Chapter 3

_Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood_.--There is a passage in Longinus (ch. xxii.), familiar perhaps to some of the readers of the "NOTES AND QUERIES," which indicates that the fact of the circulation of the blood was well established in the days of Plato. The father of critics, to exemplify, and illustrate the use and value of _trope_ in writing, has garbled from the Timaeus, a number of sentences descriptive of the anatomy of the human body, where the circulation of the blood is pointed at in terms singularly graphic. The exact extent of professional knowledge arrived at in the time of the great philosopher is by no means clearly defined: he speaks of the fact, however, not with a view to prove what was contested or chimerical, but avails himself of it to figure out the surpassing wisdom of the gods in constructing the human frame. Perhaps some of the readers of the "NOTES," who are more thoroughly conversant with the subject, may think it worth while to inquire how much was known on that subject before Harvey wrote his _Exercitationes Anatomiae_. The _Prooemium_ of that author seems hardly sufficient to satisfy the desire of every reader, who has looked with some care to the passage in Longinus to which I have taken the liberty of calling public attention.

A.W.

Brighton.

_The Meaning of "Pallace_."--A lease granted by the corporation of Totness in Devon, in the year 1703, demises premises by this description: "All that cellar and the chambers over the same, and the little _pallace_ and landing-place adjoining to the river Dart." Can your readers give an explanation of the term "pallace?"

J.R. ROGERS.

_Did Oliver Cromwell write "The New Star of the North?_"--Perhaps some of your numerous correspondents, who have perused a curious letter of Count de Tessins, in Clements' _Bibliothèque Curieuse_, tome ix. page 331., can inform me what credit, or if any, is due to the Count's conjecture, that Oliver Cromwell was the author of the book entitled _The New Star of the North, shining upon the victorious King of Sweden_, &c. 4to. London, 1632.

J.M.

Oxford.

_Meaning of Savegard and Russells_.--In the will of Elizabeth Coddington, lady of the manor of Ixworth, 1571, mention is made of "the red _russells_ quilt," of "a felde bed," and of "my cloke and _savegard of freseadon_." I shall be obliged by any description of the garment known as the _savegard_, and of the _russells quilt_.

BURIENSIS.

_Pandoxare_.--Having met with an old volume containing the entire household expenses, as well as in some degree a diary, kept by a country gentleman during the reigns of James II., William and Mary, and Anne, I observed that he has made use of a species of hieroglyphics, to facilitate his reference to his book, as it contained all the entries of all kinds, in chronological order. For instance, where mention is made of money spent on behalf of one person in his house, he puts at the side of the page a clay pipe, rudely drawn; an entry of the payment of wages to another servant has a jug of ale; another a quill pen; another a couple of brooms, as the housemaid; a fiddle for the dancing master for his daughter; payment made to the sexton or parish-clerk has a representation of the village church by its side, and the window-tax a small lattice-window; and on the days that they brewed, a small barrel is drawn by the side of the date. And the chief object of my letter is with respect to this last; a barrel is often drawn, and by its side the words, _primò relinitus_, and the date, naturally meaning the day it was tapped; and then shortly after comes another barrel, and to it is written the word _Pandox_., or sometimes in full _Pandoxavimus_; in some places at the end of the year there is a list to this effect:--

"(1705.) (------------------) _Memoranda_. 29. Mar.--Pandoxe. 6. Apr.--relinit. 28. Apr.--relinit. 3. May.--Pandoxe. 17. May.--relinit. 31. May.--relinit. 5. Iun.--Pandoxe."

and at the top of the list the figure of a barrel.

I should be glad if any of the readers of your paper could tell me the meaning of the word _Pandoxare?_ Whatever it was, it took place about once a month.

H.B.

[Ducange explains _Pandoxare_ "Cauponum exercere, agere; cerevisiam venum exponere atque adeo conficere."]

_Lord Bacon's Metrical Version of the Psalms_.--In old Izaak Walton's _Life of George Herbert_, I find the following passage:--

"He (_i.e._ Lord Bacon) thought him so worthy of his friendship, that having translated many of the Prophet David's Psalms into English verse, he made George Herbert his patron by a public dedication of them to him, as the best judge of divine poetry."

Can any one of your numerous readers inform me if these "Metricals" are known?--if so it will greatly oblige

A CORNISHMAN.

_Festival of St. Michael and All Angels_.--Can any of your readers inform me why double second lessons are appointed in the Book of Common Prayer for the Festival of St. Michael and All Angels? First, among the "lessons proper for Holy-days," we have, at Matins, Acts xii. to v. 20.; and at Evensong, Jude, v.6 to v.16.: and then in the Calendar, coming in ordinary course, we have, at Morning Prayer, Mark. ii.; and at evening, 1 Cor. xiv. In every other case, where the second lessons are proper, there are none appointed in the Calendar in ordinary course.

K.M.P.

_Wood-cut Likeness of Luther and Erasmus_.--Perhaps you will permit me to inquire what are the earliest wood-cut likenesses of Luther and Erasmus. Am I right in supposing that the image of the great Reformer is found for the first time on the verse of the title-page of his treatise _De Captivitate Babylonica Ecclesiae_, 4to., s.l.v.a.; and that the wished-for representation of Erasmus may be seen in the small octavo volume, entitled _Bellaria Epistolarum Erasmi Rot. et Ambrosii Pelargi vicissim missarum_, Colon. 1539? Some of your readers will doubtless be acquainted with what seems to be a very accurate and complete performance, the _Vita D. Martini Lutheri Nummis atque Inconibus illustrata_, studio M. Christiani Juncker, 8vo., Francof. 1699. In this work (p.129.) there is an impression of a medal on which was exhibited the _Imago ad vivam effigiem expressa_ of Erasmus, anno 1531.

R.G.

_Anglo-Saxon "Lay of the Phoenix_."--Has any edition of the _Lay of the Phoenix_ been published, besides the English version in the _Archaeologia_, vol. 30, and that which bears the date, "Copenhagen, Grundtvig, 1840, 8vo"? Can any light be thrown on the doubts respecting the era of the author of this lay? And is there any published edition of the hexameter poem by Lactantius, which is said by Stephens to have suggested the first idea of this beautiful Anglo-Saxon poem?

SELEUCUS.

_C. Agricola, Propugnaculum Anti-Pistorianum_.--Could any of your readers direct me to an accessible library which possess a copy of Christian Agricola's _Propugnaculum Anti-Pistorianum_, or otherwise give me any account of that treatise?

J. SANSOM.

_The Liturgy Version of the Psalms_.--In Beloe's _Anecdotes of Literature_ (edition 1807), vol. i. p. 181. and vol. ii. p.316. are notices of _The Bishops' Bible_, where mention is made of one edition of it containing two different versions of the Psalms. The two statements, however, differ, making it doubtful of what is intended; the first speaking of one edition and the second of another.

Vol. i. p. 181. says--

"The first edition of this Bible was published in 1568. In this the new translation of the Psalms was inserted alone. In the second edition the translation of the Great Bible was added in opposite columns, and in a different character."

Vol. ii. p. 316.:--

"Bishops' Bible, first edition, 1568. There is also a double translation of the Psalms, one from what is called the Great Bible, the other entirely a new one."

Will any of your correspondents be so obliging as to state what is the additional version--new or other--there alluded to, other than the present Liturgy version?

X.X.

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MISCELLANIES.

_Sir William Rider_.--"P.C.S.S." is happy to be able to answer one of the questions of "H.F." (at p. 186. No. 12.), by referring him to the _Extracts from the Parish Registers of St. Olave's_, which were published in vol. ii. of the _Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica_. At p. 316., of that volume, he will find the following entry, which pretty nearly determines the date of Sir William Rider's death:--"1611, November 19. Sir William Rider diing at Leyton, had his funeralle solemnized in our Church, the hearss being brought from Clothworkers' Hall." In a note to the above entry a further reference is made to Lyson's _Environs_, vol. iv. pp. 160, 161. 165.

SONNET.

_Written on the opening of the Session_, 1847.

"For him was lever han at his beddes hed Twenty bokes clothed in black or red, Of Aristotle, and his philosophie, Than robes riche, or fidel, or sautrie."

CHAUCER

"Me, poor man! my library Was dukedom large enough."--SHAKSPEARE.

Farewell, my trusty leathern-coated friends! 'Tis fitting, for a while, that we should part; For I, as duty points, must shape my ends, Obey what reason bids, and not my heart. What though 'tis mine to listen in that Hall Where England's peers, "grave, rev'rend, potent," sit, To hear the classic words of STANLEY fall, BROUGHAM'S biting sarcasm, LYNDHURST'S polished wit, The measur'd sentence of THE GREAT CALM DUKE-- It is not mine to commune with the men. Not so when I unfold some favorite book, CHAUCER and I grow boon companions then; And SHAKSPEARE, deigning at my hearth to sit, Charms me with mingled love, philosophy, and wit.

WILLIAM J. THOMS.

_Pilgrimages of Princes--Bernard Calver--Passage from Hudibras_.--In reply to Mr. Beauchamp's query, No. 11. p. 173., _The Pilgrimage of Princes, penned out of Greek and Latine Authors, London_, 1586, 4to., was written by Ludowic Lloyd. See Watt's _Bibliotheca Brit_., vol. iii. p. 612.

No. 11., p. 167. Mr. Stevens will find some account of "Bernard Calver," in Granger's _Letters_, 8vo., but I have not the book to refer to.

No. 12., p. 177. Menage observes, in speaking of Monsieur Perier's abuse of Horace for running away from the battle of Philippi, "Relietâ non bene parmulâ," "Mais je le pardonne, parce qu'il ne sait peut-être pas que les Grecs ont dit en faveur des _Fuiars_."

"[Greek: Aner o pheugon kai palin machesetai]"

_Menagiana_, vol. i. p. 248. Amst. 1713.

Perhaps Erasmus translated this "_apophthegme_." Audley End, Jan. 19. 1850.

BRAYBROOKE.

_Seal of Killigrew, Master of the Revels_.--In the Museum at Sudbury, in the county of Suffolk, is, or was when I made a note of it about three years since, a silver seal with a crystal handle, which is said to have belonged to Killigrew, King Charles's celebrated Master of the Revels. The arms are, argent, an eagle displayed with two heads within a bordure sable bezanty. _Crest_. A demi-lion sable, charged with three bezants.

BURIENSIS.

_Lacedaemonian Black Broth_.--Your correspondent "W." in No. 11., is amusing as well as instructive; but it does not yet appear that we must reject the notion of coffee as an ingredient of the Lacedaemonian black broth upon the score of _colour_ or _taste_.

That it _was_ an ingredient has only as yet been mooted as a _probability_.

Pollux, to whom your correspondent refers us, says that [Greek: zomos melas] was a Lacedaemonian food; and that it was called [Greek: aimatia], translated in Scott and Liddell's _Lexicon_, "_blood-broth_." These lexicographers add, "The Spartan black broth was made with blood," and refer to Manso's _Sparta_, a German work, which I have not the advantage of consulting.

Gesner, in his _Thesaurus_, upon the word "jus," quotes the known passage of Cicero, _Tusc. Disp_. v. 34., and thinks the "jus nigrum" was probably the [Greek: aimatia], and made with an admixture of blood, as the "botuli," the _black_ puddings of modern time, were.

Coffee would not be of much lighter colour than blood. A decoction of senna, though of a red-brown, is sometimes administered in medicine under the common name of a "_black_ dose."

As regards the _colour_, then, whether blood or coffee were the ingredient, the mess would be sufficiently dark to be called "_black_."

In respect of _taste_, it is well known, from the story told by Cicero in the passage above referred to, that the Lacedaemonian black broth was _disagreeable_, at least to Dionysius, and the Lacedaemonians, who observed to him that he wanted that best of sauces, hunger, convey a confession that their broth was not easily relished.

The same story is told with a little variation by Stobaeus, _Serm_. xxix., and Plutarch, _Institut. Lacon_., 2. The latter writer says, that the Syracusan, having tasted the Spartan broth, "spat it out in disgust," [Greek: dyscheranunta apoptusai].

It would not have been unlike the Lacedaemonians purposely to have established a disagreeable viand in their system of public feeding. Men that used iron money to prevent the accumulation of wealth, and, as youths, had volunteered to be scourged, scratched, beat about, and kicked about, to inure them to pain, were just the persons to affect a nauseous food to discipline the appetite.

R.O.

_Lacedaemonian Black Broth_.--I should be glad to know in what passages of ancient authors the Lacedaemonian black broth is mentioned, and whether it is alluded to in such terms as to indicate the nature of the food. It has occurred to me that it is much more probable that it was the same _black broth_ which is now cooked in Greece, where I have eaten of it and found it very good, although it looked as if a bottle of ink had been poured into the mess.

The dish is composed of small cuttle-fish (with their ink-bags) boiled with rice or other vegetables. Edinburgh, Jan. 13. 1850.

W.C. TREVELYAN.

ON A LADY WHO WAS PAINTED. (_From the Latin._)

It sounds like a paradox--and yet 'tis true, You're like your picture, though it's not like you.

RUFUS.

_Bigotry._--The word Bigotry pervades almost all the languages of Europe, but its etymology has not been satisfactory to Noah Webster. The application of it is generally intelligible enough; being directed against those who pertinaciously adhere to their own system of religious faith. But as early as the tenth century it appears, that the use of the word Bigot originated in a circumstance, or incident, unconnected with religious views. An old chronicle, published by Duchesne in the 3rd vol. of his _Hist. Francorum Scriptores_, states that Rollo, on receiving Normandy from the King of France, or at least of that part of it, was called upon to kiss the foot of the king, a ceremony, it seems, in use not at the Vatican only; but he refused "unless the king would raise his foot to his mouth." When the counts in attendance admonished him to comply with this usual form of accepting so valuable a fief, he still declined, exclaiming in pure Anglo-Saxon, "Not He, By God,"--_Ne se bigoth_; "quod interpetatur," says the chronicler, "non [ille] per Deum." The king and his peers, deriding him, called him afterwards Bigoth, or Bigot, instead of Rollo. "Unde Normanni," adds the writer, who brings his history down to the year 1137, "adhuc Bigothi dicuntur." This will account for the prepositive article "Le" prefixed to the Norman Bigods, the descendants of those who followed William the Conqueror into England, such as Hugh Le Bigod, &c. Among other innovations in France, the word Bigotisme has been introduced, of which Boiste gives an example as combined with Philosophisme:--"Le Bigotisme n'est, comme le Philosophisme, qu'un Egoïsme systématique. Le Philosophisme et le Bigotisme se traitent comme les chiens et les loups; cependant leurs espèces se rapprochent, et produisent des monstres."

J.I.

Oxford.

_Gowghe's Dore of Holy Scripture_.--If your correspondent "F.M." (No. 9. p.139.) has not received a reply to his third query, I beg to submit that he will find the perusers of Gowghe's work to be the individuals mentioned in different portions of Foxe's _Acts and Monuments_, vol. v. edit. 8vo. pp. 414.449. 482.; the less intelligible names, "Doctor Barons, Master Ceton," being intended for Dr. Barnes and Alexander Seton. Anyhow, this reference may, it is hoped, lead to a fuller discovery of the parties intended.

NORRIS.

_Reinerius Saccho_.--Your correspondent "D." (No. 7. p.106.) will find some account of Reinerius Saccho, if the source is accessible, in Quetif and Echard's _Scriptores Ord. Praedicatt_. tom. i. 154.

N.

_Discurs Modest_.--Your correspondent "A.T." (No.9. p.142) may be informed that there can be no reasonable doubt, that the _original_ authority, for _Rem transubstantiationis patres ne attigisse quidem_, is William Watson in his _Quodlibet_, ii. 4. p.31.; that the _Discurs. Modest. de Jesuitis_ borrowed it from him; that Andrews _most probably_ derived it from the borrower; and that the date of the _Discurs_. &c. must, therefore, be between 1602 and 1610. Probably there may be a copy in the Lambeth Library; there is none in the Bodleian, British Museum, or Sion College, and Placcius affords no reference. The _author_ may never have been known.

N.

_Defoe's Tour through Great Britain_.--I am much obliged to your correspondent "D.S.Y" for the suggestion that the _Tour through Great Britain, by a Gentleman_, from which I sent you some extracts relating to the Ironworks of Sussex, is from the pen of Daniel Defoe. On referring to the list of his writings, given in vol. xx. of C. Talboy's edition of Defoe's Works, I find this idea is correct. Chalmers notices three editions of the work, in 1724, 1725, and 1727, (numbered in his list "154," "156," "163,") and remarks that "all the subsequent editions vary considerably from the original" of 1724. He states that "this work is frequently confounded with 'John Macky's Journey through England, in familiar Letters from a Gentleman here to his Friend abroad,' 1722." I may take this opportunity of mentioning that, in the first volume of Defoe's work, there are some very interesting particulars of the skirmish at Reading, between the troops of the Prince of Orange and the Irish forces of James II., and the panic known as the "Irish night," which deserve to be consulted by Mr. Macaulay, for the next edition of his History. The whole work will well repay a perusal, and what is there of Defoe's writing which will not?

D.S.

_Muffins_.--The correspondent who, in No. 11., p. 173., inquires the origin of the word "Muffin," is referred to Urquhart's _Pillars of Hercules_, vol. ii. p. 143., just published, where he will find a large excursus on this subject. The word, he avers, is _Phoenician_: from _maphula_, one of those kinds of bread named as such by Athenaeus. "It was a _cake_," says Athenaeus, "baked on a hearth or griddle." He derives this by taking away the final vowel, and then changing _l_ for _n_; thus: "maphula," "maphul," "mufun!!!"

In this strange book there are fifty other etymologies as remarkable as this. The author plainly offers them in hard earnest. This is something worth _noting_.

V.

_By Hook or Crook_.--"As in the phrase 'to get by hook or crook;' in the sense of, to get by any expedient, to stick at nothing to obtain the end; not to be over nice in obtaining your ends--_By hucke o'er krooke_; e.g. _by bending the knees, and by bowing low_, or as we now say, by bowing and scraping, by crouching and cringing."--Bellenden Ker's _Essay on the Archaeology our Popular Phrases and Nursery Rhymes_, vol. i. p. 21. ed. 1837.

I wish your correspondent, "J.R.F.," had given a reference to the book or charter from which he copied his note.

Has Mr. B. Ker's work ever been reviewed?

MELANION.

[Mr. Ker's book was certainly reviewed in _Fraser's Magazine_ at the time of its appearance, and probably in other literary journals.]

_By Hook or By Crook_.--I have met with it somewhere, but have lost my note, that Hooke and Crooke were two judges, who in their day decided most unconscientiously whenever the interests of the crown were affected, and it used to be said that the king could get anything by Hooke or by Crooke. Query, is _this_ the origin of the phrase?

If I cannot give _my_ authority, perhaps "J.R.F." may be able to give _his_, for deriving it from "_Forest Customs_?"

H.T.E.

_El Buscapié_.--A very full and able disquisition on the subject of MR. SINGER's query (No. 11., p. 171.), respecting _El Buscapié_, will be found in the appendix to a work which is just published, viz. Ticknor's _History of Spanish Literature_, vol. iii. Appendix D. 371. _et seq_. That writer, whose opinion is entitled to credit as that of a consummate student of Spanish letters, and who gives good reasons for his conclusions in this instance, pronounces against the authenticity of the poor little pamphlet recently put forth as belonging to Cervantes.

Those who take an interest in Spanish literature will find this book of Ticknor's a most valuable contribution to their knowledge of its whole compass, and worth "making a note of."

V.

_Richard of Cirencester, &c.--Bishop Barlow_.--Your correspondent "S.A.A." (No. 6., p. 93), who is desirous of further information respecting Richard of Cirencester, will, I am sure, peruse with much interest and gratification a dissertation on that writer by K. Wex, which first appeared in the _Rheinisches Museum für Philologie_ for 1846, and was shortly after translated and inserted in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, with valuable notes by the translator.--Respecting the writers of notes on the margin of books, few notes of the kind, I apprehend, deserve better to be collected and published than those by the very learned Bishop Barlow, Provost of Queen's College from the year 1657 to 1677, and who left the chief part of his library to that society. The rest of his books, being such as were not in the Bodleian, he bequeathed to that library, of which he was for some years the librarian. The _Biographia Britannica_ represents him to have been "an universal lover and favourer of learned men, of what country or denomination soever."

J.M.

Oxford

_Rev. J. Edwards on Metal for Telescopes_.--"T.J." informs the correspondent who inquired (No. 11, p. 174.) respecting this valuable paper, that it was printed in the _Nautical Almanac_ for 1787. E.B. PRICE adds, "_A Treatise on Optical Instruments_, published about twenty years ago by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, contains much useful and general information upon this subject; and it is stated in that work that Mr. Edward's treatise, which is now very scarce, is republishing in the _Technological Repository_." While "G.B.S." furnishes the information that the treatise in question may be procured from Mr. Murray, of Albemarle Street.

_Ordination Pledges_.--In reply to the inquiry of "CLERICUS" (No. 10., p. 156.) for manuals containing a complete list of Ordination Pledges, may be mentioned Johnson's _Clergyman's Vade Mecum_, 2 vols. 12mo., and William's _Laws relating to the Clergy, being a Practical Guide to the Clerical Profession on the Legal and Canonical Discharge of their various Duties_, 8vo. The author of this useful work, which appears not to have been seen by Lowndes, says, in his advertisement, "The works which are already extant on Ecclesiastical Law, being either too diffuse or too concise for ready reference and practical use, the compiler of this volume has endeavored to remedy this defect by the publication of the following compendium."

T.J.

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NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.