Chapter 3

_By Hook or by Crook--Pokership--Gib Cat--Emerod._--I regret that very pressing business has hitherto prevented me from supplying an omission in my communication relating to the probable derivation of "By Hook or by Crook;" namely, my authority for saying there was evidence of the usage I referred to in forest customs. I now beg to supply that omission, by referring to the numerous claims for fuel wood made by divers persons at the justice seats held in the reigns of Charles I. and Charles II. for the New Forest, and which will be found at the Tower and Chapter House. Among others of these claims, I would mention that made by the tenant of land in Barnford, No. 112., who claims to have had the privilege, from _time immemorial_, of going into the king's wood to take the _dead branches_ off the trees therein, "with a cart, a horse, a _Hook and a Crook_, and a sail cloth." Verily this necessity for a sail cloth seems to point very distinctly to his being obliged to collect his fire-wood "by Hook or by Crook." May I add, that I do not think that any of the notes I have seen hitherto, with reference to this subject, invalidate the supposition of the origin being forestal; all that they {282} appear to me to prove is, that the saying is of long standing.

With reference to the query regarding the word Pokership (No. 12. p. 185.), I would observe, that the word is correctly copied from the grant, and that it was so spelt in all the previous grants that I have been able to refer to. As to the meaning of the word, I am of the opinion that it is intended to express the office of keeping the hogs in the forest, i.e. Porcarius. Pokership was probably spelt in early times Pawkership, from Pawn, I apprehend; subsequently it was either spelt or pronounced Paukership or Pokership. In corroboration of this view, I would mention, that on referring to the Pipe Roll, 6 John, county of _Hereford_, the following will be found:--"Hubert de Burgo, Et i libæ const. Parcario de heford, xxxs. vd." If, however, Parkership be deemed the more correct reading, still it does not of necessity apply to the custody of a park; it might have denoted the pound-keeper, for, in matters relating to manors, _parcus_ means a pound.

With respect to the query about Gib Cat, you will find the subject treated on largely in the _Etymologicon_--I may say, exhausted.

By the bye, there can be no doubt that Emerod means Emerald; formerly Emerald would be spelt Emeraud, and the transition is natural to Emerode--Emerod. With regard to the supposed size being an objection to this reading, it will be found that anciently the _matrix_ of the Emerald, which is _tinged_ green, went by the name of the more valuable jewel.

T.R.F.

Spring Gardens, Feb. 1850.

_Golden Frog_ (No. 14. p. 214.).--Sir John Poley's frog may have been a device alluding to his name; I imagine that Poley is an appelative of frogs. I find in Halliwell's _Dict. of Archaic Words_, "_Polly_wig," and in Jamieson's _Scottish Dictionary_, "_Pow_lick," both meaning _tadpole_, and both _diminutive_ forms; and Rowley _Poley_ is closely (though not very logically) connected with the _frog_ who would a-wooing go. The word has probably the same root as _poole_, _puddle_, &c.

R.R.

_Madoc._--In addition to what is stated (No. 4. p. 56.) on this subject, may be noted, that in the MS. Add. 14,957. British Museum, fol. 149., is a letter from Dr. David Samwell to the Gwyneddigion Society, dated 23rd March, 1791, in which he states, that the result of an interview, held by himself and William Owen with General Bowles, "places the existence of a race of Welsh Indians beyond all matter of doubt." This race is identified with _Padongas_ on the Missouri, who are said to be of a different complexion from the other Indian races, and to have books, which they were not able to read. Is this information to be depended on or not?

F.M.

_MSS. of Sir Roger Twysden_ (No. 5. p. 76.).--Twysden's MSS. were purchased by Sir Thomas Sebright, in or before the year 1715, and in the Sebright sale at Leigh and Sotheby's, in 1807, appear to be two of the MSS. inquired after by the Rev. L.B. Larking, namely, Lot 1224., "Vita et Epistolæ Sancti Thomæ, Archiepiscopi Cant." (purchased by Heber, and, at his sale in 1836, resold [Lot 323.] to Sir Thomas Phillipps), and Lot 1225., "Epistolæ Beati Anselmi, Archieposcopi Cant.", purchased by Dardis; but what became of it afterwards I know not.

F.M.

_Royal Genealogies_ (No. 6. p. 92.).--The inquirer will find, probably, what he requires, in a work by J.F. Dambergen, entitled, "Sechzig genaealogische auch chronologische und statistische Tabellen, zu Fürstentafel und Fürstenbuch der Europäischen Staatengeschichte," fol. Regensburg, 1831, in which the descents are brought down to a recent period.

F.M.

_Astle's MSS._ (No. 15. p. 230.).--After the death of Astle, in 1803, his collection of MSS. was purchased, pursuant to his will, for the sum of 500l., by the Marquess of Buckingham, and they remained at Stowe till the spring of last year, when they passed, with the rest of that noble collection, into the hands of the Earl of Ashburnham, for the sum of 8000l.;--a loss to the public much to be regretted.

F.M.

_Dr. Hugh Todd's MSS_. (No. 16. p. 246.).--The first of the five MSS. mentioned by Mr. Walbran, namely, the Chartulary of Fountains Abbey, is at present in University College, Oxford, and perhaps some of the other MSS. may be there also. A catalogue of the MSS. of this College has been printed, compiled by the Rev. H.O. Coxe, of the Bodleian Library; but I have not been able to consult a copy of it in London.

F.M.

_Sir William Ryder_ (No. 12. p. 186.),--"H.F." is informed that Sir William Ryder, Lord Mayor of London in 1660, lived at Bethnal Green, received the honour of knighthood, 12th March, 1660 or 1661; died 30th August, 1669; and was buried 9th September following at St. Andrew Undershaft, London. He had two sons, one of whom was Thomas Ryder, who was an equerry to King James II., and lord of the manor of Bilsington, in Kent. He performed some service at the coronation of Queen Anne; and his son, Sir Barnham Ryder, was knighted at the coronation of her successor. The other son of Sir William Ryder was William Ryder, gentleman. Sir William Ryder had five daughters:--1. Elizabeth, who married Richard, son of Sir Thomas Midleton, of Chirk Castle in Denbighshire, knight. 2. Priscilla, the wife of Richard Baylie, son of Dr. Baylie, Dean of {283} Sarum. 3. Mary. 4. Anne. 5. Martha.--_Harl. MSS._ 5801, 5802.

F.E.

_Scole Inn._--In answer to the query (No. 16. p. 245.) respecting the Sign and House at Scole Inn, I beg to refer to vol. ii. p. 142., of the _History of Norfolk_, published by Crouse and Booth of Norwich, in 1781, in 10 vols. 8vo.

I beg to state that I have impressions of two large prints, one of the "House," and the other of the "Sign." They were published in 1740.--"Joshua Kirby," del., "John Fossey," sculpt.

I have also a smaller print of the "Sign" taken from the opposite side--from the larger one--apparently by the same parties, but the names of the drawer and engraver are cut off.

I think the Sign was not take down till after 1795, as I have a recollection of having passed _under it_ when a boy, in going from Norwich to Ipswich.

The sign was large and handsome, and extended across the road.

In _Kirby's Print_, it is stated to have cost Mr. James Peck, who was a merchant at Norwich, 1057l.

The prints are not very scarce, and may be got at many of the printsellers in London.

J.B.

About twenty years ago I have seen hanging up on the wall of the principal entry of this inn, a print of its original front, comprising the various figure, coats of arms, &c. which adorned it: in this account the founder Peck was called a citizen of Norwich, and the traveller was puzzled by this piece of information. "It is called Scole Inn, because it is at about the same distance from Norwich, Ipswich, and Bury."

M. Prendergast.

7. Serjeant's Inn. Fleet Street, Feb. 19. 1850.

_Killigrew Family and Scole Inn Sign_ (No. 15. p. 231.).--Doubtless there are pedigrees of the Killigrew family in the _Visitations of Cornwall_, which would answer Mr. Lower's questions. Many notices of them also occur in Gilbert's _History of Cornwall_, and Wood's _Athenæ Oxon._, Bliss. ed., and both those works have good indexes.

There is a folded engraving of Scole Inn Sign (No. 16. p. 245.) in Armstrong's _History of Norfolk_, vol. ii. p. 144., but I never could learn when or why the sign was removed. The couchant stag in the centre was the Cornwallis crest.

Braybrooke.

Audley End.

_Pavoise of the Black Prince_ (No. 12. p. 183).--It is very probably that the _Pavoise_ which "Bolton" mentions as hanging in his time at the tomb of Edward the Black Prince, was no part of the original collection.

"A quilted coat-armour, with _half-sleeves tabard fashion_," reads oddly as part of this prince's costume; but we know that sometimes "Coming events cast their shadows before."

T.W.

_Welsh Ambassador._--The following use of the word "Welsh" _in metaphor_, may perhaps serve as a clue to, or illustration of, G.'s query (No. 15. p. 230.):

_Andrew_. "In tough _Welsh_ parsley, which in our vulgar tongue, is Strong hempen altars."--Beaumont and Fletcher, _Elder Brother_, Act. 1. ad fin.

Petit André

Pleissis-les-Tours, Fevrier, 1850.

_Phoenix--by Lactantius._--"Seleucus" is informed, in answer to his query in No. 13. p. 203., that he will find the Latin poem of the _Phoenix_, in hexameters _and pentameters_, in that scarce little volume, edited by Pithaeus, and published at Paris in 1590 (see Brunet), _Epigrammata et Poematia Vetera, &c._ (of which I am happy to say I possess a most beautiful copy), where it is headed "Phoenix, Incerti Auctoris;" and again at the end of the edition of _Claudian_ by P. Burmann Secundus Amsterdam, 1760), with the following title,--_Lactantia Elegia, de Phoenice; vulgo Claudiano ad scripta, &c._, where also another correspondent, "R.G." (in No. 15. p. 235.), will find much information as to who was the author of the poem.

C.J.C.

Feb. 9. 1850.

_Catsup_ (no. 8. p. 125.).--"Catsup" is to be found thus spelt in Todd's _Johnson's Dictionary_ (London, 1818). He describes it as a kind of Indian pickles imitated by pickled mushrooms; and quotes these two lines of Swift:

"And for our home-bred British cheer, Botargo, catsup, and cavier."

An eminnet Sanscrit scholar informs me that "kuck-hup" is the Hindostanee word for Turtle; it is to be met in the Vocabulary attached to Gilchrist's _East Indian Guide_ (8vo. London, 1820). May not the name of the sauce take its origin from the use of it in preparing the turtle for the table? In the _Cuisinier Royal, par Viart_, p. 75., it is mentioned among the "petites sauces," as ket-chop, "ou Soyac;" and the receipt for making it ends with "servez le avec le poisson." (Published at Paris, 1840.)

C.I.R.

_The Buckingham Motto_ (No. 9. p. 138., and No. 16. p. 252.).--On examining the original manuscript the true reading of this motto appears to me to be,

Sovente me sovene, Harre Bokynghame.

I should translate it, "souvent me souvenez;" an Anglo-French paraphrase of "sis memor mei;" or, "Ne m'oubliez pas." I have great doubt {284} whether the original MS. can be safely assumed to be an _autograph_.

S.

[Our correspondent "P." writes, "It surprises me your OEdipi should be so wide of the mark in this motto. It is simply, 'Oft remember me.'"]

_Devices of the Standards of the Anglo-Saxons_ (No. 14. p. 216.).--The arms, i.e. the standards of the successive rulers of Britain, may be found in Sir Winston Churchill's curious work, _Divi Britannici_, which gives (as your correspondent supposes) the White Horse for Kent, the White Dragon for Wessex, and the Raven for the Danes.

C.

_Prutenicæ_ (No. 14. p. 215.).--The work to which your correspondent alludes is, I presume, _Prutenicæ Tabulæ Cælestium Motuum, autore Erasmo Reinholdo_: Tubingæ, 1562. This work is dedicated to Albert, Duke of _Prussia_. In the dedication is the following passage:

"Ego has tubulas _Prutenicas_ dici volui, ut sciret posteritas tuâ liberalitate, Princeps Alberte, nos adjutos esse, et tibi gratiam ab iis, quibus profuturæ sunt deberi."

Reinhold therefore called them Prutenie, _i.e. Prussian_ tables, in compliment to the reigning duke. _Pruteni_ is an ancient name of the Prussians. Albert (grandson of Albert the Achilles, Margrave of Brandenburg) was in 1511 elected Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, who then held Prussia. He continued the war which his order had for some time carried on with his uncle, Sigismund I., King of Poland. But he subsequently embraced the doctrines of Luther, deserted his order, became reconciled to Sigismund, and for his reward East Prussia was now first raised into a duchy as a fief of Poland, and made hereditary in his family. This Albert was the founder of the University of Konigsberg. (See Puffendorff, Frederick the Great, and Robertson.)

_Pandoxare_ (No. 13. p. 202., No. 15. p. 234.).--There is, or till very lately was, an officer of Trinity College, Cambridge, called the Pandoxator. He had the oversight of the college brewhouse, and formerly of the college bakehouse also. See Monk's _Life of Bentley_, 2nd ed. i. 210. In Dr. Bentley's time the office seems to have been held by a senior fellow. Of late years junior fellows have held the situation.

C.H. Cooper.

Cambridge, Feb. 11. 1850.

_Gazetteer of Portugal._--In answer to the inquiry of "Northman" (No. 16. p. 246.), P.C.S.S. has to state, that he believes that the most recent, as it is unquestionably the most copious, work on the topography of Portugal is the _Diccionario Geografico de Portugal_, published at Lisbon in 1817, in seventeen volumes, 8vo.

P.C.S.S.

_Dog Latin_ (No. 15, p. 230.).--Many things low and vulgar are marked with the prefix "dog"; as _dog-rose_, _dog-trick_, _dog-hole_, as also _dog-gerel_. When the great mortar was set up in St. James's Park, some one asked "Why the carriage was ornamented with dog's heads?" "To justify the Latin inscription," said Jekyl.

C.

_Epigram_ (No. 15. p. 233.).--Surely not by Kenrick, if written, as it seems, about 1721. Kenrick was not heard of for near thirty years later.

C.

_Pallace, Meaning of_ (No. 15. p. 233.).--Put out of all doubt by the following article in Phillips's _World of Words_. "_Pallacia_, in old records, 'Pales or paled fences.'"

C.

_Meaning of Pallace_ (No. 13. p. 202., and No. 15. p. 233.).--Bishop Horsley seems to throw some light on this point by his note on the 9th verse of the 45th Psalm. The learned prelate says

"'Out of the ivory palaces whereby they have made thee glad,'--rather, from 'cabinets of Armenian ivory they have pleasured thee.' From _cabinets_ or _wardrobes_, in which the perfumes, or the garments were kept."

This meaning of the word, derived from the Hebrew, corroborates the sense given to it in Mr. Halliwell's _Dictionary of Archaic, &c. Words_, viz, a _storehouse_.

Alfred Gatty.

Ecclesfield, Feb. 9.

_Ælian._--The querist (No. 15. p. 232.) is informed that Ælian's Treatise _De Animalium Naturâ_ has been translated into Latin as well as his other works, by Conrad Gessner, fol. Zurich, 1556; but, it does not appear that an English translation of it has hitherto been published.

A.W.

Brighton.

_Why Dr. Dee quitted Manchester._--A correspondent (No. 14. p. 216.) of yours wishes to know the reason why Dr. Dee resigned his wardenship and left Manchester. I would refer him to the interesting "Life of Dee," by Dr. Cooke Taylor, in his _Romantic Biography of the Age of Elizabeth_, who writes:

"But in his days mathematics were identified with magic, and Dee's learned labours only served to strengthen the imputations cast upon his character by the Fellows of his College in Manchester. He was so annoyed by these reports that he presented a petition to King James, requesting to have his conduct judicially investigated; but the monarch, on the mere report that Dee was a conjuror, refused to show him the slightest favor. Indignant at the injurious treatment he continued to receive, he quitted Manchester with his family in the month of November, 1604: it is uncertain whether he renounced his wardenship at the same time, but he seems to have received no more of its revenues; for, during the remainder of his life, {285} which was passed at Mortlake, he suffered severely from the pressure of poverty."

He died in 1608. Dr. Taylor, I suppose, writes on the authority of Dee's MSS. and Journal, edited by Dr. Isaac Casaubon.

W.M.K.

_Viridis Vallis_ (no. 14. p. 213.).--This is the monastery of _Groenendael_, situated in the forest of Soignies, near Brussels. In the _Bibliothèque des Ducs de Bourgoyne_ are preserved several manuscript volumes relative to its history. (See Marchal's _Catalogue_, vol. ii. p. 84.) Sir Thomas Phillipps has also a Chartulary of this monastery among his manuscripts.

F.M.

_Recent Novel._--I beg to inform "Adolphus" that the Novel of which he is in search (No. 15. p. 231.) is _Le Morne au Diable_, by Eugène Sue; the hero of which is the Duke of Monmouth, who is supposed to have escaped to Martinique.

J.S.

* * * * *

MISCELLANIES.

_Use of Monosyllables._--In Beaumont and Fletcher's _Boadicea_, Act 3. Sc. 1. (Edinbugh, 1812), I meet with the following lines in Caratach's Apostrophe to "Divine Andate," and which seem to corroborate Mr. C. FORBES'S theory (No. 16. p. 228.) on the employment of monosyllables by Shakspeare, when he wished to express violent and overwhelming emotion: at least they appear to be used much in the same way by the celebrated dramatists whom I quote:

"Give us this day good hearts, good enemies, Good blows on both sides, wounds that fear or flight Can claim no share in; steel us both with anger, And warlike executions fit thy viewing. Let Rome put on her best strength, and thy Britain, Thy little Britain, but as great in fortune, Meet her as strong as she, as proud, as daring! And then look on, thou red-eyed God; who does best, Reward with honour; who despair makes fly, Unarm for ever, and brand with infamy!"

C.I.R.

Feb. 16.

_To endeavour oneself_ (No. 8. p. 125.).--"G.P." thinks that the verb "endeavour" takes a middle voice form in the collect for the second Sunday after Easter, in the preface to the Confirmation Service, and in the Form of Ordering of Priests: but in these instances is it any thing more than the verb neuter, implying that we should endeavour ourselves to follow, &c.?

In Shepherd's _Elucidation of the Book of Common Prayer_ (2 vols. 8vo. Lord. 1817), under the head of the Confirmation Office, it is stated relative to the persons to be confirmed (vol. ii. p. 312.), "that they solemnly engage evermore to endeavour faithfully to perform their part of that covenant."

C.I.R.

_Evelyn's Sculptura._--In a copy of Evelyn's _Sculptura_, 3rd edit., with Memoir of the Author's Life, 8vo. London, 1759, I find the following memorandum, in pencil, prefixed to the Memoirs:

"By Dr. Warton of Winchester, as he himself informed me in 1785."

An autograph resembling "J. Chelmar" is on the fly-leaf. As I do not see this Memoir ascribed to Dr. Warton in any list, to which I have access, of his writings, perhaps the Memoir is not generally, or at all, known to be by him, and I therefore send the memorandum to you to be winnowed in your literary threshing-floor, by those who have better means and more leisure to ascertain its value.

J.M.

Oxford, Feb. 5.

_William Baxter._--I do not know whether William Baxter is authority for anything. When you see a word quoted from one of the languages or dialects which the moderns call Celtic, that word will very commonly be found not to exist. When at a loss, quote Celtic. If W. Baxter says (see No. 13. p. 195.) that _buarth papan_ means the sun's ox-stall, or, in other words, that _papan_ means the sun, I should wish to know where else such a name for that luminary, for or any thing else, may be met with? I have not found any such thing.

A.N.

_Derivation of the word "Avon."_--Among the many proofs of the prevalence of the Gaelic roots in existing names at both ends of the island, it may be mentioned that there are ten rivers named _Avon_ in Britain, and _Avon_ is simply the Gaelic word for a river.

J.U.G. Gutch.

_Warton and Heinsius._--A late critic thinks he has discovered that Mr. Thomas Warton, a contemporary of Mr. Wise, and fellow of the same college, an antiquary and scholar of whom England may be proud, knew little of Latin, and less of Greek, because, forsooth, he did not notice Milton's false quantities, which Heinsius did! As well might it be argued, that the critic is an immoral man, because he did not notice the delinquencies of Heinsius in a moral point of view; the said Heinsius being obliged to resign his secretaryship to the city of Amsterdam in consequence of a prosecution by a young woman for breach of promise of marriage, under the faith of which she had lived with him, and borne him two children. The sentence of _misdaadigheyd_ was pronounced against him, and confirmed, on appeal, by the supreme court of Holland, in 1662. So much for the unpatriotic puff of the learned foreigner, to {286} the disparagement of one of the greatest ornaments of English literature. As one "note" naturally produces another, I hope your sense of justice, Mr. Editor, will admit this, in order to counter-balance the effect of the former one; appearing, as it did, in a periodical of considerable circulation, which, I am glad to hear, is soon to be very much improved.

J.I.

_Queen's Bagnio_ (No. 13. p. 196.).--The Queen's Bagnio in Long Acre was on the south side, nearly opposite to the door of Long Acre Chapel. The Duke's bath I have always heard was in Old Belton Street, now Endell Street; the fourth house from Castle Street on the west side. It has been new fronted not long since; but at the time that I frequented the baths there--the exterior had pilasters, and a handsome cornice in the style of Inigo Jones,--all being built in dark red brick. Within there was a large plunging bath, paved and lined with marble, the walls being covered by small tiles of blue and white, in the Dutch fashion. The supply of water was from a well on the premises.

There were several apartments for warm-bathing, having the baths and pavements of marble, and to several of these were attached dressing-rooms.

The house is now, I believe, occupied by a carpenter; but the baths remained, though in a dilapidated condition, a short-time since, and probably are there still.

T.W.

_A Flemish Account._--In illustration of a query in your first number on the origin of the expression "a Flemish Account," unless you think it too late for insertion, I send the following extract from an old volume in the Cathedral Library at Salisbury. It is entitled, "The Accurate Accomptant or London Merchant, &c.; by Thomas Brown, Accomptant: composed for the Use and Benefit of the poor Blew-Coat children educated in Christ's Hospital, &c. London, printed by William Godbid, sen. 1669. fol."

The book consists almost entirely of examples of the best methods of keeping accounts, from which I select the following instance:

"London, August 10th, 1668.

"To Roger Pace, Factor, &c., for 10 Pieces cont. 746 Ells Fl. at 10 _S._ Flem. per Ell. is 373 l. Flem. Exchange at 35 _S_ makes Sterling Money 213 l. 2s. 10 d."

The above extract strongly confirms the explanations of the expressions given by your correspondents "Q.Q." and "Mr. Bolton Corney," in No. 5. p. 74., as it proves both the necessity and early practice of accurately distinguishing in commercial dealings between English and Flemish methods of reckoning.

E.A.D.