Part 4

"Op te Requeste daerby den voorn. Willem Pedel, versochte aen die van de Gerechte der stadt Leyden omme te mogen speelen verscheyde fraeye ende eerlicke spelen mettet lichaem, sonder eenige woorden te gebruycken, stont geappostileert: Die van de Gerechte deser stadt Leyden hebben voor zoe veel in hem es, den thoonder toegelaten ende geconsenteert, laten toe ende consenteren mits desen binnen dezer stede inde Kercke vant Bagynhoff te mogen spelen voor de gemeente ende syne speelen verthoonen, mits dat hy hem daervan zalt onthouden geduyrende tdoen van de predicatien van Gods woorts, en dat de arme Weesen alhier zullen genieten de gerechte helfte van de incomende proffyten, en dat zulex int geheel zullen werden ontfangen en gecollecteert by een persoon daertoe bij M^{ren} van de Arme Weesen te stellen ende committeeren.

"Aldus gedaen op ten xviij Nov. 1608."

(_Translation._)

On the request by which the aforesaid W. Pedel petitioned the authorities of the city of Leyden to allow him to exhibit various beautiful and chaste performances with his body, without using any words, was determined: The authorities of this city of Leyden have consented and allowed the exhibitor to perform in the church of the Bagynhoff within this city, provided he cease during the preaching of God's word, and that the poor orphans here have half the profits, and that they be received and collected by a person appointed by the masters of the poor orphans.

Done on the 18th November, 1608.

In 1656 English comedians came to Dordrecht, but were soon obliged to withdraw. About 1600 some appeared in Germany, who considerably diminished the taste for biblical and moral pieces. See Dr. Schotel, _Blik in de Gesch. v.h. tooneel._; Gervinus, _Neuere Geschichte der poetischen Nationalliteratur der Deutschen_, vol. iii. pp. 96-100.--_From the Navorscher._

W. D. V.

* * * * *

LA BRUYÈRE.

(Vol. vii., p. 38.)

I am unable to reply to URSULA'S questions; but I would ask permission to solicit from such of your better-informed correspondents as may become votaries to URSULA, that they would extend the range of their genealogical pilgrimage so far as to pay a visit to the ruins of Tor Abbey. I should be glad to learn whether either William Lord _Briewere_ or William de la _Bruere_ (both of whom were connected with the foundation of that religious house) were of the same family as Thibault de la _Bruyère_, the Crusader, who is one of the subjects of URSULA'S inquiry. Dr. Oliver (_Monast. Exon._, note at p. 179.) thinks that these two William Brewers may have represented families originally distinct from each other:

"There is some doubt," he says, "whether the family _De Brueriâ_ or _Bruerâ_, which was settled in Devon at the time of the Domesday, and then held some of the lands afterwards given by W. _Briwere_ to Torr Abbey, was the same as that of the founder. In this cartulary the two names are spelt differently, and Briwere seems {115} to have been a purchaser of De Bruerâ. See, upon this subject, Dugdale's _Baronage_, vol. i. p. 700., and Lysons' _Devonshire_, vol. i. p. 106. The names of Brieguerre and De Bruera existed contemporaneously in Normandy. See _Rot. Scacc. Norm. Indices_."

Whether these two William Brewers represented distinct families or not, it appears that they became closely allied by marriage. At fol. 81. of an "Abstract of the Tor Cartulary, at Trinity College, Dublin," given by Oliver, p. 187., the following grants occur; viz.:

"Grant from William Briewere to William de la Brueriâ, of four librates of land in Wodeberi, with Engelesia his sister, _in liberum maritagium_, &c.

"Grant from said William de la Bruera, with the assent of Engelesia his wife, of all their land in Grendle to William Briewere, brother of the said Engelesia, &c.

"Confirmation thereof by said Engelesia."

Both families appear to have given the name of _Brewer_ to their places of residence.

"The tything of _Teign Grace_," says Risdon, "anciently _Teign Brewer_, was in the time of King Henry the Second the land of Anthony de la Brewer, whom divers knights of that race succeeded. Sir William de la Brewer, the last of the male line, left this inheritance among co-heirs, Eva, wife of Thomas le _Grace_, and Isabel, &c.... Concerning which lands these lines I found in the leger-book of the Abbey of Torr: '_Galfridus de Breweria dominus de Teigne pro salut. animæ Will. de Breweria & Argalesia uxor ejus conc. abbat. de Torr liberum transitum in Teigne._'"--P. 135.

_Buckland Brewer_, on the other hand, derived its name (according to the same authority) from the family of which William Lord Brewer was the representative.

The Brewers appear to have founded other religious houses, and to have held possessions in other parts of England. It was from Welbeck Abbey, in Nottinghamshire, that William Lord Briwere obtained subjects for his abbey at Tor; and Bruern, or Temple Bruer, in Lincolnshire, belonging to the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell (see Dugdale's _Monast._, new edition, vol. vi. par. ii. p. 801.), would seem to owe its name to some connexion with the Brewer family, as did also, perhaps, Bruera in Chester, &c.

Mention is made of a William de la Bruera in the _History of Northamptonshire_ (edit. Oxon., 1791, tom. i. p. 233.), in connexion with the township of Grafton, to which manor Joane, his wife, and her sister Bruna, appear to have been co-heirs, as daughters of Ralph de S. Samson, temp. Henry III.

William Brewer, Bishop of Exeter (_brother_ of the William Lord Briewere already mentioned), was "put in trust" by King Henry III. "to conduct his sister, the Lady Isabella, into Germany, to her intended marriage with the Emperor Frederic." See Jenkins's _History of Exeter_, 1806, p. 252.

"This Bishop Brewer also went into the Holy Land (_transfretavit, cruce signat._) the eleventh of Henry the Third."--Risdon, edit. Lond., 1811, p. 137.

There was another William Brewer, a _son_ of William Lord Brewer; but he died without male issue.

I fear these few notices bear no very precise relation to URSULA'S inquiries. Still I send them, in the hope of discovering, by the kindness of some of your erudite contributors, what is the difference (if any) between the names _La Bruyère_, _De la Bruere_, and _Briewere_; and also whether, _originally_, these names belonged to _two_ or _three_ distinct families, or only to so many different branches of the same family.

J. SANSOM.

P.S.--The name _Bruere_ is probably not yet extinct, either in France or in England. In the Bodleian Library there is a letter, addressed by _John Bruere_ to the clergy of the diocese of Oxford, written within the last century, and bearing date "May 19, 1793," "Odington, near Islip," of which place the author was probably the rector. And in the British Museum _Catalogue_, under the name of (_M. de la_) _Bruere_, is mentioned _Histoire du Règne de Charlemagne_, 2 tom. 12^o; Paris, 1745.

* * * * *

SOUTHEY'S CRITICISM UPON ST. MATHIAS' DAY IN LEAP-YEAR.

(Vol. vii., p. 58.)

MR. YARRUM'S _exposé_ of Southey's singular blunder is perfectly just; but it does not include _the whole_ truth, a consideration of which renders the lapsus even more notable and unaccountable than if it arose _only_ from a want of acquaintance with the distribution of Roman Catholic Feriæ.

The allegation of error against the historians, because they had "fixed the appointed day on the eve of Mathias," would seem to imply that they might have fixed upon some other feast-day with more correctness; whereas there is no other in the calendar which could by any possibility be affected by leap-year: but the most extraordinary part of the mistake is, the ignorance it displays (scarcely credible in Southey) of the origin and etymology of the bissextile institution--the very subject he was criticising.

Because the name "bissextile," as every body knows, arose from the repetition in leap-year of the identical day in question: the sixth of the kalends of March; the 24th of February; the feast of the Regifugium amongst the Romans; and of its substitute, that of St. Mathias, amongst the Christians.

It is clear, that since the Regifugium was held upon the sixth day before the 1st of March (both inclusive), that day must, according to our {116} reckoning, be the 24th of February in common years, and the 25th in leap-years: therefore, the supernumerary or superfluous day, added on account of leap-year, was considered to be the 24th of February, and not the 25th; which latter, in those years, became the true "Sixth before the Kalends." Indeed, it is highly probable, although it cannot be supported by direct evidence, that the first day of the double sextile was distinguished from its name-fellow of the following day by having the word "bis" prefixed to _sextum_; so that, in leap-years, the 24th of February would be expressed as follows: "Ante diem _bis_-VI Calend. Martias;" while the following day, or the 25th of February (being considered the real Simon Pure), would retain the usual designation of "A.D. VI Calend. Mar." Such an hypothesis offers a reasonable explanation of the seeming reversal in terms of calling the day which _first_ arrived _posterior_, and that which succeeded it _prior_.

Although the Church of England Calendar now places the feast of Saint Mathias invariably on the 24th of February in all years, yet the earlier copies of the Book of Common Prayer allocated it to "The Sixth of the Kalends of March," without any direction as to which of the two days, bearing that name in leap-years, it should be appropriated. The modern Reformed Church Calendar therefore repudiates the usage of the Romans themselves, rather than that of the Roman Catholics.

A. E. B.

Leeds.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES.

_Portable Camera for Travellers._--Your correspondent E. S. asks for a clear description of a camera that will supersede the necessity of a dark room. Mr. Stokes has invented one; and in the early part of the photographic exhibition at the Society of Arts it was exhibited. The weight of the camera is only nine pounds, including focussing-glass, lens, shutter, &c. The shutter is so arranged that it will contain from twelve to twenty pieces of prepared paper, each piece between separate sheets of blotting-paper. Light and air are completely excluded, by the paper being pressed by the front portion of the shutter. When required for use, the first piece of paper is placed at the back of the glass. By the assistance of a small hood, the impression is then taken; and, by removing the millboard, the paper will fall back into its place. At the same time another piece can be brought forward, ready for a second picture, before focussing, and so on to the end. The hood is made of India rubber cloth, and answers the purpose of a focussing cloth, without the trouble of removing it from the camera throughout the day. The size of the pictures that can be taken by it is 9½ by 12 inches. It has been tried during the latter part of the last year, and proved most successful.

PHILIP H. DELAMOTTE.

Bayswater.

_The Albumen Process._--I shall be greatly obliged to DR. DIAMOND, or any other photographer, by their kindly communicating through your medium their experience with albumenized glass. I have Thornthwaite's _Guide to Photography_.

I should like answers to the following Queries:

Must the albumen be poured off from the plate after it is spread over the surface, in the same manner as collodion?

Is the plate (while roasting, according to the process of Messrs. Thompson and Ross) nearly perpendicular in the process?

Will the iodized albumen, for giving the film, keep; and how long?

How long will the plate retain its sensitiveness after exciting?

May the same sensitive bath be used for a number of plates without renewing, in the same way as silver bath for collodion?

In conclusion, what is the average time with single achromatic lens, six or seven inch focus, to allow to get a good picture?

Will photographers who are chemists turn their attention to obtain sensitive dry glass plates? for I think there can scarcely be any doubt of the advantage of glass over paper for _small_ pictures (weight, expense, &c., are perhaps drawbacks for pictures larger than 5 × 4 inches); but the desideratum is a sensitiveness nearly equal to collodion, and a plate that can be used dry.

THOS. LAWRENCE.

Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

_Black Tints of French Photographers._--Can you inform me, through the medium of your valuable periodical, how those beautiful black tints, so much prized in the French prints from photographic negatives, are obtained? By so doing you will give great pleasure to several excellent amateur photographers, and especially your constant reader,

PHILOPHOTOG.

_Originator of the Collodion Process._--As some think the credit of the invention of the collodion process a matter of dispute, will you allow me to remind your correspondents that the truth will be much easier to discover if they will confine themselves to actual facts?

In No. 167., p. 47., G. C. first recklessly accuses MR. ARCHER of untruth, and then tests his own claim to truth by quoting from Le Gray's edition of 1852, to prove Le Gray's edition of 1850. Why did he not go back at once to the 1850 edition; and if that contains anything like an intelligible process, why is it altogether omitted from Le Gray's edition of 1851, which was the one MR. ARCHER spoke of, and correctly? {117}

The history of collodion is (as far as I know) this. In September, 1850, DR. DIAMOND invited me to meet MR. ARCHER at his house, and for the first time MR. ARCHER produced some prepared collodion, a portion of which identical sample DR. DIAMOND now has in his possession.

MR. ARCHER had then been trying it some five or six weeks. His experiments then went on, and in March, 1851, he published it in the _Chemist_. Let any of your readers procure that Number, and compare MR. ARCHER'S claim with Le Gray's, who, in 1852, states that he published it in 1850, and gave "the best method that has been discovered up to the present time;" and yet, singularly enough, in his edition of 1851, leaves out _this best method_ entirely.

W. BROWN.

Ewell.

_Developing Paper Pictures with Pyrogallic Acid, &c._--Have any of your photographic correspondents tried developing their paper negatives with pyrogallic acid? If so, perhaps he would favour the readers of "N. & Q." with the result of his experiments.

In DR. DIAMOND'S process for paper negatives, he says the paper, after the iodizing solution has been applied, must be dried before soaking in water. I wish to ask whether it may be dried quickly by the fire, or must it be dried spontaneously by suspension, &c.? Again, how long must the paper remain on the sensitive mixture: must it be placed on the sensitive solution, and _immediately_ taken off and blotted, or placed on the sensitive solution, and _after some time_ (what time?) taken off and _immediately_ blotted?

Have any of your readers substituted iodide of ammonium for iodide of potassium, in preparing paper, collodion, &c., and with what success? And have they substituted nitrate of zinc for glacial acetic acid, as recommended in a French work, with any success?

R. J. F.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Waterloo_ (Vol. vii., p. 82.).--P. C. S. S. conceives that it may be interesting to PHILOBIBLION to learn that the greatest man in the world was not ignorant of the passage in Strada regarding _Waterloo_, to which PHILOBIBLION refers. From a diary kept for some years, it appears that on Saturday, the 30th of October, 1843, P. C. S. S., who was then on a visit at Walmer Castle, had the pleasure of directing the Duke of Wellington's attention to the passage in question, as translated by Du Ryer (Paris, 1665). He well remembers that the Duke seemed to be greatly struck with it; that he more than once referred to it, in subsequent conversations; and that on the following day he requested P. C. S. S. to furnish him with a transcript, which he doubts not might still be found among the Duke's papers.

P. C. S. S.

Your correspondent PHILOBIBLION has been led into a double error by a similarity of name. The _pagus Waterloeus_ mentioned by Strada is the French village of Wattrelo, in the modern Département du Nord, about six miles to the northeast of Lille.

J. S.

Norwich.

_Irish Peerages_ (Vol. vi., p. 604.).--The book alluded to by D. X. as professing to give pedigrees of ennobled Irish families, may be the contemptible _Letters to George IV._, by Captain Rock, a miserable attempt at a continuation of Moore's _Memoirs_ of that mystic personage. Some half of the former book contains libellous notices of the "low origin" of the Irish nobility. Can your correspondent refer me to the play in which there is some sneer that "the housemaid is cousin to an Irish peer?"

H.

_Martha Blount_ (Vol. vii., p. 38.).--An engraving of this lady, from "an original picture, in the collection of Michael Blount, Esq., at Maple-Darham," is prefixed to the tenth volume of Pope's _Works_ by Bowles, 1806.

W. A.

In reply to MR. A. F. WESTMACOTT (Vol. vii., p. 38.), I have, in my collection of engraved portraits, one of the subject of his inquiry, "Martha Blount." It is in _stipple_, by Picart, after a picture by Gardner. I have no idea the portrait is rare, and think your correspondent may easily procure it among the printsellers in London.

J. BURTON.

_Quotations wanted_ (Vol. vii., p. 40.).--Bacon, in his Essay "Of Studies," has this sentence:

"And if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not."

which is perhaps the reference Miss Edgeworth intended.

"A world without a sun," is from Campbell's _Pleasures of Hope_, Part II. line 24.:

"And say, without our hopes, without our fears, Without the home that plighted love endears, Without the smile from partial beauty won, Oh! what were man?--a world without a sun."

I beg to add a parallel from Burns:

"What is life, when wanting love? Night without a morning: Love's the cloudless summer sun, Nature gay adorning."

See the song beginning:

"Thine am I, my faithful fair."

ARTHUR H. BATHER.

East Sheen, Surrey.

{118}

_Pepys's Morena_ (Vol. vi., pp. 342. 373.).--In the note on this word in the last edition of the _Diary_, it is stated that it may be read either "Morma" or "Morena." There is little doubt but the latter is the correct reading. "Morena" is good Portuguese for a brunette, and may have been used by Pepys as a term of endearment for Miss Dickens, like the "Colleen dhas dhun" of the Irish, which has much the same meaning. The marriage of the king to Catherine of Braganza in the previous year would have caused her language to be more studied at this time, especially by persons about the court. Morma has no meaning whatever.

J. S. WARDEN.

_Goldsmiths' Year-marks_ (Vol. vi., p. 604.; Vol. vii., p. 90.).--I observe that, a few weeks ago, in the "N. & Q.," one of your correspondents made inquiries respecting the publication of my paper on plate-marks, which was read at the Bristol meeting of the Archæological Institute.

In reply, I beg to inform him that he will find, in the last two Numbers of the Journal of the Institute, the first and second parts of the paper, and that the concluding portion of it, and I hope also the table of annual letters, will appear in the forthcoming Number. Should it not be possible to get the table in a fit state for printing in that Number, it will appear in the next; and the whole subject of the assay marks of British plate will then be complete.

OCTAVIUS MORGAN.

The Friars.

_Turner's View of Lambeth Palace_ (Vol. vii., pp. 15. 89.).--In reply to your correspondent L. E. X., respecting Mr. Turner's picture of Lambeth Palace (which is in _water-colours_), I beg leave to say that it is in the possession of a lady residing in Bristol, to whose father _it_ was given by the artist after its exhibition at Somerset House, and it has never been in any other hands. The same lady has also a small portrait of Mr. Turner, done by _himself_ when visiting her family about the year 1791 or 1792: further particulars respecting these pictures (if desired) may be known by a line addressed to Miss N----, 8. St. James' Square, Bristol.

ANON.

J. H. A., after referring to the exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1791, by Mr. Turner, of "King John's Palace, Eltham" (No. 494.), and "Sweakley, near Uxbridge" (No. 560.), adds:

"In the horizon of art (strange to say, and yet to be explained!) this luminary glows no more till 1808, when he had 'on the line' (?) several views of Fonthill, as well as 'The Tenth Plague of Egypt.'"

A reference to the catalogues of the Royal Academy exhibitions will prove that Mr. Turner's name appears as an exhibitor there every year between 1790 and 1850, excepting the years 1821, 1824, and 1848. Several views of Fonthill Abbey, and "The Fifth (not the Tenth) Plague of Egypt," were exhibited in 1800, and "The Tenth Plague of Egypt" in 1802.

G. B.

"_For God will be your King to-day_" (Vol. vii., p. 67.).--In reply to your querist H. A. S. with respect to the above line, I believe that it belongs not to Somersetshire, but to Ireland; not to Monmouth's rebellion, but to the civil wars of 1690.

It is the closing couplet of a stanza in the popular ballad on the "Battle of the Boyne."

A very perfect copy of this ballad will be found in Wilde's _Beauties of the Boyne_, p. 271., beginning with--

"July the first, of a morning clear, One thousand six hundred and ninety, King William did his men prepare-- Of thousands he had thirty,-- To fight King James and all his host, Encamp'd near the Boyne water," &c.

The passage from which the lines in question are taken is as follows:

"When that King William he observed, The brave Duke Schomberg falling, He rein'd his horse with a heavy heart, On the Enniskilleners calling.

"'What will you do for me, brave boys? See yonder men retreating; Our enemies encouraged are, And English drums are beating.'

"He says, 'My boys feel no dismay, At the losing of one commander, _For God shall be our King this day,_ _And I'll be general under_.'"

W. W. E. T.

66. Warwick Square, Belgravia.

The lines here referred to occur in the old ballad of _Boyne Water_, some fragments of which are given in Duffy's _Ballad Poetry of Ireland_, 5th edition, p. 248. They are supposed to have been spoken by William III. on the death of the Duke Schomberg.

"Both horse and foot they marched on, intending them to batter, But the brave Duke Schomberg he was shot, as he crossed over the water. When that King William he observed the brave Duke Schomberg falling, He rein'd his horse, with a heavy heart, on the Enniskilleners calling: 'What will you do for me, brave boys? See yonder men retreating; Our enemies encouraged are, and English drums are beating.' He says, 'My boys, feel no dismay at the losing of one commander, For God shall be our King this day, and I'll be general under.'"

{119}

The lines quoted by your correspondent also occur in the more modern song of _The Battle of the Boyne_, which may be found at p. 144 of Mr. Duffy's work.

THOMPSON COOPER.

Cambridge.

[We are indebted to many other correspondents for similar Replies to this Query.]