Part 3
_Costume of Spanish Physicians._--I have been informed that the Spanish physicians for a very considerable period, and even until about forty years ago, wore a dress peculiar to their profession. Can any of your readers inform me where I can find a representation or a description of this dress; and also whether it would be the one worn by a Flemish physician residing in Spain about the middle of the sixteenth century?
Z.
_Genoveva._--Can any of your readers inform me what history or legend is illustrated by a fine engraving in line, by Felsing after Steinbrück (size 13 × 11 inches), which has no other clue to its subject than the word _Genoveva_, in the lower border. It represents a beautiful maiden, with a sleeping child in her lap, at the foot of a beech-tree in {134} a forest, and a hind or fawn in the background approaching from a cavern. It was published some years ago at Darmstadt, and is not common: but beyond a guess that it is meant for St. Genevieve, the printsellers can tell me nothing about it; and I do not find in _her_ history, as given by Alban Butler, any such incident.
SILURIAN.
_Quotation._--In the Miscellaneous Writings of the celebrated Franklin (Chambers's People's Edition) I find the following anecdote, in an article on "The Art of procuring Pleasant Dreams." Franklin says:
"It is recorded of Methusalem, who, being the longest liver, may be supposed to have best preserved his health, that he slept always in the open air; for when he had lived five hundred years, an angel said to him, 'Arise, Methusalem, and build thee an house; for thou shalt live yet five hundred years longer.' But Methusalem answered and said, 'If I am to live but five hundred years longer, it is not worth while to build me an house: I will sleep in the open air as I have been used to do.'"
From what source did Franklin derive this information?
CHRISTOPHOROS.
"_God and the World._"--I shall be obliged by being informed from what poet are the following lines:
"God and the world we worship both together, Draw not our laws to Him, but His to ours; Untrue to both, so prosperous in neither, Th' imperfect will brings forth but barren flowers; Unwise as all distracted interests be, Strangers to God, fools in humanity; Too good for great things, and too great for good, While still 'I dare not' waits upon 'I would.'"
W. H.
"_Solid Men of Boston._"--Where are the verses to be found of which the following were part? I have an indistinct recollection that they were quoted in parliament during the American revolution:
"Solid men of Boston, make no long orations; Solid men of Boston, drink no strong potations; Solid men of Boston, go to bed at sundown, Never lose your way like the loggerheads of London. Bow, wow, wow.
"Sit down neighbours all, and I'll tell you a merry story, About a disappointed Whig that wish'd to be a Tory, I had it piping hot from Ebenezer Barber, Who sail'd from Old England, and lies in Boston harbour. Bow, wow, wow."
UNEDA.
_Lost MS. by Alexander Pennecuik._--In the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, is preserved a MS. in 4to., called _The whole Works of Alexander Pennecuik, Gent._, vol. ii. It commences at p. 215. Upon the boards is written "Edinburgh, January 1759. Ex dono viduæ J. Graham, Bibliopegi, cum altero volumine." It is not known in what way the Faculty of Advocates became possessed of this volume. Query, Where is the first?
EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
"_The Percy Anecdotes._"--Who were the compilers of this excellent collection, published about thirty years ago?
UNEDA.
_Norman Song._--In the year 1198 there was a song current in Normandy, which ran that the arrow was being made in Limousin by which Richard Coeur de Lion was to be slain. Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." inform me where the ballad is to be found, or if MS., give me a copy?
R. L.
_God's Marks._--In Roper's _Life of More_ there is an account of Margaret Roper's recovery from an attack of the sweating sickness. The belief of the writer was, that the recovery was miraculous; and to enforce that opinion he asserts, that the patient did not begin to recover until after "God's marks (an evident undoubted token of death) plainly appeared upon her." (Roper's _More_, p. 29., Singer's edition.) Pray what is meant by "God's marks?"
JOHN BRUCE.
_The Bronze Statue of Charles I., Charing Cross._--What is known of the life and history of John Rivers[4], to whose loyalty the good people of London are now indebted for the preservation of this bust, which the Parliament in the time of Cromwell had ordered to be destroyed? That he was a brazier, and a handy workman, is all that I know of him.
W. W.
Malta.
[Footnote 4: [John _Rivett_, a brazier living at the Dial, near Holborn Conduit. See Walpole's _Anecdotes of Painting_ vol. ii. p. 319.--ED.]]
* * * * *
Minor Queries with Answers.
_Hutter's Polyglott._--Can any one inform me whether the following work was ever completed, or give me any particulars respecting it? _Biblia Sacra, Ebraice, Chaldaice, Græce, Latine, Germanice, Saxonice; Studio et Labore_ Eliæ Hutteri, Germani, Noribergæ, 1599. Of this work I have the first volume--a splendid book, which recently came from abroad; but I cannot hear of the other volumes: this includes the Pentateuch. A reply to this Query will be thankfully received.
B. H. C.
[We have an edition before us, printed at Noribergæ, 1599, to the end of the Book of Ruth, but without the Sclavonic column. According to Ebert (_Bibliog. Dict._) there is "a fourfold edition, differing only in the last column, and goes only as far as the Book of Ruth. Scarce, but of no value. The edition with the {135} Sclavonic column is the most scarce." In 1600, Hutter published a Polyglott of the New Testament, in twelve languages, viz. the Syriac, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, German, Bohemian, Italian, Spanish, French, English, Danish, and Polish; which, in an edition printed in 1603, were reduced to the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German. He died at Nuremberg, about 1603.]
_Ethnology of England._--Will any of your readers favour me with a reference to the best work or works which refer to the ethnology of this island, more particularly in reference to the craniology of the different races which have settled in it?
I beg to ask whether it is yet clearly settled that there are types of the heads of Ancient Britons, Saxons, Danes, and other races, to be referred to as standards or examples of the respective crania of those people? If so, will any of your readers be kind enough to direct me to any work which contains engraved outlines of such crania?
ETHNOLOGICUS.
[ETHNOLOGICUS is referred to the works of Dr. Prichard and Dr. Latham; more especially to _The Ethnology of the British Islands_, by the last-named writer, noticed in our 170th Number, p. 120. That types of the heads of the Ancient Britons, Saxons, Danes, &c. are to be found, there can be no doubt, though they have never hitherto been brought together for comparison. To do this is the object of the projected _Crania Britannica_, about to be published by Dr. Thurnam of Devizes, and Mr. J. B. Davis, of which some particulars will be found at p. 497. of our Sixth Volume.]
_Pitt of Pimperne._--Can any of your readers tell me what works of Mr. Pitt, formerly Rector of Pimperne, Dorset, and translator of Virgil's _Æneid_, &c., have been printed?
W. BARNES.
Dorchester
[In addition to the _Æneid_, Christopher Pitt translated Veda's _Art of Poetry_, about 1724; and subsequently published a volume of _Poems and Translations_, 8vo. 1727. His _Poems_ will be found in the twelfth volume of Chalmers's Collection.]
_"The Bottle Department" of the Beer-trade_ was evidently _terra incognita_ in those days:
"He that buys land buys many stones; He that buys flesh buys many bones; He that buys eggs buys many shells; But he that buys good ALE buys nothing else."
"A favourite proverbial rhyme among topers," quoth that most amusing of lexicographers, old N. Bailey, [Greek: Philologos], who inserts it under the word "Buy," folio edition.
Query, What was his Christian name?
BALLIOLENSIS.
[Nathan Bailey. A short account of him will be found in Chalmers's _Biog. Dict._]
* * * * *
Replies.
BISHOP PURSGLOVE (SUFFRAGAN) OF HULL.
(Vol. vii., p. 65.)
Some time since, when at Tideswell (which is in Derbyshire, not Devonshire), I made a rubbing from the brass of Bishop Pursglove, from which I have copied the inscription asked for by A. S. A., on a plate of brass underneath the figure.
"Under this stone as here doth ly, a corps sumtime of fame, In Tiddeswall bred and born truely, ROBERT PURSGLOVE by name; And there brought up by parents' care, at schoole and learning trad; Till afterwards, by UNCLE dear, to London he was had, Who, WILLIAM BRADSHAW hight by name, in pauls w^{ch} did him place, And y^r at schoole did him maintain full thrice three whole years' space; And then into the Abberye was placed as I wish, In Southwarke call'd, where it doth ly, Saint MARY OVERIS. To Oxford then, who did him send, into that Colledge right, And there fourteen years did him find wh. Corpus Christi hight; From thence at length away he went, a Clerke of learning great, To GISBURN ABBEY streight was sent, and plac'd in PRIOR'S seat. BISHOP of HULL he was also, ARCHDEACON of NOTTINGHAM, PROVOST of ROTHERAM COLLEDGE too, of YORK eak SUFFRAGAN. Two GRAMER Schooles he did ordain with LAND for to endure, One HOSPITAL for to maintain twelve impotent and poor. O GISBURNE, thou, with TIDDESWALL TOWN, lement and mourn for may, For this said CLERK of great renoun lyeth here compact in clay. Though cruell DEATH hath now down brought this body w^c here doth ly, Yet trump of Fame stay can he nought to sound his praise on high."
"Qui legis hunc versum crebro reliquum memoreris Vile cadaver sum, tuque cadaver eris."
The inscription is in black letter, except the words which are in small capitals.
On a fillet round the slab, with the evangelistic symbols at the corners,--
"[Maltese cross] Christ is to me as life on earth, and death to me is gaine, Because I trust through Him alone saluation to obtaine; {136} So brittle is the state of man, so soon it doth decay, So all the glory of this world must pas and fade away.
"This Robert Pursglove, sometyme Bishoppe of Hull, deceased the 2 day of Maii, in the year of our Lord God, 1579."
Wood says (_Ath. Oxon._, edit. Bliss, ii. c. 820.), that about the beginning of Queen Mary's reign he was made Archdeacon of Nottingham, and suffragan Bishop of Hull; but Dr. Brett, in a letter printed in Drake's _Eboracum_, 1736, fol., p. 539., says he was appointed in 1552, the last year of the reign of Edward VI.
JOHN I. DREDGE.
In Wharton's _List of Suffragan Bishops_, the following entry occurs:
"Robertus Silvester, _alias_ Pursglove, ep[=u]s Hullensis, 1537, 38."
But this is probably a mistake, as, in a short account of his life by Anthony à Wood (vol. ii. col. 820., _Athen. Oxon._, edited by Bliss), I find it stated, that "on the death of Rob. Sylvester about the beginning of Queen Mary's reign, he was made Archdeacon of Nottingham, and suffragan Bishop of Hull, under the Archbishop of York." Wood afterwards adds:
"After Queen Elizabeth had been settled in the throne for some time, the oath of supremacy was offered to him, but he denying to take it, was deprived of his archdeaconry and other spiritualities."
TYRO.
It appears, from Dugdale's _Warwickshire_, that Pursglove assented to the suppression of Gisburne in December, 1540, and became a commissioner for persuading other abbots and priors to do the same. It is doubtful at what time he was appointed to the see of Hull; whether in the last year of Edward VI. or in Queen Mary's reign, though it is certain, in 1559, he refused to take the oath of supremacy to Elizabeth.
The hospital and schools mentioned in the epitaph are Gisborough and Tideswell.
R. J. SHAW.
* * * * *
THE GREGORIAN TONES.
(Vol. vi., pp. 99. 178.)
I have neither time nor inclination to expose all the errors and fallacies of MR. MATTHEW COOKE'S article on "Gregorian Tones;" but I cannot resist pointing out certain statements which are calculated to mislead the readers of "N. & Q." in no trifling degree. The writer says:
"The most ancient account we have is, that St. Ambrose of Milan knew of _four_ tones in his day, and that he added _four_ others to them; the former being those termed authentic, the latter the plagal modes."
Now the fact is, that St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan (A.D. 374 to 397), chose from the ancient Greek modes four series or successions of notes, and called them simply the first, second, third, and fourth tones; laying completely aside the ancient heathen names of Doric, Phrygian, Lydian, Ionic, &c. St. Gregory the Great, who governed the Christian Church from A.D. 591 to 604, added the _four additional_ tones. These eight ecclesiastical successions or scales, which still exist as such in the music of the Roman Liturgy, are called Gregorian after their founder. Thus the old Ambrosian chant is known at present only through the medium of the Gregorian.
The writer continues his statement in these words--
"Some years since, the renowned French theorist, Mons. Fetis, went to Milan for the express purpose of consulting the celebrated _Book of Offices_, written by St. Ambrose _in his own handwriting, which is there preserved_ [the Italics are added]; and in his work, published in Belgium, he says that he collated them with those known and received amongst us; and that the variations were of the slightest possible character, the tones being ostensibly the same."
This extraordinary statement cannot be accepted without the title of M. Fetis' work, and the passage upon which it rests, _verbatim_ in the author's own words. But I have no hesitation in saying that it is founded in error.
Thibaut (_Ueber der Reinheit der Tonkunst_, pp. 28-30.) speaks of a MS. of the Gregorian chants at St. Gall, in Switzerland, as old as the _ninth_ century. This is believed, by all accredited modern writers upon music, to be the oldest MS. of the tones extant.
EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
* * * * *
LOVE'S LABOUR'S LOST, ACT V. SC. 2.
(Vol. vi., pp. 268. 296.)
Of this passage we might almost say _conclamatum est_; for really no good sense has yet been made of it, except by bold alterations. For my own part, I agree with A. E. B., that _no alteration is required_ except in the punctuation, and not much even then. The text of the folios is given by MR. SINGER (Vol. vi., p. 268.), and I would read it thus:
"Nay, my good lord, let me o'errule you now. That sport best pleases that doth least know how, Where zeal strives to content, and the contents Dies in[5] the zeal of that which it presents. Their form confounded makes most form in mirth, When great things labouring perish in the birth."
The whole difficulty seems to lie in the word _dies_ in the fourth line, and that I think may be removed by merely changing _i_ into _y_, and reading _dyes_. The meaning then will be: That sport will yield most pleasure in which, though the actors are devoid of skill, they are zealous and anxious to give pleasure for their zeal in the endeavour, {137} _dyes_, or tinges (_i. e._ communicates its own hue to) the _contents_ or satisfaction of the spectators (_i. e._ makes them sympathise with the actors). While on the other hand: My good lord, when, as in your late attempt, great things labouring perish in the birth, _their_ confusion causes laughter and derision instead of pleasure, like the former simple effort.
I take, as will be seen, _contents_, in the third line, as the substantive of the preceding verb _content_, and not, with MR. KNIGHT and A. E. B., as "things contained." The poet put it in the plural evidently for the sake of the rhyme. In the next line, _zeal_ may not be the word actually written by the poet, but it makes a very fair sense; and I know no word that could be substituted for it with certainty--we still use the phrase, _to dye in_. In understanding the last two lines of the mask[6] of the king and his lords, I think I am justified by the remark of Byron:
"A right description of our sport, my Lord."
Perhaps it is needless to add, that _labouring_ is i.q. _travailing_; and that _most form in mirth_ means _the highest form in_ (i. e. _the greatest degree of_) _mirth_.
In these, and any other remarks on Shakspeare with which I may happen to trouble you at any time, I beg to be regarded as a mere _guerilla_ as compared with regularly trained and disciplined Shakspearians like _Mr. Singer_, MR. COLLIER, and others. I have never read the folios of 1623 or 1632. I do not even possess a _variorum_ edition of the poet; my only copy being Mr. Collier's excellent edition. Finally, my studies have lain most about the sunny shores of the Mediterranean; and I am most at home in the literature of its three peninsulas, and the coasts of Asia.
THOS. KEIGHTLEY.
[Footnote 5: "in" corrected from "with" by erratum in Issue 172.--Transcriber.]
[Footnote 6: "mask" corrected from "remark" by erratum in Issue 172.--Transcriber.]
* * * * *
NIÁGARA, OR NIAGÁRA.
(Vol. vi., p. 552.; Vol. vii., p. 50.)
As I consider J. G.'s apology for the popular, though undoubtedly erroneous, pronunciation of this word to be far from satisfactory, may I trouble you with some evidence in favour of Niagára, which MR. W. FRASER truly says is the Huron pronunciation? I also agree with him, that it is "unquestionably the most musical." For my own part, the sound of Niágara is painful to my ear; even Moore himself could not knock music out of it. Witness the following lines:
"Take, instead of a bowl, or a dagger, a Desperate dash down the Falls of Niágara."[7]
How very different is the measured, solemn sound, which the word bears in the noble lines of Goldsmith, who, it is reasonable to suppose, was as well informed of its proper pronunciation as of its correct interpretation.
Travelling a few years since in Canada, I was assured by an old gentleman, who for many years held constant intercourse with the aborigines, that they invariably place the accent upon the penult. If this be true, as I doubt not, it is conclusive: and in order to testify to the correctness of the assertion, I could cite numberless aboriginal names of places in "The States," as well as in Canada: a few, however, will here suffice:
Stadacóna. Hochelága. Torónto. Mississíppi. Alleghány. Apalachicóla. Saratóga. Ticonderóga. Narragánset. Oswégo. Canandáigua. Tuscalóosa.
Now, I am aware that there are other Indian words which would seem, at first sight, if not to contradict, to be at least exceptions to the rule, but upon investigation they, I conceive, rather strengthen my argument: for instance, Connécticut--the original of which is, Quonehtácut, the long river.
In conclusion, we should bear in mind that we have the prevalent pronunciation of such words through either of two channels,--the French or the American; consequently, in Canada, we find them Frenchified, and in "The States" Yankeefied.
I therefore hold that Niágara is a most inharmonious Yankeefication of the melodious aboriginal word Niagára.
ROBERT WRIGHT.
40. Tavistock Street, Covent Garden.
[Footnote 7: I quote these lines from memory. They occur, I believe, in the _Fudge Family_.]
* * * * *
DRENGAGE.
(Vol. vii., p. 39.)
The tenure in _drengage_ was common in, if it was not confined to, the territory which was comprised in the ancient kingdom of Northumbria. _Drenghs_ are mentioned in Domesday on the lands between the Ribble and the Mersey, which then formed part of Northumbria. They occur in Yorkshire; and they are mentioned in the survey, called the _Boldon Book_, compiled in A.D. 1183, by order of Hugh Pudsey, the great Bishop of Durham, which may be termed the Domesday of the palatinate. Sir Henry Ellis, in his _General Introd. to Domesday_, says, "The _drenchs_ or _drenghs_ were of the description of allodial tenants ... and from the few entries in which they occur, it certainly appears that the allotments of territory they possessed were held as manors." (_Domesd._, tom. i. fo. 269.) But as menial services (to be rendered, nevertheless, by the villans of the tenant in _drengage_) were attached to the tenure, at all events in the county of Durham, it was inferior to military tenure; and the instance in the Pipe Rolls of Westmoreland, 25 Henry II., of the enfranchisement of _drenghs_, together with the particulars {138} given in records of the palatinate of Durham and the county of Northumberland, as to the services attached to _drengage_, show that it was far from being a free tenure. Yet Spelman (_Gloss._, ed. 1687, p. 184.) speaks of _drenges_ as "tenantes per servitium militare;" and Coke calls them "free tenants of a manor."[8] From the _Boldon Book_ we learn, however, that the services of the _drengh_ were to plough, sow, and harrow a portion of the bishop's land, to keep a dog and horse for the bishop's use, and a cart to convey his wine; to attend the chase with dogs and ropes; and perform certain "precaria," or harvest works. To take an example from the roll of Bishop de Bury in 1336:--We find Nicholas de Oxenhale held of the bishop in capite the manor of Oxenhale, performing, amongst other services, "the fourth part of a _drengage_; to wit, he was to plough four acres, and sow the land with seed of the bishop's, and harrow it, and do four days' work in autumn." And in the Pipe Roll for Westmoreland, already mentioned, we find eighteen _drenghs_ in the honour held by Hugh de Morvill, who had not been enfranchised by him, and who remained paying a fine to be exempt from foreign service. In Northumberland the tenants in _drengage_ paid a fixed money-rent, and were subject to tallage, heriots, merchet, &c. So, in the palatinate, in 25th Bishop Hatfield (A. D. 1369), John Warde, of Hoton, died seised in his demesne of a messuage and sixty acres which were held of the bishop in capite, by homage and fealty in _drengage_, rendering six bushels of oats and three bushels of barley, at the manor of Middleham. But the agricultural and menial services were lighter than those of the villan, and, as already stated, were not performed by the tenant in person, or by those of his household. This tenure existed in Tynedale at the close of the thirteenth century, as appears from _Rot. Orig. 20 Edw. I._, vol. i. p. 70., where the "consuetudinem partium prædictarum" are mentioned. "A _drengage_," says Blount, in his _Fragmenta Antiquitatis_, "seems to have consisted of sixteen acres, to be ploughed, sown, and harrowed." The word _drengage_ is derived, by the Rev. Wm. Greenwell, in the glossary to his recent valuable edition of _Boldon Book_, from the Anglo-Saxon _dreogan_, to do, work, bear; the root, according to Tooke, of our English word _drudge_. _Drengage_ is, in Kelham's _Norman-French Dictionary_, explained to be "the tenure by which the _drenges_ held their lands." In Lye's _Saxon Dictionary_ I find "_Dreng_, miles, vir fortis."
WM. SIDNEY GIBSON.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
[Footnote 8: Spelman says they were "E genere vassallorum non ignobilium," and such as, being at the Conquest put out of their estate, were afterwards restored.]
* * * * *
CHATTERTON.
(Vol. vii., p. 14.)