CHAPTER II.
REGENERATION.
But when the heavens and the earth and the whole world have been consumed in flames, when the gods and all the einherjes and all mankind have perished,—what then? Is not man immortal? Are not all men to live in some world or other forever? The vala looks again, and
She sees arise The second time, From the sea, the earth Completely green: Cascades do fall, The eagle soars, From lofty mounts Pursues its prey.
The gods convene On Ida’s plains, And talk of the powerful Midgard-serpent: They call to mind The Fenris-wolf And the ancient runes Of the mighty Odin.
Then again The wonderful Golden tablets Are found in the grass: In time’s morning The leader of the gods And Odin’s race Possessed them.
The fields unsown Yield their growth; All ills cease; Balder comes. Hoder and Balder, Those heavenly gods, Dwell together in Hropt’s[93] halls. Conceive ye this or not?
Vidar and Vale survive; neither the flood nor Surt’s flame has harmed them, and they dwell on the plain of Ida, where Asgard formerly stood. Thither come the sons of Thor, Mode and Magne, bringing with them their father’s hammer, Mjolner. Hœner is there also, and comprehends the future. Balder and Hoder sit and converse together; they call to mind their former knowledge and the perils they underwent, and the fight with the wolf Fenrer, and with the Midgard-serpent. The sons of Hoder and Balder inhabit the wide Wind-home. The sun brings forth a daughter more lovely than herself, before she is swallowed by Fenrer; and when the gods have perished, the daughter rides in her mother’s heavenly course.
During the conflagration caused by Surt’s fire, a woman by name Lif (life) and a man named Lifthraser lie concealed in Hodmimer’s forest. The dew of the dawn serves then for food, and so great a race shall spring from them that their descendants shall soon spread over the whole earth.
Then the vala
Sees a hall called Gimle; It outshines the sun, Of gold its roof; It stands in heaven: The virtuous there Shall always dwell, And evermore Delights enjoy.
Toward the north on the Nida-mountains stands a large hall of shining gold, which the race of Sindre, that is the dwarfs, occupy. There is also another hall called Brimer, which is also in heaven, in the region Okolner, and there all who delight in quaffing good drink will find plenty in store for them. Good and virtuous beings inhabit all these halls.
But there is also a place of punishment. It is called Naastrand (strand of dead bodies). In Naastrand there is a vast and terrible structure, with doors that face to the north. It is built entirely of the backs of serpents, wattled together like wicker-work. But all the serpents’ heads are turned toward the inside of the hall, and continually vomit forth floods of venom, in which wade all those who have committed murder, perjury, or adultery. The vala, in the Elder Edda,
Saw a hall Far from the sun, On the strand of dead bodies, With doors toward the north. Venom drops Through the loopholes; Formed is that hall Of wreathed serpents.
There saw she wade Through heavy streams, Perjurers And murderers And adulterers; There Nidhug sucked The bodies of the dead And the wolf tore them to pieces. Conceive ye this or not?
Then comes the mighty one[94] To the great judgment; From heaven he comes, He who guides all things: Judgments he utters; Strifes he appeases, Laws he ordains To flourish forever.
Or as it is stated in Hyndla’s lay, after she has described Heimdal, the sublime protector of the perishable world:
Then comes another Yet more mighty, But him dare I not Venture to name; Few look further forward Than to the time When Odin goes To meet the wolf.
And when the vale in Völuspá, beginning with the primeval time, has unveiled, in the most profound sentences, the whole history of the universe,—when she has gone through every period of its development down through Ragnarok and the Regeneration, the following is her last vision:
_There_ comes the dark Dragon[95] flying, The shining serpent From the Nida-mountains In the deep.
Over the plain it flies; Dead bodies Nidhug Drags in his whizzing plumage,— Now must Nidhug sink.
Thus ends the vala’s prophecy (_völuspá_.) She has revealed the decrees of the Father of Nature; she has described the conflagration and renovation of the world, and now proclaims the fate of the good and of the evil.
The world and the things in it perish, but not the forces. Some of the gods reappear in the regenerated earth, while some do not. They who reappear are mentioned in pairs, excepting Hœner, who is alone. Balder and Hoder are together; likewise Vidar and Vale, and Mode and Magne. Neither Odin nor Thor nor the vans appear. They perished with the world, for they represented the developing forces of this world; they were divinities representing that which came into being and had existence in it. On the other hand, Balder and Hoder came back from Hel. They represent light and darkness; but they are alike in this respect, that they are nothing substantial, nothing real, they are only the condition for something to be, or we might say they are the space, the firmament, in which something may exist. They are the two brothers whose sons shall inhabit the wide Wind-home. Thus when heaven and earth have passed away there is nothing remaining but the wide expanse of space with light and darkness, who not only rule together in perfect harmony, but also permeate each other and neutralize each other.
Hœner comes back. He was originally one of the trinity with Odin and Loder (Loke); but the gods received Njord as a hostage from the vans, and gave to the vans in return Hœner, as a security of friendship between them. This union between the asas and vans is now dissolved. Hœner has nothing more to do among the vans. Their works all perished with the old earth. He is the developing, creative force that is needed now in the new world as it was in the old.
Vidar is the imperishable force in original nature, that is, in crude nature, but at the same time united with the gods. He is the connecting link between gods and giants. His mother was Grid, a giantess, and his father was Odin. The strong Vale begotten of Odin and Rind (the slumbering earth) is the imperishable force of nature which constantly renews itself in the earth as a habitation of man. Both Vidar and Vale are avenging gods. Vale avenges the death of Balder, and Vidar the death of Odin, and thus we have in Vidar and Vale representatives of the imperishable force of nature in two forms, the one without and the other within the domain of man, both purified and renewed in the regenerated earth.
In the atmosphere and in the dense clouds reigned Thor, with his flashing fire and clattering thunder. Thunder and lightning have passed away, but the forces that produced them, courage and strength, are preserved in Thor’s sons, Mode (courage) and Magne (strength). They have their father’s hammer, Mjolner, and with it they can strike to the right and to the left, permeating the new heaven and new earth. What a well of profound thought are the Eddas!
The parents of the new race of men are called Lif and Lifthraser. Life cannot perish. It lies concealed in Hodmimer’s forest, which the flame of Surt was not able to destroy. The new race of mankind seem to possess a far nobler nature than the former, for they subsist on the morning dew.
Do Mimer and Surt live? They are the fundamental elements of fire and water. The Eddas are not clear on this point, but an affirmative answer seems to be suggested in the fact that the better part of every being is preserved.
The good among men find their reward in Gimle; for he that made man gave him a soul, which shall live and never perish, though the body shall have mouldered away or have been burnt to ashes; and all that are righteous shall dwell with him in the place called Gimle, says the Younger Edda. The dwarfs have their Sindre, and their golden hall on the Nida-mountains; and the giant has his shining drinking hall, Brimer, but it is situated in Okolner (not cool), where there is no more frost.
The Elder Edda seems to point out two places of punishment for men. Giants and dwarfs are not punished, for they act blindly, they have no free will. But the wicked of mankind go to Naastrand and wade in streams of serpent-venom, and thence they appear to be washed down into Hvergelmer, that horrible old kettle, where their bodies are torn by Nidhug, the dragon of the uttermost darkness.
There is a day of judgment. The good and bad are separated. The god, whom the Edda dare not name, is the judge. The Younger Edda once calls him Allfather, for he is to the new world what Odin was to the old. He was before the beginning of time, and at the end of time he enters upon his eternal reign.
The reward is eternal. Is the punishment also eternal? When light and darkness (Balder and Hoder) can live peaceably together,—when darkness can resolve itself into light,—cannot then the evil be dissolved in the good; cannot the eternal streams of goodness wash away the evil? We think so, and the Edda seems to justify us in this thought; at least the Elder Edda seems to take this view of the subject. Listen again to the last vision of the vala:
_There_ comes the dark Dragon flying, The shining serpent From the Nida-mountains In the deep. Over the plain it flies; Dead bodies Nidhug Drags in his whizzing plumage,— _Now must Nidhug sink_.[96]
When there is an intermediate state, a transition, a purification, a purgatory, then this purification must sooner or later be accomplished; and that is the day of the great judgment, _when Nidhug must sink_, and nevermore lift his wings loaded with dead bodies. This idea is beautifully elaborated in _Zendavista_. The Edda has it in a single line, but the majority of its interpreters have not comprehended it. We who are permeated by the true Christian spirit, we know how great joy there is in heaven over a sinner who is converted; we know the God of mercy, who does not desire the ruin of a single sinner, and the God of omnipotence, who with his hand is able to press the tears of repentance from the heart, though it be hard as steel; we comprehend why he lets Nidhug sink down. All darkness shall be cleared up and be gilded by the shining light of heaven.
Such was the origin, the development, the destruction and regeneration of the world. And now, says the Younger Edda, as it closes the deluding of King Gylfe, if you have any further questions to ask, I know not who can answer you; for I never heard tell of anyone who could relate what will happen in the other ages of the world. Make therefore the best use you can of what has been imparted to you.
Upon this Ganglere heard a terrible noise all around him. He looked, but could see neither palace nor city anywhere, nor anything save a vast plain. He therefore set out on his return to his kingdom, where he related all that he had seen and heard; and ever since that time these tidings have been handed down from man to man by oral tradition, and we add, may the stream of story never cease to flow! May the youth, the vigorous man, and the grandfather with his silvery locks, forever continue to refresh their minds by looking into and drinking from the fountain that reflects the ancient history of the great Gothic race!
In closing, we would present this question: Shall we have northern art? We have southern art (Hercules and Hebe), we have oriental art (Adam and Eve), and now will some one complete the trilogy by adding Loke and Sigyn? Ay, let us have another Thorvaldsen, and let him devote himself to _northern art_. Here is a new and untrodden field for the artist. Ye Gothic poets and painters and sculptors! why stand ye here idle?
Footnote 93:
Odin’s.
Footnote 94:
The Supreme God.
Footnote 95:
Nidhug.
Footnote 96:
We present this view of the subject from N. M. Petersen, who suggests that the common reading of this passage _hon_ ought to be _hann_,—that is _he_, not _she_. In our translation we have supplied the noun _Nidhug_, while if we had followed the other authorities we would have used the noun _vala_. Petersen remarks that the word sink (_sökkvask_) is a natural expression when applied to the dragon, who sinks into the abyss, but forced and unnatural when applied to the vala. He also quotes another passage (the last line in Brynhild’s Hel-ride, where Brynhild says to the hag: Sink thou (_sökkstu!_) of giantkind!) from the Elder Edda which corroborates his view. As the reader will observe, we have adopted Petersen’s view entirely.
VOCABULARY OF THE PRINCIPAL PROPER NAMES OCCURRING IN THE NORSE MYTHOLOGY,
WITH A BRIEF SYNOPSIS OF THE CHARACTER AND EXPLOITS OF THE GODS, EXPLANATIONS, ETYMOLOGICAL DEFINITIONS, ETC.
GIVING
THE ORIGINAL ICELANDIC FORM OF THE WORD IN THE VOCABULARY,
AND ADDING, AFTER THE SYNOPSIS,
THE ANGLICIZED FORM USED BY THE AUTHOR THROUGHOUT THE WORK.
ARRANGED BY THE AUTHOR FROM THE BEST SOURCES.
A
ÆGIR [Anglo-Sax. _eagor_, the sea]. The god presiding over the stormy sea. He entertains the gods every harvest, and brews ale for them. It still survives in provincial English for the sea-wave on rivers. Have a care, there is the _eager_ coming!—(Carlyle’s Heroes and Hero-worship.) _Æger._
AGNAR. A son of King Hraudung and foster-son of Frigg. _Agnar._
AGNAR. A son of King Geirrod. He gives a drink to Grimner (Odin). _Agnar._
ÁLFR [Anglo-Sax. _ælf_, _munt-ælfen_, _sæ-elfen_, _wudu-elfen_, etc.; Eng. _elf_, _elves_; Germ. _alb_ and _elfen_, _Erl-_ in _Erl_könig (Goethe) is, according to Grimm, a corrupt form from the Danish _Elle_konge like _Elver_konge; in the west of Iceland the word is also pronounced _álbr_]. An elf, fairy; a class of beings like the dwarfs, between gods and men. They were of two kinds: elves of light (_Ljósálfar_) and elves of darkness (_Dökkálfar_). The abode of the elves is _Álfheimr_, fairy-land, and their king is the god Frey. _Elf._
ALFÖÐR or ALFAÐIR [Father of all]. The name of Odin as the supreme god. It also refers to the supreme and unknown god. _Allfather._
ÁLFHEIMR [_álf_, elf, and _heimr_, home]. Elf-land, fairy-land. Frey’s dwelling, given him as a tooth-gift. _Alfheim._
ALSVIÐR [_sviðr_ (_svinnr_), rapid, wise]. All-wise. One of the horses of the sun. _Alsvid._
ALVÍSS [All-wise]. The dwarf who answers Thor’s questions in the lay of Alvis. _Alvis._
AMSVARTNIR. [The etymology is doubtful; perhaps from _ama_, to vex, annoy, and _svartnir_ (_svartr_), black.] The name of the sea, in which the island was situated where the wolf Fenrer was chained. _Amsvartner._
ÁNNARR or ÓNARR. Husband of night and father of Jord (_jörð earth_). _Annar._
ANDRÍMNIR [_önd_, soul, spirit, breath, and _hrímnir_, _hrím_. Anglo-Sax. _hrím_; Eng. _rime_, hoar-frost; _hrímnir_, the one producing the hoar-frost]. The cook in Valhal. _Andhrimner._
ANDVARI. The name of a gurnard-shaped dwarf; the owner of the fatal ring called _Andvaranautr_. _Andvare._
ANDVARAFORS. The force or waterfall in which the dwarf Andvare kept himself in the form of a gurnard (pike). _Andvare-Force._
ANDVARANAUTR [_önd_, spirit; _varr_, cautious; _nautr_, Germ. ge-_nosse_ (from Icel. _njota_), a donor]. The fatal ring given by Andvare (the wary spirit). _Andvarenaut._
ANGANTYR. He has a legal dispute with Ottar Heimske, who is favored by Freyja. _Angantyr._
ANGEYJA. One of Heimdal’s nine mothers. Says the Elder Edda in the Lay of Hyndla: Nine giant maids gave birth to the gracious god, at the world’s margin. These are: Gjalp, Greip, Eistla, Angeyja, Ulfrun, Eyrgjafa, Imd, Atla, and Jarnsaxa. _Angeyja._
ANGRBOÐA [Anguish-boding]. A giantess; mother of the Fenris-wolf by Loke. _Angerboda._
ÁRVAKR [Early awake]. The name of one of the horses of the sun. _Aarvak._
ÁSS or ÁS, plural ÆSIR. The _asas_, gods. The word appears in such English names as _Os_born, _Os_wald, etc. With an _n_ it is found in the Germ. _Ans_gar (Anglo-Sax. _Os_car). It is also found in many Scandinavian proper names, as _As_björn, _As_trid, etc. The term _æsir_ is used to distinguish Odin, Thor, etc., from the _vanir_. (vans). _Asa._
ÁSA-LOKI. Loke, so called to distinguish him from Utgard-Loke, who is a giant. _Asa-Loke._
ÁSA-PÓRR. A common name for Thor. _Asa-Thor._
ÁSGARÐR. The residence of the gods (_asas_). _Asgard._
ASKR [Anglo-Sax. _äsc_, an ash]. The name of the first man created by Odin, Hœner and Loder. _Ask._
ÁSYNJA; plural ÁSYNJUR. A goddess; feminine of _Áss_. _Asynje._
ATLA. One of Heimdal’s nine mothers. _Atla._
AUÐHUMLA; also written AUÐHUMBLA. [The etymology of this word is uncertain. Finn Magnússon derives it from _auðr_, void, and _hum_, darkness, and expresses the name by _aër nocturnus_.] The cow formed from the frozen vapors resolved into drops. She nourished the giant Ymer. _Audhumbla._
AURBOÐA [_aurr_, wet clay or loam; _boða_, to announce]. Gymer’s wife and Gerd’s mother. _Aurboda._
AURGELMIR [_aurr_, wet clay or loam]. A giant; grandfather of Bergelmer; called also Ymer. _Aurgelmer._
AUSTRI. A dwarf presiding over the east region. _Austre._ _East._
B
BALDR. [Anglo-Sax. _baldor_, princeps, the best, foremost]. The god of the summer-sunlight. He was son of Odin and Frigg; slain by Hoder, who was instigated by Loke. He returns after Ragnarok. His dwelling is Breidablik. _Balder._
BARREY [Needle-isle]. A cool grove in which Gerd agreed with Skirner to meet Frey. _Barey._
BAUGI. A brother of Suttung, for whom (Baugi) Odin worked one summer in order to get his help in obtaining Suttung’s mead of poetry. _Bauge._
BELI. A giant, brother of Gerd, slain by Frey. _Bele_.
BERGELMIR [_berg_, rock]. A giant; son of Thrudgelmer and grandson of Aurgelmer. _Bergelmer._
BESTLA. Wife of Bur and mother of Odin. _Bestla._
BEYLA. Frey’s attendant; wife of Bygver. _Beyla._
BIFRÖST [_bifast_, to tremble, _röst_ (compare Eng. _rest_), a space, a way; the trembling way, _via tremula_]. The rainbow. _Bifrost._
BILSKIRNIR [_bil_, a moment; _skir_, serene, shining]. The heavenly abode of Thor, from the flashing of light in the lightning. _Bilskirner._
BÖLÞORN [Evil thorn]. A giant: father of Bestla, Odin’s mother. _Bolthorn._
BÖLVERKR [Working terrible things]. An assumed name of Odin, when he went to get Suttung’s mead. _Bolverk._
BOÐN. [Compare Anglo-Sax. _byden_, dolium.] One of the three vessels in which the poetical mead was kept. Hence poetry is called the wave of the _boðn_. _Bodn._
BÖRR [_burr_, a son; compare Eng. _born_, Scotch _bairn_, Norse _barn_, a child]. A son of Bure and father of Odin, Vile and Ve. _Bor._
BRAGI. [Compare Anglo-Sax. _brego_, princeps.] The god of poetry. A son of Odin. He is the best of skalds. _Brage._
BREIÐABLIK [Literally broad-blink, from _breiðr_, broad, and _blika_ (Germ. _blicken_; Eng. to _blink_), to gleam, twinkle]. Balder’s dwelling. _Breidablik._
BRÍSINGAMEN. Freyja’s necklace or ornament. _Brisingamen._
BURI. [This word is generally explained as meaning _the bearing_, _i. e._ father; but we think that it is the same as the Anglo-Saxon _býre_, son, descendant, offspring. We do not see how it can be conceived as an active participle of the verb _bera_, to bring forth. See p. 195, where we have followed Keyser.] The father of Bor. He was produced by the cow’s licking the stones covered with rime. _Bure._
BYGGVIR. Frey’a attendant; Beyla’s husband. _Bygver._
BYLEIPTR [The flame of the dwelling]. The brother of Loke. _Byleipt._
D
DAGR [Day]. Son of Delling. _Dag._
DÁINN. A hart that gnaws the branches of Ygdrasil. _Daain._
DELLINGR [_deglinger_ (_dagr_, day), dayspring]. The father of Day. _Delling._
DÍS; plural DÍSIR. Attendant spirit or guardian angel. Any female mythic being may be called Dís. _Dis._
DRAUPNIR [_drjúpa_; Eng. _drip_; Germ. _traufen_; Dan. _dryppe_]. Odin’s ring. It was put on Belder’r funeral-pile. Skirner offered it to Gerd. _Draupner._
DRÓMI. One of the fetters by which the Fenris-wolf was fettered. _Drome._
DUNEYRR, DURAPRÓR. Harts that gnaw the branches of Ygdrasil. _Duneyr_; _Durathror_.
DURINN. The dwarf, second in degree. _Durin._
DVALINN. A dwarf. _Dvalin._
DVERGR [Anglo-Sax. _dweorg_; Eng. _dwarf_; Germ. _zwerg_; Swed. _dwerg_]. A dwarf. In modern Icelandic lore dwarfs disappear, but remain in local names, as Dverga-steinn (compare the Dwarfie Stone in Scott’s _Pirate_), and in several words and phrases. From the belief that dwarfs lived in rocks an echo is called _dwerg-mál_ (dwarf-talk), and _dwerg-mála_ means to echo. The dwarfs were skilled in metal-working.
E
EDDA. The word means a great-grandmother. The name usually applied to the mythological collection of poems discovered by Brynjolf Sveinsson in the year 1643. He, led by a fanciful and erroneous suggestion, gave to the book which he found the name Sæmundar Edda, Edda of Sæmund. This is the so-called _Elder Edda_. Then there is the _Younger Edda_, a name applied to a work written by Snorre Sturleson, and containing old mythological lore and the old artificial rules for verse-making. The ancients applied the name _Edda_ only to this work of Snorre. The _Elder Edda_ was never so called. And it is also uncertain whether Snorre himself knew his work by the name Edda. In the Rigsmál (Lay of Rig) Edda is the progenitrix of the race of thralls.
EGÐIR. An eagle that appears at Ragnarok. _Egder._
EGILL. The father of Thjalfe; a giant dwelling near the sea. Thor left his goats with him on his way to the giant Hymer. _Egil._
EIKÞYRNIR. [_eik_, oak, and _þyrnir_, a thorn]. A hart that stands over Odin’s hall (Valhal). From his antlers drops into the abyss water from which rivers flow. _Eikthyrner._
EINHERI; plural EINHERJAR. The only (_ein_) or great champions; the heroes who have fallen in battle and been admitted into Valhal. _Einherje._
EIR. [The word means _peace_, _clemency_.] An attendant of Menglod, and the best of all in the healing art. _Eir._
EISTLA. One of Heimdal’s nine mothers. _Eistla._
ELDHRÍMNIR. [_eld_, fire, and _hrímnir_, the one producing rime]. The kettle in which the boar Sæhrimner is cooked in Valhal. _Eldhrimner._
ELDIR. The fire-producer; a servant of Æger. _Elder._
ÉLIVÁGAR. The ice-waves; poisonous cold streams that flow out of Niflheim. _Elivagar._
EMBLA. The first woman. The gods found two lifeless trees, the _ask_ (ash) and the _embla_; of the ash they made _man_, of the embla, _woman_. It is a question what kind of tree the embla was; some suggest a metathesis, viz. _emla_, from _almr_ (elm), but the compound _emblu-askr_, in one of Egil’s poems, seems to show that the _embla_ was in some way related to the ash. _Embla._
EYRGJAFA. One of Heimdal’s nine mothers. _Eyrgjafa._
F
FÁFNIR. Son of Hreidmar. He kills his father to get possession of the Andvarenaut. He afterwards changes himself into a dragon and guards the treasure on Gnita-heath. He is slain by Sigurd, and his heart is roasted and eaten. _Fafner._
FALHÓFNIR [Barrel-hoof, hollow-hoof]. One of the horses of the gods. _Falhofner._
FARBAUTI [Ship-beater, ship-destroyer]. The father of Loke. _Farbaute._
FENRIR or FENRISÚLFR. The monster-wolf. He is the son of Loke. He bites the hand Tyr. The gods put him in chains, where he remains until Ragnarok. In Ragnarok he gets loose, swallows the sun and conquers Odin, but is killed by Vidar. _Fenrer_ or _Fenris-wolf_.
FENSALIR. The abode of Frigg. _Fensal._
FJALAR. A misnomer for Skrymer, in whose glove Thor took shelter. _Fjalar._
FJALAR. A dwarf, who slew Kvaser, and composed from his blood the poetic mead. _Fjalar._
FJALAR. A cock that crows at Ragnarok. _Fjalar._
FIMAFENGR [_fimr_, quick, nimble]. The nimble servant of Æger. He was slain by the jealous Loke. _Fimafeng._
FIMBUL. [Compare Germ. _fimmel_, an iron wedge; Bohem. _fimol_; Swed. _fimmel-stång_, the handle of a sledge-hammer; in Icel. obsolete, and only used in four or five compounds in old poetry.] It means _mighty great_. In the mythology we have:
FIMBULFAMBI. A mighty fool. _Fimbulfambe._
FIMBULTÝR. The mighty god, great helper (Odin). _Fimbultyr._
FIMBULVETR [_vetr_, winter]. The great and awful winter of three years’ duration preceding the end of the world. _Fimbul-winter._
FIMBULÞUL. A heavenly river (_þul_, roaring.) _Fimbulthul._
FIMBULÞULR. The great wise man (Odin’s High-song, 143). _Fimbulthuler._
FJÖLNIR. A name of Odin. _Fjolner._
FJÖRGYN. A personification of the earth; mother of Thor. _Fjorgyn._
FÓLKVANGR [Anglo-Sax. _folc_; Germ. _volk_; Eng. _folk_, people, and _vangr_ (Ulfilas, _waggs_), paradise; Anglo-Sax. _wang_; Dan. _vang_, a field]. The folk-field. Freyja’s dwelling. _Folkvang._
FORNJÓTR. The ancient giant. He was father of Æger or Hler, the god of the ocean; of Loge, flame or fire, and of Kaare, wind. His wife was Ran. These divinities are generally regarded as belonging to an earlier mythology, probably that of the Fins or Celts, and we omitted them in our work. _Fornjot._
FORSETI [The fore-sitter, president, chairman]. Son of Balder and Nanna. His dwelling is Glitner, and his office is peace-maker. _Forsete._
FRÁNANGRS-FORS. The force or waterfall into which Loke, in the likeness of a salmon, cast himself, and where the gods caught him and bound him. _Fraananger-Force._
FREKI. One of Odin’s wolves. _Freke._
FREYJA [Feminine of Freyr]. The daughter of Njord and sister of Frey. She dwells in Folkvang. Half the fallen in battle belong to her. She lends her feather disguise to Loke. She is the goddess of love. Her husband is Oder. Her necklace is Brisingamen. She has a boar with golden bristles. _Freyja._
FREYR [Goth. _frauja_; Gr. χύρτος, Anglo-Sax. _freâ_; Heliand _frô_, a lord]. He is son of Njord, husband of Skade, slayer of Bele, and falls in conflict with Surt in Ragnarok. Alfheim was given him as a tooth-gift. The ship Skidbladner was built for him. He falls in love with Gerd, Gymer’s fair daughter. He gives his trusty sword to Skirner. _Frey._
FRIGG. [Compare Anglo-Sax. _frigu_, love]. She is the wife of Odin, and mother of Balder and of other gods. She is the queen of the gods. She sits with Odin in Hlidskjalf. She exacts an oath from all things that they shall not harm Balder. She mourns Balder’s death. _Frigg._
FULLA [Fullness]. Frigg’s attendant. She takes care of Frigg’s toilette, clothes and slippers. Nanna sent her a finger-ring from Helheim. She wears her hair flowing over her shoulders. _Fulla._
G
GALAR. One of the dwarfs who killed Kvaser. Fjalar was the other. _Galar._
GAGNRÁÐE. A name assumed by Odin when he went to visit Vafthrudner. _Gagnraad._
GANGLERI. One of Odin’s names in Grimner’s Lay. _Ganglere._
GANGLERI. A name assumed by King Gylfe when he came to Asgard. _Ganglere._
GANÐROFA [Fence-breaker]. The goddess Gnaa has a horse by name Hofvarpner. The sire of this horse is Hamskerper, and its mother is Garðrofa. _Gardrofa._
GARMR. A dog that barks at Ragnarok. He is called the largest and best among dogs. _Garm._
GEFJUN or GEFJON. A goddess. She is a maid, and all those who die maids become her maid-servants. She is present at Æger’s feast. Odin says she knows men’s destinies as well as he does himself. _Gefjun._
GEIRRÖÐR. A son of King Hraudung and foster-son of Odin; he becomes king and is visited by Odin, who calls himself Grimner. He is killed by his own sword. There is also a giant by name Geirrod, who was once visited by Thor. _Geirrod._
GEIRSKÖGUL. A valkyrie. _Geirskogul._
GEIRVIMUL. A heavenly river. _Geirvimul._
GERÐR. Daughter of Gymer, a beautiful young giantess; beloved by Frey. _Gerd._
GERI [_gerr_, greedy]. One of Odin’s wolves. _Gere._
GERSEMI [Anglo-Sax. _gersuma_, a costly thing.] One of Freyja’s daughters. _Gerseme._
GJALLARBRÚ [_gjalla_, to yell, to resound; Anglo-Sax. _giellan_]. The bridge across the river Gjol, near Helheim. The bridge between the land of the living and the dead. _Gjallar-bridge._
GJALLARHORN. Heimdal’s horn, which he will blow at Ragnarok. _Gjallar horn_.
GILLING. Father of Suttung, who possessed we poetic mead. He was slain by Fjalar and Galar. _Gilling._
GIMLI [_gimill_, _himill_, _himin_, heaven]. The abode of the righteous after Ragnarok. _Gimle._
GJÁLP. One of Heimdal’s nine mothers. _Gjalp._
GINNUNGA-GAP. [Compare Anglo-Sax. _gin_ or _ginn_, vast, wide. (The _unga_ may be the adverbial ending added to _ginn_, as in _eall-unga_, adv. from _all_, all.)] The great yawning gap, the premundane abyss, the chaos or formless void, in which dwelt the supreme powers before the creation. In the eleventh century the sea between Greenland and Vinland (America) was called Ginnunga-gap. _Ginungagap._
GJÖLL. The one of the rivers Elivagar that flowed nearest the gate of Hel’s abode. _Gjol._
GÍSL [Sunbeam]. One of the horses of the gods. _Gisl._
GLAÐR [Clear, bright]. One of the horses of the gods. _Glad._
GLAÐSHEIMR [Home of brightness or gladness]. Odin’s dwelling. _Gladsheim._
GLASIR. A grove in Asgard. _Glaser._
GLEIPNIR. The last fetter with which the wolf Fenrer was bound. _Gleipner._
GLER [The glassy]. One of the horses of the gods. _Gler._
GLITNIR [The glittering]. Forsete’s golden hall. _Glitner._
GNÁ. She is the messenger that Frigg sends into the various worlds on her errands. She has a horse called Hofvarpner, that can run through air and water. _Gnaa._
GNÍPAHELLIR. The cave before which the dog Garm barks. _The Gnipa-cave._
GNÍTAHEIÐR. Fafner’s abode, where he kept the treasure called Andvarenaut. _Gnita-heath._
GÓINN. A serpent under Ygdrasil. _Goin._
GÖLL. A valkyrie. _Gol._
GÖMUL. A heavenly river. _Gomul._
GÖNDUL. A valkyrie. _Gondul._
GÖPUL. A heavenly river. _Gopul._
GRÁBAKR [Gray-back]. One of the serpents under Ygdrasil. _Graabak._
GRÁÐ. A heavenly river. _Graad._
GRAFVITNIR, GRAFVÖLLUÐR. Serpents under Ygdrasil. _Grafvitner_; _Grafvollud_.
GREIP [Anglo-Sax. _grâp_; Eng. _grip_]. One of Heimdal’s nine giant mothers. _Greip._
GRÍMNIR [Icel. _grima_; Anglo-Sax. _grîma_; Dan. _grime_, a horse-halter]. A kind of hood or cowl covering the upper part of the face. Grimner is a name of Odin from his traveling in disguise. _Grimner._
GRÓA [Icel. _gróa_; Anglo Sax. _growan_; Eng. _grow_; Lat. _crescere_, _crev_-i]. The giantess mother of Orvandel. Thor went to her to have her charm the flint-stone out of his forehead. _Groa._
GULLFAXI [Gold-mane]. The giant Hrungner’s horse. _Goldfax._
GULLINKAMBI [Gold-comb]. A cock that crows at Ragnarok. _Gullinkambe_ or _Goldcomb_.
GULLTOPPR [Gold-top]. Heimdal’s horse. _Goldtop._
GULLVEIG [Gold-drink, gold-thirst]. A personification of gold. She is pierced and thrice burnt, and yet lives. _Gulveig._
GULLINBURSTI [Golden bristles]. The name of Frey’s hog. _Gullinburste._
GUNGNIR [Dan. _gungre_, to tremble violently]. Odin’s spear. _Gungner._
GUNNLÖÐ; genitive GUNNLAÐAR [Icel. _gunnr_, war, battle; Anglo-Sax. _gûð_; Old High Germ. _gundia_; and Icel. _löð_ (_laða_, to invite), invitation; Anglo-Sax. _gelaðian_, to invite]. One who invites war. She was daughter of the giant Suttung, and had charge of the poetic mead. Odin got it from her. _Gunlad._
GYLFI. A king of Svithod, who visited Asgard under the name of Ganglere. The first part of the Younger Edda is called Gylfaginning, which means the Delusion of Gylfe. _Gylfe._
GYLLIR [Golden]. One of the horses of the gods. _Gyller._
GÝMIR. A giant: the father of Gerd, the beloved of Frey. _Gymer._
GÝMIR. Another name of the ocean divinity Æger. _Gymer._
H
HALLINSKÍÐI. Another name of the god Heimdal. The possessor of the leaning (_halla_) way (_skeið_). _Hallinskid._
HAMSKERPIR [Hide-hardener]. A horse; the sire of Hofvarpner, which was Gnaa’s horse. _Hamskerper._
HÁR [Anglo. Sax. _heáh_; Eng. _high_; Ulfilas _hauhs_]. The High One, applied to Odin. _Haar._
HÁRBARÐR. The name assumed by Odin in the Lay of Harbard. _Harbard._
HEIÐRUNR [Bright-running]. A goat that stands over Valhal. _Heidrun._
HEIMDALR. The etymology has not been made out. He was the heavenly watchman in the old mythology, answering to St. Peter in the medieval. According to the Lay of Rig (Heimdal), he was the father and founder of the different classes of men, nobles, churls and thralls. He has a horn called Gjallar-horn, which he blows at Ragnarok. His dwelling is Himinbjorg. He is the keeper of Bifrost (the rainbow). Nine giantesses are his mothers. _Heimdal._
HEL. [Ulfilas _halja_, ᾅδης; Anglo-Sax. and Eng. _hell_; Heliand and Old High Germ. _hellia_; Germ. _Hölle_; Dan. at slaa, i-_hjel_, to kill]. The goddess of death, born of Loke and Angerboda. She corresponds to Proserpina. Her habitation is Helheim, under one of the roots of Ygdrasil. _Hel._
HELBLINDI. A name of Odin. _Helblinde._
HELGRINDR. The gates of Hel. _Helgrind_ or _Helgate_.
HELHEIM. The abode of Hel. _Helheim._
HERFÖÐR, HERJAFÖÐR. [The father of hosts]. A name of Odin. _Her-father._
HERMOÐR [Courage of hosts]. Son of Odin, who gives him helmet and corselet. He went on Sleipner to Hel to bring Balder back. _Hermod._
HILDISVINI [_hildr_ (Anglo-Sax. _hild_) means war]. Freyja’s hog. HILDE-SVINE.
HIMINBJÖRG [_himinn_, heaven, and _björg_, help, defense; hence heaven defender]. Heimdal’s dwelling. _Himinbjorg._
HIMINBRJÓTR [Heaven-breaker]. One of the giant Hymer’s oxen. _Himinbrjoter._
HLÉSEY. The abode of Æger. _Hlesey._
HLIÐSKJÁLF [from _hlið_, gate, and _skjálf_, shelf, bench]. The seat of Odin, whence he looked out over all the worlds. _Hlidskjalf._
HLÍN. One of the attendants of Frigg; but Frigg herself is sometimes called by this name. _Hlin._
HLÓÐYN. A goddess; a names of the earth; Thor’s mother. _Hlodyn._
HLÓRIDI [from _hlóa_; Anglo-Sax. _hlowan_; Eng. _low_, to bellow, roar, and _reið_, thunder]. One of the names of Thor; the bellowing thunderer. _Hloride._
HNIKARR, HNIKUÐR. Names of Odin, Hnikar and Hnikuder.
HNOSS [Anglo-Sax. _hnossian_, to hammer]. A costly thing; the name of one of Freyja’s daughters. _Hnos._
HODDMÍMISHOLT. Hodmimer’s holt or grove, where the two human beings Lif and Lifthraser were preserved during Ragnarok. _Hodmimer’s forest._
HÖÐR. The slayer of Balder. He is blind, returns to life in the regenerated world. The Cain of the Norse mythology. _Hoder._
HŒNIR. One of the three creating gods. With Odin and Loder Hœner creates Ask and Embla, the first human pair. _Hœner._
HÓFVARPNIR [Hoof-thrower]. Guaa’s horse. His father is Hamskerper and mother Gardrofa. _Hofvarpner._
HRÆSVELGR [Corpse-swallower]. A giant in an eagle’s plumage, who produces the wind. _Hræsvelger._
HRAUÐUNGR. Geirrod’s father. _Hraudung._
HREIÐMARR. Father of Regin and Fafner. He exacts the blood-fine from the gods for slaying Otter. He is slain by Fafner. _Hreidmar._
HRÍMFAXI [Rime-mane]. The horse of Night. _Rimefax._
HRÍMÞURSAR [Anglo-Sax. _hrîm_; Eng. _rime_, hoar-frost]. Rime-giants or frost-giants, who dwell under one of Ygdrasil’s roots. _Giants._
HROÐVITNIR. A wolf; father of the wolf Hate. _Hrodvitner._
HROPTR. One of Odin’s names. _Hropt._
HRUNGNIR. A giant; friend of Hymer. Thor fought with him and slew him. _Hrungner._
HRINGHORNI. The ship upon which Balder’s body was burned. _Hringhorn._
HROSSÞJÓFR [Horse-thief]. A giant. _Hrosthjof._
HUGINN [Mind]. One of Odin’s ravens. _Hugin._
HVERGELMIR [The old kettle]. The spring in the middle of Niflheim, whence flowed the rivers Elivagar. The Northern Tartaros. _Hvergelmer._
HÝMIR. A giant with whom Thor went fishing when he caught the Midgard-serpent. His wife was the mother of Tyr. Tyr and Thor went to him to procure a kettle for Æger. _Hymer._
HYNDLA. A vala visited by Freyja, who comes to her to learn the genealogy of her favorite Ottar. _Hyndla._
I
IÐAVÖLLR. A plain where the gods first assemble, where they establish their heavenly abodes, and where they assemble again after Ragnarok. The plains of Ide. _Idavold._
IÐUNN. Daughter of the dwarf Ivald; she was wife of Brage, and the goddess of early spring. She possesses rejuvenating apples of which the gods partake. _Idun._
IFING. A river which divides the giants from the gods. _Ifing._
IMÐ. One of Heimdal’s nine giant mothers. _Imd._
ÍMR. A son of the giant Vafthrudner. _Im._
INGUNAR-FREYR. One of the names of Frey. _Ingun’s Frey._
INNSTEINN. The father of Ottar Heimske; the favorite of Freyja. _Instein._
ÍVALDI. A dwarf. His sons construct the ship Skidbladner. _Ivald._
J
JAFNHÁR [Equally high]. A name of Odin. _Evenhigh._ _Jafnhaar._
JÁLKR. A name of Odin (Jack the Giant-killer?). _Jalk._
JÁRNSAXA [Iron-chopper]. One of Heimdel’s nine giant mothers. _Jarnsaxa._
JÁRNVIÐR [Iron-wood]. A wood east of Midgard, peopled by giantesses called Jarnvids. This wood had iron leaves. _Jarnvid._
JÁRNVIÐIUR. The giantesses in the Iron-wood. _Jarnvids._
JÖRD. Wife of Odin and mother of Thor. Earth. _Jord._
JÖTUNN [Anglo-Sax. _eoten_]. A giant. The giants were the earliest created beings. Tho gods question them in regard to Balder. Thor frequently contends with them. Famous giants are: Ymer, Hymer, Hrungner, Orvandel, Gymer, Skrymer, Vafthrudner and Thjasse. _Giant._
JÖTUNHEIMAR (plural). The Utgaard; the home of the giants in the outermost parts of the earth. _Jotunheim._
K
KERLAUGAR (plural). Two rivers which Thor every day must cross. _Kerlaug._
KÖRMT. Another river which Thor every day must pass. _Kormt._
KVÁSIR. The hostage given by the vans to the asas. His blood, when slain, was the poetical mead kept by Suttung. _Kvaser._
L
LÆÐINGR. One of the fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was bound. _Læding._
LÆRAÐR [Furnishing protection]. A tree near Valhal. _Lærad._
LANDVIÐI. [A mountain range overgrown with trees is _viði_.] Vidar’s abode. The primeval forests. _Landvide._
LAUFEY [Leafy island]. Loke’s mother. _Laufey._
LEIFÞRASIR, LIF. The two persons preserved in Hodmimer’s grove during Surt’s conflagration in Ragnarok; the last beings in the old and the first in the new world. _Lif_ and _Lifthraser_.
LÉTTFETI [Light-foot]. One of the horses of the gods. _Lightfoot._
LITR. A dwarf that Thor kicked into Balder’s funeral pile. _Liter._
LODDFÁFNIR. A protégé of Odin. _Lodfafner._
LOÐURR [Compare Germ. _lodern_, to flame]. One of the three gods (Odin, Hæner and Loder) who create Ask and Embla, the first man and woman. He is identical with Loke. _Loder._
LOKI [Icel. _lúka_, to end, finish: Loke is the end and consummation of divinity]. The evil giant-god of the Norse mythology. He steers the ship Naglfar in Ragnarok. He borrows Freyja’s feather-garb and accompanies Thor to the giant Thrym, who has stolen Thor’s hammer. He is the father of Sleipner; but also of the Midgaard-serpent, of the Fenris-wolf and of Hel. He causes Balder’s death, abuses the gods in Æger’s feast, but is captured in Fraanangerforce and is bound by the gods. _Loke._
LOPTR [The aërial]. Another name of Loke. _Lopter._
M
MAGNI [_megin_, might, strength]. A son of Thor. _Magne._
MÁNI [Ulfilas _mêna_; Anglo-Sax. _môna_; Eng. _moon_]. Brother of Sol (the sun, feminine), and both were children of the giant Mundilfare. _Moon_ or _Maane_.
MARDÖLL or MARÞOLL. One of the names of Freyja. _Mardallar grátr_ (the tears of Mardal), gold. _Mardal._
MÁNAGARMR [Moon-swallower]. A wolf of Loke’s offspring. He devours the moon. _Maanegarm_ or _Moongarm_.
MANNHEIMAR (plural) [Homes of man]. Our earth. _Manheim._
MEILI. A son of Odin. _Meile._
MIÐGARÐR. [In Cumberland, England, are three farms: _High-garth_, _Middle-garth_, _Low-garth_.] The mid-yard, middle-town, that is, the earth, is a mythological word common to all the ancient Teutonic languages. Ulfilas renders the Gr. [Greek: oikoumenê] by _midjungards_; Heliand calls the earth _middil-gard_; the Anglo-Saxon homilies, instead of earth, say _middan-geard_ (_meddlert_, Jamieson), and use the word us an appellative; but the Icelandic Edda alone has preserved the true mythical bearing of this old Teutonic word. The earth (Midgard), the abode of men, is seated in the middle of the universe, bordered by mountains and surrounded by the great sea (_ûthaf_); on the other side of this sea is the Utgard (out-yard), the abode of the giants; the Midgard is defended by the yard to burgh Asgard (the burgh of the gods) lying in the middle (the heaven being conceived as rising above the earth). Thus the earth and mankind are represented as a stronghold besieged by the powers of evil from without, defended by the gods from above and from within. _Midgard._
MIÐGARÐSORMR [The serpent of Midgaard]. The world-serpent hidden in the ocean, whose coils gird around the whole Midgard. Thor once fishes for him, and gets him on his hook. In Ragnarok Thor slays him, but falls himself poisoned by his breath. _Midgard-serpent._
MÍMAMEIÐR. A mythic tree; no doubt the same as Ygdrasil. It derives its name from Mimer, and means Mimer’s tree. _Mimameider._
MÍMIR. The name of the wise giant keeper of the holy well Mímis-brunnr, the burn (bourn, brun) of Mimer, the well of wisdom, in which Odin pawned his eye for wisdom; a myth which is explained as symbolical of the heavenly vault with its single eye, the sun, setting in the sea. Is the likeness of the word to the Latin _memor_ only accidental? The true etymology of Mímir is not known. _Mimer._
MJÖLNIR. [The derivation from _mala_ or _mola_ (to crush) is, though probable, not certain. The word may be akin to Goth. _milhma_, cloud; Swed. _moln_; Dan. _mulm_; Norse _molnas_ (Ivor Aasen), to grow dark from bands of clouds arising.] Thor’s formidable hammer. After Ragnarok, it is possessed by his sons Mode and Magne. _Mjolner._
MISTILTEINN [Old High Germ. _mistil_; Germ. _mistel_; Anglo-Sax. _mistel_ or _mistel-tâ_; Eng. _mistletoe_]. The mistletoe or mistle-twig, the fatal twig by which Balder, the white sun-god, was slain. After the death of Balder, Ragnarok set in. Balder’s death was also symbolical of the victory of darkness over light, which comes every year at midwinter. The mistletoe in English households at Christmas time is no doubt a relic of a rite lost in the remotest heathendom, for the fight of light and darkness at midwinter was a foreshadowing of the final overthrow in Ragnarok. The legend and the word are common to all Teutonic peoples of all ages. _Mistletoe._
MÓÐI [Courage]. A son of Thor. _Mode._
MÓÐSOGNIR. The dwarf highest in degree or rank. _Modsogner._
MÓINN. A serpent under Ygdrasil. _Moin._
MUNDILFARI. Father of the sun and moon. _Mundilfare._
MUNINN [Memory]. One of Odin’s ravens. _Munin._
MÚSPELL. The name of an abode of fire. It is peopled by _Múspells lýðir_ (the men of Muspel), a host of fiends, who are to appear at Ragnarok and destroy the world by fire. _Muspel._ (See next word.)
MÚSPELLSHEIMR. The abode of Muspel. This interesting word (_Múspell_) was not confined to the Norse mythology, but appears twice in the old Saxon poem Heliand, thus: (1) _mutspelli cumit on thiustra naht, also thiof ferit_ (_mutspelli_ comes in dusky night, as a thief fares,—that is, But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night), and (2) _mutspellis megin obar man ferit_ (the main of _mutspelli_ fares over men). A third instance is an Old High German poem on the Last Day, thus: _dâr ni mac denne mac andremo helfan vora demo muspille_ (there no man can help another against the _muspel-doom_). In these instances _muspel_ stands for the _day of judgment_, _the last day_, and answers to Ragnarok of the Norse mythology. The etymology is doubtful, for _spell_ may be the _weird_, _doom_, Lat. _fatum_; or it may be _spoil_, _destruction_. The former part, _mús_ or _muod_, is more difficult to explain. The Icelandic _mús_ is an assimilated form. _Muspelheim._
MÖKKURKÁLFI [_mökkr_ means a dense cloud]. A clay giant in the myth of Thor and Hrungner. _Mokkerkalfe._
N
NAGLFAR [Nail-ship]. A mythical ship made of nail-parings. It appears in Ragnarok. _Naglfar._ _Nailship._
NÁL [Needle]. Mother of Loke. _Naal._
NANNA. Daughter of Nep (bud); mother of Forsete and wife of Balder. She dies of grief at the death of Balder. _Nanna._
NARI or NARFI. Son of Loke. Loke was bound by the intestines of Nare. _Nare_ or _Narfe_.
NÁSTRÖND [The shore of corpses]. A place of punishment for the wicked after Ragnarok. _Naastrand._
NIÐAFJÖLL. The Nida-mountains toward the north, where there is after Ragnarok a golden hall for the race of Sindre (the dwarfs). NIDAFELL.
NIÐHÖGGR. A serpent of the nether world, that tears the carcases of the dead. He also lacerates Ygdrasil. _Nidhug._
NIFLHEIMR [_nifl_; Old High Germ. _nibul_; Germ. _nebel_; Lat. _nebula_; Gr. νεφέλη, mist, fog.] The world of fog or mist; the nethermost of the rime worlds. The place of punishment (Hades). It was visited by Odin when he went to inquire after the fate of Balder. _Niflheim._
NJÖRÐR. A van, vanagod. He was husband of Skade, and father of Frey and Freyja. He dwells in Noatun. _Njord._
NÓATÚN [Place of ships]. Njord’s dwelling; Njord being a divinity of the water or sea. _Noatun._
NORÐRI [North]. A dwarf presiding over the northern regions. _Nordre_ or _North_.
NÓTT. Night; daughter of Norve. _Night._
NORN; plural NORNIR. The weird sisters; the three heavenly norns (_parcæ_, fates) Urd, Verdande, and Skuld (Past, Present, and Future); they dwelt at the fountain of Urd, and ruled the fate of the world. Three norns were also present at the birth of every man and cast the weird of his life. _Norn._
O
ÓÐINN [Anglo-Sax. _Wodan_; Old High Germ. _Wodan_]. Son of Bor and Bestla. He is the chief of the gods. With Vile and Ve he parcels out Ymer. With Hœner and Loder he creates Ask and Embla. He is the fountain-head of wisdom, the founder of culture, writing and poetry, the progenitor of kings, the lord of battle and victory. He quaffs with Saga in Sokvabek. He has two ravens, two wolves and a spear. His throne is Hlidskjalf, from where he looks out over all the worlds. In Ragnarok he is devoured by the Fenris-wolf. _Odin._
ÓÐR. Freyja’s husband. _Oder._
ÓÐRŒRIR [The spirit-mover]. One of the vessels in which the blood of Kvaser, that is, the poetic mead, was kept. The inspiring nectar. _Odrœrer._
OFNIR. A serpent under Ygdrasil. _Ofner._
ÓKÓLNIR [Not cool]. After Ragnarok the giants have a hall (ale-_hall_) called Brimer, at Okolner.
ÖKU-ÞÓRR [Icel. _aka_; Lat. _agere_; Gr. ἄγειν (compare English _yoke_), to drive, to ride]. A name of Thor as a charioteer. _Akethor._
ÓSKI [Wish]. A name of Odin. _Oske._ _Wish._
OTR [OTTER]. A son of Hreidmar; in the form of an otter killed by Loke. _Oter._
ÓTTARR or ÓTTARR HEIMSKI [Stupid]. A son of Instein, a protégé of Freyja. He has a contest with Angantyr. Hyndla gives him a cup of remembrance. _Ottar._
R
RAGNARÖK [_ragna_, from _regin_, god; _rök_ may be Old High Germ. _rahha_, sentence, judgment, akin to _rekja_; _rök_, from _rekja_, is the whole development from creation to dissolution, and would, in this word, denote the dissolution, doomsday, of the gods; or it may be from _rökr_ (_reykkr_, smoke), twilight, and then the word means the twilight of the gods.] The last day; the dissolution of the gods and the world. _Ragnarok._
RÁN [Rob]. The goddess of the sea; wife of Æger. _Ran._
RATATOSKR. A squirrel that runs up and down the branches of Ygdrasil. _Ratatosk._
RATI. An auger used by Odin in obtaining the poetic mead. _Rate._
REGINN. Son of Hreidmar; brother of Fafner and Otter. _Regin._
RINDR [Eng. _rind_, crust]. A personification of the hard frozen earth. Mother of Vale. The loves of Odin and Rind resemble those of Zeus and Europa in Greek legends. _Rind._
RÖSKVA. The name of the maiden follower of Thor. She symbolizes the ripe fields of harvest. _Roskva._
S
SÆHRÍMNIR [_sær_, sea; _hrímnir_, rime-producer]. The name of the boar on which the gods and heroes in Valhal constantly feed. _Sæhrimner._
SAGA [History]. The goddess of history. She dwells in Sokvabek. _Saga._
SESSRÚMNIR [Seat-roomy]. Freyja’s large-seated palace. _Sesrumner._
SÍÐSHÖTTR [Long-hood]. One of Odin’s names, from his traveling in disguise with a large hat on his head hanging down over his face. _Sidhat._
SÍÐSKEGGR [Long-beard]. One of Brage’s names. It is also a name of Odin in the lay of Grimner. _Sidskeg._
SIF. The wife of Thor and mother of Uller. [Ulfilas _sibja_; Anglo-Sax. _sib_; Eng. gos-_sip_, god-_sib_; Heliand _sibbia_; Old High Germ. _sibba_; Germ. _sippe_. The word denotes affinity.] Sif, the golden-haired goddess, wife of Thor, betokens mother earth with her bright green grass. She was the goddess of the sanctity of the family and wedlock, and hence her name. _Sif._
SIGFAÐÍR [Father of victory]. A name of Odin. _Sigfather._
SIGYN. Loke’s wife. She holds a basin to prevent the venom from dropping into Loke’s face. _Sigyn._
SILFRINTOPPR [Silver-tuft]. One of the horses of the gods. _Silvertop._
SINDRI. One of the most famous dwarfs. _Sindre._
SINIR [Sinew]. One of the horses of the gods. _Siner._
SJÖFN. One of the goddesses. She delights in turning men’s hearts to love. _Sjofn._
SKAÐI [_scathe_, harm, damage]. A giantess; daughter of Thjasse and the wife of Njord. She dwells in Thrymheim. Hangs a venom serpent over Loke’s face. _Skade._
SKEIÐBRÍMIR [Race-runner]. One of the horses of the gods. _Skeidbrimer._
SKIÐBLAÐNIR. The name of the famous ship of the god Frey. _Skidbladner._
SKINFAXI [Shining-mane]. The horse of Day. _Skinfax._
SKÍRNIR [The bright one]. Frey’s messenger. _Skirner._
SKRÝMIR. The name of a giant; the name assumed by Utgard-Loke. _Skrymer._
SKULD [Shall]. The norn of the future. _Skuld._
SKÖGUL. A valkyrie. _Skogul._
SLEIPNIR [The slipper]. The name of Odin’s eight-footed steed. He is begotten by Loke with Svadilfare. _Sleipner._
SNOTRA [Neat]. The name of one of the goddesses. _Snotra._
SÖKKMÍMIR [Mimer of the deep]. A giant slain by Odin. _Sokmimer._
SÖKKVABEKKR. A mansion where Odin and Saga quaff from golden beakers. _Sokvabek._
SÓL [Sun]. Daughter of Mundilfare. She drives the horses that draw the car of the sun. _Sol._
SONR. One of the vessels containing the poetic mead. _Son._
SUDRI [South]. A dwarf presiding over the south region. _Sudre._ _South._
SURTR. A fire-giant in Ragnarok; contends with the gods on the plain of Vigrid; guards Muspelheim. _Surt._
SUTTUNGR. The giant possessor of the poetic mead. _Suttung._
SVAÐILFARI. A horse; the sire of Sleipner. _Svadilfare._
SVAFNIR. A serpent under Ygdrasil. _Svafner._
SVALINN [Cooler]. The shield placed before the sun. _Svalin._
SVÁSUÐR [Delightful]. The name of a giant; the father of the sun. _Svasud._
SÝN. A minor goddess. _Syn._
T
TÝR; genitive TYS, dative and accusative Tý. [Compare Icel. _tivi_, god; _Twisco_ (_Tivisco_) in Tacitus’ _Germania_. For the identity of this word with Sanscrit _dyaus_, _dívas_, heaven; Gr. Ζεύς (Διός); Lat. _divus_, see Max Müller’s _Lectures on the Science of Language_, 2d series, p. 425.] Properly the generic name of the highest divinity, and remains in many compounds. In the mythology he is the one-armed god of war. The Fenris-wolf bit one hand off him. He goes with Thor to Hymer to borrow a kettle for Æger. He is son of Odin by a giantess. _Tyr._
Þ (TH).
ÞJÁLFI. The name of the servant and follower of Thor. The word properly means a delver, digger (Germ. _delber_, _delben_, to dig). The names Thjalfe and Roskva indicate that Thor was the friend of the farmers and the god of agriculture. _Thjalfe._
ÞJAZI [ÞJASSI]. A giant; the father of Njord’s wife, Skade. His dwelling was Thrymheim; he was slain by Thor. _Thjasse._
ÞÓRR. [Anglo-Sax. _þunor_; Eng. _thunder_; North Eng. _thunner_; Dutch _donder_; Old High Germ. _donar_; Germ. _donner_; Helίand _thunar_; Danish _tor_, in _tor_-den (compare Lat. _tono_ and _tonitrus_.) The word _Þórr_ is therefore formed by absorption of the middle _n_, and contraction of an old dissyllabic _þonor_ into one syllable, and is a purely Scandinavian form; hence in Anglo-Saxon charters or diplomas it is a sure sign of forgery when names compounded with _þur_- appear in deeds pretending to be of a time earlier than the Danish invasion in the ninth century; although in later times they abound. The English _Thursday_ is a later form, in which the phonetic rule of the Scandinavian tongue has been followed; but perhaps it is a North English form]. The god of thunder, keeper of the hammer, the ever-fighting slayer of trolls and destroyer of evil spirits, the friend of mankind, the defender of the earth, the heavens and the gods; for without Thor and his hammer the earth would become the helpless prey of the giants. He was the consecrator, the hammer being the cross or holy sign of the ancient heathen, hence the expressive phrase on a heathen Danish runic stone: _Þurr vigi þassi runar_ (Thor consecrate these runes!) Thor was the son of Odin and Fjorgyn (mother earth); he was blunt, hot-tempered, without fraud or guile, of few words and ready stroke—such was Thor, the favorite deity of our forefathers. The finest legends of the Younger Edda and the best lays of the Elder Edda refer to Thor. His hall is Bilskirner. He slays Thjasse, Thrym, Hrungner, and other giants. In Ragnarok he slays the Midgard-serpent, but falls after retreating nine paces, poisoned by the serpent’s breath. _Thor._
ÞRIÐI [Third]. A name of Odin in Gylfaginning. _Thride._
ÞRÚÐGELMIR. The giant father of Bergelmer. _Thrudgelmer._
ÞRÚÐHEIMR or ÞRÚÐVANGR. Thor’s abode. _Thrudheim_; _Thrudvang_.
ÞRÚÐR. The name of a goddess; the daughter of Thor and Sif. _Thrud._
ÞRYMHEIMR. Thjasse’s and Skade’s dwelling. _Thrymheim._
ÞRYMR. The giant who stole Thor’s hammer and demanded Freyja for it. _Thrym._
ÞÖKK. The name of a giantess (supposed to have been Loke in disguise) in the myth of Balder. She would not weep for his death. _Thok._
U
ÚLFRÚN. One of Heimdal’s nine giant mothers. _Ulfrun._
ULLR. The son of Sif and stepson of Thor. His father is not named. He dwells in Ydaler. _Uller._
URÐARBRUNNR. The fountain of the norn Urd. The Urdar-fountain. The weird spring.
URÐR [Anglo-Sax. _wyrd_; Eng. _weird_; Heliand _wurth_]. One of the three norns. The norn of the past, that which has been. _Urd._
ÚTGARÐAR [The out-yard]. The abode of the giant Utgard-Loke. _Utgard._
ÚTGARÐA-LOKI. The giant of Utgard visited by Thor. He calls himself Skrymer. _Utgard-Loke._
V
VAFÞRÚÐNIR. A giant visited by Odin. They try each other in questions and answers. The giant is defeated and forfeits his life. _Vafthrudner._
VALASKJÁLF. One of Odin’s dwellings. _Valaskjalf._
VALFÖÐR [Father of the slain]. A name of Odin. _Valfather._
VALGRIND. A gate of Valhal. _Valgrind._
VALHÖLI. [The hall of the slain. Icel. _valr_; Anglo-Sax. _wœl_, the slain]. The hall to which Odin invited those slain in battle. _Valhal._
VALKYRJA [The chooser of the slain]. A troop of goddesses, handmaidens of Odin. They serve in Valhal, and are sent on Odin’s errands. _Valkyrie._
VALI. Brother of Balder. Slays Hoder when only one night old. Rules with Vidar after Ragnarok. _Vale._
VALI. A son of Loke. _Vale._
VALTAMR. A fictitious name of Odin’s father. _Valtam._
VÉ. A brother of Odin (Odin, Vile and Ve). _Ve._
VEGTAMR. A name assumed by Odin. _Vegtam._
VANAHEIMAR. The abode of the vans. _Vanaheim._
VANR; plural VANIR. Those deities whose abode was in Vanaheim, in contradistinction to the asas, who dwell in Asgard: Njord, Frey and Freyja. The vans waged war with the asas, but were afterwards, by virtue of a treaty, combined and made one with them. The vans were deities of the sea. _Van._
VÉORR [Defender]. A name of Thor. _Veor._
VERÐANDI [from _verða_, to become; Germ. _werden_]. The norn of the present, of that which is.
VESTRI. The dwarf presiding over the west region. _Vestre._ _West._
VIÐARR. Son of Odin and the giantess Grid. He dwells in Landvide. He slays the Fenris-wolf in Ragnarok. Rules with Vale after Ragnarok. _Vidar._
VÍGRIÐR [Icel. _víg_; Ulfilas _wiahjo_, μάγη, a fight, a battle]. The field of battle where the gods and the sons of Surt meet in Ragnarok. _Vigrid._
VÍLI. Brother of Odin and Ve. These three sons of Bor and Bestla construct the world out of Ymer’s body. _Vile._
VÍMUR. A river that Thor crosses. _Vimer._
VINDSVALR [Wind-cool]. The father of winter. _Vindsval._
VINDHEIMR [Wind-home]. The place that the sons of Balder and Hoder are to inhabit after Ragnarok. _Vindheim._ _Wind-home._
VIN-GÓLF [The mansion of bliss]. The palace of the asynjes. _Vingolf._
VINGÞÓRR. A name of Thor. _Vingthor._
VÓR. The goddess of betrothals and marriages. _Vor._
Y
ÝDALIR. Uller’s dwelling. _Ydaler._
YGGR. A name of Odin. _Ygg._
YGGDRASILL [The bearer of Ygg (Odin)]. The world-embracing ash tree. The whole world is symbolized by this tree. _Ygdrasil._
ÝMIR. The huge giant in the cosmogony, out of whose body Odin, Vile and Ve created the world. The progenitor of the giants. He was formed out of frost and fire in Ginungagap. _Ymer._
INDEX.
A
Aachen, 92.
Aage, 397.
Aarvak, 159, 177, 178, 259.
Acts of the Apostles, 25.
Adam, 82, 390, 436.
Adelsten, Hakon, 110.
Adonis, 53.
Æger, 39, 40, 98, 110, 123, 247, 274, 322, 323, 327, 337, 338, 343-349, 372, 377, 381, 397-399.
Æschylus, 78.
Afternoon, 180.
Agder, 363.
Agnar, 122, 156.
Ahriman, 81.
Alexander, 88, 96.
Ale, 382.
Alfheim, 186, 348.
Allfather, 49, 182, 193, 216, 434.
Alsvinn, 159, 177, 178.
Alsvin, 259.
Alvis, 124.
America, American, etc., 34, 52, 59, 74, 92, 94, 96, 113, 128, 208, 308, 309, 401.
Amsvartner, 384.
Andunson (Thorgeir), 202.
Andhrimner, 263, 264.
Andvare, 344, 376, 377, 381.
Angantyr, 365, 366.
Angerboda, 373, 382, 419, 420.
Anglo-Saxon, 23, 36, 43, 47, 48, 72, 74, 75, 79, 117, 126, 165, 177, 223, 230, 233, 240, 298, 308, 309, 347, 373.
Annar, 178, 237.
Aphrodite, 53, 413.
Apollo, 40.
Arab, 309.
Argos, 72, 87.
Asa-bridge, 189, 301.
Asaheim, 54, 187, 208.
Asas (a people), 232.
Asgard, 35, 36, 38, 40, 101, 123, 126, 182, 185, 217, 221, 233, 234, 250, 274-277, 287, 289, 300, 302, 303, 308, 323, 332, 337, 392, 429.
Asia, 81.
Ask, 82, 100, 183, 185, 187, 196.
Atle, 377, 396.
Athens, 59, 92.
Aud, 156, 178.
Audhumbla, 173, 174, 195.
Augustus, 71, 89.
Aurboda, 352.
Aurgelmer, 173, 174, 194.
Austre, 183.
Avon, 78.
B
Babel, 82, 175.
Balder, 29, 39, 49, 53, 54, 57, 60, 64, 65, 82, 84, 90, 96, 98, 106, 109, 110, 113, 121, 123, 124, 185, 186, 189, 193, 208, 222, 229, 237-239, 241, 243, 244, 270, 272, 277-297, 356, 369, 375, 388, 390, 391, 394, 397, 407, 409, 415, 425, 426, 429, 432-434.
Barleycorn (John), 351.
Bascom (Dr. John), 17, 114.
Bauge, 249.
Bele, 345, 354, 423.
Beowulf, 36, 43, 47, 126, 131.
Bergelmer, 173-175, 194.
Berghild, 210.
Berzelius, 28.
Bestla, 174, 254.
Beyla, 357, 399.
Bifrost, 98, 101, 181, 186, 189, 272, 301, 418.
Bil, 182.
Billing, 242.
Bilskirner, 186, 298, 300.
Bjarkemaal, 62.
Björnson (Björnstjerne), 95.
Black Plague, 389.
Black Sea, 82.
Bleking, 226.
Blicher, 402.
Blodughadda, 347.
Boccaccio, 126.
Bodn, 247, 249.
Bolthorn, 174, 254.
Bolverk, 149, 249, 252.
Bor, 174-176, 183.
Boston, 386.
Bous, 244.
Boyesen (Hjalmar Hjorth), 18, 267.
Braalund, 210.
Brage, 90, 96-98, 123, 126, 159, 185, 220, 240 (the skald), 247, 259, 270, 273-278, 369, 398, 399.
Brand, 363.
Breidablik, 186, 279.
Brimer, 430, 434.
Brisingamen, 331, 364, 374, 375.
Brok, 106, 220, 221.
Brynhild, 48, 118, 200, 377, 381, 388, 435.
Bugge (Sophus), 116.
Bull (Ole), 96, 202.
Bure, 174.
Burns (Robert), 351.
Bygver, 350, 351.
Byleist, 374, 375, 422.
Bylgja, 347.
Byrger, 182.
Byzantium, 244.
C
Cambridge (Eng.), 72.
Carpenter (Dr. S. H.), 17, 75.
Carthage, 240.
Carlyle, 27, 37, 47, 54, 69, 72, 205, 266, 336.
Caspian Sea, 82, 232.
Castalian fountain, 72, 97.
Catholic church, 31, 43, 49, 205, 393.
Cato, 88.
Charlemagne, 42.
Chicago, 386.
Christ, 31, 39, 41, 42, 49, 57, 82.
Christian, Christianity, etc., 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 62, 70, 79, 94, 95, 113, 115, 128, 163, 201, 205, 265, 308, 335, 336, 394, 435.
Cicero, 89.
Clarendon press, 72.
Cleasby (Richard), 72.
Colfax, 363.
Cologne, 92.
Constantinople, 65, 92.
Cornwall (Barry) 28, 273.
Correggio, 294.
Creation, 60, 171-187.
Cupid, 367.
D
Daain, 190, 255.
Dan, 105.
Danaides, 64.
Dane, Danish, Denmark, etc., 34, 35, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 60, 72, 83, 108, 233, 240, 322, 347.
Dante, 381.
Danube, 69.
Darwin, 199.
Dasent, 35, 36, 47, 48, 50, 51, 72, 205.
Day, 178, 179, 237.
Decameron, 126.
Declaration of Independence, 92, 129.
Delling, 178, 179, 258.
Delphi, 57.
Demeter, 236, 237, 359.
Demosthenes, 77.
Deucalion, 56.
Dido, 240.
Dorothea, 403-407.
Draupner, 106, 217, 220-223, 238, 288, 289, 299.
Drome, 383, 384.
Duneyr, 190.
Durathror, 190.
Durin, 183, 184.
Dutch, 43, 95.
Duva, 347.
Dvalin, 105, 190, 255.
Dwarfs, 27, 29, 98, 99, 101, 102-109, 175.
E
Edda (Elder), 116-125.
Edda (Younger), 125-127.
Edinburgh, 72.
Egder, 420, 421.
Egil, 326.
Egil Skallagrimson, 367, 394.
Egyptians, 23.
Eikthyrner, 263.
Eir, 241.
Elder, 347, 398.
Eldhrimner, 263, 264.
Elektra, 53.
Elivagar, 97, 172, 173, 305, 307, 323.
Elle, 320, 322.
Ellida, 345.
Else, 397.
Elves, 201.
Elvidner, 382.
Embla, 82, 183, 185, 187, 196.
England, English, etc., 23, 34, 35, 40, 42, 43-48, 52, 59, 65, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 92, 113, 118, 119, 128, 129, 165, 205, 208, 233, 301, 308, 309, 347, 348, 360, 389.
Ennius, 89.
Erik Blood-ax, 392.
Eros, 69.
Etrurian, 74.
Europe, European, etc., 35, 48, 49, 51, 52, 59, 68, 71, 75, 77, 92, 99, 111, 113, 120, 129, 164, 233, 327, 360, 389.
Euxinus, 232.
Eve, 82, 390, 436.
Evening, 180.
Eyjafjord, 361.
Eyvind Skaldespiller, 392.
F
Fafner, 375, 377-380, 388.
Fairfax (Harald), 26, 48, 49, 361, 363.
Falhofner, 189.
Farbaute, 374, 375.
Fengr, 219.
Fenris-wolf, 25, 53, 271, 338, 350, 366, 373, 375, 382-387, 402, 409, 414, 417-419, 425-429.
Fensal, 186, 237, 285, 290.
Fimbul-winter, 416.
Fjalar, 133, 247, 248, 250.
Fjolner, 219, 351.
Fjorgyn, 123, 236, 237, 423.
Folkvang, 186, 364, 367, 393.
Forenoon, 180.
Forsete, 185, 186, 296, 297.
Forseteland, 297.
Fortuna, 308.
Fraananger Force, 399.
France, French, etc., 34, 41, 42, 48, 65, 75, 92, 113, 155, 232.
Frank, 48, 309.
Freke, 219, 220.
Frey, 46, 98, 104, 106, 108, 109, 122, 165, 185, 200, 221, 231, 237, 239, 274, 288, 301, 341, 348-363, 369, 414, 418, 423, 426.
Freyja, 110, 123, 125, 165, 186, 215, 224-226, 237-239, 274, 276, 288, 303, 308, 328-334 341, 348, 352, 364-368, 374, 394.
Friday, 237, 367, 420.
Fridthjof, 344-346, 360, 396.
Frigg, 53, 98, 121-123, 186, 222, 231, 236-241, 245, 259, 274, 279-281, 285-290, 294, 310, 364, 422, 425.
Frisians, 87.
Frye (W. E.), 322.
Fulla, 110, 238, 274, 289, 295.
Funen, 233, 240, 241.
Funfeng, 347, 398.
G
Gagnraad, 121, 227, 424, 425.
Gaia, 236, 237.
Galar, 247, 248.
Ganglere, 174, 195, 436.
Gardrofa, 239.
Garm, 419-424.
Gausta-fjeld, 33, 66.
Gaut, 228.
Gefjun, 123, 240, 241, 274.
Gefn, 365.
Geirrod, 122, 228, 310-312, 337, 374, 375.
Gelgja, 385.
Genesis, 55, 89, 272.
Gerd, 122, 200, 274, 351-360, 414.
Gere, 219, 220.
German, Germany, etc., 34, 35, 39-49, 59, 72-75, 79, 118, 119, 126, 196, 203, 233, 270, 277, 298, 309, 327, 352, 364, 403.
Gerseme, 364.
Giants, 29, 36, 38-40, 56, 60, 84, 86, 98, 102, 104, 105, 172, 173.
Gibraltar, 69.
Gilling, 247, 248.
Gimle, 54, 101, 128, 185, 187, 269, 393, 430, 434.
Ginungagap, 56, 66, 98, 171, 172, 175, 188.
Gisl, 189.
Gisle Surson, 361.
Gjallar-bridge, 187, 208, 288, 289.
Gjallar-horn, 188, 230, 272, 418, 421.
Gjalp, 311.
Gjol, 172, 187, 288, 385.
Gjake, 380.
Gladsheim, 98, 182, 231, 261, 262.
Glaser, 262.
Gleipner, 271, 384.
Glener, 177.
Glitner, 186, 296, 297.
Glommen, 103.
Glum, 361, 362.
Gnaa, 238, 239, 245.
Gnipa-cave, 419-425.
Gnipa-heller, 387.
Gnipa-heath, 377.
God (the supreme), 24-34, 49, 54, 62, 66, 80, 119, 173, 272, 294, 368, 415, 431, 435.
Goethe, 40, 292.
Goin, 190.
Golden Age, 183.
Goldfax, 302-309.
Goldtop, 189, 272, 288.
Gondul, 267.
Gothic, 23, 33, 42-47, 51, 61, 62, 71, 73, 74, 78, 79, 94, 95, 111-114, 117, 125-129, 165, 205, 208, 235, 273, 308, 327, 370, 371, 390, 395, 407, 408, 415, 436.
Graabak, 191.
Grafvitner, 190.
Grafvollud, 191.
Gram, 155, 377, 378.
Grane, 159, 259, 381.
Greek, Greece, etc., 23-25, 51-79, 81, 87-89, 92, 97, 111-119, 192, 193, 198, 237, 240, 245, 253, 254, 273, 291, 308, 309, 339, 361, 369, 370, 413.
Greenland, 65, 92.
Greip, 311.
Grid, 310, 311, 337, 433.
Gridarvold, 310.
Grimm (the brothers), 35, 39, 45, 86, 240, 352.
Grimner, 90, 122, 176, 178, 181, 219, 220, 227-231, 261, 272, 279, 296, 298, 358, 364.
Grjottungard, 303-307.
Groa, 305-309.
Grundtvig, 16, 19, 60, 227, 240.
Gudrun, 377, 381.
Gullinburste, 106, 288, 301, 348, 363.
Gungner, 159, 220-224, 259, 418.
Gunlad, 91, 132, 148, 149, 200, 246-253.
Gunnar Helming, 362, 388.
Gylfaginning, 126.
Gylfe, 126, 233, 234, 240, 436.
Gymer, 347, 350-359.
H
Haar, 91, 194, 195.
Hagbard, 367.
Hakon, 267-270, 386, 394.
Hákonarmál, 392.
Halfdan Gamle, 365.
Hallfred, 44.
Hallinskide, 271.
Hamarsheimt, 110, 328-336.
Hamder, 62.
Hamlet, 78.
Hamskerper, 239.
Harald Haardraade, 92.
Harald Haarfager. See Fairfax.
Harbard, 122, 123.
Hate Hrodvitneson, 179, 181.
Hauch, 60.
Hávamál, 120, 128-155, 163, 241, 244, 250, 251.
Hebe, 436.
Hebrews, 76, 77, 89.
Hedrik, 363.
Hefring, 347.
Heiddraupner, 159.
Heidrun, 263.
Heimdal, 53, 84, 93, 101, 102, 171, 185-189, 208, 230, 270-273, 288, 331, 357, 366, 369, 375, 419-431.
Heimskringla, 50, 82, 125, 232.
Hekla (Mt.), 34, 100.
Hel, Helheim, Helgate, etc., 63, 84, 124, 128, 172, 187, 200, 205, 208, 229, 238, 270, 280-283, 287-290, 295, 373, 375, 380, 382, 387-397, 409, 415, 418-432.
Helblinde, 374, 375.
Helge, 49, 210, 363, 396.
Helgoland, 297.
Hengist, 48, 233.
Hera, 87, 245.
Herbert, 352.
Hercules, 65, 78, 92, 119, 436.
Hermes, 361.
Hermion, 57.
Hermod, 91, 216, 270, 287-289.
Herodotus, 77, 88.
Hesiod, 118.
Himinbjorg, 186, 272.
Himinbrjoter, 324.
Himinglœfa, 346.
Hindoos, 23, 53, 81.
Hjalmgunnar, 156.
Hjaltalin, 72.
Hjuke, 182.
Hler, 347.
Hlidskjalf, 185, 187, 231, 237, 352, 399.
Hlin, 238, 422, 425.
Hlodyn, 236, 237, 423.
Hnikar, 218.
Hnos, 364.
Hoddropner, 159.
Hoder, 29, 82, 84, 185, 270, 280, 284, 286, 290-292, 388, 414, 429, 432, 434.
Hodmimer, 429, 433.
Hœner, 81, 183, 185, 196, 215, 275, 342, 375, 391, 429-433.
Hofud, 272.
Hofvarpner, 238, 239.
Holstein, 83, 233.
Homer, 52, 77, 88, 89, 116, 118, 119, 267.
Horn, 365.
Horsa, 48, 233.
Howitts (William and Mary), 80, 118.
Hræsvelger, 181, 182, 197.
Hrap, 394.
Hraudung, 310.
Hreidmar, 375-377.
Hrimfaxe, 178, 179.
Hrimner, 244.
Hropt, 158, 261, 429.
Hroptatyr, 228, 258.
Hrotte, 381.
Hrungner, 91, 199, 200, 301-310, 324.
Hrym, 39, 418, 422.
Hvergelmer, 172, 187, 188, 190, 208, 263, 434.
Huge, 317-321.
Hugin, 29, 219, 227.
Hulder, 201.
Humber, 40.
Hunding, 218, 219.
Hymer, 39, 101, 123, 199, 322-328, 344, 397.
Hyndla, 24, 54, 124, 215, 365, 366, 431.
Hyrroken, 287.
I
Ibsen, 95.
Iceland, 25, 34-50, 65, 72, 75, 77, 81, 92, 116, 117, 126, 129, 227, 290, 295, 296, 347, 361-364, 367, 373, 384.
Ida’s Plains, 428, 429.
Idavold, 182-187.
Idun, 90, 98, 109, 123, 273-278, 339, 369, 374, 375, 409.
Ifing, 187.
Iliad, 89, 116, 264.
India, 81, 116.
Ingeborg, 344, 366.
Ingemund, 25, 361, 363.
Ingun, 351.
Ingve, 267.
Instein, 365.
Io, 87.
Iris, 53, 273.
Iron post, 403-407.
Italy, 15, 75, 92.
Ivald, 220, 227, 348.
Ixion, 63.
J
Jack the Giant-killer, 228.
Jafuhaar, 91, 196.
Jalk, 228.
Japhet, 83.
Jarnsaxa, 300-308.
Jarnved, 179, 180.
Jehovah. See God.
Jew, 33, 58.
Jochumson, 167.
Jonsson (Arngrim), 26.
Jord, 178, 236, 237.
Jormungander, 100, 101, 382, 387, 422.
Jotunheim, 38, 91, 101, 110, 177, 183, 184, 187, 196-198, 208, 209, 225, 226, 229, 240, 248, 276, 287, 302, 305, 313, 322, 329-332, 334, 337, 352, 354, 382, 421.
Judas, 82.
Judea, 57.
Jul, 357, 363.
Jupiter, 98, 300.
Jutland, 83, 233, 241.
K
Kadroma, 199.
Keightley (Thomas), 201-205.
Kerlaung, 189, 301.
Ketil, 362.
Keyser (Prof. R.), 47, 86, 126, 128, 130, 163, 164, 390.
Kjotve, 363.
Klio, 253.
Kolga, 347.
Kormt, 189, 301.
Kvaser, 91, 247, 248, 252, 253, 399.
L
Ladrones Islands, 38.
Laing (Samuel), 72, 129.
Laocoon, 327.
Latin, Rome, Roman, etc., 23, 31, 42-44, 49, 68, 71-79, 83, 84, 88-99, 113, 117, 119, 128, 165, 232, 235, 254, 201, 308, 309, 327, 328, 361.
Lanfey, 374, 375.
Lax-aa-dal, 367.
Leding, 383.
Lerad, 263.
Lif, 429, 433.
Lifthrase, 420, 433.
Lightfoot, 189.
Lincoln, 294.
Lit, 288.
Ljosalfahelm, 187.
Lodbrok (Regner), 267.
Loder, 81, 183, 185, 196, 215, 372, 373, 391, 432.
Lodfafner, 150-154.
Lofn, 238, 239, 368.
Loge, 317, 321.
Logrinn, 240.
Loire, 92.
Loke, 28, 29, 38, 65, 81-84, 98, 102-113, 123, 124, 185, 196, 220-226, 237, 260, 275-277, 281, 285, 286, 290, 292, 295, 301, 310-312, 317, 321, 322, 328-336, 338, 344, 349, 350, 351, 371-409, 414, 418-436.
London, 72.
Longfellow (H. W.), 96, 97, 99, 299.
Loptr, 105, 372, 373.
Lord’s Supper, 31.
Luther, 73, 309, 327, 328.
Lybia, 69.
Lynge, 218.
Lyngve, 384.
M
Maane, 177, 182.
Maane (Thorkel), 25, 26.
Maanegarm, 180, 417, 419, 420.
Macbeth, 296, 381.
Magna Charta, 92, 129.
Magne, 29, 300, 301, 305, 308, 309, 429, 432, 433.
Magnússon (E.), 72, 382.
Magnussen (Finn), 352.
Mallet, 232.
Mannaheim, 187.
Mannigfual, 87.
Mardal, 365.
Mars, 73, 89, 98.
Marsh (George P.), 76.
Mars’ Hill, 25.
Maurer (Konrad), 72.
Mediterranean Sea, 76, 347.
Megingjarder, 29, 299, 301, 310.
Meile, 306.
Meinert (H.), 403.
Mercurius, 360.
Mermaid, 204.
Merman, 204.
Midgard, 82, 98, 99, 175-179, 183, 187, 197, 224, 300, 419, 423.
Midgard-serpent, 53, 96, 123, 322-328, 375, 382, 387, 409, 417-419, 426, 428, 429.
Midnight, 180.
Millers, 28.
Milton, 69, 293.
Mimer, 69, 96, 98, 103, 159, 188, 189, 208, 209, 229, 230, 260, 344, 418, 421, 433.
Minerva, 307.
Mithridates, 83, 232.
Mjolner, 28, 79, 101-103, 110, 225, 288, 299, 301, 305, 308, 310, 312, 315, 326, 329, 374, 429, 433.
Mnemosyne, 53.
Mode, 300, 301, 429, 432, 433.
Modgud, 289.
Modsogner, 183, 184.
Möbius, 72.
Mæso-Gothic, 75, 206.
Moin, 190.
Mokkerkalfe, 91, 304-309.
Montesquieu, 129.
Morning, 180.
Morris (William), 72, 382.
Moses, Mosaic, 33, 70, 79, 89, 198, 394.
Müller (Max), 47, 74.
Munch (P. A.) 47.
Mundilfare, 177, 178.
Munin, 29, 53, 219, 227.
Muspel, 181, 350, 354, 418, 422, 425.
Muspelheim, 54, 56, 98, 172, 175, 176, 187, 193, 425, 427.
N
Naastrand, 62, 99, 100, 128, 393, 430, 434.
Naglfar, 178, 417, 418, 422.
Nal, 374, 375.
Nanna, 84, 90, 98, 106, 109, 113, 222, 238, 239, 274, 287, 289, 294, 296, 369, 394.
Nare, or Narfe, 382, 400.
Necks, 203.
Nep, 288, 294.
Nere, 211.
Newtons, 28.
Nida-mountains, 430, 431, 434, 435.
Nidhug, 187, 188, 190, 208, 431-435.
Niebelungen-Lied, 43, 47, 118, 126.
Niflheim, 56, 98, 124, 172, 187, 188, 194, 208, 220, 264, 280, 282, 382, 387, 416.
Niflhel, 389.
Night, 177-179.
Niobe, 57.
Nisses, 203.
Nix, 105.
Njal, 394.
Njord, 123, 185, 186, 200, 231, 239, 274, 277, 333, 341-364, 432.
Noah, 55, 82, 83.
Noatun, 186, 333, 341-343.
Noon, 180.
Nordre, 183.
Normandy, 48, 92.
Norns, 62, 109, 205.
North American Review, 265.
North Sea, 34, 37.
Norve, 177, 179.
Nottingham, 39.
Numa Pompilius, 74.
O
Odense, 233.
Oder, 226, 364-368.
Odin, 24, 26, 29, 35, 40, 49, 53-56, 74, 81-84, 87, 90, 91, 96, 98, 101, 103, 106, 108-113, 116, 120-130, 144, 147, 149, 155-159, 163, 165, 171, 174, 175, 182-189, 193-200, 206, 209, 215-300, 302, 303, 308, 309, 326, 332, 335-339, 347-351, 358, 362-369, 372-376, 382-395, 398-402, 408, 409, 414, 418-434.
Odrœrer, 140, 247-254.
Oehlenschlæger, 95, 108, 322.
Oersted, 28.
Ofner, 191, 228.
Okeanos, 53, 347.
Okolner, 430, 434.
Olaf Geirstada-alf, 389.
Olaf in Lax-aa-dal, 367.
Olaf the Saint, 335, 336.
Ole, 382.
Oller, 244.
Olympos, 53, 54.
Ormt, 189, 301.
Orvandel, 305-307.
Orvar-Odd, 367.
Ottar, 365, 366.
Otté (E. C.), 165.
Oxford, 72.
P
Pæstum, 118.
Paganism, 42, 49.
Palestine, 65.
Pan, 339.
Paris, 92.
Parnassos, 56, 72.
Paul (the apostle), 25, 394.
Pegasos, 227, 308.
Penates, 361.
Pennock (Barclay), 390.
Persephone, 359.
Persia, 81, 396.
Peter, 394.
Petersen (N. M.), 47, 116, 117, 291, 402, 435.
Plato, 77.
Plautus, 89.
Pluto, 81.
Pompey, 83, 232.
Pontus, 83, 232, 347.
Proserpina, 360.
Psyche, 69.
Pyrrha, 56.
Pythia, 57.
Q
Quirinus, 74.
R
Rafnagud, 219.
Rafnkel, 363.
Ragnarok, 25, 60, 61, 66, 84, 96, 100, 102, 120, 123, 230, 272, 273, 285, 338, 339, 351, 354, 366, 386, 387, 392-395, 401, 409, 413-427, 431.
Ran, 98, 103, 110, 245, 343-348, 376, 395.
Rask (Rasmus), 72, 82, 83.
Ratatosk, 190.
Rate, 148, 249-251.
Reformation, 129.
Regeneration, 428-436.
Regin, 375-379.
Reinbert, 403-407.
Rhine, 69, 92.
Ridel, 379, 380.
Rig, 124, 273.
Rind, 236-246, 280, 284, 433.
Ring (King), 346.
Ringhorn, 287, 295.
Rjukan Force, 66.
Rogner, 159, 259.
Rolf Ganger, 48.
Rolleif, 25.
Romance, 58, 70, 75.
Rome, Roman. See Latin.
Romulus, 73, 89.
Roskva, 300, 312, 313, 326.
Rosterus, 243.
Rosthiof, 243, 344.
Rouen 48.
Rudbek, 88.
Rune, 42, 50.
Runeburg, 293.
Rune Song, 254-259.
Runic Chapter, 155, 273.
Russia, 41, 92.
Ruthenians, 243.
S
Sabines, 73, 74.
Saga (Goddess), 186, 253, 369.
Sagas (Histories), 36, 38, 43, 44, 49, 72, 77, 88, 96, 126, 127, 218-223, 227, 235, 295, 360, 361.
Sæger, 182.
Sæhrimner, 69, 263, 264.
Sæming, 234.
Sæmund, 37, 38, 50, 116.
Sars (J. E.), 47.
Saturnus, 165.
Saxo Grammaticus, 82, 232, 243, 244.
Saxon, 40, 42, 48, 233, 240.
Scandinavian, Scandinavia, 34, 35, 40-47, 59, 72, 75, 89, 95, 96, 129, 201, 233.
Scotland, 39, 40, 75, 203.
Scheldt, 92.
Scythia, 232.
Seabold, 361.
Seine, 48, 92.
Seneca, 78.
Sesrumner, 186, 364.
Seva-fjeld, 396.
Shakespeare, 40, 52, 78, 79, 119, 222, 296, 366, 377, 381.
Sibylline, 89.
Sicily, 48.
Sif, 28, 29, 102, 103, 107-109, 220, 221, 300, 301, 303, 308, 333, 374, 375, 399.
Sigdrifa, 128, 129, 155-163, 230.
Sigfrid, 118.
Sigmund, 156, 216, 218, 392.
Sigrun, 396.
Sigtuna, 234, 235.
Sigurd, 48, 130, 155-163, 218, 219, 377-381, 388.
Sigyn, 111, 274, 375, 382, 401, 436.
Silfrintop, 189.
Simul, 182.
Sindre, 106, 107, 220, 221, (Hall, 430, 434.)
Siner, 189.
Sisyphos, 64.
Siva, 81.
Sjofn, 238, 239, 368.
Skaane, 226.
Skade, 200, 277, 341-343, 352, 400, 401.
Skáldskaparmál, 126.
Skeidbrimer, 189.
Skidbladner, 34, 122, 220, 348.
Skilfing, 228.
Skinfaxe, 178, 179.
Skirner, 122, 231, 352-360, 384, 419.
Skjalf, 365.
Skjold, 83, 233, 365.
Skogul, 267, 268.
Skol, 179, 181.
Skrymer, 312-322, 371.
Skuld, 98, 110, 165, 189, 210, 265.
Sleipner, 159, 189, 217, 224-227, 259, 270, 280, 282, 287, 302, 308, 374, 408.
Slid, 387.
Slidrugtanne, 288, 348.
Snorre Sturleson, 38, 50, 82, 116, 125, 232.
Snotra, 238.
Socrates, 88, 368.
Sokmimer, 200.
Sokvabek, 186, 253.
Sol, 177.
Solomon, 89, 120.
Solon, 88.
Son, 247, 249.
Spanish, 38, 65, 75, 92.
Sparta, 59.
Spirit of Laws, 129.
Sterkodder, 199.
Stockholm, 234.
Stephens (George), 23.
Stephens (St.), 403-407.
Stromkarl, 96.
Sudre, 183.
Sulun, 82.
Surt, 172, 338, 351, 418-433.
Suttung, 148, 149, 248-252, 358.
Svadilfare, 224-226.
Svafner, 191, 228, 281.
Svalin, 177, 178.
Svartalf-heim, 187, 376, 384.
Svasud, 180, 182.
Svithjod, 82.
Svolner, 306.
Swedes, 34, 35, 41-47, 83, 126, 226, 233, 234, 240, 241, 244, 362.
Syn, 238, 239.
Syr, 365.
T
Tanais, 232.
Tanngnjost, 299.
Tanngrisner, 299, 301.
Tantalos, 63.
Tartaros, 60, 63.
Taylor, Bayard, 360.
Tegner, 95, 344, 346, 360.
Teutonic, 34-36, 41-52, 70-78, 90, 296, 309, 327, 328.
Thames, 48.
Thaumas, 53.
Theodolf, St., 265.
Thessalian, 57.
Thibet 199.
Thjalfe, 91, 300-326.
Thjasse, 275-277, 342, 352, 374.
Thjodolf of Hvin, 306, 393.
Thjodrœrer, 258.
Thok, 65, 290, 295, 389, 397, 407.
Thor, 26-29, 39, 40, 46, 49, 52, 53, 74, 79, 82, 84, 87, 91, 93, 96, 98-124, 165, 185-189, 220-226, 237, 267, 270, 287, 288, 298-339, 358, 362, 365, 369, 371, 374, 387, 395-400, 406, 418, 426, 429, 432, 433.
Thorgerd, 367.
Thorgrim, 361.
Thorkel, 361, 362.
Thorp, Benjamin, 46, 72.
Thorstein, 396.
Thorwald Krok, 362.
Thorwaldsen, Albert, 436.
Thride, 91, 196.
Throndhjem, 360-363.
Thrudgelmer, 173, 194.
Thrudheim, 186.
Thrudvang, 186, 298, 300, 305, 322, 335.
Thrung, 365.
Thrym, 39, 111, 123, 124, 200, 328-336, 365.
Thrymheim, 342, 343.
Thund (Odin), 228, 255.
Thvite, 386.
Tiberias, 92.
Tityos, 63.
Trent, 39.
Trier, 265.
Trinity, 81, 91.
Trolls, 202.
Troy, 118.
Tryggvesson, Olaf, 44, 360, 363.
Tuesday, 270.
Tver-aa, 361, 362.
Twilight of the gods. See Ragnarok.
Tyndall, 28.
Typhon, 413.
Tyr, 157, 165, 185, 267, 270, 271, 323, 326, 337, 349, 350, 383, 385, 414, 419.
U
Uller, 185, 186, 281, 300-306.
Ulfilas, 206.
United States, 65.
Upsala, 362.
Uranos, 236.
Urd, Urdar-fount, etc., 95, 98, 110, 149, 165, 169, 189, 190, 191, 208, 200, 301.
Utgard, 196, 315, 316.
Utgard-Loke, 316-325, 371.
V
Vafthrudner, 120, 121, 173-181, 227, 290, 291, 424, 425.
Vafud, 228.
Vak, 244.
Vaker, 228.
Valaskjalf, 231.
Vale, 185, 237, 245, 291, 338-340, 382, 400, 409, 429-433.
Valfather. See Odin.
Valhal, 60, 98, 108-112, 122, 128, 185, 215, 216, 224, 230, 231, 237, 261-269, 286, 290, 302-308, 365, 389-394, 415-420.
Valkyries, 69, 110, 112, 265-269.
Valtam, 280, 283.
Vanaheim, 187, 341.
Vandal, 79, 308.
Vanlande, King, 393.
Vans, 341-370.
Var, 238, 239, 334, 368.
Vasud, 180.
Vatnsdal, 361.
Ve, 56, 81, 91, 174, 175, 195, 215.
Vecha, 243, 244.
Vedfolner, 190.
Vedic, 52, 116.
Vegtam, 124, 227, 229, 241, 280-285.
Venus, 237, 308, 367.
Veor, 323.
Verdande, 98, 110, 165, 189, 209.
Vestre, 183.
Vidar, 185, 310, 333-340, 398, 419-433.
Vienna, 403-407.
Vidfin, 182.
Viga-glum, 361, 362.
Vigfusson, Gudbrand, 72.
Vigrid, 418, 425.
Vile, 56, 81, 84, 91, 174, 175, 195, 215, 259.
Vimer, 311.
Vindlone, 180.
Vindsval, 180, 181.
Vinland, 52, 65.
Vingolf, 183, 185, 216, 393.
Volsung and Volsung Saga, 217, 218, 322.
Volund, 124.
Völuspá, 120, 171, 176, 180-183, 209, 229, 230, 273, 290, 424, 431.
Von, 386.
Vonargander, 386.
Voring Force, 66.
W
Wagner, 199.
Welhaven, 95.
Wergeland, 95.
Wiener-wald, 403-407.
Wind-home, 429, 432.
Wisconsin, 245.
Y
Ydaler, 186, 302.
Ygdrasil, 74, 82, 86, 87, 94, 98, 120, 122, 188-191, 205-209, 217, 229, 254, 260, 299, 301, 370, 387, 418-421.
Ygg, 206, 228, 282.
Ymer, 40, 56, 66, 82, 96, 122, 125, 171-176, 183, 194-196, 215, 237, 414, 426.
Ynglings, 233.
Yngve, 233.
Z
Zealand, 240, 241.
Zendavista, 435.
Zeus, 53-56, 236, 245, 307, 413.
● Transcriber’s Notes: ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book. ○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). ○ Footnotes have been moved to follow the chapters in which they are referenced.