Part 5
_Use of Tobacco before the Discovery of America_ (Vol. iv., p. 208.).--Sandys, in the year 1610, mentions the use of tobacco as a custom recently introduced, at Constantinople, by the English. (See _Modern Traveller_.) Meyen, however, in his _Outlines of the Geography of Plants_, as translated for the Ray Society, says:
"The consumption of tobacco in the Chinese empire is of immense extent, and the practice seems to be of great antiquity; for on very old sculptures I have observed the very same tobacco pipes which are still used. {271} _Besides, we now know the plant which furnishes the Chinese tobacco: it is even said to grow wild in the East Indies. It is certain that the tobacco plant of Eastern Asia is quite different from the American species._"
This is the opinion of a botanist at once distinguished for extensiveness of research and accuracy of detail; although Mr. J. Crawford, in a paper read before the Statistical Society, on the 15th of November, 1852, seems to incline to a contrary notion. It is, however, necessary to remark that his facts tend rather to elucidate the statistics of the plant than its natural character, so that Meyen's opinion must, I think, stand good until it be disproved.
SELEUCUS.
_Oldham, Bishop of Exeter_ (Vol. vii., p. 189.).--Perhaps it may help J. D. in his difficulty touching the difference between the coat of arms borne by Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, and that borne by the Oldham family at _Hatherleigh_, to be informed of what I believe he will find, upon inquiry, to be the fact, viz. that _Laing_ was the original name of the present family of Oldham at Hatherleigh; and that, consequently, the arms of Laing may possibly still be borne by them.
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Oxford.
Bishop Hugh Oldham, B.C.L., was one of the family of Oldenham, of Oldenham, co. Lancaster, which gave for arms, Sable, between three owls arg., a chevron or: in chief, of the third, three roses, gules. Richard Oldham, Bishop of Sodor, was Abbot of Chester in 1452.
Hugh was born in Goulburn Street, Oldham, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford, and at Queen's College, Cambridge: he was Rector of St. Mildred's, Bread Street, Sept. 19, 1485; Swineshead, February 3, 1493; Wareboys, March 31, 1499; Shitlington, August 17, 1500; Vicar of Cheshunt, July 27, 1494; Overton, April 2, 1501; Canon of St. Stephen's, Westminster, 1493; Prebendary of South Aulton in Sarum, September, 1495; of Newington in St. Paul's, March 11, 1496; of South Cave in York, August 26, 1499; Archdeacon of Exeter, February 16, 1503; Chaplain to Margaret, Countess of Richmond, and Master of St. John's, Lichfield, 1495; and St. Leonard's Hospital, Bedford, January 12, 1499.
He was the founder of Manchester High School, and was consecrated between December 29 and January 6, 1504. He was a great benefactor to Corpus Christi College in Oxford; and the intimate friend of Bishop Smyth, co-founder of Brasenose College, with whom he had been brought up in the household of Thomas, Earl of Derby. He died June 25, 1519, and was buried in St. Saviour's Chapel in Exeter Cathedral.
These notes are taken from a MS. History of the English Episcopate, which it is my hope to give to the public.
MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.
_Tortoiseshell Tom Cat._--I am pretty certain that I once saw in "N. & Q." an inquiry whether there ever was a well-authenticated instance of a tortoiseshell tom cat. The inclosed advertisement, which I have cut from _The Times_ of the 19th January, 1853, will perhaps give some of your readers an opportunity of testing the fact:
"To be sold, a real Tortoiseshell Tom Cat. This natural rarity is fifteen months old and eight lbs. weight. Apply to John Sayer, Mr. Bennison's, bookseller, Market-Drayton, Salop."
L. L. L.
[The inquiry will be found in our 5th Vol., p. 465.]
_Irish Rhymes_ (Vol. vi., and Vol. vii., p. 52.).--CUTHBERT BEDE, in his notice of the Irish rhymes in Swift's poetry, quoted one couplet in which _put_ rhymes to _cut_. Is this pronunciation of the word _put_ an Irishism?
A late distinguished divine, who, although he occupied an Irish see, was certainly no Irishman, and who was remarkably particular and, I believe, correct in his diction, always pronounced this word in this manner (as indeed every other word with the same termination is pronounced: as _rut_, _cut_, _shut_, _nut_, _but_, &c.).
The bishop to whom I allude pronounced the word thus, long before he ever had any communication with Ireland: and it is strange that, although I have been in Ireland myself, I never heard _put_ pronounced so as to rhyme with _cut_ by any native of that island.
RUBI.
The following extract is a note by Lord Mahon, in vol. i. p. 374. of his edition of Lord Chesterfield's _Letters to his Son_ (Bentley, 1847). I cannot see how the quotation from Boswell bears upon either _accent_ or _cadence_; it appears to relate entirely to different modes of pronunciation:
"It may be observed, however, that the questions of what are 'false accents and cadences' in our language appear to have been far less settled in Lord Chesterfield's time than at present. Dr. Johnson says: 'When I published the plan for my dictionary, Lord Chesterfield told me that the word _great_ should be pronounced so as to rhyme with _state_; and Sir William Yonge sent me word, that it should be pronounced so as to rhyme to _seat_, and that none but an Irishman would pronounce it _grait_. Now, here were two men of the highest rank,--the one the best speaker in the House of Lords, the other the best speaker in the House of Commons--differing entirely."--Boswell's _Life_, Notes of March 27, 1772.
C. FORBES.
Temple.
_Consecrated Rings_ (Vol. vii., p. 88.).--The inquiry opened by SIR W. C. T. is shown to be one of much interest by the able communication of your correspondent CEYREP. I trust he will excuse me in expressing strong doubts as to {272} Havering, the chapel in Essex, being so called from "having the ring." Nothing is more dangerous to any etymological solution than the being guided by the sound of words, rather than by the probable derivation of the name of the place or thing signified. I am aware that Camden says Havering is called so for the above-stated reason; and other compilers of topography have followed what I venture to suggest is an error. _Habban_, in Anglo-Saxon, means to have; and _Ring_ is ring--this is not to be denied; but in the general (and let me add excellent) rules for the investigation of names of places affixed to the late Dr. Ingram's _Translation of the Saxon Chronicle_, I find _Aver_ is from Aver, Br., the mouth of a river, ford, or lake; and _Ing_, it is well known, is a frequent termination for the names of places--its import in Anglo-Saxon being a meadow. How far "the meadow near the source of the river, or stream" applies to the site of _Havering_, I will leave to those more competent than myself to decide, but offer the suggestion to the consideration of CEYREP and others.
C. I. R.
_Brasses since 1688_ (Vol. vi., pp. 149. 256.).--In connexion with the subject of late brasses, a rubbing which I took from one in Masham Church, Yorkshire, may not be unworthy of a note. It runs thus:
"CHRISTOPHER KAY, Buried October the 23d, Anno Dom. 1689. [MRS. JANE NICHOLLSON, Bu. June the 4th, 1690.]
C onfined . in . a . bed . of . dust H ere . doth . a . body . lye R aised . again . it . will . I . trvst I nto . the . Heavens . high S in . not . bvt . have . a . care T o . make . yovr . calling . svre O mit . those . things . which . trivial . are P rise . that . we . will . indure H ange . not . your . mind . on . secular . things E ach . one . doth . fade . apace R iches . the . chief . of . we . hath . wings.
[A . Matron . grave . is . here . interr'd Whose . soul . in . heaven . is . preferr'd Aftwher . grandson . lost . his . breath She . soon . svrrender'd . vnto . death.]
K eeping . no . certaine . place A dict . your . selues . unto . his . conuersation Y our . purchase . heaven . for . your . habitation."
This, it will be seen, is an acrostic: the lines between brackets are insertions.
WM. PROCTER.
York.
_Derivation of Lowbell_ (Vol. vii., p. 181.).--In my younger days I frequently had occasion to draw out (from old established precedent) the form of an appointment, by the lord, of a gamekeeper for a manor, in which the latter was authorised and required to seize and destroy all and all manner of gins, snares, springs, &c., including a dozen or more technical words, one of which was "lowbells." The manors in question were in Dorsetshire and Somersetshire, but I doubt not but that the same form was adopted in other counties in various parts of England. Being strongly impressed with the familiarity of the word on reading H. T. W.'s Note, I was induced to refer to Johnson's _Dictionary_, where I find my own notion fully borne out as follows:
"LOWBELL.--A kind of fowling in the night, in which the birds are wakened by a bell and lured by a flame."
At this moment I have only the abridged edition (3rd edition, 1766) to refer to, and that does not give any reference or authority for the definition in question. I would observe, however, that I believe "loke" is either a Saxon or Scandinavian word, signifying a flame or firebrand, which, coupled with "bell," fully bears out the definition, and I think sufficiently accounts for the term "lowbelling" in H. T. W.'s Note, as the offender might have been greeted with bells and firebrands in lieu of the "tin pots and kettles," or by way of addition to them.
May not this also serve to explain what is considered as a puzzling term in Beaumont and Fletcher? Lowell being nothing more nor less than a snare, may not "Peace, gentle lowbell," mean "Peace, gentle ensnarer?"
M. H.
_The Negative given to the Demand of the Clergy at Merton_ (Vol. vii., p. 17.).--Warburton agrees with Bishop Hurd on this subject, for he observes as follows, in one of his letters (the 84th), that--
"At a parliament under Henry III., 'Rogaverunt omnes Episcopi ut consentirent quod nati ante matrimonium essent legitimi, et omnes Comites et Barones una voce responderunt quod nolunt leges Angliæ mutari.' This famous answer has been quoted a thousand and a thousand times, and yet nobody seems to have understood the management. The bishops, as partizans of the Pope, were for subjecting England to the imperial and papal laws, and therefore began with a circumstance most to the taste of the Barons. The Barons smelt the contrivance; and rejected a proposition most agreeable to them, for fear of the consequences, the introduction of the imperial laws, whose very genius and essence was arbitrary despotic power. Their answer shows it: 'Nolumus leges Angliæ mutari:' they had nothing to object to the reform, but they were afraid for the constitution."
C. I. R.
_Nugget_ (Vol. vi., pp. 171. 281.; Vol. vii., p.143.).--T. K. arrogantly sets aside the etymology of W. S.; and, in lieu of the Persian _nugud_ of the latter, would have us believe that _nugget_ is nothing more than a Yankee corruption of _an ingot_. I {273} hold with W. S. notwithstanding, and so will all who have had any dealings with the _Bengalees_: the term _nuggut pisa_ being with them a common one for "hard cash;" and as the Hindostanee language is largely indebted to the Persian, the derivation of W. S. is no doubt correct. To account for its occurrence in Australia, it is only necessary to say that that country has been for some years past a _sanatarium_ for the debilitated _Qui Hye's_, many of whom have settled there; and becoming interested in the "diggings," have given the significant term of _nuggut_ to what has in reality turned out _hard cash_, both to them and to certain lucky gentlemen in this city--holders of the script of the "Great _Nuggut_ Vein" of Australia.
J. O.
_Blackguard_ (Vol. vii., p. 77.).--It may, in some degree, support the first portion of the argument so interestingly stated by SIR J. EMERSON TENNENT respecting the derivation of this term, to record that, in my youth, when at school at the New Academy in Edinburgh, some five or six-and-twenty years ago, I used frequently to be engaged, with my schoolfellows, in regular pitched battles, technically called by us _bickers_, with the town boys, consisting chiefly of butchers' and bakers' boys, whom we were accustomed to designate as _the blackguards_, without, I am sure, ever attaching to that word the more opprobrious meaning which it now generally bears; but only indicating by it those of a lower rank in life than ourselves, _the gentlemen_.
May I venture to add, that whilst the former portion of SIR J. E. TENNENT'S Note seems to me to be fully satisfactory in proof that the term _blackguard_ is originally derived from the ancient appellation of menials employed in the lowest and most dirty offices of a great household, and that it is thus purely English,--the last two paragraphs, on the other hand, appear to advocate an unnecessary and far-fetched derivation of the word from the French, and which, I humbly conceive, the true sense of the alleged roots, _blague_, _blaguer_, _blagueur_, by no means justifies; it being impossible to admit that these are, in any sort, "corresponding terms" with _blackguard_.
G. W. R. GORDON.
Stockholm.
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Miscellaneous.
NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
Long and anxiously has the reading public been looking for Mr. Layard's account of his further discoveries in Nineveh and Babylon. That account has at length appeared in one large octavo volume, under the title of _Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, with Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan, and the Desert, being the result of a Second Expedition undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum, by_ Austen H. Layard, M.P., and is enriched with maps, plans, and woodcut illustrations, to the extent of some hundreds. And on examining it we find that the vast amount of new light which Mr. Layard's discoveries in the wide and hitherto untilled field of Assyrian antiquities had already thrown on Sacred History, is increased to a great extent by those further researches, of which the details are now given to the public. With his ready powers of observation, and his talent for graphic description, Mr. Layard's book, as a mere volume of travels over a country of such interest, would well repay perusal: but when we find in addition, as we do in every page and line, fresh and startling illustration of the truth of Holy Writ--when we have put before us such pictures of what Nineveh and Babylon must have been, and find, as we do, men distinguished in every branch of learning lending their assistance to turn Mr. Layard's discoveries to the best account, we feel we cannot be too loud in our praises of Mr. Layard's zeal, energy, and judgment, or too grateful to Mr. Murray for giving us at once the results which those qualities have enabled Mr. Layard to gain for us, in so cheap, complete, yet fully embellished a form.
The blockade of Mainz was not a bad day for the already world-renowned story of _Reynard the Fox_, since that led Göthe to dress the old fable up again in his musical hexameters, and so give it new popularity. From Göthe's version a very able and spirited English paraphrase is now in the course of publication. We say paraphrase, because the author of _Reynard the Fox, after the German version of Göthe, with illustrations by_ J. Wolf, takes as his motto the very significant but appropriate description which Göthe gave of his own work, "Zwischen Uebersetzung und Umarbeitung schwebend." However, the version is a very pleasant one, and the illustrations are characteristic and in good taste.
An _Antiquarian Photographic Club_, for the exchange among its members of photographs of objects of antiquarian interest, on the principle of the _Antiquarian Etching Club_, is in the course of formation.
BOOKS RECEIVED.--_The Family Shakspeare, in which nothing is added to the original Text, but those words and expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read in a Family, by_ T. Bowdler, Vol. V., containing Troilus and Cressida, Coriolanus, Julius Cæsar, Antony and Cleopatra, and Cymbeline.--The new volume of Bohn's _Standard Library_ contains the eighth and concluding volume of the _History of the Christian Church_, as published by Neander. The publisher holds out a prospect of a translation of the posthumous volume compiled from Neander's Papers by Dr. Schneider, and with it of a general index to the whole work.--_The Physical and Metaphysical Works of Lord Bacon, including his Dignity and Advancement of Learning, in Nine Books, and his Novum Organum, or Precepts for the Interpretation of Nature_, by Joseph Devey, M.A., forms the new volume of Bohn's _Scientific Library_.
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{274}
BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES
WANTED TO PURCHASE.
GMELIN'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY. Inorganic Part.
ARCHÆOLOGIA. Vols. III., IV., V., VI., VII., VIII., X., XXVII., XXVIII., unbound.
THE HISTORY OF SHENSTONE, by the REV. H. SAUNDERS. 4to. London, 1794.
LUBBOCK'S ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON THE TIDES.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Vol. I., and Parts I. and II. of Vol. II.
CURTIS'S BOTANICAL MAGAZINE. 1st and 2nd Series collected.
TODD'S CYCLOPÆDIA OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. Complete, or any Portion.
GLADSTONE'S (W. E.) TWO LETTERS TO THE EARL OF ABERDEEN ON THE STATE PROSECUTIONS OF THE NEAPOLITAN GOVERNMENT. 1st Edition. 8vo.
SWIFT'S WORKS. Dublin: G. Faulkner. 19 Vols. 8vo. 1768. Vol. I.
PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE UNDER DIFFICULTIES. Original Edition. Vol. I.
THE BOOK OF ADAM.
THE CHRISTIAN MAGAZINE. Vol. for 1763.
PRO MATRIMONIO PRINCIPIS CUM DEFUNCTÆ UXORIS SORORE CONTRACTO RESPONSUM JURIS COLLEGII JURISCONSULTORUM IN ACADEMIA RINTELENSI (circa 1655).
MONNER JURISCONSULT., DE MATRIMONIO.
BRÜCKNER, DE MATRIMONIO.
*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send their names._
*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.
* * * * *
Notices to Correspondents.
[Omega]. [Phi]. _The volume referred to is the well-known reprint of the First Edition of Shakspeare._
TYRO. _How can we address a letter to this Correspondent?_
A. C. W. _The_ yolk _of an Egg is the_ yelk, _or yellow of the egg. In Beaumont and Fletcher's_ Wife for a Month _it is so written_:
"like to poach'd eggs, That had the _yelk_ suck'd out."
_See Richardson's_ Dictionary, s. v.
JARLTZBERG. _The name_ Radical _is only an abbreviated form of_ Radical Reformer, _which was the title originally assumed by the political party now known as_ Radicals.
C. E. B. (M.D.) Dublin. _The Query shall be immediately inserted, if forwarded. The former does not appear to have been received._
RECNAC. _Douce_ (Illustrations of Shakspeare, vol. i. p. 301.), _speaking of the passage_ "Sans teeth, sans eyes," _&c., shows that the word_ sans, _introduced into our language as early as the time of Chaucer, has sometimes received on the stage a French pronunciation, which in the time of Shakspeare it certainly had not_.
H. HENDERSON (Glasgow). _Glass may be cemented for Photographic Baths, &c. with sealing-wax. We think our Correspondent would find Dr. Diamond's Collodion Process far simpler than that which he is following._
REPLIES TO PHOTOGRAPHIC QUERISTS _next week_.
MR. WELD TAYLOR'S Cheap Method of Iodizing Paper _in our next Number_.
GOOKINS OF IRELAND, AND BITTON, GLOUCESTERSHIRE (Vol. vi., p. 239.).--Will J. F. F. allow me the favour of his address, to enable me to transmit to him some papers relating to the Gookins? He will much oblige H. T. ELLACOMBE.--Clyst St. George, Devon.
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Collection of Antiquities, Books, &c., of the late ED. PRICE, Esq., F.S.A.
PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, during the present Month, the Interesting Collection of Antiquities of the late ED. PRICE, Esq., F.S.A., including many valuable Specimens of Roman, Saxon, and other Pottery, Coins, Ancient and Mediæval Metal Work, and other interesting objects, many of which have been engraved in the various Archæological and Pictorial Journals, and have been the subject of frequent reference in "NOTES AND QUERIES." Catalogues will be sent on application.
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MR. GLADSTONE'S ELECTION.
Just published in 8vo., price 1s.
A STATEMENT OF FACTS connected with THE ELECTION of the RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE as Member for the University of Oxford in 1847, and with his re-elections in 1852 and 1853, by SIR STAFFORD H. NORTHCOTE, Bart., a Member of Mr. Gladstone's Committee.
Oxford and London: J. H. PARKER.
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In fcp. 8vo. price 1s. 6d.
ECCLESIÆ ANGLICANÆ Religio, Disciplina, Ritusque Sacri: COSINI Episcopi Dunelmensis Opusculum. Accedunt Argumenta quædam breviora de Fide Catholicâ ac Reformatione Anglicanâ. In Appendice, Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ Catechismus. Edidit FREDRICUS MEYRICK, M.A., Coll. S. S. Trinitat. apud Oxon. Socius.
Oxonii, apud J. H. PARKER.
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Just published, with Etchings, price 1s.
AN URGENT PLEA for the REVIVAL of TRUE PRINCIPLES of ARCHITECTURE in the PUBLIC BUILDINGS of the UNIVERSITY of OXFORD. By GEORGE EDMUND STREET, F.S.A., Diocesan Architect for the Diocese of Oxford.
Oxford and London: J. H. PARKER.
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A LITERARY CURIOSITY, sent Free by Post on receipt of Three Postage Stamps. A Fac-simile of a very remarkably Curious, Interesting, and Droll Newspaper of Charles II.'s Period.
J. H. FENNELL, 1. Warwick Court, Holborn, London.
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Just published, price 1s., free by post, 1s. 6d.
DIRECTIONS for Obtaining Positive and Negative Pictures, by the COLLODION PROCESS, and for Printing the Proofs in various Colours upon Paper, by T. HENNAH.
The AMMONIO-IODIDE OF SILVER in Collodion, for taking Portraits or Views on Glass, cannot be surpassed in quickness or delicacy of detail. CHEMICALS of absolute purity especially prepared for this Art. Every description of APPARATUS with the most recent improvements. Instruction given in the Art.
DELATOUCHE & CO., 147. Oxford Street.
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To Members of Learned Societies, Authors, &c.
ASHBEE & DANGERFIELD, LITHOGRAPHERS, DRAUGHTSMEN, AND PRINTERS, 18. Broad Court, Long Acre.
A. & D. respectfully beg to announce that they devote particular attention to the execution of ANCIENT AND MODERN FACSIMILES, comprising Autograph Letters, Deeds, Charters, Title-pages, Engravings, Woodcuts, &c., which they produce from any description of copies with the utmost accuracy, and without the slightest injury to the originals.
Among the many purposes to which the art of Lithography is most successfully applied, may be specified,--ARCHÆOLOGICAL DRAWINGS, Architecture, Landscapes, Marine Views, Portraits from Life or Copies, Illuminated MSS., Monumental Brasses, Decorations, Stained Glass Windows, Maps, Plans, Diagrams, and every variety of illustrations requisite for Scientific and Artistic Publications.
PHOTOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS lithographed with the greatest care and exactness.
LITHOGRAPHIC OFFICES, 18. Broad Court, Long Acre, London.
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