part iii. sec. 3.

By this may we judge that _caul_ and _cowl_ are cognate? _Coif_ (Martial.), in Latin _Reticulum_; whence a lady's _reticule_.

B. B.

_"Pandecte," an entire Copy of the Bible._--Dr. Maitland, in his valuable essays on the _Dark Ages_, has drawn attention to this use of the word _Pandecte_, but was not at the time aware that it is so employed by any writer before Alcuin (p. 194. n. 9. ed. 1844). It will be found, however, in the following, extract from Bede's _Chronicon_ (in _Monument. Britan._, p. 101. A). The historian is speaking of certain presents which his abbot, Ceolfrith, was carrying with him on his pilgrimage to Rome, when death cut it short at Langres:

"Qui inter alia donaria quæ adferre disposuerat, misit ecclesiæ S. Petri _pandectem_ a B. Hieronymo in Latinum ex Hebræo vel Græco fonte translatum."

C. H.

St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.

* * * * *

Queries.

BOY BISHOP AT ETON.

In Heywood's edition of the _Statutes of King's College, Cambridge, and Eton College_ (Longman, 1850), a MS. is quoted under the title of _Consuetudinarium vetus Scholæ Etoniensis_ (sic), Harl. MSS. 7044, p. 167. From a MS. in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

It is a sort of _Fasti Etonenses_, recording in somewhat quaint terms the old customs which were then traditionary in the school. In the month of November, according to this authority, "in die {558} Sti Hugonis Pontificis solebat Etonæ fieri electio Episcopi Nihilensis, sed consuetudo obsolevit."

Again, in the statutes as given by Mr. Heywood, p. 560., it is provided that on the Feast of St. Nicholas, but "nullatenus in festo Sanctorum Innocentium," the Episcopus puerorum Scholarium, who was to be elected from among the boys every year for the purpose, might celebrate all the divine offices except the "missæ secreta."

Can you, or any of your correspondents, inform me--

1st. What is the date of the MS. in question, with any further particulars of its history?

2nd. What is "Pope St. Hugo's Day," and whether it was in any way connected with the election of the boy bishop in other places as well as Eton?

3rd. Whether any reason can be assigned why Holy Innocents Day, being that on which the boy bishop was usually appointed, should have been expressly excluded by the founder.

L. C. B.

* * * * *

"¶ SPECULUM CHRISTIANORUM MULTA BONA CONTINENS."

I have a small black-letter tract which bears the above title: I am desirous of learning the author's name, and that of the printer, together with the date and place of its production. It extends from signature A 1 to G 8, and ends abruptly on the verso of G 8 without any colophon. On the verso of the title page is a small woodcut representing the Holy Dove hovering over the Virgin, who is surrounded by nine kneeling figures, all under a depressed arch, supported by two pillars whose shafts have a kind of chevron ornament worked on them, somewhat similar to the pillars of the crypt of Canterbury Cathedral. Perhaps if I give the title-page of this curious little tract in extenso, it will be more easily identified:

"¶ Speculum Christianorum multa bona continens. Primo modo. ¶ De preceptis dei ¶ De septem vitiis captalibus ¶ De septem virtutibus his contrariis ¶ De octo tabulis: c[=u] quibusd[=a] o[=r]onib' deuotissimis ¶ De modo se prepar[=a]di ad sacram[=e]tum eucharistie ¶ De effectu sacramenti ¶ De antichristo ¶ Expositio o[=r]onis d[=u]ice: cum quod[=a] bona notabili ¶ De Ramis. vii. vicior[=u] capitali[=u]: et eorum remediis ¶ De contentu mundi: cum aliis notabilibus."

It should be noted that this table of contents is by no means a fair representative of the subjects on which the pamphlet treats. On the verso of page E iii. is the following curious passage:--

"¶ Peccata britonum et causa depositionis eorum. Negligentia prelatorum | rapina potent[=u] | cupiditas indic[=u] | rabies periuriorum | inordinatus cultus vestimentorum: detestanda luxuria | omne pet[=m] publicum & notorium clamat vindict[=a] ad deum. Sed precipue quattuor: merces mercenarii, pct[=m] sodomiticum, homicidium, oppressio innocenti[=u]. Heu heu heu quot clamores vindicte sunt nunc ante deum."

This passage is introduced without any farther connexion with the subjects under discussion, than the mere heading of the section gives it. Permit me to trouble you with one more extract, before I leave my Query in the hands of your readers:

"¶ De duabus scalis: una dirigente ad celum: et altera ad infernum.

¶ Scala ad celum ¶ Scala ad infernum Perseverantia bona Desperatio Patientia in adversis Obstinentia in peccatis Obedi[=e]tia in preceptis Furor in adversis Patientia in vita Iniusticia facti C[=o]tritio et c[=o]fessi pet[=i] Odi[=u] boni et dilectio pet[=i] Cognito tui Ignorantia Caritas Mal[=i]cia."

On the recto of C vj.

Any information which some of your bibliographical correspondents may give concerning this little work, will be very acceptable.

W. SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A.

* * * * *

MASSACRE OF THE WELSH BARDS.

Barrington, in his _Observations upon the Statutes_, raises some historic doubts whether that massacre of the Welsh bards, upon which Gray founded his magnificent ode, actually occurred:--

"But", he says, "a manuscript history, written by Sir John Wynne of Gwydir, authorises the supposed tradition of a massacre of the bards; nor could the writer of that most admirable ode have made his bard so warmly express, or his reader feel, the tyranny of Edward, if he had not probably raised an indignation and fire in his own breast, and by reading of other materials, which _I have not happened to meet with_."

Has the question of this real or pretended massacre been raised, or proved beyond doubt?

As to Gray requiring "materials" for his fancy, poets even of inferior genius contrive to weave a web out of airy nothings, and the liveliest description by an old Cymric bard of the slaughters of the thirteenth century, will not carry conviction of the truth of the narrative in the nineteenth.

H. T. H.

* * * * *

Minor Queries.

_Portrait of William Combe._--Lonsdale the portrait painter, in a letter dated January, 1826, addressed to a friend of Combe whilst living, says:

"I shall be much obliged if you will have the goodness to cause my picture of the late Mr. Combe to be sent to me. Mr. C. borrowed the picture of me to show to some friend, and kept it till his death."

{559}

Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." inform me in whose possession the portrait now is, and whether any engraving of Combe's portrait from that or any other picture is now to be obtained?

E. T.

_"Quod non fecerunt barbari," &c._--Who is the author of the epigram--

"Quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barbarini,"

which commemorates the destruction of the Coliseum at Rome, both by the barbarians who overran Italy about the middle of the fifth century, and, at a later period, by certain Popes of the family of the Barberini?

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

_Lines on English History_ (Vol. iii., p. 168.; Vol. v., p. 405.).--I shall be extremely obliged to MR. EDWARD CHARLTON to procure me, if he can, a copy of the above lines, and forward them, through Mr. Bell, to

AN ENGLISH MOTHER.

[We should also be most glad to receive from any correspondent who can supply it, the _Metrical and Logical History_, asked for by our lamented correspondent MÆRIS, which commences--

"William and William, and Henry and Stephen, And Henry the Second to make the First even." ED.]

_Windows._--It has been said that the dates of many houses may be ascertained by a comparison of the regulations of the window-tax with the windows. The tax occasioned a marked change of style by diminishing the number of windows. Then ingenuity was exerted to effect evasions by bays, bows, and double or treble windows. These again were successively met by alterations in the law. Could any one be induced to let in some light upon the subject by examining the acts of parliament, and illustrating the result by reference to examples in London houses?

C. T.

_Angel-beast; Cleek; Longtriloo._--Can you, or any of your readers, inform me what was the nature of the game at cards called _Angel-beast_, which was in vogue in the seventeenth century? Also, the game of _Cleek_; can it be a misprint of "Check?" Also, _Longtriloo_; is this an abbreviation of "Long three card loo?"

R. B.

_Royal Arms in Churches._--What is the origin of the common practice of putting up the royal arms in churches?

E. M.

Oxford.

"_Cease, rude Boreas._"--Can any of your correspondents tell me why the song, "Cease, rude Boreas," has been occasionally attributed to Falconer. I remember seeing this song appended to an old edition of the _Shipwreck_, with a prefatory remark stating that G. A. Stevens _could_ not have written it, as the moral of the verses was of too high an order for him. Occasionally the last stanza is omitted, on account of the sentiment being somewhat questionable; though it cannot be denied that the feelings there expressed are exactly those of a sailor. In a few copies another stanza of a very different tendency is inserted in its place; and at times I have seen the commencement of the third stanza altered thus:

"Now all you at home in safety, Shelter'd from the howling storm, Tasting joys by heaven vouchsaf'd ye, Of our state vain notions form."

I should wish to obtain some information regarding the authors of these alterations, and when they first took place.

[Greek: Boreas].

_Pictorial Proverbs._--I have now lying open before me a small 12mo. book (binding modern) containing sixty-seven old prints (averaging in size 5¾ by 3¾ inch), but wanting a title-page. The subjects appear to be in the shape of pictorial proverbs; they are evidently very old, the distich before each plate is in Latin, which is again written in old German. The views in each background are places generally in Germany, and the names are written on the plate itself. In _one only_ plate I discover the name "M. Merian, fe" (Qy. Matts. Merian, or his daughter, of Frankfort?); and in some few others the following mark, "[ST]." All the plates _seem_ done by the same person.

If you can enlighten me as to the authorship of them, I shall feel much obliged.

H. S. S.

_Inscription on George Inn, Wansted._--Will you kindly give me information respecting the origin of the following inscription, which is affixed to the side of the George Inn at Wansted?--

"In memory of y^e cherry pey, As cost half a guiney. y^e 17 of July, That day we had good cheer, I hope to see it maney a year. 1752. DAVID JERSEY."

W. H. B.

_Learned Man referred to by Rogers._--Rogers, in his work on the Thirty-nine Articles, published 1607, writes as follows:--

"A certain learned man (speaking of the religion here then professed, and writing unto the lords of our late queen's council) doth say 'He' (meaning the papist his adversary, who charged our church with discord, and disagreements about matters of religion), 'he ought' (saith he) 'if he had been able, to have brought out the public confession and articles of faith, agreed in K. Edward's time; and have showed any in England, that, professing the gospel, dissenteth from the same.'"

I shall be much obliged to any of the readers of "N. & Q." who can inform me who was this "certain learned man."

C. C. C. C.

Corp. Chr. Coll., Camb.

{560}

_Mormonism and Spalding's Romance._--The extraordinary spread of Mormonism seems to stamp it as likely to prove a kind of second Mahometanism in the world's history. Under these circumstances the origin of the _Book of Mormon_ is of course a literary curiosity. In a clever pamphlet entitled _Mormonism Exposed_, by John Bowes (E. Ward, 54. Paternoster Row, London), at pp. 30, 31. an account of the history of the book of Mormon is given. Mr. Bowes quotes from _Mormonism Unveiled_, by E. D. Hoare, to the effect that a Mr. "John Spalding" affirms that his (now deceased) brother "Solomon Spalding" had written "_an historical romance_ of the first settlers in America, endeavoring to show that the American Indians are the descendants of Jews, or the lost tribes. It gave a detailed account of their journey from Jerusalem, by land and sea, till they arrived in America, under the command of NEPHI and LEHI; he also mentions the Lamanites." Mr. J. Spalding, it is said, on reading the _Book of Mormon_, "to his great surprise," found "nearly the same historical matter, names, &c., as they were in his brother's writings;" and further says "according to the best of my recollection and belief, it is the same as my brother Solomon wrote, with the exception of the religious matter." The latter is obviously taken from the Bible, with alterations and additions _ad libitum_.

Can any of your readers tell whether this romance of Solomon Spalding's was ever published; or whether it is still in existence, and accessible for reference, &c.?

C. H. D.

_Carrs or Calves._--In 1 Esdras v. 55. there occurs the word _carrs_. This is found in all copies of the Bible to which I have access, except one edited in the last century by a Mr. Butley, of Ch. Ch. Oxon, where _calves_ is read, and a note given from Josephus apparently in support of it. I should be glad to know whether there is any authority in the original for this alteration.

ERYX.

_Stoup._--There is a holy-water stoup, in good preservation, on the _exterior_ of the north wall (by the nave door) of the church of Houghton-le-Spring, Durham. What other examples are there of _exterior_ stoups? Their usual situation was _within_ either the porch or the church.

CUTHBERT BEDE.

_Casper Ziegler and the Diaconate._--There is a book in Latin with the following title:--_Casparis Ziegleri de Diaconis et Diaconissis Veteris Ecclesiæ Liber Commentarius._ Wittebergæ: Sumptibus Hæredum Jobi Wilhelmi Fingelii. Anno 1678.

What copies of this book are known to be extant? Would a translation of the whole, or selected parts, be useful at the present time, when attention is being called to the subject?

What particulars are known about the life, religion, &c. of the author? At the foot of the frontispiece are the following lines:--

"Omnis in hoc vultu vasti compendia juris, Cæsarii, sacri, Saxonicique vides. Non Divæ unius tam multum crede laborem, Cujus vix umbram pingere possit homo."

Can any one give me the meaning of the last two lines? or information as to what other authors have treated on the subject of the Diaconate?

W. H.

_Inscription at Persepolis._--The following curious inscription I some years ago made a note of by copying it, but neglected to mark whence I obtained it. My extract stands thus--

_Arabic Inscription._

+----------+-----------+----------+------------+---------+--------------+ | dicas | scis | dicit | scit | audit | expedit | +----------+-----------+----------+------------+---------+--------------+ | facias | potes | facit | potest | facit | credit | +----------+-----------+----------+------------+---------+--------------+ | credas | audis | credit | audit | credit | fieri potest | +----------+-----------+----------+------------+---------+--------------+ | expendas | habes | expendit | habet | petit | habet | +----------+-----------+----------+------------+---------+--------------+ | judices | vides | judicat | videt | judicat | est | +----------+-----------+----------+------------+---------+--------------+ | non | quodamque | nam qui | quodcunque | sæpe | quod non | +----------+-----------+----------+------------+---------+--------------+

It is said this was found by Captain Barth, engraven on marble, among the ruins of Persepolis, and by him translated from the Arabic into Latin and English.

Query, What does it all mean?

THOMAS LAWRENCE.

Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

"_I do not know what the truth may be._"--Will some one tell me whence the lines--

"I do not know how the truth may be; I tell the tale as told to me"?

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

_Twittens._--Are not the narrow passages in Brighton so called? and what is the meaning?

A. C.

_Clapper Gate._--Steps, with a gate above, into Bushy Park are so called; what is the meaning?

A. C.

_Jemmy._--When and why was sheep's head baptized with the name "Jemmy?" Does it apply to the entire sheep, or to the head only? I have heard of a "James's head" as a refinement of "Jemmy's head," which would make it seem as though the sheep was the "Jemmy."

SHIRLEY HIBBERD.

_Muffs worn by Gentlemen._--Whilst looking over Hogarth's works, I observed in two plates a {561} male figure wearing a muff; in the "Rake's Progress," pl. 4., and in the "Woman Swearing a Child." How long, and within what limits, did this fashion flourish?

W. SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A.

* * * * *

Replies.

ST. PATRICK.

(Vol. v., p. 520.)

Allowing himself to be led astray by such an untruthful guide as Ledwich, your correspondent E. M. R. thinks that "there seems to be very great doubt if St. Patrick ever existed in reality." Had E. M. R. sought for, he might have found evidences of Ireland's apostle's existence beginning with the very lifetime itself of that saint. 1st. We have a short work from St. Patrick's own pen, the _Confessio_, which the best critics have allowed to be genuine: it commences thus: "Ego Patricius peccator," &c. 2nd. A very old hymn, shown by Dr. O'Conor to have been written c. A.D. 540 (_Prol. in Rer. Hib. Vet. Script._, p. lxxxix.), tells us that: "Patricius prædicabat Scotis." (_Ib._, p. xciii.). 3rd. The Irish monk Adamnan, who died A.D. 704, that is, almost a half century before our Beda, in his _Life of St. Columba_, says: "Quidam proselytus Brito homo sanctus, sancti Patricii episcopi discipulus," &c. (_AA. SS. Junii_, t. ii. p. 197.). 4th. In the library of C. C. College, Cambridge, there is a MS. of the seventh century, containing the early Irish canons: "Synodus episcoporum id est Patricii, Auxillii, Issernini" (Nasmith's _Cat. C. C. C. C._, p. 318.). 5th. The Antiphonal, once belonging to the Irish Bangor, but now in the Ambrosian Library, Milan, a MS. of the end of the seventh or beginning of the eighth century, and published by Muratori, has a "hymnum Sancti Patricii magistri Scotorum" (Muratori, _Anecd._, t. iv. p. 89.). 6th. Cummian, writing about the Pascal question to the Abbot of Hy, A.D. 634, says: "Primum (cyclum) illum quem sanctus Patricius Papa noster tulit," &c. (_Vet. Epist. Hibernicarum Syl._, ed. Usserio, p. 21.). 7th. In the very old Litanies, once used, as it seems, by some church among the Britons living in this island beyond the reach of Anglo-Saxon control, we find invoked St. Patrick, along with SS. Brindane, Gildas, Paterne, Guinwaloc, Munna, Tutwal, German, and other lights of the Irish, as well as our ancient British church (ed. Mabillon, _Vet. Analect._, p. 168.). 8th. St. Gertrude, Abbess of Nivelle, died on the 17th March, A.D. 658; the writer of her life was her cotemporary, and he expressly mentions St. Patrick (_Vita S. Gertrudis_, ed. Mabillon. _AA. SS. O. B._, t. ii. p. 447.). 9th. Our own Beda _did_ insert St. Patrick's name in the Martyrology which he drew up (ed. Smith, _Bedæ Hist. Eccl._, p. 351.); and another far-famed countryman of ours, Alcuin, who, in some verses which he composed for being placed "Ad aram SS. Patricii et aliorum Scotorum," says:

"Patricius, Cheranus, Scotorum gloria gentis, Atque Columbanus, Congallus, Adomnanus atque," &c. _Opp._ ed. Frobenio, t. ii. p. 219.

10th. A liturgical MS. in the British Museum, Nero, A, II. fo. 35. b., which was first printed by Spelman, who calls it "codex vetustissimus" (_Concil._, i. 176.), speaks of St. Patrick as "archiepiscopus in Scotiis et Britanniis" (_Ib._, 177.). 11th. The celebrated monastery of St. Gall (an Irish saint) still possesses the fragment of what was once a missal, and written in the Irish character. This codex must have been older than the ninth century, for it is set down "inter libros Scottice scriptos" in a catalogue of the books belonging to that library, made in the ninth century. Among the saints enumerated in the canon of the mass is Patrick the bishop, "intercedentibus pro nobis beatis apostolis Petro et Paulo et Patricio æpiscopo" (see the fragment in _Appendix A to Cooper's Report_, p. 95.).

PYRRHO has had, and is likely always to have, followers in every age and country: Hardouin would not allow that Virgil ever lived, but stoutly held that the _Æneid_ was "a fardel of monkish fictions" put together during the middle ages: not "the bigoted Anglo-Saxons" of the eighth, but Dr. Ledwich of the eighteenth century, denied the existence of the great St. Patrick; a few weeks ago a correspondent of "N. & Q." asked "Is not the battle itself (of Waterloo) a myth?" (Vol. v., p. 396.); and last week, another tells us that "the saint (Patrick) certainly vanishes into 'an airy nothing,' if we are to credit the above authors" (Dr. Ledwich and Dr. Aikin).

Who the Aikin may be, or what the work of his which E. M. R. has brought forwards, I do not know; Ledwich's book now lies before me, and a more prejudiced writer I have never met with. I think, however, that from the above authorities it is clearly shown that, together with all the most learned of early and modern times, we are still warranted in treating St. Patrick "as a real actor in Irish ecclesiastical affairs."

D. ROCK.

Buckland.

_Sir James Ware--St. Patrick's Birth-place_ (Vol. v., p. 520.)--Permit me to correct your correspondent E. M. R., who, by a strange mistake, calls Sir James Ware "a Roman Catholic writer." He was a zealous member of the church of Ireland: E. M. R. will see a memoir of him in Harris's edition of Ware's _Writers of Ireland_.

With respect to the birth-place of St. Patrick, your correspondent may consult Colgan's _Trias Thaumaturga, Append. quinta ad vitas S. Patricii_, {562} cap. ii. p. 221. et seq.; also the Life of St. Patrick by Harris in his edition of Ware's _Bishops of Ireland_; and Dr. Lanigan's _Ecclesiastical History of Ireland_.

Ledwich was entirely unacquainted with the sources of Irish history, and is no authority.

T.

Trin. Coll. Dublin.

* * * * *

NASHE'S "TERRORS OF THE NIGHT."

(Vol. v., p. 467.)

MR. EASTWOOD'S quotation from Nashe's _Terrors of the Night_ regarding the use of ale for the sacrament in Iceland, may have some light thrown upon it by the following passages from the Icelandic sages and the learned editors of the _Historic Memorials of Greenland_. We doubt if Nashe was correct in saying that ale was granted for that purpose by the Pope in preference to wine, on account of the "incessant frosts there;" for, in truth, the Icelanders of the present day, as well as in former times, have no difficulty in protecting liquids much more congealable, such as milk, from the winter's frost. The abundance of warm springs, and the volcanic fires throughout the island, render the temperature of the inhabited districts of Iceland much warmer in winter than would be supposed from its high northern latitude. The word "red emayle" no doubt means "red enamel," an apt simile enough, and well understood in the writer's days. We do not find any mention of "ale" ("öl") being ever used in Iceland for the celebration of the eucharist; but a wine seems to leave been prepared from the Crowberry (_Empetrum nigrum_), as is shown by the following extract from Bishop Paul's _Saga_, a nearly cotemporary history; for the _Saga_ in question is believed to have been written by Bishop Magnus Gissurson (1215-1237), who succeeded Bishop Paul in the see of Skalholt:--

"In Bishop Paul's days came Bishop John from Greenland to Iceland, and remained during the winter in the eastern fiords; but afterwards he journeyed late in Lent (_langaföstu_, long fast time) to Skalholt to meet Bishop Paul, and he came there on Maunday Thursday (Skírdegi-Skjærtorsdag), and these two bishops consecrated a large store of Chrism, and had besides many confidential and learned conversations. Bishop John taught the people to prepare wine from the crowberry (krækiberium), as he himself had been instructed by King Sverrer. But it so happened that the next summer few berries grew in Iceland; but a man called Erick, who lived on a farm called Snorrastade, near Skalholt, prepared a small quantity of the wine from these berries, which succeeded well that summer."--Pp. 186, 187.

We confess that we are much inclined to agree with the learned Eggert Olafsen's doubts as to the practicability of manufacturing a wine, to suit at least our palates, from the acrid fruit of the _Empetrum nigrum_. It is said that Boerhaave, gives a receipt for this purpose, and we have accordingly found it in his forty-second _Process of the Elementa Chemiæ_, but this relates to the general mode of producing wine from fruits; and Olafsen (p. 172. vol. i.) tried it in vain with the crowberry when in Iceland in 1753. Still a species of subacid drink, such as still prepared from this fruit by the Icelanders, may have been dignified in olden times with the name of wine; but Olafsen was certainly in error when he stated that Bishop Paul brought over to Iceland, according to tradition, a native of the Canary Isles, to teach the art. The Canary Isles were not then (A.D. 1203) known to Europe.

About the year 1186 King Sverrer forbade the importation of wine into Bergen by the German traders, on account of the scenes of drunkenness and riot that ensued therefrom; and he is said to have turned his attention to the preparing of a home-made wine from the crowberry, as a substitute for the foreign liquors he had forbidden. The learned editors of the _Historic Memorials of Greenland_, in a note on the passage above quoted in Bishop Paul's _Saga_, remark, that this was probably the kind of wine which is traditionally said to have been used for the sacrament in Iceland when the true juice of the grape could not be obtained. Huidtfeldt, in his Chronicle, positively states that the Northmen in 1250 and 1290 sought and obtained permission from the Pope to use mead, "mjod" (mulsum), and other similar liquors, in the celebration of the sacrament, in consequence of the great scarcity of wine in those countries. The editors further state that "within our own times, during the disastrous war with England, it was proposed to employ wine made from bilberries for the same purpose in Iceland."

The Synod of Roeskilde, according to Pontoppidan, _Annal. Eccles. Dan._ ii. 329. and iii. 538., forbids the use of any liquor but pure wine in the sacrament in the following words:--

"Pastores sunt admoniti ad communionem uti, non _musto_ aut aliis liquoribus illicitis, sed puro vino, juxta institutionem."

Lastly, in Rymer's _Foedera_, vol. x. p. 762., there is a petition from the Bishop of Skalholt to the English government in 1440, stating the depressed state of the commerce of Iceland at that period, and that no _wine, beer, or indeed any liquor_ except milk and water, was to be found in the country. Such was its wretched condition, that he expresses his fear, unless supplies were received from England, divine service, the celebration of the communion, and of baptism, would soon cease.

From this last document it would seem that _wine_ was no longer made in Iceland from the crowberry, and that the fermented juice of the {563} grape was deemed absolutely necessary by the bishop of that day for the celebration of the sacrament. We are not aware of any decree or bull of the court of Rome, by which any other liquor than that obtained from the grape was permitted to be used, as such would be entirely contrary to all the canons of the church, and the opinions of all her theologians.

EDWARD CHARLTON.

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

The following quotation bears upon your correspondent J. EASTWOOD's Query:--

"Gregorious episcopus, &c. [Sigurdo archiepiscopo] Nidrosiensi.

Tuæ fraternitati quærenti, an deficienti in quibusdum ecclesiis suffragancorum tuorum eucharistia propter frumenti penuriam simplex oblata undecumque confecta populo, ut sub quadam decipiatur pietatis specie, ac cervisiæ vel potus alius loco vini, cum vix aut nunquam vinum reperiatur in illis partibus, sint tradenda, taliter respondemus, quod neutrum est penitus faciendum, cum in hujus modi sacramento visibilis panis de frumento et vini de uvis debeat esse forma in verbo creatoris per sacerdotis ministerium consecrata, quod veritatem carnis et sanguinis non est dubium continere, quamquam dari possit populo panis simpliciter benedictus, prout in quibusdam partibus fieri consuevit. Datum Viterbii v. Idus Maii, pontificatus nostri anno undecimo." (A.D. 1237.)--_Diplomatarium Norvegicum_, p. 14.: Christiania, 1847.

_Emayle_ is no doubt enamel, used for ice, or frozen wine. _Chevela_ is answered in the Query. I may add a letter from the same Pope to the same Archbishop on baptism in ale:--

"Cum, sicut ex tua relatione didicimus, nonnunquam propter aquæ penuriam infantes terræ tuæ contingat in cervisia baptizari, tibi tenore præsentium respondemus, quod cum secundum doctrinam evangelicam oportet eos ex aqua et spiritu sancto renasci, non debent reputari rite baptizati, qui in cervisia baptizantur. Datum Laterani, viii. Idus Julii anno xv." (A.D. 1241.)--_Ibid._ p. 21.

The curious in this matter may find the practice of baptising in other liquids than water denounced in other countries, in other bulls, and even by councils.

DE CAMERA.

* * * * *

SERJEANT'S RINGS.

(Vol. v., pp. 92. 110. 181.)

I send you the mottoes adopted by serjeants and judges, taken from the Term Reports, being, with one exception, I believe, a perfect list from 1786 to the year 1832, when MR. COLMAN's list, in the 5th Volume of "N. & Q.," begins. That exception is Lord C. B. Richards, whose motto is not given. I have also made some additions to MR. COLMAN's list.

1786. G. Bond _Hæreditas a legibus._

1787. A. Thomson } S. Le Blanc } _Reverentia legum._

1788. Lord Kenyon { R. Clayton { _Quid leges sine moribus._

1794. S. Heywood } J. Williams[1] } _Legum servi ut liberi._

1796. A. Palmer { _Evaganti froena licentiæ._

S. Shepherd _Legibus emendes._

1799. J. Vaughan { _Paribus se legibus { ambæ._

J. Lens } J. Bayley } _Libertas sub rege pio._

1800. Sir J. Scott (Lord { _Rege incolumi mens Eldon) { omnibus una._

A. Chambre { _Majorum instituta tueri._

W. D. Best _Libertas in legibus._

R. Graham { _Et placitum læti componite A. Onslow[2] { foedus._

1801. W. M. Praed { _Foederis æquas dicamus { leges._

1802. Sir E. Law (Lord { _Positis mitescunt sæcula Ellenborough) { bellis._

1804. J. Mansfield _Serus in coelum redeas._

1805. T. M. Sutton[3] { _Hic ames dici pater { atque princeps._

1807. G. Wood { _Moribus ornes, legibus { emendes._

1808. W. Manley } A. Pell } _Pro rege at lege._ W. Rough }

1809. R. H. Peckwell { _Traditum ab antiquis W. Frere { servare._

1812. V. Gibbs _Leges juraque._

1813. H. Dampier _Consulta patrum._

J. S. Copley { _Studiis vigilare severis._

R. Dallas _Mos et lex._

1814. J. B. Bosanquet { _Antiquam exquisite { matrem._

1816. J. A. Park { _Qui leges juraque { servat._

C. Abbott (Ld. } _Labore._ Tenterden)

G. S. Holroyd { _Componere legibus { orbem._

J. Burrough _Legibus emendes._

J. Hullock { _Auspicium melioris { ævi._

1817. W. Firth { _Ung loi, ung roi, ung { foi._

W. Garrow _Fas et jura._

1818. W. Taddy _Mos et lex._

{564} 1819. J. Richardson _More majorum._

V. Lawes } J. Cross } _Pro rege et lege._ T. D'Oyley }

1820. T. Peake _Æquâ lege._

1824. R. Gifford } W. Alexander } _Secundis laboribus._

J. Littledale _Justitæ tenax._

W. St. J. Arabin } T. Wilde (L. Truro) } _Regi regnoque fidelis._

S. Gaselee } _Bonis legibus, judiciis R. Spankie } gravibus._

1827. T. Andrews } H. Storks } E. Lawes } E. Ludlow } _More majorum._ H. A. Merewether } W. O. Russell } D. F. Jones }

J. Scriven } H. J. Stephen } _Lex ratione probatur._ C. C. Bompas }

1828. J. Parke _Justitiæ tenax._

1829. E. Goulburn _Nulla retrorsum._

N. C. Tindal _Quid leges sine moribus._

W. Bolland _Regi regnoque fidelis._

1830. W. E. Taunton } E. H. Alderson } _Nec temerè nec timidè._ J. Patteson }

_Omitted in List_, Vol. v., p. 181.

1833. T. N. Talfourd _Magna vis veritatis._

1841. J. V. Thompson _Nec ultrà nec citrà._

W. Wightman _Æquam servare mentem._

1842. C. Cresswell _Leges juraque._

1844. F. Pollock _Jussa capessere._

1850. Ld. Campbell _Justitiæ tenax._

J. Jervis _Venale nec auro._

_Errata._

1843. N. R. Clarke } J. B. Byles } For metu_is_ read metu_it_.

1847. For E. _N._ Williams read E. _V._ Williams; and for liber_e_ read liber_i_.

J. E.

[Footnote 1: In 1847 his son, Mr. Justice E. V. Williams, adopted the same motto.]

[Footnote 2: Vol. v. p. 92. The motto of the Onslow family, "Festina lente," is erroneously given as the serjeant's motto on his rings.]

[Footnote 3: Afterwards Lord Manners, Lord Chancellor of Ireland.]

* * * * *

THE OLD COUNTESS OF DESMOND.

(Vol. v., pp. 145. 323.)

In your Number of "N. & Q." of April 3rd, there are some curious and interesting remarks by the KNIGHT OF KERRY, respecting that wonder for length of days, the old Countess of Desmond, in which he gives the copy of an inscription on an ancient painting, stating that in the year 1614, and in the 140th year of her age, she appeared at the court of King James, to seek relief in consequence of the House of Desmond having been ruined by attainder. That this statement in the inscription is erroneous, can, I think, be proved by the following circumstances, which also seem to me to afford some light on the most obscure parts of the question.

I have at this moment before me a work, which has been for many years in the library of my husband (the Rev. E. A. Bray, the Vicar of this place), and highly prized by us both, namely, a most perfect and beautiful copy of Sir Walter Raleigh's _History of the World_, published in 1614. I here give the date from the engraved title-page, which is of an allegorical description:

"THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD." "AT LONDON: PRINTED FOR WALTER BVRRE." "1614."

In this volume, Chapter V. (of "the first Booke of the first Part"), page 66., "Of the long Lives of the Patriarchs, and some of _late memory_," after enumerating several celebrated persons who lived to great ages, Raleigh thus speaks of the old Countess:--

"I myself knew the old Countess of Desmond of Inchiquin, in Munster, who lived in the yeare 1589, and many years since, who was married in Edward IV.'s time, and held her joynture from all the Earls of Desmond since then; and that this is true, all noblemen and gentlemen of Munster can witnesse."

From this passage I think it can be shown, that the reader can draw no other inference than that the Countess of Desmond was dead at the time Sir Walter Raleigh wrote it. In his heading to the chapter he speaks of some of "_late memory_;" and the words "_many years since_" evidently mean that she lived many years _after_ 1589.[4] We do not know at what precise period the above passage was penned; but we learn from Sir Walter's Preface, that he composed this great and admirable work whilst a prisoner in the Tower (from which he was liberated in 1616). In that preface he speaks with deep feeling and regret for the loss of Prince Henry. He says _the Prince read part of the work_; and that he wrote it "for the service of that inestimable" youth. We know that Henry died in November, 1612. The passage, therefore, about the "old Countess," which occurs in a very early part of the book, there can be no doubt, was written before 1612, and the entire work published in 1614. If, therefore (as I think no one can doubt, from the manner in which it is worded), the old lady was dead when Sir Walter wrote about her, it is not possible she could have visited the court of King James in 1614.

As Raleigh says "I myself knew the old Countess {565} of Desmond," and plainly declares that she was married in the time of Edward IV., it is most probable that he received this account from herself at all events, when he so strongly appeals to the witness of "all the noblemen and gentlemen of Munster" for the truth of his statement, it is most unlikely he would have written thus merely on common or casual report. The KNIGHT OF KERRY says, "There are statements in existence of 1464 being the year of her birth." This is most probably the correct date, which is perfectly consistent with Raleigh's account of her marriage in the reign of Edward IV. It is likely she married very young. There is every probability that Raleigh was well acquainted with the "old Countess" when he was in Ireland, and acted so gallant a part against the rebels in that country. Early in the spring of 1581, upon the Earl of Ormond leaving Ireland, Captain Raleigh (for he was then only such), with Sir William Morgan and another gentleman, received a commission to succeed the Earl for a time in his government in _Munster_ (the old lady's county), and he spent the summer there of that year. It may be further remarked, that the then Earl of Desmond and _Sir John Desmond_ are among the rebels, and that therefore the House of Desmond did suffer by attainder _in the reign of Elizabeth_;[5] and more likely was it that the aged Countess should sue at the Court of Elizabeth for relief, than twenty years after at that of Jas. I.

If she came to England in 1589, Sir Walter Raleigh might have seen her in her pilgrimage to his royal mistress in that year, as in _that year_ (the next after the defeat of the Spanish Armada, in which glorious service he bore a distinguished part), among other honours conferred upon him, was that of being appointed one of the gentlemen of her Majesty's Privy Chamber. In 1614 Raleigh was a prisoner in the Tower; and very improbable is it that, even had she been living at that date and in England, the old Countess would there have paid him a visit, to thank him for his mention of her in his _History of the World_. And, finally, had she really been alive when he wrote it, he might have referred to the lady herself, as a proof of what he said about her being true, instead of referring to "all the noblemen and gentlemen in Munster."

As the KNIGHT OF KERRY has expressed a wish to receive the opinions of your readers who take an interest in the subject, I venture to offer the foregoing remarks, in consequence of having the very valuable copy of Raleigh's great work in our possession, and shall be happy if the few observations I have made may be in any respect acceptable to him or to your readers.

ANNA ELIZA BRAY.

The Vicarage, Tavistock, Devon.

[Footnote 4: In his _History of the World_, Raleigh frequently uses the word _since_ as we use the word _after_.]

[Footnote 5: See Stow's _Annales of England_, p. 1217.]

In a "Life of Old Parr," _Harl. Misc._, vol. vii. p. 79., are the following lines about the old Countess, which may perhaps interest some of your readers:

"Sir Walter Raleigh, a most learned knight, Doth of an Irish Countess (Desmond) write, Of sevenscore years of age; he with her spake; The Lord St. Albans doth more mention make, That she was married in fourth Edward's reign; Thrice shed her teeth, which three times came again."

At the bottom of the page is a note by Oldys, but it probably contains nothing new to your correspondents who have so diligently investigated this matter. He quotes however some remarks of Archbishop Usher on this subject, which I do not remember to have seen noticed in your pages.

ERICA.

The KNIGHT OF KERRY, in his very interesting letter, infers that if the old Countess of Desmond was only eight or nine years old at the death of Edward IV., she therefore could not have been married during the reign of that monarch. Was it not, however, a not uncommon custom, at that period, for royal and noble infants to be given in marriage at quite as early an age as eight or nine, whenever it suited the views, political or otherwise, of their parents or guardians?

C. E. D.

* * * * *

A FEW THINGS ABOUT RICHARD BAXTER.

(Vol. v., p. 481.)

Your correspondent MR. BEALBY mentions that in his visit to Kidderminster in 1836, he was shown the house in the High Street in which Richard Baxter is said to have resided: a few more particulars on the subject may prove interesting.

It was a three storied, high gabled house, with low ceilinged rooms, lighted by long ranges of casement. The exterior of the house displayed a goodly proportion of wood-work, and appeared to be much in its original condition. No garden or extra-ground was attached to it, another street (Swan Street) running immediately at its back. Three or four years since the house fell before the march of modern improvements, and none of its old features can now be recognised. At the time of these alterations, the house was tenanted by a shoemaker. An ascent of four or five steps led into the shop, the long low window of which, projecting somewhat over the pavement, was tiled above, and supported underneath by wooden pillars. These also served to mark the boundary allotted to the display of the handiwork of the basketmaker who plied his trade in the capacious cellar underneath the shop.

Of course MR. BEALBY, while prosecuting in Kidderminster his inquiries about Baxter, visited Caldwall Castle (close to the town), once the {566} residence of Sir Ralph Clare, Baxter's sturdy opponent. In an old map of the town, the castle is represented as having eight towers; but only one of these now remains, which is attached to a modern house. The tower is octagonal, built of red sandstone, of massive proportions, and is in good preservation. It contains two rooms lighted N. and S.; a turret staircase; and a groin-roofed cellar, level with the ground, and with an exterior door. From this cellar an underground passage is said to extend to St. Mary's Church, about a quarter of a mile distant. Sir Ralph Clare was buried in St. Mary's, opposite to where Baxter's pulpit then stood. The flat stone that covers his grave has once again been restored to the light by the removal of the cumbrous sleeping-box that concealed it,--thanks to the judicious alterations now being carried on by the present vicar; alterations very different to those "beautifyings" of 1786, in which Baxter's pulpit was sold as worthless lumber. (Vide "N. & Q.,", Vol. v., p. 363.)

The Registers preserved in the vestry of St. Mary's attest the careful neatness of Baxter in his official entries. The headings of the different months are printed, and, in some cases, ornamented after the missal style. Many of the burials are set down as those of "valliant souldiers," who fell in the frequent skirmishes of those troublous times.

The row of elms on the south walk of the churchyard is said to have been planted in Baxter's time,--perhaps by his own hand.

If MR. BEALBY would like a copy of my etching of Baxter's pulpit (referred to at p. 363.), and would leave his address with the Publisher of "N. & Q.," I should be happy to forward one to him.

CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.

* * * * *

ST. BOTULPH.

(Vol. v., pp. 396. 475.)

As no one has hitherto answered the inquiries of A. B. touching St. Botulph, I beg to forward you the following Notes. The earliest mention of him will be found in the _Saxon Chronicle_, at the year 654. He is said to have then commenced the building of a minster at _Ycean-ho_. The statement is repeated by Florence of Worcester, who writes the name of St. Botulph's convent _Ikanho_. Its locality is thus pointed out by Leland, _Itinerary_, i. 31, 32. ed. Hearne:--

"Some hold opinion that est of Lincoln were 2 suburbs, one toward S. Beges, a late [of late] a cell of S. Mari abbay at York; the which place I take be _Icanno_, wher was an house of monkes in S. Botolphes tyme, and of this speketh Bede[?]. It is scant half a mile from the minster."

The same writer has informed us (viii. 68.) that St. Botulph died in Icanno (15 Kal. Jun.), and that the monastery was soon afterwards destroyed by the Scandinavian vikings. The authority on which this latter statement will be found to rest is a "Life of St. Botulph," written or embellished by John Capgrave, and included in his _Nova Legenda Angliæ_. I have now before me a fine copy of the work (Lond. 1516); but very few of the events in which St. Botulph is there said to have played a part belong to the sphere of history. We learn that Botulphus and Adulphus were two noble brothers, who in early life were sent into "Old Saxony" to be instructed in monastic learning. Botulph there became acquainted with two sisters of an English king, named Ethelmund ("regis australium Anglorum"), who, at their wish, allotted to the monk a piece of barren ground, on which to build a convent ("locum quendam incultum et ab hominibus desertum Ykanho vocatum.") Like other marshy spots, in which the _ignis fatuus_ abounded, it was thought to be infested by malignant spirits. These were soon, however, put to flight ("edito crucis signo"), and a convent, on the model of the house in which St. Botulph had been reared, was planted in the midst of their domain. It perished under Edmund (941-946); but the relics of St. Botulph, which had been enshrined in his own foundation, were preserved, and afterwards translated, in the time of Edgar (959-975), through the efforts of St. Ethelwold. The head was sent to Ely, and the body equally apportioned to the royal cabinet of relics and the abbey church of Thorne. The closing passage is as follows:

"In libro ecclesie Sancti Botulphi juxta Aldersgate Londo[=n] habetur quæ pars corporis Sancti Botulphi per bone memorie regem Edwardum ecclesie B. Petri Westmonasterii est collata. Eodem etiam tempore, ut in quibusdam locis scriptum inveni, per eundem monachum, jubente episcopo Ethelwoldo, translata sunt apud Thornense monasterium ossa Benedicti Biscop, abbatis venerabilis Wermuthensis, nutritoris Bede presbiteri. Construxit autem Sanctus Ethelwoldus non longe a monasterio Thornensi, in loco ubi _beata virgo Christi Toua inclusa_ fuerat, lapideam ecclesiolam delicatissimis cameratam cancellulis et duplici area tribus dedicatam altaribus permodicis, undique usque ad eius muros vallatam arboribus diversi generis. Sedem ibi heremiticam, si permisisset Deus, sibi delegit."

Is there any other notice of this female solitary?

C. H.

St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.

[Leland notices this female solitary. St. Tova, or Tona, was a Saxon saint, to whose memory a fair chapel, called Thoveham, or Thona, half a mile from the abbey, was consecrated; and at this place was the oratory of the Heremites. Lelandi _Collectanea_, vol. i. p. 28.; Willis' _Mitred Abbies_, vol. i. p. 187.--ED.]

The earliest mention found of this saint is in the _Saxon Chronicle_, under the year 654, when he began to build his minster at Ycean-ho, probably Boston or Botulph's-town in Lincolnshire. His {567} life was first put into regular form by Fulcard, a monk of Thorney, who was made abbot of that monastery in 1068. Fulcard tells us in his preface what his materials were:

"Reperta sunt quædam in veteribus libris vitiose descripta, quædam ab ipso præcipuo præsuli in privilegiis ejusdem coenobii sunt breviter annotata, cætera ex relatione veterum ut ab antiquioribus sunt eis exhibita."

An early MS. of this life is in the Harleian collection, No. 3097. It was printed (somewhat curtailed) by Capgrave in the _Legenda Nova_, and seems to have furnished all that our antiquaries know about St. Botulph. Camden indeed refers to _Bede_, iv. 3., as containing some mention of him; but I can find no such passage, and I believe that Botulph is nowhere mentioned in the _Historia Anglorum_. The remains of Botulph were taken up in the days of King Edgar, and his head was allotted to Ely, while the rest of his bones were divided between the abbeys of Thorney and Westminster. The cause of his extended popularity it is difficult to discover. His fame even passed over to Denmark, and an office is allotted to him in the Sleswick Breviary, _Britannia Sacra_, vol. i. p. 370. It has been surmised that he was a patron saint of seamen, and that his name indicates this character, _i. e._ boat-help! See Allen's _History of Lincoln_, vol. i. p. 245. His brother Adulf was made Bishop of Trajectum, probably Utrecht. Your correspondents may be referred to Capgrave; to Leland, _Collectanea_, vol. i. p. 217., and vol. iii. p. 33.; and to Ellis's _Monasticon_, vol. ii. p. 596., and vol. vi. p. 1621. St. Botulph's day is the 17th of June.

C. W. G.

* * * * *

SIR RICHARD POLE, THE FATHER OF CARDINAL POLE.

(Vol. v., pp. 105. 163.)

Without presuming to contravene the high authorities quoted by J. G. N. on the pedigree of Sir Richard Pole, the father of the celebrated Cardinal Pole, I am inclined to the belief that he descended from a common ancestor with the Cheshire family of "Poole," as suggested by your correspondent I. J. H. H. Wotton[6] says, in his pedigree of "Poole, baronets of Poole" (from whom, by the way, the _Poles_ of Shute collaterally derived):

"Robert Pull, _alias_ Poole, _alias_ De la Poole, lord of Barretspoole, 8 Edw. I., by Elizabeth, dau. to Hugh Raby, had issue _Reginald_ and others. Reginald had issue James, who died 1 Edw. II., leaving Robert de Pull, his son and heir, who m., 2 Rich. II., the dau. and heir of Thomas de Capenhurst. Sir John de Pull, Knight, his son, lived 8 Hen. IV. and 3 Hen. V., and was father of Sir John _Poole_, of Poole, in Wirrall, living about 19 Rich. II., who by a dau. of ---- Mainwaring, of Peover, had issue, 1. Sir Thomas Poole, Knight, lord of Poole and Capenhurst, 35 Hen. VI. 2. Robert Poole, who left posterity. 3. _Sir Richard Poole, Knight_, who had progeny; and 4. James, grandfather to John Poole, of Stratford in Essex."

Is anything known further of the above Sir Richard Poole, Knight, or of his "progeny"? From a comparison of the dates before given with that of the time in which the father of the Cardinal flourished, it seems not improbable (in the absence of direct proof to the contrary) that he removed into Buckinghamshire, and was father of "Geoffry Pole," who married Edith St. John, as shown. Cardinal Pole, however, was born (in 1500) at Stoverton Castle in _Worcestershire_, and the fact that he was named Reginald, as borne by the son of Robert, the first ancestor of "Poole" (as shown in the above extract), as well as by other members of the baronet family, would tend to confirm the supposition of a common ancestry. The reasons for the change in the family bearing suggested by J. G. N. seem highly probable, besides being the usual course adopted by younger sons for difference. I would here suggest another Query: Was Sir Richard, or his son Henry, created Lord Montague? Burke seems to be at variance with other testimony I have found on the matter. He says:

"Sir Richard Pole, K.G., [was] summoned to Parliament in 1553 [Query, 1503], as Baron Montague: he m. Lady Margaret Plantagenet, dau. of Geo. Duke of Clarence, and left issue four sons and one daughter, viz. Henry, _second Baron_ Montague (whose daughters and coheirs were, Katherine, wife of Francis, second Earl of Huntingdon; and Winifred, m. first to Sir Thomas Hastings, and, secondly, to Sir Thomas Barrington). 2. Geffery, Sir. 3. Arthur. 4. Reginald, the celebrated Cardinal. 5. Ursula, m. to Henry Lord Stafford."

In a list of attainders appended to the 2nd volume of Debrett's _Peerage_, the date 1504 is given as the creation, and 1538 the forfeiture of the title. Wotton says (vol. i. p. 32.):

"Sir Thomas Barrington, high sheriff of Essex and Hertford, 4 Eliz." 1561, "m. Winifred d. and coheir of Henry Pole, _Lord Mountague_ (son of Sir Richard Pole, _Knight of the Garter_" only), "by Margaret Countess of Salisbury, dau. to Geo. Duke of Clarence, brother to King Edward VI."

That "marvellous" historian, Sir Richard Baker, in his _Chronicle_ (ed. 1696, pp. 246. 271. 286., &c.), records, under the reign of Hen. VII. (cir. 1503):

"Prince Arthur, after his marriage, was sent again into Wales, to keep _that country in good order_, to whom were appointed for councillors Sir Richard _Pool_, his _kinsman_ and chief chamberlain, Sir Henry Vernon," &c.

I find no trace of the title till 15 Hen. VIII. (1524): {568}

"All this while King Henry had play'd with the French, but now he seems to be in earnest, and therefore sends over the Duke of Suffolk with an army, the four and twentieth of August, attended with the Lord Montacute and his _brother_, _Sir_ Arthur Pool, with many other knights and gentlemen."

On the knighthood of this _Sir_ Arthur I find, farther on,--

"On _Allholland_ (Query, All-hallows) day, in the chief church of Roy," (the Duke) "made knights, Lord Herbert (son of the Earl of Worcester), the Lord Powis, Oliver Manners, Arthur Pool, &c.

And now--

The 3rd Nov. (1538) Henry Courtney, Marquess of Exeter and Earl of Devonshire, _Henry Pool_, _Lord Montacute_, Sir Nicholas Carew, of Bedington, Knight of the Garter and Master of the Horse, and Sir Edward Nevill, brother to the Lord _Aburgenny_, were sent to the Tower, being accused by Sir Geoffry _Pool_, the Lord Montacute's brother, of high treason. They were indicted for devising to promote and advance _one Reinald_ (Qy. Reginald) _Pool_ to the crown, and _put down_ K. Henry. _This Pool was a near kinsman of the king's_ (being the son of the Lady Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, daughter and heir to George, Duke of Clarence). He had been brought up by the king in learning, and made Dean of Exeter; but being _after sent_ to learn experience by travel, he grew so great a friend of the Pope's that he became an enemy to King Henry, and _for his enmity to the king_ was by Pope Julius III. made cardinal. For this man's cause the lords aforesaid being condemned were all executed; the Lord Marquess, the Lord Montacute, and Sir Edward Nevill, beheaded on the Tower Hill the ninth of January; Sir Nicholas Carew the third of March; two priests condemned with them were hanged at Tyburn: Sir Geoffry _Pool_, though condemned also, yet had his pardon."

I give this last quotation entire (hoping to be pardoned for its length), as it affords a curious insight into the eventful history of the period; for, two years later, I find it on record that--

"_Reynold Pool, Cardinal_, brother to the Lord Montacute, was with divers others attainted of high treason; of whom Foskeue and Dingley the tenth of July were beheaded, the Countess of Salisbury two years after."

But I forbear quoting further the account of this same cardinal's pompous "_absolution of these realms_," and "_reconciliation to the church of Rome_," all which are given in "marvellous" detail by our worthy historian. I pass on to observe, in conclusion, that, from the fact (as recorded in the first of the foregoing historic extracts) that "Sir Richard _Pool_, chamberlain" to Prince Arthur, was sent by him into _Wales_, I gather your correspondent I. J. H. H. has been led to suppose him a _Welsh knight_. That he is called a _kinsman_ of the prince is also some confirmation of the statement afforded by J. G. N., that he became so by his mother's near connexion with the Countess of Richmond, but his own alliance with the house of Plantagenet must have taken place about the close of the fifteenth century (and I own this offers some objection to my theory of his descent); it could not have occurred in 1513, as your correspondent states, since Cardinal Pole was, as I have stated, born in 1500, and was therefore fifty-four years old at the commencement of Mary's reign, viz. 1553-4, when proposals were made for his marriage with the queen; for, says Sir Richard, once more, in speaking, of "the marriages propounded for Queen Mary:"

"One was Cardinal Pool, of a dignity not much inferior to kings, and by his mother descended from kings; _but there was an exception against him also, because four and fifty years old_ (as old a batchelor as Queen Mary was a maid)," &c. &c.

May I be allowed to suggest another Query as to the value of the aforesaid dignity of knighthood, since Lord Herbert and Lord Powis accepted it with men of plainer name and "lesser note." I should feel obliged to any of your correspondents for information on this point.

H. W. S. T.

Southampton.

[Footnote 6: _English Baronets_, vol. ii. p. 546. ed. 1727.]

* * * * *

PROCLAMATIONS TO PROHIBIT THE USE OF COAL.

(Vol. v., p. 513.)

I have recently, for a definite purpose, searched for facts relative to the introduction of coal into domestic use, but I have not met with the case referred to by Dr. Bachhoffner. So harsh a measure appears somewhat inconsistent with other facts connected with the early history of coal. For instance, a grant, dated 7th May, in the 34th of Edward I. tolerates the introduction of sea-coal into London, but levies a toll of sixpence upon every ship-load passing London Bridge: "De qualibet navata carbonis maris venal. sex denarios" (Hearne's _Liber Niger Scaccarii_: Lond. 1774, 8vo. p. 480.), which toll was to be applied to the maintenance of the said bridge. A few months after this, in 1306, was issued the proclamation prohibiting its use; and on its being disregarded, was, as stated by Prynne, followed by a Commission of Oyer and Terminer in the year 1307, a short time before the death of Edward I. It is pretty evident that on the accession of Edward II. a great change occurred in the opinion of the authorities respecting the use of coal; for in the year 1308 fifty pounds (equal probably to 800l. of our money) were paid from the Exchequer to provide wood and _coal_ for the king's coronation. (_Issue Roll, Excheq._, 1 Edw. II.) This sum was paid to John Fairhod, Thomas de Hales, Thomas Wastel, Roger le White, and John de Talworth. We cannot tell the quantity of coal used on that occasion; but, in addition to the above sum we find Richard del Hurst of London petitioning Parliament for the payment of ten {569} shillings to him for sea-coal supplied at the king's coronation. (_Rot. Parl._, 15 and 16 Edw. II., vol. i. p. 405.) Many facts might be given to show that coal was frequently used in London during the reign of Edward II.; and unless we are to infer that the king used without hesitation that which was denied to the citizens on pain of death, we cannot suppose that any such stringent measure was in force as to render the use of coal a capital offence. The period, therefore, in which the case referred to by Dr. Bachhoffner occurred, was most probably during the last few months of the reign of Edw. I. But I am not acquainted with any record of the case, and, with MR. WILSON, should feel obliged if any of your correspondents can refer me to it. But perhaps the Doctor himself will kindly answer the Query.

F. SOMNER MERRYWEATHER.

* * * * *

RALPH WINTERTON.

(Vol. v., pp. 346. 419.)

You mention that a Latin distich by Winterton may be found among the Additional MSS. in the British Museum. And at p. 420. his publication of _Hypocrates_ is referred to, with a Query as to the Latin verse translation. As this book (not I believe very common) is now before me, I transcribe the title:

"'[Greek: Hippokratous tou Megalou hoi aphorismoi; pezikoi te kai emmetroi.] Hippocratis Magni Aphorismi, soluti et metrici. Interprete Joanne Heurnio medico _Ultrajectino_. _Metaphrastis_, Joanne Frero Medico-Poëta et Radulpho Wintertono Medicinæ, et Poëseos Græcæ studioso, _Anglis_.

Alexandri Magni Apophthegma.

[Greek: Basilikon esi, ton eu poiounta kakôs akouein.]

_Regale_ est, bene cùm feceris, male audire.

_Catabrigiæ._ _Excudebant_ Thomas Buck et Rogerus Daniel, MDCXXXIII."

The volume is 12mo., and dedicated to William [Laud?], Bishop of London. Then follow "Reverendorum S. Theol. Professorum Censuræ," including those of Thomas Comber, Dean of Carlisle, and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge; Matthew Wren, Dean of Windsor, and Master of Peterhouse, &c. The aphorisms are given each in the original Greek, with a metrical version in the same language, followed by prose and metrical versions in Latin.

At the end of my copy is bound up, as probably it was printed to accompany the preceding,

"Epigrammata Regiorum Medicinæ Professorum, Cantabrigiensis atque Oxoniensis, &c. In Rad. Wintertoni Metaphrasin nuper editam, &c., quibus accedunt Epigrammata Therapeutica ejusdem, ad malevolorum lectorum ægritudines."

Cantabrigiæ, same date and printers. One of the Epigrammata throws some light on the Query in Vol. v., p. 420., as to the authorship of the _Latin_ version: Edward Hanburie, of Sidney College, says, addressing Winterton,--

"Gratum opus hoc Medicis. Tu primus carmine _Græco_ Metiris."

The volume closes with some Latin elegiac verses by Winterton on the death of his brother Francis, who, leaving the office of Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to the Queen,

"In Castra transiit. Is pro patria mortuus, Custrinæ, in finibus Silesiæ, honorifice, et sicut militem decuit, sepultus est."

This supplementary volume is partly occupied with complimentary verses by the fellows of King's, who address Winterton as

"Medicum a suis juxta statuta designatum."

Among these is one copy by Gulielmus _Sclater_, C. R. C., "Socius Inceptor in Artibus;" and another by Johannes _Sclater_, C. R. C., quondam Socius, S. T. B. 1613. I indicate these as having lately called the attention of your readers to this family.

BALLIOLENSIS.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Family of Bullen_ (Vol. v., p. 127.).--There is a physician of that name, who is, I believe, one of the professors in the Queen's College, Cork, and who may probably be able to afford your correspondent E. A. G. the information he wishes for. I have been informed that Dr. Bullen's father asserted that his family was descended from the Boleyn family.

J. E.

_Wallington's Journal_ (Vol. v., p.489.).--This volume is in my possession. It contains much curious and interesting matter.

J. GODWIN.

28. Upper Gower Street.

_The Amber Witch_ (Vol. v., p. 510.).--In answer to a Query of A. N., this book is a pure fiction. Some German biblical critics pretending to decide that whole chapters, or whole books, of the Bible are spurious, from internal evidence, Meinhold wrote the _Amber Witch_ to show how little able they were to judge of internal evidence in a much simpler case. Several of them fell into his trap, and then the author avowed the work to be his own.

T.

_Twyford_ (Vol. v., p. 467.).--There is yet, I am informed, a _double ford_ at Alnmouth, a little above the town. The ancient church, called Woden's Church, stood at the mouth of the Alne. Here was found the cross with the imperfect inscription in Anglo-Saxon runes, now preserved at Alnwick Castle. I am not aware that any local tradition now connects the name of Twyford with Alnmouth.

EDWARD CHARLTON.

{570}

_The Ring Finger_ (Vol. v., p. 492.).--I have met with the following passage in Adam's _Antiquities_ (8vo. ed., p. 429.), which seems to assign another origin to this custom than the one lately proposed in "N. & Q.":

"On this occasion" (_i. e._ the signing of the marriage contract) "there was commonly a feast: and the man gave the woman a ring (_annulus pronubus_) by way of pledge, _Juvenal_, vi. 27., which she put on her left hand, on the finger next the least; because it was believed a nerve reached from thence to the heart: _Macrob. Sat._ vii. 15."

ERYX.

_Brass of Lady Gore_ (Vol. v., p. 412.).--This brass still exists, and commemorates Maria Gore, _Priorissa_, 1436, attired simply as a widow. Owing to its actual existence having been but recently known to collectors of rubbings, no mention was made of it in the _Oxford Manual_. For the same reason there is no notice of a very interesting brass of a bishop or abbot, date end of fourteenth century, at Adderley, Salop. The editor of the above work would take this opportunity of thanking MR. W. S. SIMPSON for his corrections ("N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 369.). The rubbing, or rather smudging, from which the inscription was copied being nearly wholly illegible, accounts for the mistakes. Any further corrections will oblige

THE EDITOR OF THE "OXFORD MANUAL OF BRASSES."

Gloucester.

_Gospel Trees._--Several Numbers of "N. & Q." have contained interesting notices of trees which are traditionally reported to indicate the standing-places of out-door preachers. To me, there is something very pleasing and picturesque--if nothing better--in these narrations; and I shall therefore be glad to find them recurring in your pages, whether their claims are of ancient or later date. Every reader of the vigorous poetry of Ebenezer Elliott, a true member of the _genus irritabile_, will recollect Miles Gordon "the Ranter" preacher, and how, in the poet's lines,--

"----The great unpaid! the prophet, lo! Sublime he stands beneath the Gospel tree, And Edmund stands on Shirecliffe at his side."

The context, too long to quote here, is a passage descriptive of the scenery in the vicinity of Sheffield in one direction, unsurpassed for graphic scope, freshness, and fidelity in the whole range of English rhyme. But the tree? Hundreds of summer visitors climb the hill, and ask _that_ question; and they are pointed to an ash, which stands in a situation conspicuous enough, but which neither the rest of "the trees of the wood," if they could speak, nor the quarryman, who remembers it when a sappling can allow to be _the_ veritable "Gospel tree" of the poet, though, but for _this_ memorandum in "N. & Q.," it might arrive at that distinction in the course of another century. A neighbouring tree, an oak, which those matter-of-fact judges, the trigonometrical surveyors, have marked with a lofty pole, competes with the aforesaid ash for the reverence of pilgrims but its claim is equally apocryphal. If, however, when on the spot, "it is difficult," according to the old adage, "to find the tree for the wood," as I experienced a few days since, it will ever stand conspicuous enough, in the poet's page, and may even serve to divert or recall attention to "Gospel trees," which have more than poetical claim to that appellation.

H.

"_Who from the dark and doubtful love to run_" (Vol. v., p. 512.).--I presume the lines imperfectly quoted by H. M. are to be found in the "Introduction" to the _Parish Register_ by Crabbe, and which, as the book is before me, I will transcribe:

"Oh! rather give me commentators plain, Who with no deep researches vex the brain, Who from the dark and doubtful love to run, And hold their glimmering tapers to the sun."

S. S. S.

_Son of the Conqueror; Walker Tyrrel_ (Vol. v., p. 512.).--No other son of William the Conqueror, except William Rufus, was slain by an arrow in the New Forest. A grandson, however, of the Conqueror, Richard, son of Robert Duke of Normandy, met with the same fate as Rufus, as stated by the cotemporary chronicler, Florentius Wigornensis. (Edition of the Historical Society, vol. ii. p. 45.) Immediately after describing the death of William Rufus, he says:

"Nam et antea ejusdem Willelmi junioris germanus, Ricardus, in eadem foresta multo ante perierat, et paulo ante _suus fratruelis_, Ricardus, comitis scilicet Normannorum Rotberti filius, dum et ipse in venatu fuisset, a suo milite sagitta percussus, interiit."

Probably Sir N. Wraxhall or his authority had read this statement hastily, and had construed _fratruelis_ brother instead of _nephew_, which is the correct sense of the word.

Your correspondent asks further for the authority for the death of William Rufus. Every historian of that day--Florentius Wigornensis and the Saxon chronicler among others--gives the received account of his death, except Suger, a Norman abbot, who says that Sir W. Tyrrel took a solemn oath to him that he was not the slayer of the king, but that the arrow came from an unknown hand.

There can, I think, be little doubt but that Sir W. Tyrrel's was the hand that drew the bow; whether, however, he intended to kill the king or not, is a point which it is probable, after the time that has elapsed, will never be satisfactorily determined.

R. C. C.

Oxon.

{571}

_Sir Gilbert Gerrard_ (Vol. v., p. 511.).--I beg to refer MR. SPEDDING to Erdeswick's _Staffordshire_, by Harwood (1820), p. 83., who states that Sir Gilbert Gerrard died in 1592, and that he was buried in Ashley churchyard in that county, under a handsome monument. Probably the inscription on it will give the precise date, and some of your readers may be able to refer to it, and send the communication to "N. & Q." His death must have occurred between January 8, 1592, 34 Elizabeth, the date of his will as given in Dugdale's _Baronage_, vol. ii. p. 417., and the following April; if Dugdale is right in saying that it was then proved. But on referring to the _Baga de Secretis_, the contents of which are so excellently calendared by Sir Francis Palgrave in the Appendices to his third, fourth, and fifth reports as deputy-keeper of the Public Records, it appears that Sir Gilbert was named in a commission of Oyer and Terminer, on March 22; that he signed a precept under it for the return of the grand jury, on April 11; and that he signed another precept to the lieutenant of the Tower for bringing up Sir John Perrott before the justices, on _June 12_, all in 34 Elizabeth, 1592. (Fourth Report, Appendix II. pp. 282, 283.) It would seem, therefore, that Dugdale has erred in the date he assigns to the probate of Sir Gilbert's will. A search, however, at Doctors' Commons will solve the difficulty.

Edward Foss.

_Fides Carbonarii_ (Vol. iv., pp. 233. 283.; Vol. v., p. 523.).--The Collier's Confession of Faith did not originate with Dr. Milner, but is at least three hundred years old. Cardinal Hosius commends it highly (_De auctor. sacræ Script._: Opp. fol. 263.: Antverp. 1556), and so does Staphylus likewise (_Apologia_, fol. 83.: Colon. 1562). Bellarmin gives another version of the narrative, which he has taken from Petrus Barocius (_De arte bene moriendi_, lib. ii. cap. ix. pp. 200-203.: Antverp. 1620). Your correspondents should not have forgotten the concluding question and answer in what Crakenthorp has styled "The Colliar's Catechisme" (_Vigilius Dormitans_, p. 187.: Lond. 1631). The entire of the conversation may be represented thus:

"What do you believe?"

"I believe what the Church believes."

"And what does the Church believe?"

"The Church believes what I believe."

"And what do you both believe?"

"The same thing."

R. G.

_Line on Franklin_ (Vol. iv., p. 443.; Vol. v., pp. 17. 549.).--

"Eripuit Jovi fulmen, sceptrumque tyrannis."

I do not exactly see the object of MR. WARDEN'S inquiry (if it indeed be one), as your correspondent R. D. H. had already traced it from Cardinal Polignac to Manilius; but, as perhaps MR. WARDEN means to inquire where _he_ may have read it, I beg leave to inform him that line was first published as anonymous in the _Correspondence de Grimm et de Diderto_, April, 1778, and was lately reproduced in the _Quarterly Review_ for June, 1850, with the addition that it was from the pen of _Turgot_, as the authority, I presume, of the Life, art. TURGOT, in the _Biographie Universelle_.

C.

_Meaning of Royd as an Addition to Yorkshire Names_ (Vol. v., p. 489.).--The glossary to Hulton's _Coucher Book of Whalley Abbey_ at once gives it thus:

"RODA, an assart, or clearing. Rode land is used in this sense in modern German, in which the verb roden means to clear. The combination of the syllable rod, _rode_, or _royd_, with some other term, or with the name of an original settler, has, no doubt, given to particular localities such designations as Huntroyd, Ormerod, &c., &c."

See also Lower _On Surnames_ (3rd edit. i. 85.), and an elaborate note in Dr. Whitaker's _Whalley_, referred to in his account of Ormerod (3rd edit. p. 364.).

In the sense which Dr. W. gives to _Rode_, or _Royd_, as "a participial substantive of the provincial verb _rid_, to clear or grub up," that word will be found singly, or in combination, near forests and chases from the Lancashire Pendle to the Devonshire Dartmoor. It occurs also in Rodmore, Rodleys, &c., in the forest district of Gloucestershire over Severn; and Murray's _Handbook_ may be referred to for Wernigerode, Elbingerode, &c., in the Hartz forest of Germany.

In Lancashire and Yorkshire the adjunct sometimes refers to the _early proprietor_, as in Monkroyd, Martinrode, &c.; sometimes to the _trees ridded_, as in Oakenrode, Acroyd, Hollinrode, Holroyd, &c.; sometimes to other characteristics. Instances of all kinds will be found in the _Whalley Coucher Book_, printed by the Chetham Society.

LANCASTRIENSIS.

_Binnacle_ (Vol. v., p. 499.).--This word, which signifies the case or covering of the compass, was until the last thirty years spelled and pronounced "bittacle," and is derived, I should imagine, from the French word _habitacle_, a little habitation, a hut, a covering. It is almost the only one of our nautical terms which can be traced to a French origin.

C. K.

_Plague Stones_ (Vol. v., p. 500.).--I have not observed that any of your correspondents have noticed the stones near the romantic village of Eyam, about four and a half miles E. N. E. of Tideswell in Derbyshire.

It is well known that this village suffered most severely from the plague; and the inhabitants still revere the memory of their pastor Mr. Nompesson, who nobly refused to desert his flock in the hour of danger, and fell a sacrifice to his devotion. I became acquainted with these stones some years {572} ago, when on tour through Derbyshire, and, if I remember rightly, they are about two and a half feet high, one foot and a half in diameter, with a hollow place on the top like a dish, in which we were told the money of the "plague village" people was placed for the food, &c. that was brought to this boundary line by the people of the neighbourhood. The cavity in the stone was of course full of water.

J. G. C.

_Ramasshed_ (Vol. iii., p. 347.).--The Fr. _ramas_ (as also _ramon_) is "_boughs_ formed into a _besom_ or broom," Fr. _rameau_, from the Lat. _ramus_. To _ramass_ or _ramash_ is "to put or sweep together, as with a broom." Thus, Hackluyt, in his Preface to the Reader, speaks of volumes "most untruly and unprofitablie _ramassed_ or hurled to." To _ramassh_ is also "to use a _ramas_ or a construction of ram_asses_" (in the case of Syr R. Guyldford) as a vehicle for conveyance. The sleds first used for carrying travellers safely down steep hills were probably composed of bough-hurdles, afterwards transformed into barrows and other more convenient carriages.

Q.

_Yankee Doodle_ (Vol. iv., pp. 344. 392.).--The citizens of the United States do not recognise this, but "Hail, Columbia," as their national air.

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

_"Chords that vibrate," &c._ (Vol. v., p. 539.).--

"Chords that vibrate sweetest pleasure, Thrill the deepest notes of woe." "On Sensibility. To Mrs. Dunlop, of Dunlop." Burns's _Poems_, ed. 1800, vol. iv. p. 404.

EDW. HAWKINS.

_Derivation of Martinique_ (Vol. v., pp. 11. 165.).--MR. PHILIP S. KING's statement, that Martinique was discovered on St. Martin's day, is at variance with the account given by the historian of that island, who says that it was discovered on the 15th June, 1502, during Columbus's fourth voyage. The derivation of _Martinique_ from _Martin_ suggests itself so obviously, that, if the discovery had been made on the day (November 11) consecrated to that saint, it is not likely that the local historian would have gone out of his way to fix upon a Caribbean expression, _Martinina_, as the origin of the name.

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

_Anthony Babington_ (Vol. v., p. 344.).--W. Kempe, the author of the _Dutiful Invective_, must not be confounded (as is frequently the case) with William Kempe the celebrated actor, and the reputed author of Kemp's _Nine Daies Wonder_. The first-named Kempe was probably a schoolmaster at Plymouth. See the Rev. A. Dyce's Introduction to his reprint of the _Nine Daies Wonder_ (Camden Society, No. 11.).

_The Censure of a Loyall Subject_, which your correspondent (following Herbert) attributes to Kempe, is well known to have been the production of George Whetstone, whose initials are at the end of the Dedication. A copy may be seen in the Library of Lambeth Palace.

The execution of the "fourteen most wicked traitors" (Ballard, Babbington, Tichbourne, &c.) formed the subject of many ballads and tracts, a few of which I am enabled to enumerate:

1. A Proper New Ballad to the Tune of 'Weep, Weep,' by Thomas Deloney, beginning:

"Rejoice in hart, good people all, Sing praise to God on hye, Which hath preserved us by his power, From traitors tyranny."

Reprinted in Mr. Collier's Old Ballads (Percy Society, No. 1.).

2. "A Ballad of Rejoycinge for the Revealinge of the Quenes Enemyes. Licensed to Edward Alde, August 24, 1586-7."

3. "A Joyfull Songe made by a Citizen of London in the Behalfe of all her Majesties Subjects, touching the Joye for the taking of the Traitors. Licensed to R. Jones, August 27, 1586-7."

4. "A Short Discourse, expressing the Substance of all the late intended Treasons against the Queenes Majestie and Estates of this Realme by Sundrie Traytors, &c. Printed by G. Robinson for Edward White."

This tract contains an interesting ballad by T. Nelson, whom Mr. Collier calls "the ballad-writing bookseller." See _Extracts from the Stationers' Registers_, vol. ii. p. 214. A copy is preserved in the library of Lambeth Palace.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

_Seventh Son_ (Vol. iii. pp. 148. 149.; Vol. v., p. 412.).--Through the information of a friend I awn able to add a curious "modern instance" to my communication printed in the Number of "N. & Q." for May 1. In Saltash Street, Plymouth, my friend copied, on the 10th Dec. 1851, the following inscription on a board, indicating the profession and claims of the inhabitant:--

"A. SHEPHERD,

THE THIRD SEVENTH DAUGHTER,

DOCTRESS."

H. G. T.

Weston-super-Mare.

"_Venit ad Euphratem_" (Vol. v., p. 512.).--The epigram referred to by your correspondent H. M. runs thus:

"Venit ad Euphratem; rapidis perterritus undis, Ut cito transivit, corripuit medium."

S. Q.

_Sneezing_ (Vol. v., pp. 364. 500.).--I have often seen, but where I cannot now recollect, that the custom of saying "God bless you!" when any one {573} sneezed, arose from the fact that in the great plague of Athens sneezing was an unfailing proof of returning convalescence. Your classical readers will remember the anecdote told in the _Anabasis_ of Xenophon (c. ii. sect. i.-v.). I copy from Mitford, who has besides a note to the purpose:

"At daybreak the troops were assembled, and Chirosophus, Cleanor, and Xenophon successively addressed them. An accident, in itself even ridiculous, assisted not a little, through the importance attributed to it by Grecian superstition, to infuse encouragement. Xenophon was speaking of that favour from the gods which a righteous cause entitled them to hope for against a perjured enemy, when somebody _sneezed_. Immediately the general voice addressed ejaculations to protecting Jupiter, whose omen it was supposed to be. A sacrifice to the god was then proposed; a universal shout declared approbation; and the whole army, in one chorus, sang the Pæan."--_History of Greece_, vol. v. p. 185. cap. xxiii. sect. iv.: Lond. 1835, 8vo.

We must not, however, forget that when Elisha restored the Shunamite's son to life--

"The child _sneezed_ seven times, and the child opened his eyes."--_2 Kings_, iv. 35.

RT.

_Rents of Assize_ (Vol. v., p. 188.).--Has not J. G. misquoted? Is not the line--

"Regis ad exemplar, totus componitur orbis."

J. E.

Rochester.

_Fire unknown_ (Vol. iv., pp. 209. 283. 331.).--In _An Account of the Native Africans of Sierra Leone_, by T. M. Winterbottom: Lond. 1803, 2 vols., occurs the following note to vol. i. p. 75.:--

"It is said that the inhabitants of the Marian or Ladrone islands were ignorant of the use of fire before they were visited by the Spaniards; but even then they were acquainted with the mode of producing intoxication by means of the wine of the cocoa-nut tree."

ZEUS.

_Newtonian System_ (Vol. v., p. 490.).--The author of the pamphlet entitled _The Theology and Philosophy of Cicero's Somnium Scipionis explained_, London, 1751, 8vo., was Bishop Horne. He wrote it before he had attained majority, and many attacks were made upon it. It is not included in the edition of his collected works in 6 vols. 8vo. 1809. Bishop Warburton, who cordially disliked the Hutchinsonians, or, as he styled them, the English Cocceians, mentions this tract in his _Letters to Bishop Hurd_:

"There is one book, and that no large one, which I would recommend to your perusal; it is called _The Theology and Philosophy of Cicero's Somn. Scip. examined_. It is indeed the ne plus ultra of Hutchinsonianism. In this twelve-penny pamphlet Newton is proved an atheist and a blockhead. And what would you more?"--Warburton's _Letters to Hurd_, edit. 1808, 4to. p. 63.

The anecdote as to Newton, Locke, and Lord Pembroke, p. 27., was first told by Whiston, whose character for accuracy does not stand high, particularly when Sir I. Newton, against whom he bore a grudge, is concerned.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

_Newton, Cicero, and Gravitation_ (Vol. v., p. 344.).--Newton is celebrated for having proved that all bodies attract one another with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance. What resemblance has this to a statement, that all bodies gravitate to the centre of the world, or, as explained by Cicero, the earth? which at most only implies its rotundity. Perhaps S. E. B. was joking, like Hegel, when he said that Newton called 5/A^2 gravitation, and inferred that gravitation varied as 1/A^2. Otherwise modern philosophers, as _e.g._ Kepler, would have supplied much nearer approximations to Newton's law.

ALTRON.

_Rhymes on the Names of Places_ (Vol. v., p. 404.).--I remember hearing the following verse in the neighbourhood of Nottingham:

"Eaton and Taton, and Bramcote o' th' hill, Beggarly Beeston, and lousy Chilwell; Waterside Wilford, hey little Lenton! Ho fine Nottingham! Colwick and Snenton."

The villages whose names occur are all within a few miles of Nottingham.

The following rhyme I have also heard:

"Derbyshire born and Derbyshire bred, Strong i' th' arm and weak i' the head."

R. C. C.

Oxon.

_Saint Wilfrid's Needle_ (Vol. v., p. 510.), where, according to Burton, "they used to try maids whether they were honest," is not, as B. B. supposes, a stone, but a narrow passage in the crypt beneath the central tower of Ripon Minster. This crypt is of Saxon workmanship, and is probably either a part of the original church built by Saint Wilfrid, or "the new work," which, according to Leland--

"Odo, Archebishop of Cantewarbyri ... causid to be edified, wher the Minstre now is."

This passage is said to have been used as a place of ordeal through which maidens of suspected honesty were caused to pass,--a feat which none but a virgin could accomplish.

K. P. D. E.

_"Measure for Measure," Act I. Sc. 1._ (Vol. v., p. 535.).--I should be sorry to cast a cloud over the _satisfactory_ elucidation which A. E. B. flatters himself he has made of a passage in _Measure for Measure_, for, if not convincing, it is unquestionably ingenious. I am afraid, however, there is one fatal objection, of which, when pointed out, I {574} doubt not your correspondent will see the force. He says, "the demonstrative pronoun _that_, refers to _the commission_ which the Duke holds in his hand;" but is this the language we in England use? Until the Duke presented the commission,--the act indicated by the words "there is our commission,"--there cannot indeed be much doubt that he held it in his hand; and while he did so, he would as certainly have said _this_, as I speak of _this_ pen with which I write.

Your correspondent challenges comment in assuming that his explanation was satisfactory enough to preclude all correction. At the same time I must confess I am altogether sceptical with regard to Mr. Halliwell's _verb_. As, however, he has excited our curiosity, he will doubtless not object to satisfy it. MR. SINGER's suggestion seems to me worthy of consideration; but, after all, I feel that there is a degree of incoherency in the passage, and so unsatisfactory a connexion between the words "and let them work" and that which precedes, that I cannot help recurring to the idea that a line has been lost,--an accident of not very uncommon occurrence.

SAMUEL HICKSON.

St. John's Wood.

_"Stunt with false care," &c._ (Vol. v., p. 538.).--The lines alluded to, though the first of them is incorrectly quoted, are from George Cox's brilliant satire, _Black Gowns and Red Coats; or, Oxford in 1834_, respecting which some information was recently furnished by your correspondents S. F. C. (Vol. v., p. 297.) and C. W. B. (Vol. v., p. 332.) in reply. The work is perhaps sufficiently scarce to warrant the citation of the whole passage, which occurs at the commencement of Part V.:

"When Philip's son, in all a monarch's pride, With tempting boons approach'd the barrel's side, Full in the sun his glitt'ring trains display'd, And sought to cumber with officious aid, The Cynic sneer'd, and only begg'd in spite The free enjoyment of the beams of light. Such were the humble prayer, the meek request That Oxford's sons might ask their tyrants best; The full out-pouring on their blinded youth Of Nature's sunbeams, and the light of truth, Rest from the burking systems of the sect, Who kill with care more fatal than neglect, Who twist with force unnatural aside The straight young branches in their heaven-ward pride, _With culture spoil_ what else would flourish wild, And rock the cradle till they bruise the child."

The poem in question, which is equal in talent to anything that has appeared since the days of Pope, was published by Ridgway in 1834, but is now rarely to be met with, though I never heard of its being suppressed.

G. T. D.

_The Lines on Chaucer_ (Vol. v., p. 536.).--The lines about which ELIZA inquires are not quoted by her quite correctly. They are by Mr. W. J. Fox, and may be found in the little volume entitled _Hymns and Anthems_ (published by Chas. Fox, 1845), used at the Unitarian Chapel in South Place, Finsbury. No. CXXIII. begins thus:

"Britain's first poet, Famous old Chaucer, Swan-like in dying, Sang his last song, When at his heart-strings Death's hand was strong," &c.

JAYDEE.

_Will O' the Wisp_ (Vol. v., p. 511.).--Will O' the Wisp still lives by the banks of Trent; but alas! his reign is almost over. Fifty years ago he might be seen nightly dancing over bog and brake; but since the process of warping has been discovered, which has made valuable property of what was before a morass, nearly the whole of the commons between Gainsborough and the Humber have been brought into cultivation, and the drainage consequent thereon has nearly banished poor Will.

Any person wishing to make his acquaintance would probably succeed, if he were to pass a night next November on Brumby or Scotton common.

K. P. D. E.

* * * * *

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

A late eminent scholar was in the habit of advising his friends, when in doubt which of two books to buy: "If one of them is a Dictionary, always buy the Dictionary:"--and the noble library which he bequeathed to the public shows that he himself always acted upon this principle. What he said of Dictionaries generally, will apply with particular force to the very admirable _Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art; comprising the History, Description, and Scientific Principles of every Branch of Human Knowledge, with the Derivation and Definition of all the Terms in General Use_, edited by Professor Brande and Dr. Cauvin, with the assistance of many eminent literary and scientific gentlemen, of which the second edition is now before us. Our impression on opening it was, that NOTES & QUERIES would find its occupation gone: and, although it is obvious that such cannot be the case, we feel sure that if all Querists upon ordinary subjects would turn to this excellent compendium of general information before transmitting to us many such inquiries as we now receive, they would at once be put in possession of the information of which they are in search; and we should be spared a very considerable amount of labour. The object which the proprietors proposed to themselves in the one closely printed volume of which the {575} book consists, has been to supply the place of those large Encyclopædias and Dictionaries of modern times which are either too voluminous or too special for ready reference and general use; and to produce, in a form which should admit of its being carried about, a work which, without entering into long details of theories, &c., should exhibit an _abstract of the principles of every branch of knowledge, and a definition and explanation of the various terms in Science, Literature, and Art_, which occur in reading or conversation, with that facility of reference and precision of statement which ought to be the distinguishing features of a useful Dictionary. Thanks to the knowledge and good judgment of the editors and their assistants, this object has been so successfully accomplished, that Brande's _Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art_, may be pronounced as at once a valuable substitute for a small library, and an indispensable accompaniment and key to a large one.

The new volume (the sixth), which has just been issued, of Messrs. Rivington's handsome edition of _The Works and Correspondence of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke_, is one of peculiar interest, inasmuch as in addition to his Tracts on the Laws against Popery in Ireland, and his Reports of the House of Commons on the affairs of the East India Company, and the Charges against Warren Hastings, it contains his Hints for an Essay on the Drama, and the Essay towards an Abridgment of the English History in Three Books.

* * * * *

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

A NARRATIVE OF THE PROCEEDINGS IN THE DOUGLAS CAUSE. London, Griffin, 8vo. 1767.

CLARE'S POEMS. Fcap. 8vo. Last edition.

POETIC WREATH. 8vo. Newman.

MALLET'S ELVIRA.

MAGNA CHARTA; a Sermon at the Funeral of Lady Farewell, by George Newton. London, 1661.

BOOTHBY'S SORROWS SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF PENELOPE. Cadell and Davies. 1796.

CHAUCER'S POEMS. Vol. I. Aldine Edition.

BIBLIA SACRA, Vulg. Edit., cum Commentar. Menochii. Alost and Ghent, 1826. Vol I.

BARANTE, DUCS DE BOURGOGNE. Vols. I. and II. 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Edit. Paris. Ladvocat. 1825.

BIOGRAPHIA AMERICANA, by a Gentleman of Philadelphia.

POTGIESERI DE CONDITIONE SERVORUM APUD GERMANOS. 8vo. Col. Agrip.

THE BRITISH POETS. Whittingham's edition in 100 Vols., with plates.

REPOSITORY OF PATENTS AND INVENTIONS. Vol. XLV. 2nd Series. 1824.

Vol. V. 3rd Series. 1827.

NICHOLSON'S PHILOSOPHICAL JOURNAL. Vols. XIV. XV. 1806.

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN. No. XI. 2nd Series.

WORKS OF ISAAC BARROW, D.D., late Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. London, 1683. Vol. I. Folio.

LINGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Vols. VI. VII. VIII. IX. XII. XIII., cloth.

FABRICII BIBLIOTHECA LATINA. Ed. Ernesti. Leipsig, 1773. Vol. III.

THE ANACALYPSIS. By Godfrey Higgins. 2 Vols. 4to.

CODEX DIPLOMATICUS ÆVI SAXONICI, opera J. M. Kemble. Vols. I. and II. 8vo.

ECKHEL, DOCTRINA NUMORUM. Vol. VIII.

BROUGHAM'S MEN OF LETTERS. 2nd Series, royal 8vo., boards. Original edition.

KNIGHT'S PICTORIAL SHAKSPEARE. Royal 8vo. Parts XLII. XLIII. XLIV. L. and LI.

CONDER'S ANALYTICAL VIEW OF ALL RELIGIONS. 8vo.

HALLIWELL ON THE DIALECTS OF SOMERSETSHIRE.

SCLOPETARIA, or REMARKS ON RIFLES, &c.

THE COMEDIES OF SHADWELL may be had on application to the Publisher of "N. & Q."

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

* * * * *

Notices to Correspondents.

REPLIES RECEIVED.--_The Amber Witch--The Moon and her Influences--Gilbert de Clare--Edmund Bohun--Mr. Miller of Craigentinny--Passage in "Measure for Measure"--Fides Carbonarii--Oasis--Lord Bacon a Poet--Burials in Woollen--Gabriel Hounds--Ben Jonson's adopted Sons--Market Crosses--Large Families--The Death Watch--Baxter's Shove--Tortoise-shell Tom Cats--Tregonwell Frampton--John Roger the Protomartyr--Epigram on the Euphrates--Titles of the Queen of England--Gospel of the Distaffs--The Number Seven--After me the Deluge--Restiff--Seven Senses--Mummy Wheat--Lines on Woman--St. Wilfrid's Needle--Will o' the Wisp--Cross Neytz--Surnames--Curse of Scotland--Lines on Crawford of Kilbirnie--The Empress Josephine--Stunt with false Care--Lines on Burning of the Houses of Parliament--Hoax on Sir Walter Scott--Amyciæ--Reason and Understanding--Shakspeare's Seal--St. Patrick--Mistletoe--Nacar--The Oak and the Ash--Toady or Toadeater--Sun Dial Motto--Frebord--Rhymes on Places--Addison and Maxwell--King Arthur--Rabbit as a Symbol--St. Christopher and the Doree--Smyth's MSS.--Term Milesian--Spanish Vessels wrecked on Coast of Ireland._

_We are this week obliged by want of space to omit many interesting Articles, Notes, and Replies to Correspondents._

W. K. (Leicester) _is thanked for his very kind offer, which we gladly accept_.

C. B. A. _shall receive early attention_.

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Abounds with interesting Musical Anecdotes; the Greek Fables respecting the Origin of Music; the Rise and Progress of Musical Instruments; the early Musical Drama; the Origin of our present Fashionable Concerts; the First Performance of the Beggar's Opera, &c.

*** The few remaining Copies are raised in price to 30s.

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{576}

In Seven Volumes 8vo., price 31s. 6d. cloth, The "Former Series," comprising Parts I. to XIV. inclusive, of

THE JOURNAL OF SACRED LITERATURE. Edited by JOHN KITTO, D.D., F.S.A.

The following are some of the Contents:--

Vol. I.--_Ecclesiastical History_--Aquinas, Chrysostom. _Biography_--Mohammed, Milton. _Biblical Criticism_--Azazel, Death, Anthropomorphism, Poetry, Rationalism, Free Inquiry in Theology, Hebrew Meats, Metres, Resurrection of the Saints, Sacred Trees. _Interpretation_--Amos, Ezekiel, Job, Ecclesiastes, Proverbs, Song of Songs.

Vol. II.--_Biography_--Matthew Henry, Francis Quarles. _Biblical Criticism_--The Burning of the World, Christianity in Germany, Old Testament Citations, the Youth of David, Elohim, Metals, the East, the Christian Sabbath, the Septuagint, Misapplication of Scripture. _Interpretation_--Genesis xiv., the First Periods of Genesis, the Gospel of St. John.

Vol. III.--_Biography_--Calvin, Pascal, Wesley, Ulphilas. _Biblical Criticism_--Alleged Discrepancy between Paul and James, the Days of Creation. Customs Illustrative of the Bible, the Logos, Fine Art among the Jews, Mustard Tree of Scripture, the formula--"That it might be fulfilled." _Interpretation_--Colossians, Mathew and Luke's Genealogies, Miracle of Joshua.

Vol. IV.--Eustathius. _Biblical Criticism_--Christianity, Chronology of the Kings of Israel, Demoniacal Possession, Hyssop, Is Biblical Criticism unfavourable to Piety? Genius of Christianity, Tense of the Hebrew Verb, Tischendorf's Greek Testament. _Biblical Interpretation_--Isaiah, Genesis iv. 7, Joshua, St. Luke.

Vol. V.--_Ecclesiastical History_--Josephus, Justin Martyr, Theobald Thamar. _Biblical Criticism_--Baptism for the Dead, Bedouin, Romance Antar, The Creation, Peter's Residence at Rome, the Separate State.

Vol. VI.--_Biblical Criticism_--Apocalyptic Literature, Chronological Harmony of the Gospels, Evidence of the Resurrection, Genesis and Geology, Letter and Spirit of the Old Testament, Literal Interpretation of Prophecy, Poetical Legends of the Talmud, Scriptural Parallelisms, Providence of God.

Vol. VII.--_Biography_--Calvin, the Jansenists. _Biblical Criticism_--Bards of the Bible, Egypt, Exploration of the Jordan, Inspiration, Nineveh, Our Lord's Discourses, the Septuagint, Human Progression. _Interpretation_--Acts, Words which Paul heard in Paradise, Demoniac Possessions in the New Testament, 1 Cor. vii. 25, Parallelistic Poetry.

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CONTENTS OF APRIL NO. (NO. III.)

1. Romanism as it is. 2. Gregory of Nazianzum. 3. The Rephaim. 4. Alford's Greek Testament. 5. On the Nature of a Miracle. 6. Recent Travels in Palestine. 7. The Epistle to Diognetus. 8. Israel after the Flesh. 9. Remarks on 1 Chron. vi. 16-38. 10. Remarks on Rev. xxii. 8, 9. Correspondence, Notices, &c. &c.

ROBERT B. BLACKADER, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, London.

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SCHOOLS AND SCHOOL-HOUSES FOR RURAL PARISHES, in a series of 27 Plates, comprising Perspective Views, Plans and Details, with full description thereof. By JOSEPH CLARKE, architect to the Diocesan Boards of Education of Canterbury, Rochester, and Oxford.

The twelve schools and school-houses recently erected by the author, which form the contents of the work, have been selected to show the arrangement of large and small structures suitable to the requirement of rural villages.

G. BELL, Fleet Street, London; JOSEPH MASTERS, New Bond Street; and J. H. PARKER, Oxford.

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THE TEACHER'S PRAYER ON THE CONFIRMATION OF HER PUPILS. Forwarded to any Part of the Kingdom on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.

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NEW EDITION, CORRECTED TO 1852.

Just published, in 1 vol. 8vo. with woodcuts, price 3l. cloth; or 3l. 5s. half-bound in Russia, with flexible back.

BRANDE'S DICTIONARY of SCIENCE, LITERATURE, and ART: Comprising the History, Description, and Scientific Principles of every Branch of Human Knowledge: with the Derivation and Definition of all the Terms in general use. Second Edition, corrected; with a Supplement, containing numerous Additions, together with the chief Scientific Terms, Processes, and Improvements that have come into general use since the Publication of the First Edition.

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THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, No. CLXXXI. ADVERTISEMENTS for the forthcoming Number must be forwarded to the Publisher by the 24th, and Bills for insertion by the 26th instant.

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