Chapter 3

6, 1950); and Izamal, Yucatán ("taken with mother" on July 28, 1910). Breeding probably takes place in autumn and winter; Sherman (_op. cit._:196) reported males from Florida as sexually "mature" from the beginning of September to mid-February. Late winter segregation of sexes has been reported.

_Subspecies_

In the following accounts, localities of occurrence in each state are listed from north to south; if two lie in the same latitude, the westernmost is listed first. Localities that are italicized are not shown on the distribution map (Fig. 2), either because undue crowding of symbols would result or, in several cases, because we could not precisely place the localities. Length of forearm is the average of both forearms in individuals in which both forearms could be measured.

Lasiurus intermedius intermedius (H. Allen)

1862. _Lasiurus intermedius_ H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14:246, "April" (between May 27 and August 1), type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas.

_Geographic distribution._--Southern México (Yucatán, Chiapas and Oaxaca), northward along Gulf Coast to Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas (see Fig. 2).

_Diagnosis._--Size medium (see measurements); sagittal crest present (height above braincase averaging 0.4 mm. in 12 from Brownsville, Texas); interorbital region relatively broad; M3 relatively broad (see comparisons in account of the Cuban subspecies beyond); mesostyle of M1 and M2 and 2nd commissure and cingulum of M3 large; pelage yellowish to yellowish-orange.

_Comparisons._--See p. 79 and under accounts of _Lasiurus intermedius floridanus_ and the Cuban subspecies.

_External measurements._--Three adult males from the Sierra de Tamaulipas in Tamaulipas: Total length, 146, 136, 142; length of tail-vertebrae, 69, 67, 70; length of hind foot, 11, 11, 11; length of ear from notch, 17, 16, 17; length of forearm (dry), 53.2, 51.8, 51.9. Corresponding measurements for two adult females from 1 mi. SW Catemaco, Veracruz: 149, 155; 64, 69; 11, 12; 17, 17; 51.8, 55.2. Weight in grams of the Tamaulipan specimens, respectively: 24, 21, 24. For cranial measurements see Table 1.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 45, as follows: TEXAS: 5-5/8 mi. N Mission, 2 (Texas A & M); _Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge_, 1 (USNM); Brownsville, 13 (4 AMNH; 1 Texas A & M; 8 USNM). TAMAULIPAS: _Matamoros_, 2 (USNM); Sierra de Tamaulipas, 1200 ft., 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1 (KU); _Sierra de Tamaulipas, 1400 ft, 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S Piedra_, 2 (KU). VERACRUZ: 16 mi. SW Catemaco, 15 (KU). OAXACA: Oaxaca, 1 (British Mus.). CHIAPAS: San Bartolomé, 1 (USNM). YUCATAN: Tekom, 1 (Chicago Mus.); Izamal, 5 (USNM). HONDURAS: Río Yeguare, between Tegucigalpa and Danli, 1 (MCZ).

Additional records: TEXAS: _Padre Island_ (Miller, 1897:118); _Cameron County_ (_ibid._). OAXACA: Tehuantepec (Handley, 1960:478). YUCATAN: _Yaxcach_ (not found, Gaumer, 1917:274).

Lasiurus intermedius floridanus (Miller)

1902. _Dasypterus floridanus_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:392, September 12, type from Lake Kissimmee, Oceola Co., Florida.

_Geographic distribution._--Extreme southeastern Virginia, south along Atlantic Coast to and including peninsular Florida (except possibly extreme southern tip), thence westward to southern Louisiana and the southern part of eastern Texas (see Fig. 2).

_Diagnosis._--Size small (see measurements); sagittal crest present but low; interorbital region relatively broad; teeth essentially as in _L. i. intermedius_ except averaging smaller; pelage yellowish-brown to grayish-brown. For comparison with the Cuban subspecies, see account of that subspecies.

_Comparisons._--From _Lasiurus intermedius intermedius_, _L. i. floridanus_ differs as follows: averaging smaller (see measurements), especially in forearm and skull; teeth smaller; skull having less prominent sagittal and lambdoidal crests; braincase more nearly round; tympanic shields over petrosals approximately same size and therefore relatively larger; pelage of upper parts duller, yellowish-brown to brownish-gray instead of yellowish to yellowish-orange.

_External measurements._--Average (and extremes) of 14 February-taken males from along the Aucilla River, Jefferson Co., Florida: Total length, 126.8 (121-131.5); length of tail-vertebrae, 54.2 (51-60); length of hind foot, 9.8 (8-11); length of ear from notch (13 specimens), 16.3 (15-17); forearm (dry, 13 specimens), 48.1 (46.7-50.0). Corresponding measurements of the holotype, an adult female (after Miller, 1902:392): 129, 52, 9, 17, 49. Average (and extremes) weight in grams of the series of males: 17.7 (15.5-19.5). For cranial measurements see Table 1.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 65, as follows: TEXAS: Austin, 1 (Texas U.); _4 mi. N Huffman_, 1 (Texas A & M); Houston, 3 (1 KU; 2 MVZ); Eagle Lake, 1 (Texas A & M). LOUISIANA: 5 mi. N Baton Rouge, 1 (LSU); _1 mi. W LSU Campus, Baton Rouge_, 1 (LSU); _Baton Rouge_, 7 (1 AMNH; 5 LSU; 1 USNM); _1/2 mi. E Baton Rouge_, 1 (LSU); North Island, Grand Lake, 1 (LSU); Lafayette, 2 (USNM); Houma, 2 (USNM). GEORGIA: Beachton, 11 (6 Chicago Mus.; 5 USNM). FLORIDA: _2 mi. S Tallahassee_, 1 (AMNH); 5 mi. W Jacksonville, 1 (AMNH); Aucilla River, 15 mi. S Waukenna, 7 (Univ. Fla.); _Aucilla River, at U.S. Hgy. 98_, 8 (Univ. Fla.); _W of Gainesville_, 1 (Univ. Fla.); Gainesville, 3 (2 Univ. Fla.; 1 Univ. Mich.); _near Gainesville_, 1 (Univ. Fla.); _Alachua County_, 1 (Univ. Mich.); 2 mi. SW Deland, 2 (Univ. Fla.); head of Chassahowitzka River, 1 (USNM); Lakeland, 2 (Univ. Fla.); Seven Oaks [near present town of Safety Harbor], 2 (1 AMNH; 1 USNM); Lake Kissimmee, 1 (USNM); Palm Beach, 1 (Univ. Fla.); _Mullet Lake_ (not found), 1 (USNM).

Additional records: VIRGINIA: Willoughby Beach (Rageot, 1955:456). SOUTH CAROLINA: 5 mi. NW Charleston (Coleman, 1940:90). LOUISIANA: New Orleans (Lowery, 1943:223). MISSISSIPPI: Hancock County (Hamilton, 1943:107). Georgia: W edge Camilla (Constantine, 1958:65). FLORIDA (Sherman, 1945:195, unless otherwise noted): _St. Marys River_ [near Boulogue]; _vicinity Palm Valley_ (Ivey, 1959:506); _6 mi. N Lake Geneva_ (Sherman, 1937:108); Old Town; Welaka (Moore, 1949a:59); Bunnell; Ocala; _Davenport_; _Hillsborough River State Park_; 1 mi. NE Punta Gorda (Frye, 1948:182); Miami (Moore, 1949_b_:50).

Lasiurus intermedius insularis, new subspecies

_Holotype._--Adult female, preserved in alcohol but having skull removed, formerly in the Poey Museum, University of Havana, now No. 81666, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, from Cienfuegos, Las Villas Province, Cuba; obtained on January 23, 1948, by D. Gonzáles Muñoz.

_Geographic distribution._--Known only from the island of Cuba (see Fig. 2).

_Diagnosis._--Large throughout (see measurements); sagittal crest enormously developed, especially posteriorly (height above braincase averaging 1.7 mm. in 4 specimens); interorbital region narrow; M3 narrow; mesostyle of M1 and M2 and 2nd commissure and cingulum of M3 small; pelage yellowish to reddish-brown.

_Comparisons._--From _Lasiurus intermedius intermedius_ of the adjacent mainland of México, _L. i. insularis_ differs as follows: Larger, both externally and cranially; sagittal crest relatively higher, especially posteriorly; interorbital region relatively narrower; palate longer posterior to tooth-rows; teeth distinctly larger throughout except M3, which is relatively (frequently actually) narrower, averaging 66.1 (62.5-71.0) per cent width of M2 in _insularis_ rather than 74.1 (66.6-79.3) per cent in 10 _intermedius_ from Brownsville, Texas; mesostyle of M1 and M2 relatively smaller as are second commissure and cingulum of M3; coloration of No. 254714 USNM resembling that of _L. i. intermedius_, but coloration of three specimens, preserved in alcohol, averaging somewhat darker (more reddish-brown) than in _intermedius_.

From _Lasiurus intermedius floridanus_ of the adjacent Floridan mainland, _L. i. insularis_ differs in many of the same ways that it differs from _L. i. intermedius_, except that the differences are even more trenchant because _floridanus_ is smaller than _intermedius_. Indeed, the difference in size between _floridanus_ and _insularis_ is approximately the same as between _Lasiurus borealis_ and _Lasiurus cinereus_.

_Measurements._--External measurements (all taken from specimens preserved in alcohol) of the holotype, followed by those of two other females, one from Laguna La Deseada, San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río Province, and the other from Bayate, Guantánamo, Oriente Province, are, respectively: Total length, 164, 161, 150; length of tail-vertebrae, 68, 76, 77; length of hind foot, 12, 12, 13; length of ear from notch, 20, 17, 19; length of forearm, 61.2, 62.6, 61.8. The length of forearm of a study skin from San Germán (that otherwise lacks external measurements) having wings spread is approximately 55.4. For cranial measurements see Table 1.

_Remarks._--Four of the five specimens on which the name _L. i. insularis_ is based differ to such a degree from mainland populations of the species _L. intermedius_ that specific rather than subspecific recognition for the Cuban bat might seem warranted. It is because of the fifth specimen (USNM 254714) that we accord subspecific rank to _insularis_. It is smaller than the other Cuban specimens and except for longer condylocanine length, longer mandibular tooth-rows, narrower interorbital region, and heavier dentition is indistinguishable in measurements from the largest specimens of _L. i. intermedius_ from the mainland. In addition, it appears not to have the enormously developed sagittal crest of the other specimens of _insularis_ although posteriorly the dorsal part of the skull (where the crest is most prominent) is missing. USNM 254714 agrees with the other Cuban specimens in having the mesostyle of M1 and M2 somewhat reduced and in having a small M3 on which the cingulum and second commissure are poorly developed, and this specimen is regarded as representative of the lower size limits of the Cuban population.

The skull from San Bias was found in an owl pellet (see de Beaufort, 1934:316).

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 5, all from Cuba, as follows: Pinar del Río Prov.: Laguna La Deseada, San Cristóbal, 1 (Poey Museum). Las Villas Prov.: Cienfuegos, 1 (KU, the holotype). Camaguey Prov.: San Bias, 1 (Amsterdam Zoological Museum). Oriente Prov.: San Germán, 1 (USNM); Bayate, Guantánamo, 1 (Ramsdem Museum, Univ. Oriente).

TABLE 1.--CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF THREE SUBSPECIES OF LASIURUS INTERMEDIUS

Table Legend:

Col. A: Catalogue number or number of specimens averaged Col. B: Museum Col. C: Sex Col. D: Locality Col. E: Condylocanine length Col. F: Zygomatic breadth Col. G: Interorbital breadth Col. H: Alveolar length C-M3 Col. I: Breadth of rostrum (between anterior openings of intraorbital canals) Col. J: Mastoid breadth Col. K: Length of mandibular tooth-row (i-m3)

============================================================================ A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | -------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ _Lasiurus intermedius floridanus_ -------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Ave. 10| UF |[M]|[1]Aucilla River, | | | | | | | | | |[M]| Florida |17.6|12.8| 5.0| 6.2| 7.2|10.0| 8.0| | | | | | | | | [2]| | Min. | -- |-- | -- |17.0|12.6| 4.7| 6.0| 6.9| 9.6| 7.8| Max. | -- |-- | -- |18.2|13.0| 5.3| 6.4| 7.5|10.2| 8.2| | | | | | | | | | | | 1788 | LSU |[F]|Baton Rouge, La. |18.7| -- | 5.1| 6.7| 7.7| -- | 8.8| 1820 | LSU |[F]|Baton Rouge, La. |18.5| -- | -- | 6.7| 7.2|10.1| 8.7| 1840 | LSU |[M]|Baton Rouge, La. |18.0|12.7| 5.0| 6.4| 7.1| 9.9| 8.0| 6790 | LSU |[M]|Baton Rouge, La. |18.0|12.8| 4.9| 6.5| 7.2| 9.9| 8.2| 3681 | LSU |[M]|7 mi. SE Baton | | | | | | | | | | | Rouge, La. |17.7|12.6| 5.0| 6.4| 7.0| 9.8| 8.2| 6791 | LSU |[F]|Grand Lake, La.[3] |17.9|12.6| 4.9| 6.3| 7.2| 9.9| 8.3| | | | | | | | | | | | 84218 | MVZ |[F]|Houston, Texas. |19.1|13.8| 5.1| 6.6| 7.5|10.3| 8.7| 769 | TAMC |[F]|4 mi. N Huffman, | | | | | | | | | | | Texas |18.8|13.4| 5.0| 6.7| 7.7| -- | 8.7| 3805 | TAMC |[M]|Eagle Lake, Texas. |18.1|12.9| 4.8| 6.6| 7.2| 9.8| 8.5| -------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+

_Lasiurus intermedius intermedius_ -------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 1437 | USNM | ? |Matamoros, Tamaulipas|18.9|13.6| 5.1| 6.6| 7.5|10.7| 8.9| 1439 | USNM | ? |Matamoros, Tamaulipas|19.0|14.0| 5.3| 6.6| 7.8|10.7| 8.8| | | | | | | | | | | | Ave. 12|USNM | ? ||Brownsville, Texas |18.7|13.8| 5.2| 6.6| 7.7|10.4| 8.7| | [4] |[5]| | [6]| [6]| | | | [6]| | Min. | -- | --| -- |18.1|13.0| 4.9| 6.4| 7.4|10.0| 8.4| Max. | -- | --| -- |19.2|14.7| 5.5| 7.0| 8.2|11.1| 9.0| | | | | | | | | | | | 55317 | KU |[M]|Sierra de Tamaulipas | | | | | | | | | | | [7] |18.2|13.2| 5.5| 6.2| 7.6|10.3| 8.0| 55322 | KU |[M]|Sierra de Tamaulipas | | | | | | | | | | | [8] |18.4|13.7| 5.2| 6.5| 7.4|10.6| 8.4| 55324 | KU |[M]|Sierra de Tamaulipas | | | | | | | | | | | [8] |18.3|13.2| 5.1| 6.5| 7.6|10.3| 8.1| 67549 | KU |[F]|Catemaco, Veracruz |19.0|13.5| 5.0| 6.5| 7.5|10.2| 8.8| 67550 | KU |[F]|Catemaco, Veracruz |19.0|13.5| 4.7| 6.4| 7.6|10.3| 8.7| -------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+

_Lasiurus intermedius insularis_ (all from Cuba) -------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 2395 | AZM | ? |Cave near San Bias |21.4|15.1| 4.8| 7.3| 8.4|11.9|9.5+| 254714 | USNM |[M]|San Germán, Oriente |19.5|14.1| 4.8| 6.9| 7.8|11.0| 9.3| 81666 | KU |[F]|Cienfuegos, | | | | | | | | | | | Las Villas |20.5|15.2| 4.6| 7.2| 8.2|11.9| 9.6| | | | | | | | | | | | |Poey | | | | | | | | | | | Mus. |[F]|San Cristóbal, | | | | | | | | | | | Pinar del Río |21.5|15.6| 4.7| 7.5| 8.9| 1.8| 9.7| | | | | | | | | | | | |Ramsdem| | | | | | | | | | |Oriente| |Bayate, Guantánamo, | | | | | | | | | Univ.|[F]| Oriente |20.9|14.8| 4.6| 7.3| 8.4|11.2| 9.7| -------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+

[1] "Rt. 98" and "15 mi. S Waukenna" both in Jefferson Co.

[2] Only nine specimens.

[3] "N Island, Grand Lake, Iberville Parish."

[4] Some in Amer. Mus. Nat. History.

[5] Females, 8; males, 3; unsexed, 1.

[6] Only 11 specimens.

[7] 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, Tamaulipas.

[8] 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S Piedra, Tamaulipas.

Lasiurus ega

Southern Yellow Bat

_Diagnosis._--Upper parts yellowish-brown (much as in _Lasiurus intermedius floridanus_ from Louisiana) having overlay of grayish or blackish anterior to shoulders; hair on basal half of interfemoral membrane more yellowish than elsewhere; size medium (forearm 42.7-52.2; condylocanine length 14.6-16.3).

This species occurs from the southwestern United States (Palm Springs, California, and Tucson, Arizona) southward into Uruguay and northeastern Argentina. Of the six currently (see Handley, 1960) recognized subspecies of _L. ega_, four occur only in South America, and two occur only in North America.

Cabrera (1958:115) regarded _Dasypterus ega fuscatus_ Thomas (1901:246), based on three specimens from Río Cauquete, Río Cauca, Colombia, as a synonym of _Dasypterus ega panamensis_ Thomas (_loc. cit._) that was based on a specimen from Bogava, 250 meters elevation, Chiriquí, Panamá. The latter name has line priority over _fuscatus_. Cabrera (1958:116) remarked that: "Las diferencias que Thomas señaló entre el _Dasypterus_ de Panamá y el de Colombia (_fuscatus_) nos parecen estar dentro de los límites de la variación individual, siendo además muy raro que una especie de quiróptero este representada en Colombia y en Panamá por razas diferentes."

On July 16, 1958, at the British Museum of Natural History, one of us (Hall) examined the holotypes of _panamensis_ and _fuscatus_, as well as other materials used by Thomas, and readily perceived the differences that he pointed out. Thomas' description, although terse, is accurate. _L. e. fuscatus_ is much more blackish than _panamensis_. We are inclined to retain the two names as applicable to two subspecies. Whether or not _fuscatus_ is synonymized under _panamensis_, the holotype of _panamensis_ is an intergrade between the almost black Colombian animal (_fuscatus_) and the paler individuals in Central America and territory north thereof. Even so, the holotype of _panamensis_ more closely resembles the blackish Colombian population than the paler populations to the north and the name _panamensis_, therefore, is correctly applicable to the bat from Panamá, but not to bats of the species _Lasiurus ega_ from farther north as most authors (see, for example, Hall and Kelson, 1959:194, map 143; and Handley, 1960:474) suggested was the case. For the populations north of Panamá the name _Lasiurus ega xanthinus_ (Thomas) (1897:544) needs to be used.

Lasiurus ega xanthinus (Thomas)

1897. _Dasypterus ega xanthinus_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 20:544, December, type from Sierra Laguna, Baja California.

1953. _Lasiurus ega xanthinus_, Dalquest, Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Ser., 1:61, December 28.

_Geographic distribution._--Southern California, southern Arizona, and northern Coahuila southward through México to southern Costa Rica.

_Diagnosis._--Yellowish-brown with an overlay of grayish anterior to the shoulders; forearm, 42.7-47.2.

_Remarks._--Specimens from Baja California and the adjacent western part of the mainland of México average paler than specimens from Veracruz and some places in Central America but the differences are slight.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 21, as follows: BAJA CALIFORNIA.--Comondú, 1 (USNM); Sierra Laguna, 4 (1 USNM, 3 British Mus.). COAHUILA.--4 mi. W Hacienda La Mariposa, 2300 ft., 2 (KU). ZACATECAS.--Concepción del Oro, 7680 ft., 4 (KU). TAMAULIPAS.--Sierra de Tamaulipas, 1200 ft., 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 5 (KU); 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S Piedra, 1 (KU). SINALOA.--1 mi. S Pericos, 1 (KU). VERACRUZ.--Achotal, 1 (Chicago Mus.). YUCATAN.--Yaxcach, 1 (USNM). COSTA RICA.--Lajas, Villa Quesada, 1 (AMNH); San José, 1 (AMNH).

_Additional records:_ CALIFORNIA: Palm Springs (Constantine, 1946:107). ARIZONA: Tucson (Cockrum, 1961:97). BAJA CALIFORNIA (Handley, 1960:474): Santa Ana; Miraflores. SINALOA: Escuinapa (Handley, 1960:475). DURANGO: Aguajequiroz, 12 mi. SSW Mapimí, 5000 ft. (Greer, 1960:511). SAN LUIS POTOSI (Dalquest, 1953:62): 1-1/2 mi. E Río Verde; 19 km. SW Ebano; 4 mi. SSW Ajinche. QUINTANA ROO: 7 mi. N, 37 mi. E Puerto de Morelos (Ingles, 1959:384). HONDURAS: Tegucigalpa (Handley, 1960:474).

Lasiurus ega panamensis (Thomas)

1901. _Dasypterus ega panamensis_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 8:246, September, type from Bogava [= Bugaba], Chiriquí, 250 meters, Panamá.

1960. _Lasiurus ega panamensis_, Handley, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 112:474, October 6.

_Geographic distribution._--Panamá; also recorded by Handley (1960:474) from Venezuela.

_Diagnosis._--"General colour dark brownish clay-color, something between Ridgway's 'raw-umber' and 'clay-color'. Fur black basally, then dull brownish buffy, the extreme tips black. Center of face similar to back, cheeks from eyes to lips contrasting black. Rump and hairy part of interfemoral verging toward brownish fulvous. Under surface similar to upper." (Thomas, 1901:246.) Forearm of holotype, 46.5.

_Remarks._--Notes taken down by one of us (Hall) on July 16, 1958, at the British Museum, Natural History, contain the following: "Color accurately described by Thomas. The blackish stands out. The difference between the types of _D. e. panamensis_ and _D. e. xanthinus_ is tremendous."

_Record of occurrence._--Specimen examined, one, the type (British Mus.).

RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SPECIES OF LASIURUS

As suggested by Dalquest in 1953 (p. 62) and by Handley in 1959 (p. 119) and 1960 (p. 473), the yellow bats, _Lasiurus ega_ (Gervais) and _Lasiurus intermedius_ H. Allen, so closely resemble the hoary bat, _Lasiurus cinereus_ (Palisot de Beauvois), and the red bats, _Lasiurus borealis_ (Müller) and the seven related species listed below, that all are properly included in a single genus. Many of the common characteristics are enumerated above in the diagnosis of the genus (see also Handley, 1960:473).

A listing of the differences between the species is less impressive than a listing of the resemblances. The yellow bats differ less from the red bats than does the hoary bat, _L. cinereus_, which differs from all of the others as follows: talonid on m3 larger; p4 single-rooted instead of double-rooted; hypocone on M1 and M2 smaller; coronoid process lower; ossified part of tympanic ring, which shields the petrosal, larger; humerus relatively shorter; forearm relatively longer; first phalanx of middle finger relatively shorter; presternum including keel longer than wide instead of _vice versa_. The differences in the sternum and proportions of the forelimb reflect the more rapid flight of the hoary bat. The yellow bats differ from the red bats and hoary bat in long rostrum, pronounced sagittal crest, high coronoid process, absence of the first upper premolar, long first phalanx of the third digit and short terminal (3rd) phalanx of the same digit. Features in which the red bats are extreme in the genus are short rostrum, short forearm, and relatively longer second phalanx of the third finger. The red bats differ only slightly one from another.

Next to nothing is known of extinct Tertiary ancestors of species of the genus _Lasiurus_. Also relatively little is known about _Lasiurus_ in the Pleistocene. Consequently, evolution of the living species has to be inferred almost entirely from what is known about their structure, habits, and geographic distribution. Figure 4 presents some ideas concerning relationships.

LIST OF NAMED KINDS OF THE GENUS LASIURUS

The words "type from" indicate that a specimen or specimens served as basis for the name. The words "type locality" signify lack of knowledge as to whether a specimen was preserved.

Red Bats

_Lasiurus borealis borealis_ (Müller), 1776, type from New York.

[_Vespertilio_] _noveboracensis_ Erxleben, 1777, based, in part, on "Der Neujorker" of Müller (_ante_).

_Vespertilio lasiurus_ Schreber, 1781, type locality, North America.

_Vespertilio rubellus_ Palisot de Beauvois, 1796, type locality unknown.

_Vespertilio rubra_ Ord, 1815, based on the red bat of Wilson, Amer. Ornith., 6:60.

_Vespertilio tesselatus_ Rafinesque, 1818, type locality unknown.

_Vespertilio monachus_ Rafinesque, 1818, type locality unknown.

_Vespertilio rufus_ Warden, 1820, based on the red bat of Wilson, _ibid._

_Lasiurus funebris_ Fitzinger, 1870, type locality, Tennessee.

_Myotis quebecensis_ Yourans, 1930, type from Anse-à-Wolfe, Quebec.

_Lasiurus borealis frantzii_ (Peters), 1871, type from Costa Rica.

_Lasiurus borealis teliotis_ (H. Allen), 1891, type probably from California.

_Lasiurus borealis ornatus_ Hall, 1951, type from Penuela, Veracruz.

_Lasiurus borealis varius_ (Poeppig), 1835, type from Antuco, Provincia de Bió-Bió, Chile.

_Nycticeus poepingii_ Lesson, 1836, type from Chile.

_Lasiurus borealis salinae_ Thomas, 1902, type from Cruz del Eje, Cordoba, Argentina.

_Lasiurus borealis blossevillii_ Lesson and Garnot, 1826, type from Montevideo, Uruguay.

_Vespertilio bonariensis_ Lesson, 1827, type from Buenos Aires, Argentina.

_Lasiurus enslenii_ Lima, 1926, type from São Lourenço, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

_Lasiurus pfeifferi_ (Gundlach), 1861, type from Cuba.

_Lasiurus degelidus_ Miller, 1931, type from Sutton's, District of Vere, Jamaica.

_Lasiurus minor_ Miller, 1931, type from "Voute l'Eglise," 1350 ft., a cave near the Jacmel road a few kilometers N Trouin, Haiti.

_Lasiurus seminolus_ (Rhoads), 1895, type from Tarpon Springs, Pinellas Co., Florida.

_Lasiurus castaneus_ Handley, 1960, type from Tacarcuna Village, 3200 ft., Río Pucro, Darién, Panamá.

_Lasiurus egregius_ (Peters), 1871, type from Santa Catarina, Brazil.

_Lasiurus brachyotis_ (J. A. Allen), 1892, type from San Cristóbal Island, Galapagos Islands.

Yellow Bats

_Lasiurus golliheri_ (Hibbard and Taylor), Contributions Mus. Paleo., Univ. Michigan, 16:162, fig. 10F, July 1, 1960 [an extinct species], type from [a stratum of Late Pleistocene Age] "Below the caliche bed in the Kingsdown formation; Cragin Quarry local fauna, locality 1 (Sangamon age); Big Springs Ranch, SW 1/4 sec. 17, T. 32 S., R. 28 W. (Kansas University Locality 6), Meade County, Kansas."

_Lasiurus ega xanthinus_ (Thomas), 1897, type from Sierra Laguna, Baja California.

_Lasiurus ega panamensis_ (Thomas), 1901, type from Bugaba, Chiriquí, Panamá.

_Lasiurus ega fuscatus_ (Thomas), 1901, type from Río Cauquete, Colombia.

_Dasypterus ega punensis_ J. A. Allen, 1914, type from Isla de Puná, Ecuador.

_Lasiurus ega ega_ (Gervais), 1856, type from Ega, Estado de Amazonas, Brazil.

_Lasiurus caudatus_ Tomes, 1857, type from Pernambuco, Brazil.

_Lasiurus ega argentinus_ (Thomas), 1901, type from Goya, Province of Corrientes, Argentina.

_Lasiurus intermedius intermedius_ H. Allen, 1862, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México.

_Lasiurus intermedius floridanus_ (Miller), 1902, type from Lake Kissimmee, Osceola Co., Florida.

_Lasiurus intermedius insularis_ Hall and Jones, 1961, type from Cienfuegos, Las Villas Province, Cuba.

Hoary Bats

_Lasiurus fossilis_ Hibbard, Contributions Mus. Paleo., Univ. Michigan, 8(No.6): 134, fig. 5, June 20, 1950 [an extinct species], type from [an early Pleistocene or a late Pliocene deposit] "Rexroad formation, Rexroad fauna. Locality UM-K1-47, Fox Canyon, XI Ranch, Meade County, Kansas."

_Lasiurus cinereus cinereus_ (Palisot de Beauvois), 1796, type from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Known from Late Pleistocene time as well as from Recent time (see Hibbard and Taylor, Contributions Mus. Paleo., Univ. Michigan, 16:159, fig. 10A, July 1, 1960, for occurrence in Cragin Quarry local fauna, Sangamon Age, Meade County, Kansas).

_Vespertilio pruinosus_ Say, 1823, type from Engineer Cantonment, Washington Co., Nebraska.

_A[talapha]. mexicana_ Saussure, 1861, type from an unknown locality, probably from Veracruz, Puebla, or Oaxaca.

_Lasiurus cinereus villosissimus_ É. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1806, type locality, Asunción, Paraguay.

_Lasiurus grayi_ Tomes, 1857, type from Chile.

_Atalapha pallescens_ Peters, 1871, type from Paramo de la Culata, Andes de Mérida, Venezuela.

_Atalapha cinerea brasiliensis_ Pira, 1905, type from Ignape, São Paulo, Brazil.

_Lasiurus cinereus semotus_ (H. Allen), 1890, type from Hawaii.

EXPLANATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Hall and Jones are jointly responsible for the accounts of the two species of yellow bats, but Hall alone assumes responsibility for the other parts of the paper. Thanks are extended to the National Science Foundation for financial support (Grant No. 56 G 103) of the study here reported on. We are grateful also to the following persons for the loan of specimens in their care: S. B. Benson, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California (MVZ); W. F. Blair, Department of Zoology, University of Texas (Univ. Texas); W. B. Davis, Dept. Wildlife Management, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (TAMC or Texas A & M); D. H. Johnson, C. O. Handley, Jr., and W. H. Setzer, U.S. National Museum (USNM); Barbara Lawrence, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College (MCZ); J. N. Layne, Department of Biology, University of Florida (UF); G. H. Lowery, Jr., Museum of Natural History, Louisiana State University (LSU); P. J. H. van Bree, Department of Mammals, Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam (AZM); and R. G. Van Gelder, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Thanks are extended also to E. T. Hooper and W. H. Burt, Mus. Zoology, University of Michigan (Univ. Mich.), to Philip Hershkovitz, Chicago Natural History Museum (Chicago Mus.), and to Peter Crowcroft, British Museum, Natural History, for permission to examine specimens there. Mr. Gilberto Silva Taboada arranged the loan of specimens from the Poey Museum, University of Havana and from the Ramsdem Museum, University of Oriente, both in Cuba. Mr. Silva Taboada and Dr. Carlos G. Aguayo of the Poey Museum graciously arranged an exchange of specimens whereby the holotype of _L. i. insularis_ became the property of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. Specimens in the last mentioned institution are identified with the symbol KU.

LITERATURE CITED

ALLEN, H.

1862. Descriptions of two new species of Vespertilionidae, and some remarks on the genus Antrozous. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 246-248, "April" but between May 27 and August 1.

1894. A monograph of the bats of North America. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 43:i-ix + 1-198, pls. 1-38, March 14.

BAKER, R. H., and DICKERMAN, R. W.

1956. Daytime roost of the yellow bat in Veracruz. Jour. Mamm., 37:443, September 11.

BLAIR, W. F.

1959. Distributional patterns of vertebrates in the southern United States in relation to past and present environments. Pp. 443-468, _in_ Hubbs, C. L. (ed.), Zoogeography, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Publ. 51:x + 509, January 16.

BORKHAUSEN, M. B.

1797. Der Zoologe (Compendiose Bibliothek gemeinnützigsten Kenntnisse für alle Stände, pt. xxi), Heft iv-vii [including page 66; original not seen].

CABRERA, A.

1958. Catalogo de los mamíferos de America del Sur. Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc., Nat. Cienc., Zool., 4(1):l-307, March 27.

COCKRUM, E. L.

1960. Southern yellow bat from Arizona. Jour. Mamm., 42:97, February 20.

COLEMAN, R. H.

1940. Dasypterus floridanus in South Carolina. Jour. Mamm., 21:90, February 15.

CONSTANTINE, D. G.

1946. A record of Dasypterus ega xanthinus from Palm Springs, California. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., Los Angeles, 45:107, September 20.

1958. Ecological observations on lasiurine bats in Georgia. Jour. Mamm., 39:64-70, 1 fig., February 20.

DALQUEST, W. W.

1953. Mammals of the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Ser., 1:1-229, 1 fig., December 28.

DAVIS, W. B.

1960. The mammals of Texas. Game and Fish Comm., Bull. 41:1-252, 73 figs., 64 maps.

DE BEAUFORT, L. F.

1934. Dasypterus intermedius H. Allen in Cuba. Jour. Mamm., 15:316, November 15.

EADS, R. B., MENZIES, G. C., and WISEMAN, J. S.

1956. New locality records for Texas bats. Jour. Mamm., 37:440, September 11.

FRYE, O. E., JR.

1948. Extension of range of two species of bats in Florida. Jour. Mamm., 29:182, May 14.

GAUMER, G. F.

1917. Monografía de los mamíferos de Yucatán. Dept. Talleres Gráficos Secretaría Fomento, México, xli + 331 pp., 57 pls., 2 photographs, 1 map.

GERVAIS, P.

1856. _In_ Castelnau, F. L. de Laporte. Expédition dans les parties centrales de l'Amérique du Sud ... pendant ... 1843 a 1847..., vol. for 1855 [part], pp. 25-88, pls. 7-15.

GRAY, J. E.

1831. Descriptions of some new genera and species of bats. Zoological Miscellany, No. 1, pp. 37-38.

GREER, J. K.

1960. Southern yellow bat from Durango, México. Jour. Mamm., 41:511, November 11.

HALL, E. R., and KELSON, K. R.

1959. The mammals of North America. The Ronald Press Co., New York, 1280 pp., 1231 illustrations, March 31.

HAMILTON, W. J., JR.

1943. The mammals of eastern United States. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York, 432 pp., illustrated.

HANDLEY, C. O., JR.

1959. A revision of American bats of the genera Euderma and Plecotus. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 110:95-246, 27 figs., September 3.

1960. Descriptions of new bats from Panama. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 112:459-479, October 6.

INGLES, L. G.

1959. Notas acerca de los mamíferos Mexicanos. An. Inst. Biol., 29:379-408, March 31.

IVEY, R. D.

1959. The mammals of Palm Valley, Florida. Jour. Mamm., 40:585-591, November 20.

LOWERY, G. H., JR.

1936. A preliminary report on the distribution of the mammals of Louisiana. Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci., 3:11-39, 2 text figs., 4 pls., March.

1943. Check-list of the mammals of Louisiana and adjacent waters. Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., 13:213-257, 5 figs., November 22.

MILLER, G. S., JR.

1897. Revision of the North American bats of the family Vespertilionidae. N. Amer. Fauna, 13:1-140, 3 pls., 40 figs., October 16.

1902. Twenty new American bats. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:389-412, September 12.

1909. The generic name _Nycteris_. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:90, April 17.

MOORE, J. C.

1949_a_. Putnam County and other Florida mammal notes. Jour. Mamm., 30:57-66, February 14.

1949_b_. Range extensions of two bats in Florida. Quart. Jour. Florida Acad. Sci., 11:50, March 22.

PETERS, W.

1871. "22 December Gesammtsitzung der Akademie ... eine monographische Übersicht der Chiropterengattungen _Nycteris_ und _Atalapha_." Monatsberichte d. Konig. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin (for 1870), pp. 900-914, 1 pl.

RAFINESQUE, C. S.

1814. Précis des decouvertes et travaux somiologiques. Palerme, pp. 1-55 + 3.

RAGEOT, R. H.

1955. A new northeasternmost record of the yellow bat, _Dasypterus floridanus_. Jour. Mamm., 36:456, August 30.

SANBORN, C. C.

1954. Bats of the United States. Public Health Reports, 69(1):17-28, illustrated, January.

SHERMAN, H. B.

1937. A list of the Recent land mammals of Florida. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. (for 1936), 1:102-128.

1945. The Florida yellow bat, _Dasypterus floridanus_. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. (for 1944), 7:193-197, January 20.

TAYLOR, W. P., and DAVIS, W. B.

1947. The mammals of Texas. Bull. Texas Game, Fish and Oyster Comm., 27:1-79, illustrated, August.

THOMAS, O.

1897. _Descriptions of new bats and rodents from America._ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 20:544-553, December.

1901. _New Neotropical mammals, with a note on the species of_ Reithrodon. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 8:246-254, September.

_Transmitted June 30, 1961._