a rhyme of thoughts, if we may so say, instead of a rhyme of sounds, and consequently capable of being preserved by a literal translation.

And Lamech said unto his wives,--

"Adah and Zillah, hear my voice; Ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my speech, For I have slain a man to my wounding, And a young man, to my hurt. If Cain shall be avenged seventy-fold, Truly Lamech, seventy and seven-fold."

The construction is more favourable to the belief that the _man_ of line third is the same as the _young man_ of the parallel clause, than that he had slain two; the word rendered _hurt_ is properly a _wheal_, the effect of a severe strife or wound.

As to the etymologies of the names mentioned by MR. CROSSLEY, we gather from God's words that she called her first son Cain, an acquisition (the Latin _peculium_ expresses it more exactly than any English word), because she had gotten (literally _acquired_, or obtained possession of) a man. As for Lamech, or more properly L[)e]m[)e]ch, its etymology must be confessed to be uncertain; but there is a curious and interesting explanation of the whole series of names of the patriarchs, Noah's forefathers, in which the name of the other Lemech, son of Methusaleh, is regarded as made up of _L[)e]_, the prefixed preposition, and of _mech_, taken for the participle Hophal of the verb to smite or bruise. Adah, [Hebrew: 'DH], is _ornament_; Zillah, [Hebrew: TSLH] may mean the _shade_ under which a person reposes; or if the doubling of the _l_ is an indication that its root is [Hebrew: TSLL], it may mean a dancer.

H. WALTER.

Allow me, in reference to MR. CROSSLEY's remarks, to say, that from the accidental resemblance of the Hebrew and Celtic words _Lamech_ and _Lamaich_, no philological argument can be drawn of identical meaning, any more than from the fact that the words Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazar, or Belteshassar[2], are significant in Russian {433} and Sclavonian, as well as in Chaldee. _Lamache_ in Arabic means (see Freytag) "_levi intuitu et furtim adspicere_ aliquem;" also to _shine_, as lightning, or a star. _Lamech_, therefore, is an appropriate designation for a man known to prowl about for plunder and murder, and whose eye, whether taking aim or not, would give a sudden and furtive glance.

The word _lamed_ signifies, in Hebrew, _teaching_; the word _Talmud_ is from the same root. It is the same in Syriac and Chaldee. The _original_ significant of these three languages is to be found in the Arabic _Lamada_: "_Se submisit_ alicui; _humiliter se gessit_ erga aliquem." (Freytag.) No argument can be drawn from the shape of the letter [Hebrew: L] (_lamed_), because, although popularly so called, it is _not_ a Hebrew letter, but a Chaldee one. The recent discoveries, published in Layard's last work, demonstrate this fact; Mr. Layard falls into the mistake of calling the basin inscriptions Hebrew, although Mr. Ellis, who had translated them, says expressly that the language is Chaldee (_Nineveh and Babylon_, p. 510.), one of them only being Syriac (p. 521.). Chaldee and Syriac, indeed, differ from each other as little as Chaucer's and Shakspeare's English, although the written characters are wholly distinct.

Davis, in his _Celtic Researches_, has done all that was possible, taking a very limited view, however, in fixing upon certain linguistic resemblances in some ancient tongues to the Celtic; but a clear apprehension of the proper place which the Celtic language and its congeners hold in comparative philology, can only be learnt from such works as Adelung's _Mithridates_, and Adrien Balbi's _Atlas Ethnographique du Globe_.

T. J. BUCKTON.

[Footnote 2: The accidental resemblances are curious. Thus, _Nebucadnetzar_ is in Russian _nebe kazenniy Tzar_, "A Lord or Prince appointed by heaven;" or, _nebu godnoi_ _Tzar_, "A Prince fit for heaven." _Belshatzar_ is also in Russian _bolszoi Tzar_, "A great Prince;" and _Belteshtzar_, Daniel's Chaldean pagan name, is _byl tesh Tzar_, "he was also a Prince," _i. e._ "of the royal family."]

The interpretation of Hessius (_Geschichte der Patriarchen_, i. 83.) is preferred by Rosenmueller:

"Ex hujus Doctissimi Viri sententia Lamechus _sese jactat_ propter filios suos, qui artium adeo utilium essent inventores: Cainum progenitorem suum propter caedem non esse punitum, multo minus se posse puniri, si vel simile scelus commisisset. Verba enim non significant, caedam ab eo revera esse paratam, sed sunt verba hominis admodum insolentis et profani. Ceterum facile apparet, haec verba a Mose ex quodam carmine antiquo inserta esse: tota enim oratio poeticam quandam sublimitatem spirat."

The sense of these two verses (Gen. iv. 23, 24.) is, according to Dathe:

"_Si propter viri aut juvenis caedem vulnera et plagae mihi intendantur, cum de Caino poena septuplex statuta fuerit, in Lamecho id fiet septuagies septies._"

Herder, in his _Geist der ebraeischen Poesie_ (i. 344.) says:

"Carmen hoc Lamechi laudes canere gladii a filio inventi, cujus usum et praestantiam contra hostiles aliorum insultus his verbis praedicet: _Lamechi mulieres audite sermonem meum, percipite dicta mea: Occido jam virum, qui me vulneravit, juvenem, qui plagam mihi infligit. Si Cainus septies ulciscendus, in Lamecho id fiet septuagies septies._"

T. J. BUCKTON.

Birmingham.

The legend of the shooting of Cain by Lamech is detailed in _The Creation of the World, with Noah's Flood_, a Cornish mystery, translated into English by John Keigwin, and edited by Davies Gilbert, Esq. The legend and translation, in parallel columns, are given also at pp. 15, 16. of Mr. Gilbert's "Collections and Translations respecting St. Neot," prefixed to descriptive account (in 4to., with sixteen coloured plates) of the windows of St. Neot's Church in Cornwall, by Mr. Hedgeland, who restored them, 1805-1829, at the expense of the Rev. Richard Gerveys Grylls, patron, and formerly incumbent of the living.

JOSEPH RIX.

St. Neot's, Huntingdonshire.

* * * * *

LORD COKE'S CHARGE TO THE JURY.

(Vol. vii., p. 376.)

_Saltpetre-man._--An explanation of this title may be found in a proclamation of King Charles I. (1625):

"For the Maintaining and Increasing of the Saltpetre Mines of England, for the Necessary and Important Manufacture of Gunpowder."

This proclamation states:

"That our realm naturally yields sufficient mines of saltpetre without depending on foreign parts; wherefore, for the future, no dovehouse shall be paved with stones, bricks, nor boards, lime, sand, nor gravel, nor any other thing whereby the growth and increase of the mine and saltpetre may be hindered or impaired; but the proprietors shall suffer the ground or floors thereof, as also all stables where horses stand, to lie open with good and mellow earth, apt to breed increase of the said mine. And that none deny or hinder any _saltpetre-man_, lawfully deputed thereto, from digging, taking, or working any ground which by commission may be taken and wrought for saltpetre. Neither shall any constable, or other officer, neglect to furnish any such _saltpetre-man_ with convenient carriages, that the King's service suffer not. _None shall bribe any saltpetre-man_ for the sparing or forbearing of any ground fit to be wrought for saltpetre," &c.

It would appear that the _saltpetre-man_ abused his authority, and that the people suffered a good deal of annoyance from the manner in which this {434} absurd system was carried out; for two years afterwards we find that another proclamation was published by the King, notifying, "that the practice of making saltpetre in England by digging up the floors of dwelling-houses, &c. &c., tended too much to the grievance of his loving subjects ... that notwithstanding all the trouble, not one third part of the saltpetre required could be furnished." It proceeds to state that Sir John Brooke and Thomas Russell, Esq., had proposed a new method of manufacturing the article, and that an exclusive patent had been granted to them. The King then _commands_ his subjects in London and Westminster, that after notice given, they "carefully keep in proper vessels all human urine throughout the year, and as much of that of beasts as can be saved." This appeared to fail; for at the end of the same year, the "stable" monarch proclaimed a return to the old method, giving a commission to the Duke of Buckingham, and some others, to "... break open ... and work for saltpetre," as might be found requisite; and in 1634, a further proclamation was issued renewing the old ones, but excepting the houses, stables, &c. of _persons of quality_.

During the Commonwealth the nuisance was finally got rid of; for an act was passed in 1656, directing that "none shall dig within the houses, &c. of any person _without their leave first obtained_."

BROCTUNA.

Bury, Lancashire.

J. O. treats _The Lord Coke, his Speech and Charge, with a Discoverie of the Abuses and Corruptions of Officers_, 8vo. London: N. Butter, 1607, as a genuine document; but it is not so; and, lest the error should gain ground, the following account of the book, from the Preface, by Lord Coke, to the seventh part of his _Reports_, is subjoined: