CHAPTER XII.

COCHIN CHINA.

For the last two days we have been in sight of the coast of Annam.

When shall we be at Cape St. Jacques? Shall we lose the tide? This is the question which one asks of the other on board. And by 6 a.m. we find ourselves at rest, waiting outside the bar of the river Dannai, for the tide to turn, to ascend inland to Saigon. Saigon is the French capital of Cochin China, or Indo-China, as it is called, and is the chief city of the provinces of Annam, Tonquin, and before long of Gambogia, when the present King dies.

Cape St. Jacques is a pretty green foreland, jutting out into the sea, fringed with cocoa-nut palms, and has a large white hotel, built by the Pilot. Surely by this roadstead upon the hills, courting the breezes of the north-east monsoon, with the ample anchorage in the rear, the French might have fixed the capital of Cochin China. But no. They placed it, as in olden time, far up a tortuous river, with a narrow channel. The delay, and the pilotage, frighten away the ocean greyhounds of commerce.

We weigh anchor. It is one o'clock. The sun is blazing hot, and there is not a breath of air. But it is cool, they say, compared to what Saigon will be. We shall see. Now we are in the winding channel. North, south, east, west, we steer. Larboard! Triboard! Four hours we steam up the river Dannai, with its flat banks of mangrove swamps, and tangle of tropical vegetation, where they say tigers come out to sun themselves on the sands. We sight at length the cathedral towers of Saigon. They are to the right of us. In another instant they will be to the left. Then we appear to have passed them, for we see the town on the starboard quarter.

But at five we are at the quay, which is shaded by avenues of trees, with the hibiscus, blossoming garden of the agent's house opposite--an old temple with rows of fierce-tailed dragons guarding the roof. On the wharf, the usual motley crowd thickening every minute as the news of our arrival spreads, whilst Victorias, drawn by those beautiful, though rat-like, ponies that are bred in Tonquin, are in waiting. These latter only come out at five in the evening, and in the daytime we must be content with the malabars, as the shuttered gharries are called, from the Annamite name of the coachman.

We take the fashionable drive of Saigon, the _tour d'inspection_. Off we go, flying as the wind, past some native houses, built on piles over a green swamp, with waving palms above them. Here flourish the Cochin China pig, the real pig of original breed, with its pink, bow-shaped back, and earth-touching stomach, and the bright-plumaged Cochin China fowls. We should like to buy specimens of the animals that have made Cochin China celebrate at home, but doubt the warmth of our reception on board-ship if we return with them. We cross the bridge, and look over the hundreds of sampans that swarm up this creek of the river; then drive along for a few yards by the steam tramway which connects the China town of Cholons with Saigon, out under the cool wide avenues of the Quai du Commerce, with its arsenal and Bureaux d'Affaires. The roads are as flat and firm as a billiard table.

Beautiful boulevards, wide streets, great cafés, where pale-faced Frenchmen sip absinthe and petits verres. It is Paris. Bravo, La France! But it would be much better for these gay causeurs, to play lawn-tennis, and football, cricket, rackets and rounders, as do the English at Hong Kong, Singapore, and Colombo, thus defying, in large measure, or at least postponing, the action of the tropics. It is thirty years since the French acquired Saigon and Cochin China. At one time it promised to be a prosperous colony. But that day is past. Commercial depression reigns supreme, and France wearies of the large subsidies swallowed up without results by Tonquin. That, though, is not our business. We rather admire the feats of engineering, of laying out, and the horticultural skill.

We see this in perfection in the Jardin d'Acclimitasion, but with a wealth of natural vegetation, how easy it is to make a garden such a paradise as is this. In the deep bend of the river are the green lawns and forest-trees of this botanical garden. There are banyan trees with their trellise curtains of roots sweeping the ground, cacti in a mighty spiky group, standing apart. Single aloes, with their blooming crests, and the palms--they form a palmery of themselves, with the various specimens of cocoa or tree palms, their straight grey stems tufted at the top; of sago palms, with their graceful curving arms, shadowing the lawns; of travellers, with their hands of mighty fingers outspread from the single stem, all and every kind luxuriantly magnificent, a single one of which would assist in making the fortune of a London florist, such as we who see them dwarfed and frozen when exiled to our northern climes, are scarcely able to realize that they are of the same species. There are magnolias and camellias, growing to the height of our forest trees, bamboo clumps, whose single-jointed stems spring equally high, and mimosa trees, with their tender sensitive leaf, as spreading as our chestnuts. And all these trees are banked up with and grow out of brilliant beds of variegated green and yellow crotons, of caladiums, with their enormous boat-shaped leaves of pink oleanders, of crimson hibiscus, and purple bougainvillea, and cconvolvulus, whilst orange and lemon trees, India rubber and mangoes, mingle with the heavy green and yellow melon-like fruit of the pommelo. In the midst of this is an aviary, and cages of rare animals, natives of these tropical regions. We particularly notice the white pigeon, with the single blood-red spot on the bosom.

We wander about in the dusky growth of overpowering luxuriance, which to us appears so supremely beautiful, but which they say in its monotonous green, palls upon you when you live amongst it. We come upon a cool arbour, formed of green lattices overgrown with creepers and passion flower, containing an exquisite fernery, damp and green, with a collection of orchids of the rarest kinds--indeed, we saw several specimens of the hardier ones in purple and yellow, growing on the trees near the wharf. The twilight of this little open-air conservatory is made darker by the enormous bananas outside, under whose pale green sword-like leaves, cluster such heavy bunches of fruit, fifty or sixty on a single stalk.

Night though closes quickly in, and if we would see the Annamite suburbs we must give rein to our impatient little black steeds and bowl swiftly out into the country, by some fields of brilliant pale green rice, where the monster grey water buffaloes, with branching horns laid backwards, strong and patient, are being driven home from working in them, by coolies, hidden under bamboo hats the size of umbrellas. The marshes have been in a measure drained, but the miasma rises thickly from the rice fields, near which cluster the wretched huts of thatched bamboo.

On we go, now through an avenue entirely composed of the glossy leaved magnolia or another of feathery mimosa, broken only by groves of tufted cocoa palms. Then we reach the military boundary, and returning homewards another way, pass the cemetery where many a Frenchman lies low. Along these shady avenues, deep and cool, we see the walled compounds and overgrown gardens of the bungalows of officers and merchants, of whom about 1700 reside in Saigon. We meet many of them out for their evening drive, flying along in Victorias, to gain as much air as possible. There are many smart-looking officers in white uniforms, with their wives by their side--pale French ladies, but in Parisian fashions. Poor things, they appear sickly and enervated, yet robust compared to the shop-keepers, who look, if they do not say so, as if it was trouble enough to rise on the entrance of a customer, without serving them.

But it should be a great colony. The Governor-General's palace is magnificent--a Versailles, with its long flights of steps and spacious balconies. But his Excellency is always at Hanoi, vainly endeavouring to get things straight in Tonquin. The Cathedral, with its dim aisles and stained glass; the Grecian colonnades of the Palais de Justice; the post-offices; the theatre, with its bi-weekly performances; the Officers' Club, where the punkahs are lyslow waving to and fro in the balconies,--all betoken the great intentions of its founders.

And there are statues of Francis Garnier, the intrepid and disavowed explorer of the way to south-western China, and in the centre of the great boulevard, leading to the Governor's palace, we distinguish a very large stout man on a great pedestal, his stomach far protruding. When we come near, we see whom it represents: Gambetta in the fur coat worn in the balloon whence he escaped from Paris during the siege, to instil life into France, with his outstretched finger pointing in the direction of Tonquin, as in the memorable day when he came to the Chamber, and said, 'Messieurs, au Tonkin!' A dying soldier, in the act of falling, is on one side, and a sailor, with a bayonet peeping round as if in search of the enemy, on the other. The reverse side of this fine monument bears the legend: "À Gambetta, le patriote, défenseur de la politique coloniale."

In the evening some went to the opera, Traviata, played by the subsidized company, to distract the garrison. The sight, however, of the house with its myriad waving fans, was enough for us. We could not face the heat.

What an awful night we passed on board! Four steam winches in charge of seventy shouting French, with ports shut, tropical heat, and mosquitoes by the million. It was over at sunrise like a bad dream. But a sorry sight, the languid heavy-eyed passengers, with not a face but was severely wounded, presented next morning; for none had slept, and all had come off worsted in the conflict with those venomous brutes. Glad we were of daylight to go on shore, and set off in a gharry at seven o'clock to the open arcades where the curio shops are. The black woodwork inlaid with mother-of-pearl that comes from Tonquin is very pretty, but otherwise we only see curiosities common to other countries. We drive past gardens, which, as in France, are unrailed and open to the public, to the market square, with its deep red-roofed market hall, where a busy scene of buying and selling is progressing. We notice many French cafés, the familiar little marble-topped tables, looking strange among the palm trees of the gardens. There are many French officers, in solar topees and cotton umbrellas, strolling in the streets, but though the French element predominates, there is a wonderful mixture of races--of Chinese, Annamites with their heads bound in red cloths, Cinghalese with high tortoiseshell comb, and Indians in sarong; and the languages are as varied, for here the Chinese and natives have learnt French, instead of pigeon English.

By nine o'clock the sun on the top of the gharry is overpowering. We are quite overcome by the heat, and abandoning all idea of going by the steam tramway to Cholons, the neighbouring emporium of the Rice of Annam, return on board. But at eleven o'clock the thermometer in the shade registered 95° Fahrenheit, and in the sun about 130°, and we lay on the deck ready to succumb to the awful breathless heat, just existing through the long midday hours of the worst part of the day.

The tropical vegetation of Saigon had entranced us, but its charms faded before the experience of this equatorial temperature by which alone it can be produced. We were grateful when at five o'clock the twenty-four hours' sojourn required by the Government contract were over, and we left Cochin China on our homeward voyage.

It is a long, long journey home to England, this one of 10,000 miles from Shanghai to London--lasting for five weeks.

Day after day goes by with the same routine, until we feel that we are automatons. Passengers come and go at the various ports, but "we go on for ever." Night and day there is heard the ceaseless throbbing of the engines, like the beating heart of some great monster. It lulls you to sleep, keeps you company in the silence of the night, and greets you in the morning, and when we are in port, we unconsciously feel that something is wanting. It is a cheering noise, for every revolution of the screw brings us nearer home; 4368 times does it revolve in one hour, and it takes 3,600,000 revolutions to bring us to Marseilles. We consume 52 tons of coal a day, or 1800 tons for the whole voyage, whilst 8000 kilos of oil are used for the machinery.

The ship is like a floating city with a cosmopolitan population, for we have over twenty different nationalities on board: French, English, German, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Chinese, Dutch, Austrians, Arabians, Indians, etc., and yet all goes smoothly, save for the passing incident of a passionate Frenchman, who came to ask the captain's permission to fight a duel with an officer from Tonquin, for usurping his place at table.

It is a monotonous thirty-six days of life at sea, alternating with frantic rushes to land, when in port, and sometimes sleeping on shore, where, like at Singapore and Colombo, the ship is hermetically sealed for coaling. Then there is dire confusion on board, everyone loses his head, the stewards are beside themselves, and the organization becomes sadly out of gear. We are thankful to put out to sea once more, into the breeze and calm, to sail away into that great trackless space so well defined "as a circle whose centre is everywhere, and whose circumference nowhere."

We touch at Singapore, and spend the night at Government House, noting the growth of the town, and the great improvements since we were there six years ago. Through the Straits of Malacca, past Acheen Head, the extreme westerly point of Sumatra to Colombo--Colombo with its beautiful sea-shore, where amidst palm groves, the blue breakers of the Indian Ocean are ever rolling in, and casting their surf and foam on the golden sands. Through its tropical avenues we drive, past the barracks, where the pipe of the bagpipes is heard, wailing in their far exile, and the handsome Cingalese merchants, with their checked sarongs and tortoiseshell combs, tempt us with precious stones. Mount Adam, with his pillar-like peak, in the centre of Ceylon, does us honour by showing himself (a rare occurrence) as we put out once more to sea, through the magnificent breakwater of Colombo.

Six days' steaming, and we cast anchor under rocky Aden, whose peaks so barren and sterile, are yet picturesquely deformed, and glowing with warm tints of cobalt and carmine. Then we enter the Red Sea, through the Straits of Babelmandeb, by England's key to the Eastern hemisphere, the Island of Perim, and pass fragrant Mocha on the sandy shore.

One hundred hours through this inland sea, and we are at Suez waiting our turn to enter that great highway of nations, that sandy ditch cut through the desert, that connects the eastern with the western globe. In the daytime we have that strange fascination linked to the boundless plain of sand--the mirage flickering on the horizon, the clear pale blue and pink shades that steal over the desert at sundown, with the golden glory of the sunset sinking slowly into the waters of the Bitter Lake, whilst at night the banks of the canal are illuminated by the broad shafts of light, that sweep from the electric lamp in the bows of every ship.

We spend a dreary Sunday at Port Said, amid its dirty streets, rubbishy oriental shops, thievish donkey-boys, and a population which gathers in the scum of the earth.

The Harbour of Alexandria is entered at sunrise next day, and we look in the dull chill of early morning on its quays and forts, its mosqued domes and windmills, but ere the day is really begun we are on our way joyfully cleaving the waters of the Mediterranean, near, so near home now. The chill winds and the grey atmosphere would make us know we are in Europe once more. The hard even-coloured skies of the East, burning with brazen sun, have been left on the other side of the Canal, and now the skies are full of grey and purple clouds, silver-edged, soft and rounded. The Southern Cross has sunk below the horizon, the brilliant starlight nights, with the purple vault of heaven gemmed with diamond stars, have faded into the past.

Now the snow-clad mountains of Candia or Crete rise up from the ocean above low-lying clouds. Then, the danger of avoiding Charybdis to be wrecked on Scylla safely passed, we thread the green Straits of Messina between the toe of Italy and the Island of Sicily. The smoking cone of Etna is invisible, but the little island volcano of Stromboli shoots forth its black column of lava.

The beacon lighthouses of the Straits of Bonifacio mark out our course between the islands of Sardinia and Corsica. And by the next afternoon the vine-terraced mountains and sunny shores of the Corniche are near at hand, with the white villas of Toulon shining in the sunlight.

The last day on board, the last packing, the last dinner, the last evening. What a pleasant bustle of departure, what a feeling of _bonne camaraderie_ prevails! With the contagious sympathy of joy, passengers speak to each other who have held aloof for the whole month's voyage. We are all restless and excited, and only able to discuss the hour of arrival--no, not the hour, it is the half-hours and quarters that we dispute and wager about.

The sun goes down. The great white cliffs--for they are very near to us now--loom up ghostly in the dim twilight; these are bathed in pink reflections from the rosy sky. We see the little chapel perched on high, where the sailors implore the protection of the sainted Mary ere commencing a voyage--the gloomy dungeon fortress of Château d'If on its island, and with the last gleams of daylight we sight the green Prado, the cathedral towers of Notre Dame, and the large seaport of Marseilles.

For two days we linger in the sunny south, under blue skies and warm sunshine, amid the palms, cacti, and hedges of roses.

We reach Paris in time to see the gorgeous obsequies at the Madeleine of Dom Pedro, the ex-Emperor of Brazil. Then ends our second journey round the world with a fearful gale in the English Channel, reaching Charing Cross in the raw cold and fog of a December night.

APPENDIX.

BY

C. E. HOWARD VINCENT, C.B., M.P.

BRITISH AND AMERICAN TRADE IN CANADA.

MEMORANDUM

_Addressed to the Chamber of Commerce and Manufacture of Sheffield upon British and American Trade in the Dominion of Canada and the McKinley Tariff in the United States._

_September, 1891._

INTERNAL TRADE.

1.--It is necessary in the first place to state that the internal trade of Canada has made vast progress during the past decade. Not only is this evident from the numerous factories at the principal centres, but it is corroborated by the rapid extension and development of Toronto, Hamilton, Winnipeg and other towns. Manufacture has taken such rapid strides that not only is a very large proportion of the articles in daily use of home make, but the whole of the iron bridges and much of the plant upon the gigantic railway system, and the greater part of the agricultural machinery are of Canadian construction, but there is a surplusage for export of certain manufactured goods, amounting in the fiscal year ending June, 1890, to 5-3/4 million dollars--upwards of two-fifths of which were purchased by the British flag.

INCREASE OF EXTERNAL TRADE.

2.--The external trade (imports and exports) has also increased from 153 million dollars in 1879, when the "National Policy" was inaugurated by the late Right Honourable Sir John Macdonald, to 218 million dollars in the last statistical year.

IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE EMPIRE.

3.--The imports from the United Kingdom of British and Irish produce have increased from 5,040,524_l._ in 1879, to 7,702,798_l._ in 1889.

In the twelve months, July 1st, 1889, to June 30th, 1890, the purchases by Canada from the British Empire amounted to 45-3/4 million dollars, or only 6-1/2 million dollars less than from the United States with their 60,000,000 of people and conterminous frontier of over 3000 miles, running especially close to the more settled and affluent portions of the Dominion.

This is the more satisfactory when it is considered that less than one-fourth of the British imports were admitted free of a duty averaging 25 per cent. ad valorem, while two-fifths of the American imports were from their nature untaxed.

COMPETITION BETWEEN BRITISH AND AMERICAN FLAGS.

4.--The Union Jack upon the one hand, and the Stars and Stripes upon the other, are practically the only two competitors for the custom of Canada, and they absorb between them 98 million dollars worth of the import trade out of a total of 112 million dollars.

SUPERIORITY OF ENGLAND.

5.--In most of the great lines of manufactured goods, such as in the manufactures of iron and steel: of cutlery; of cotton and silk; of wool and linen; of lead, paper and fur; of hemp, twine and earthenware, as also in hats, gloves, combs, umbrellas, embroideries, ribbons, crapes, oilcloth, iron furniture, fancy articles, and in bottled ale, beer and porter, England more than holds her own against the American Republic.

FOREIGN INTERMIXTURE.

6.--At the same time it is right to observe that a considerable and increasing proportion of the imports officially attributed to British production were in reality of German, French, or other foreign origin, and this to an amount exceeding last year six million dollars.

They were obtained, however, through English distributing houses instead of direct, partly by reason of transit facilities, but mostly on account of the long credit readily accorded.

LEAD OF THE UNITED STATES.

7.--The United States on the other hand take the lead with manufactures of brass and copper; of gutta-percha and India-rubber; of slate, stone, and wood; of cork and glass; of leather and tin ware, as also in edge tools, Britannia metal, bells, brushes, buttons, carriages, clocks and watches, jewellery, musical and surgical instruments, and in agricultural implements.

SHEFFIELD TRADE IN CANADA.

8.--In the staple trades of Sheffield, with the exception of edge-tools, the ascendency of England is fairly well maintained.

CUTLERY.

9.--Especially is this the case with regard to cutlery. Out of 311,897 dollars (say 62,500_l._) worth of table knives, jack knives, pocket knives, and other cutlery imported into the Dominion during the past year, about two-thirds came from the United Kingdom.

Of the remainder the United States supplied 27,900 dollars worth, and Germany 43,500 dollars worth.

Not a few importers of Sheffield cutlery speak anxiously, however, of the growing competition of Newark (New Jersey) and of Germany--especially in the production of attractively got up and elegantly carded knives at low prices.

In Canada itself only one attempt has, I believe, been made to establish a cutlery factory, and this recently at Halifax by a young Sheffield man, assisted by six or eight Sheffield trained artisans. They speak hopefully of their prospects and are meeting with much local encouragement.

PLATED CUTLERY.

It is right to add that although throughout the Dominion the table cutlery bears the names of the leading Sheffield houses, the more easily cleaned plated cutlery is coming into some use. During the past year 919 dozen were imported, to which the United States contributed 774 dozen and Great Britain only 140.

FILES.

10.--In files and rasps the import from England amounted to 34,358 dollars (say 6800_l._), and from the United States to 45,724 dollars.

SAWS.

11.--In saws the United States made even greater headway with a total consignment amounting to 14,000_l._, while Great Britain sent scarcely 600_l._ worth.

EDGE TOOLS.

12.--A like disproportion occurs with regard to edge tools, of which the United States supplied 15,000 dollars worth out of a total external purchase by the Dominion of 18,279 dollars.

This has been explained by the untiring efforts constantly made by American manufacturers and their employés to make all tools more and more adapted for the purpose in view, lighter and more facile to the hand, without the slightest regard to former use, old ideas or customs.

AXES.

13.--It is frequently alleged that Sheffield lost the Canadian axe trade by adherence to the opinion that it was a better judge of the shape of the handle or the chopper than the backwoodsmen whose livelihood depended upon the skilful use of the axe.

This must, however, be legendary, for I am told we never had the Dominion axe trade.

In any case, at the present time nearly all the axes used in the vast lumber industry are of Canadian make, and out of a total import of 6751 dollars worth last year, the whole came from the United States, with the exception of a single axe contributed by France.

SPADES AND SHOVELS.

14.--Of spades and shovels 4000 dollars worth were imported from Great Britain against 6259 dollars worth from the United States.

SCYTHES.

In scythes the two countries each supplied one half of a total import of 6731 dollars worth.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

15.--But in other agricultural implements--ploughs, drills, harrows, forks, rakes, mowing machines, harvesters, etc., America supplied no less than 117,000 dollars worth, against only 4000 dollars worth, from Great Britain.

The explanation given is similar to that I have often heard in Australasia, that the high-priced, solid made, somewhat heavy and durable machines and implements which find favour in England, are unsuitable for Colonists with small capital, who want a cheap, handy and light implement which can be replaced as soon as a year or two brings easier means, and sees improvements perfected.

It is indeed stated in proof of the adoption of like ideas in the mother country that more Ontario-made self-binding reapers have been sold this year in Great Britain than any of English manufacture.

BAR IRON, PIGS, RAILS, ETC.

16.--It is, however, in bar iron; in boiler or other plate iron; in hoop, band, or scroll iron; in iron, in slabs, blooms, etc.; in iron pigs; in railway bars, rails and fish plates; in rolled iron or steel angles, beams, girders, etc.; in sheet iron, and in wrought iron or steel tubing that the United Kingdom asserts the greatest predominance with an importation last year into Canada amounting to 2,356,523 dollars against 642,129 dollars worth from the United States--that is, nearly fourfold.

At Londonderry in Nova Scotia important rolling mills have been established, and at Toronto and elsewhere in Ontario there are prosperous foundries.

MACHINERY.

17.--England though falls back again seriously in machinery, composed wholly or in part of iron, in locomotive, fire, or other engines, and in cast iron vessels, plates, etc., as also in builders', cabinet makers', carriage and harness makers' hardware, and in house furnishing hardware.

In these lines Great Britain supplied Canada with only about 100,000_l._ worth, compared to 500,000_l._ from the United States.

In connection with machinery it may not be amiss to mention the almost invariable practice, throughout the American continent, for all machinery under the control either of the State or public bodies being kept spotlessly clean and as attractive as possible, and, in the case of all stationary engines, allowing the public to see them in operation, from a gallery or other suitable place, so that humble mechanical genius may feast its eyes, and think out problems or improvements, which may advance their authors to wealth, and place further names upon the roll of the world's inventors.

ELECTRO-PLATE AND BRITANNIA METAL.

18.--In electro-plated ware and gilt ware of all kinds the import from Great Britain amounted last year to 51,041 dollars, and to 98,669 dollars from the United States, while in manufactures of Britannia metal (not plated) the importation from America amounted to 40,000 dollars, or eight times that from Great Britain.

PREDOMINANCE OF BRITISH MANUFACTURES OF COTTON AND WOOL.

19.--It is not necessary to examine in like detail the relative trade in the Dominion of Great Britain and the United States in the manufactures which are not located in Sheffield. But it may be mentioned that the purchases by Canada of British cotton goods exceeded three million dollars last year against one-fifth that amount from the United States, in velveteens exceeded 82,000 dollars from Britain against only 356 dollars from America: while the sale to Canadians of British manufactures of wool were over ten million dollars, or too times that of the States.

THE EMPIRE, CANADA'S BEST CUSTOMER.

20.--While, as has been shown, Canada bought last year of Great Britain and Ireland, and British possessions, to an amount exceeding forty-five millions of dollars, the Empire was in return the best customer of the Dominion, purchasing no less than 44,479,992 dollars worth of Canadian products, or 11,156,785 dollars worth more than the United States, and admitting nearly the whole free of all duty.

PREFERENTIAL TRADE WITHIN THE EMPIRE.

21.--It is hardly to be expected that Canada, with her scanty and hard-working population could, with the example of every nation or colony (save one) before her, attempt to raise by direct taxation the twenty-four million dollars of public revenue she now derives from customs duties.

But there can be little doubt that if a preference was obtained for British over foreign goods in the tariff, it would give just that pecuniary advantage calculated to stimulate the undoubted partiality of most British colonists for British made goods, if they themselves are unable to produce them in adequate quantity.

Such preferential trade, large public meetings I have recently addressed in all the principal commercial centres, on behalf of the United Empire Trade League, have declared with practical unanimity and much support from both political parties, that Canada is willing to exchange with the mother country and the Empire, so soon as foreign treaty hindrances (treaties with Belgium and Germany of 1862 and 1865) are removed--it being calculated that no policy would more certainly advance the prosperity, peopling and capitalization of the whole country and the consequent augmentation of customers.

MEANS OF COMMERCIAL NEGOTIATION.

22.--No more effective means either could probably be found to bring about that reduction of the United States tariff wall, so much desired both by the Dominion of Canada and the mother country, for it would furnish her Majesty's representatives with a weapon of commercial persuasion they now wholly lack in negotiating with foreign countries.

EFFECT OF THE MCKINLEY TARIFF.

23.--It may be too early perhaps to judge definitely as to the effect of the McKinley tariff upon British trade in the United States, There can, however, be no doubt that in many industries, and especially among the receivers of wages in the United Kingdom, it will be very serious, and tend still further to extend the disproportion between the sales of America to Great Britain and the purchases by America of British goods, which have stood for some time in the adverse ratio of three to one.

MUCH CHANGE NOT TO BE EXPECTED.

24.--It is necessary, therefore, to say that while the organs of the democratic party in the United States and the sanguine views of American importers who are in personal or correspondence relations with England, encourage a hope that the McKinley tariff will be repealed or considerably modified in the near future, I am convinced that, as matters stand, such belief is to a great extent delusive.

In the first place the democratic majority in the House of Representatives, as at present constituted, is practically powerless in the face of a strong and hostile Senate, with an equal mandate from the people, and in the face too of an antagonistic President, to a great extent independent of either, with all his Ministers and machinery of government.

In the second place democratic leaders and advocates in every locality are eager to protest that they do not now desire free trade, do not dream of admitting duty free the productions of competing foreign workmen, and that they aim only at a reduction of the tariff.

Again, it is now well understood that the alleged rise in prices at the time of the election last year for Congress was artificial and impressed upon voters by skilful wire-pulling--such as the hiring of itinerant pedlars to perambulate the agricultural districts with household wares marked up at double cost; by urging democratic retail dealers to serve their party (and their tills) by demanding greatly increased sums for all goods during the campaign "in consequence of the new tariff."

INDUSTRIAL PROSPERITY IN THE UNITED STATES.

25.--There appears to be little doubt that the Federal Commission now sitting will find that, although in some districts there may have been speculating failures, employment was never upon the whole more plentiful or better remunerated than at the present time. As in Canada so in the United States, it is work which is everywhere seeking hands--and not, as with us, men searching, too often vainly, for employment.

On both sides of the border between Canada and the United States the necessaries of life--wheat, flour, bread, meat, are extraordinarily cheap and excellent, while artisan clothing, so often reputed dear and pressing upon the family purse, is readily obtainable, so old Sheffield men have assured me, in very fair quality at from 8 dollars 50 cents. to 12 or 14 dollars per suit, that is 1_l._ 14_s._ to 2_l._ 16_s._ Indeed, before me is the advertisement of a New York house offering "Jersey Cloth (silk finish, new), blue, black or brown, per suit 14 dollars, quality XXX."

Beyond question the whole standard of industrial life is higher than in Europe--higher too, I am sorry to have to admit, than in Great Britain. Neither poverty nor distress are visible, while drunkenness, so far as it may exist, is kept carefully out of sight.

AMERICAN RECIPROCITY TREATIES.

26.--It will be probably less, however, on the industrial prosperity of American workers, on the success of the high tariff in compelling competitors for the custom of the American people, to employ their capital within the United States, to pay wages to Americans, and use American materials, that the Republican party will appeal next year for a new Presidential lease of power (with what chance of success I do not pretend to prophecy), than upon the unexpected triumph that has attended Section III., or the Reciprocity clause of the McKinley Tariff Act in the hands of Mr. Secretary Blaine.

Already under its provisions free entry for American productions and manufactures has been secured into Brazil--a market taking in 1889 6,232,316_l._ worth of British goods--in exchange for the free entry of the raw materials and other commodities of that Republic so rich in natural wealth.

The same result has been achieved, and will shortly come into force with regard to Spanish possessions, taking together 8,000,000_l._ worth of British products every year.

TO BREAK UP BRITISH TRADE.

27.--This latter treaty is viewed with especial concern in Canada, and the notice of terminating the Anglo-Spanish treaty of commerce which has been given, gives rise to a fear that the Americans will secure the trade with the Spanish Indies heretofore enjoyed by the Dominion.

Both treaties will also very injuriously affect the interests of the fishermen of Newfoundland, who among the Catholic population of Brazil and the territories of Spain seek the principal market for that dried fish, the sale of which, until improved fish trade and other mercantile relations are established with England, as they might easily be, constitutes their principal means of existence.

A like treaty has been concluded with San Domingo, and others are in active negotiation.

The vaunted object is "the breaking up piece-meal of British foreign trade," and whether or no it obtains that aim, the untoward influence these treaties, placing American trade upon a preferential basis, are calculated to exert in that direction, is not, I fear, a circumstance well calculated to induce the masses of the American people, in their present frame of mind, very speedily to destroy the instrument.

EFFECT OF BRITISH INACTION.

28.--It is a paramount duty to direct the attention of the Sheffield Chamber of Manufacture, as a body representative of the commercial and industrial community of Great Britain and Ireland, to this practical aspect of the present situation, lest buoyed up by a vain hope that the markets of the United States will be thrown open, England allows all opportunity to pass of following the example of America and Central Europe in establishing preferential trading relations on mutually advantageous terms. A commercial union richer in its prospects than any attainable by whatever phalanx of foreign nations, lies now, but not for much longer, ready to her hand--that of the British Empire, of a fifth of the entire world, peopled or fostered by her own people, capitalized by her own capital.

Inaction much longer maintained on the part of the mother country will be ascribed by the energetic minds of Greater Britain to callous indifference to Imperial responsibilities, and can have no other effect than to expose Canada, Newfoundland, the West Indies, British Guiana and British Honduras, aggregating not much short of half the area of the Empire, and not impossibly other Colonies, to the temptation of entering instead into commercial alliance with the United States, involving discrimination in favour of foreigners against the British flag, which even the loyalty of the most loyal Colonial subjects of her Majesty the Queen may not, with due regard to their material interests, be able to resist.

AMERICAN PIONEERS OF COMMERCE.

29.--But in any event I must note the amazing energy and push shown by American business houses. On every journey in nearly every quarter of the globe you meet their representatives, who lose no opportunity of skilfully advancing American trade; and while Germany, backed by a vigilant Government, is following closely in the same direction with astonishing results, the reports of her Majesty's Consular officers agree in declaring that the appearance of an English commercial traveller becomes more and more rare.

BOARDS OF TRADE.

30.--American Boards of Trade, corresponding to our Chambers of Commerce, are also very active organizations, sparing neither expense nor trouble.

They occupy a like position in Canada, and in Toronto the Board of Trade--an enthusiastic meeting whereof I had the honour of addressing--has erected a palatial building, where business men meet daily for the mutual exchange of information and views. The turn of the market is recorded from hour to hour from the centres of commerce, and among the members there exists an admirable system of mutual life insurance.

CANADA AS A FIELD FOR BRITISH CAPITAL AND IMMIGRATION.

31.--In conclusion, it is hardly possible to speak of Canada in exaggerated terms as a source from which Great Britain may most readily obtain the larger portion of the supply of corn, meat, and dairy produce, her increased population and diminished agriculture oblige her to purchase from over the sea.

The extremely fertile and virgin soil of the vast region occupied by Manitoba, the North-West Territories, and British Columbia--half the size of Europe, and lying between Lake Superior and the Pacific Ocean--has now been provided by British Canadian enterprise with a complete network of railways, bringing it, so soon as Atlantic communication by Nova Scotia and Newfoundland has been improved, to within fourteen days' steam of Liverpool.

Capital and immigration are alone needed for their development.

A better field for the former could not be found if British Commercial Union made the market secure of foreign caprice, while for steady industry under the old flag, under like institutions, under the same law, no wider scope exists in the universe.

BRITISH TRADE WITH JAPAN.

MEMORANDUM

ADDRESSED TO THE CUTLERS' COMPANY OF HALLAMSHIRE, UPON

BRITISH TRADE WITH JAPAN.

PROGRESS OF JAPAN.

1.--Little idea can be formed of the progress and development of Japan without a personal visit. That the Japanese Empire should have been brought in less than a quarter of a century from barbaric darkness and isolation to a leading place in the civilized world, is not the least remarkable event of the present generation. The fact that this great revolution has been accomplished without the pressure of external war, and practically without internal riot or bloodshed, renders it the more extraordinary.

Some may affect to prefer the old order of things, may think that the transition has been dangerously rapid, may sneer at the wonderful adaptive faculty displayed. This is, however, certain, that in good order and sobriety, in cleanliness and politeness, in industry and contentment, the Japanese are already in the van of nations.

The police, postal, telegraphic, and educational systems are tributes to their capacity, while over 1400 miles of railway are being efficiently worked by native employés.

Care and caution will be undoubtedly very necessary for many years to come. But if reliance upon indigenous talent, and the new law that Japanese industrial undertakings must be represented by Japanese, are not carried to an extravagant point, the next decade or two may see the vast reforms not only matured, but carried onwards to a summit undreamt of, when, in 1868, the country was released from the chains of ages; or even when a score of years later his present Imperial Majesty, the 121st Mikado and Emperor of his race, voluntarily gave the nation one of the clearest constitutions in existence "in consideration of the progressive tendency of the course of human affairs and in parallel with the advance of civilization."

CONCURRENT GROWTH OF BRITISH INTERESTS.

2.--There is nothing more striking in this transformation than the constant growth of British interests in the Empire, with which it has been attended.

ILLUSTRATED BY LARGE NUMBERS OF BRITISH RESIDENTS AND MERCANTILE FIRMS AND PROPORTION OF TRADE AND SHIPPING.

This is clearly illustrated by the following notable facts:--

(_a_) That British residents, numbering 1500 souls, of which two-thirds are males, equal numerically the representatives in Japan of the whole of the rest of the world, excluding the adjacent Chinese.

(_b_) That a like state of affairs exists with regard not only to the number of foreign mercantile firms, located in Japan, but also in the proportion borne by the British flag of the external trade.

(_c_) That since 1868, the first year of the new Japanese era, British shipping in the waters of Japan has, according to the calculation of her Majesty's Consul at Kobé, increased threefold in number and fifteenfold in tonnage. It carried last year two-thirds of the (extra Chinese) foreign trade, and 71 per cent. of the whole, in over 1000 ships inwards and outwards, giving employment to more than 25,000 persons, and this notwithstanding the harassing exclusion of foreign vessels from any share in the large coasting trade between other than the six open ports.

VOLUME OF JAPANESE EXTERNAL TRADE.

3.--The external trade (imports and exports) of Japan has more than doubled in the past ten years. It amounted in 1890 to 138-1/4 millions of silver yen or dollars[2] (say 21,000,000_l._ sterling) against 62-1/4 million yens in 1881. The exports, of which the British Empire took nearly a third, amounted to 54-3/4 million dollars; the imports to 81-3/4 millions.

THE FOREIGN ELEMENT AS A SOURCE OF WEALTH TO JAPAN.

4.--The financial value to the Empire of the foreign commercial houses is shown by the passage, through their agency, of 110 million dollars worth of the total external trade.

There is in addition the expenditure of many thousands of foreign visitors to the natural beauties of the country--of which 70 per cent. are calculated by Mr. Gubbins, secretary for Japanese to Her Majesty's Legation, to be British,--a sum estimated at an extreme minimum of three million dollars a year, or about 500,000_l._

THE PASSPORT SYSTEM AND DISABILITY OF FOREIGNERS.

There is hope that these important considerations may lead ere long to a modification of the stringent passport regulations, and of the disability attaching to the alien tenure of real estate, hindering as it must do the permanent investment of capital.

PROPORTION OF EXTERNAL TRADE WITH SEVERAL FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

5.--Foreign countries shared or divided in 1890 the external trade of Japan in the following proportions:--

(_a_) Great Britain, 32·0 million dollars. (_b_) British Colonial Empire, 27·0 " "

Total British Flag, 59,000,000. dols.

(_c_) United States, 26·0 million dollars. (_d_) China, 14·8 " " (_e_) France, 14·0 " " (_f_) German, 9·0 " " (_g_) Corea (adjacent), 5·6 " " (_h_) Belgium, 1·0 " "

All other countries less than one million dollars each, and aggregating, 9·4 " "

PURCHASES BY JAPAN OF BRITISH GOODS.

6.--The purchases by Japan from the British Empire exceeded 41 million dollars (say 6,750,000_l._), of which 26-1/2 millions worth were obtained from the United Kingdom.

Unfortunately, however, a not inconsiderable proportion of the imports credited to Great Britain, are stated to have been of German, Belgian, or other foreign make, and although obtained through English houses, the advantage to the artisan community at home was thereby materially reduced.

FALSE MARKING.

The observations on this head of Consul Longford, in his report for 1886, are still deserving of attention:--

"While fully recognizing that it is only reasonable and right that English merchants in Japan should go to those producing centres which show the greatest readiness to meet and satisfy their demands, it is at the same time unfortunate that they should import the goods which they obtained from Germany with English marks and chops on them, even though the latter are only intended to acquaint native dealers with the name of the firm supplying them and not in any sense to designate the country of origin or production... for means are thus placed in the hands of the Japanese middlemen or the ultimate retailer, which may aid him considerably in selling (inferior goods) as English."

MERCHANDISE MARKS ACTS.

The enactment in the United Kingdom of the Merchandise Marks Act of 1887, so largely due to the Cutlers' Company, has no doubt modified this evil at its base. It has not, however, stamped it out, partly because foreign goods can still be imported into England, plain and devoid of any indication of origin, and the detection of subsequent false marking by the few dishonest, prior to home sale or foreign exportation, is practically impossible; and partly because few foreign nations have adopted a corresponding law, or if they have, it is rarely enforced.

The Japanese Trade Mark Regulations of October, 1884, do not touch the question, and moreover have been judicially held, so Mr. Consul Hall informs me, not to apply to foreigners or foreign goods.

PURCHASES BY JAPAN OF SHEFFIELD GOODS.

7.--The purchases by Japan from Great Britain of those productions of iron, steel, and hardware, in which Sheffield is mainly interested, compare favourably with those from other foreign nations.

IRON PIG, BARS, RODS, RAILS, ETC.

8.--In pig iron, iron bars, rods, plates, sheets, and rails, Japan bought last year from England 1,424,000 dollars worth (say 235,000_l_.) against one-fourth that amount from Germany, and only 20,000 dollars worth from France. Even this large figure shows some shrinkage on the British import in 1888-89, while the German, although so far behind, has increased.

PIPES AND TUBES.

9.--In iron pipes and tubes Great Britain supplied Japan in 1890 with 159,000 _yen_ worth, out of a total purchase of 166,000 dollars--an increase of 98,000 dollars worth in two years.

NAILS.

10.--In nails, however, Great Britain has fallen behind and given place to Germany. Indeed, her Majesty's Consul at Yokohama says in his report for last year:--

"The consumption of wire nails is steadily increasing. The demand for nail rod is now almost extinct--manufactured nails being taken instead. These nails are now mostly of German, and a few of Belgian origin."

This is corroborated by the purchase from England of nails having fallen from 342,000 dollars worth in 1888 to 134,000 dollars worth in 1890.

SCREWS.

This is the more remarkable as in iron screws, Great Britain holds the market with a supply of 70,000 dollars worth in 1890, against only 2000 dollars worth by Germany, and a like amount by France.

STEEL.

11.--In steel 162,000 dollars worth was obtained from England out of a gross importation amounting to 194,000, France supplying 23,300 dollars worth, and Germany, subject to the observations in paragraph 6, only 3900 dollars.

Mr. Consul Troup has observed "that the steel imported by the Government for the making of barrels at the small-arms factory at Tokio, and for the Osaka arsenal is mostly French, German, or Italian, and at the Yokosuka dockyard there is a certain preference for Creuzot steel."

With the approval of the Minister for Foreign Affairs, whose great courtesy I take leave to acknowledge, and by permission of the Minister of War, I visited the Osaka arsenal to ascertain the cause.

OSAKA ARSENAL.

12.--It is an admirably organized institution with canal service direct to the sea, provided with the best English, German, French, Italian, and Austrian machinery, employing 1400 hands at an average wage of ten pence for a ten hours' day, and turning out 24-ton guns, besides all other material for a standing army, 80,000 strong, formed on the French model with German improvements, and reserves 240,000 in number, but deficient in officers.

ADVANTAGE OF THE METRIC SCALE.

The Director, Lieutenant-Colonel T. Ota of the Imperial Artillery and European trained, was so good as to give me for the Cutlers' Company, on hearing that it included the members of the great iron and steel firms, a complete set of photographs, illustrating the workshops, the guns, and the target experiments. He expressed himself as fully sensible of the excellence of the metal manufactures of Sheffield, and their superiority, both in cost, quality, and workmanship, for original productions. Upon the other hand, though, he frankly said that there was so much risk of error in the measurement by "feet" and by "inches," that it saved much anxiety and trouble, when specific and exact size was required to order from Creuzot, or from Krupp, in the metric scale, adopted by Japan of "mètres and millimètres." One well-known English firm has in consequence, I understand, determined to follow the German example, and to render specifications to foreign governments or individuals in their own lineal and currency calculations.

PARTIALITY OF STUDENTS FOR COUNTRY OF EDUCATION.

13.--In this connection the Consul at Yokohama calls attention to another important matter. He says "the Government official prefers the material of the country where he has received his training."

The Japanese authorities have in the last fifteen years sent large numbers of students to Europe. Many have given since their return solid proof of their industry, perseverance, and natural aptitude. More than one Continental Cabinet has taken an active interest in these students. But not so, I understand, her Majesty's Government. Several have consequently gone to France, Germany, Austria, and Italy, who might with advantage have come to England, as well as those studying ship-building and engineering. It is a matter not to be lost sight of in the future, for there are other backward lands likely to be stimulated by the bright example of Japan, and to endeavour to follow it.

CUTLERY, TABLE KNIVES.

14.--The imports of cutlery have averaged 21,000 dollars (say 3000_l._) during each of the past three years, and practically the whole came from Sheffield. It is a trade capable, I believe, of great development. At the present time, the use of table cutlery is confined to the foreign population and visitors, and to a small proportion of the Japanese, perhaps 100,000 out of the forty millions.

But this number is likely to increase every year, and, indeed, every day, as European ideas, habits, and costume, encouraged, by the imperial Court, the nobility, and the leaders of commerce and thought, gain a firmer foothold. It is illustrated _inter alia_ by the wide adoption of English head gear on the Lop of the native costume, and the consequent importation of a million dollars worth of English hats and caps in the last triennial period.

ENCOURAGEMENT OF TABLE CUTLERY.

At a recent industrial conference with some of my constituents, an artisan asked if nothing could be done to encourage Eastern races to abandon "chop sticks" in favour of knives and forks. The question created some amusement, but it showed much intelligence and acumen. It has since occurred to me that possibly advantage might be taken of the Japanese and Oriental generous custom of present-giving to stimulate a taste for our cutlery, by enabling donors to obtain at a small cost a gift knife and fork, attractively got up either upon a card or in a case. In any case an experiment would not be ruinous.

RAZORS, SCISSORS, AND POCKET KNIVES.

15.--I have obtained for the information of the Sheffield trade, specimens of the razors, scissors, and pocket knives now in use among the Japanese, and shall on my return forward them to the Cutlers' Hall. As will be seen, they are of a very rough and primitive description.

SKILL OF JAPANESE AS CUTLERS.

Time was when, according to Professor Rein, the German scientist sent by the Prussian Government to report upon "The Industries of Japan," "among the nations of Eastern Asia the Japanese were known as skilful workers in iron, which their celebrated armourers transformed into famous weapons of excellent steel. The forging and polishing of swords was a wearisome work demanding much skill and practice. The tempering of the edge was carefully done in the charcoal furnace, the softer backs and sides being surrounded up to a certain point by fire clay, so that only the edge remained outside. The cooling was in cold water. Skilful sword cutlers gained for themselves high social position, and won great glory and fame with their swords."

It now survives only in collections of old weapons. An Imperial edict forbade the carrying of swords, and in a few weeks the most costly arms were a glut in the market.

DEMAND FOR RAZORS.

It is noteworthy that the Japanese very rarely allow any hair to grow upon the face, and the humblest peasant is regularly shaved by the barber, "dry," and with a rude handleless razor.

There is scope here. Indeed, a contract has just been concluded with an English house in Japan, for the supply of a considerable quantity of soft "German" steel, for the blocking out of razors, and I noticed one considerable shop-keeper announcing himself as "manufacturer of all kinds of European hardware."

LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER ENGINES.

16.--In locomotive engines Great Britain supplied Japan in 1890 with 474,000 dollars worth out of a total of 659,000 dollars, Germany following with 81,000 dollars worth, and the United States with rather more than half that sum. In other engines and boilers 253,000 dollars worth came from England out of a total import of 345,000 dollars, while of railway carriages the United Kingdom supplied 10,000_l._ worth, or the whole save 600_l._

ZINC.

17.--In zinc, however, Germany took the lead with consignments amounting to 141,000 dollars against 89,000 from Great Britain. As the prosperity of the country advances the use of zinc, especially for roofing purposes, is likely to increase.

WOOLLENS AND FLANNELS.

18. While in woollen cloths England holds her own in Japan with the supply of three-fifths of a gross import exceeding last year a million dollars, she falls far behind in woollen yarns and flannels. In the former Germany led in the proportion of 3-1/2 to 1, and in the latter by a sale of 715,000 dollars worth out of 927,000 dollars, and I understand that the representative of a well-known English house recently found the trade much overrun and business exceedingly difficult.

APPREHENDED DECLINE OF ENGLISH COTTON TRADE.

19.--It is, however, the cotton trade of Lancashire which is likely to feel a serious change ere long in its relations with Japan. Her Majesty's commercial representatives have given warning of it for some time, and shown not only the danger to be apprehended by English operatives from the competition and cheap labour of India, but also from the establishment of cotton spinning factories in Japan, and the growing preference for the home made article.

In 1885 there were only 62,000 Japanese spindles at work. Now there are over 313,000 in 35 mills. Some have not done well owing to defective management. But others are working day and night. The importation of raw cotton has quadrupled in the last three years, while that of cotton on the seeds has doubled. A million dollars worth of the most improved British spinning machinery was laid down last year, and much attention is being given to the cultivation of the cotton plant, although, owing to the typhoons, with indifferent success.

While British cotton velvets, satins, and handkerchiefs have not lost ground, and grey shirtings, T cloths, and Italian cloths came almost entirely from England, as also turkey reds and victoria lawns, the work of the Japanese mills is evidenced by a decline in the importation of cotton yarns by over three million dollars since 1888, of which two million fell on Great Britain, and a diminution in the purchase of foreign cotton drills by two-thirds. In shawls also there has been a shrinkage.

A FRESH MARKET FOR LANCASHIRE.

It is clear, therefore, that Manchester will have before long to a great extent to replace her Japanese market, of which she had, until lately, a monopoly. This may probably be done most advantageously and effectively in the direction of United Empire trade.

PROPOSED INCREASE OF JAPANESE TARIFF.

20.--Closely allied with this question is the almost certain increase in a year or two of the Japanese tariff. The amount collected at the present time by the Customs Bureau (whose returns are compiled with much care and despatch) comes to about 5 per cent. _ad valorem_ (60 cents per 100 catties or 133-1/3lbs. of steel, and 30 cents per 100 catties of manufactured iron in rods, bars, etc., and 15 cents per 100 catties of pig), and yielded last year 4,488,384 dollars, or nearly double the customs revenue of 1881.

It is highly probable that this rate will be doubled, or even increased to 11 or 12 per cent. in accordance with the demand of national manufacturers and operatives.

POWERLESSNESS OF HER MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT. PARTIALITY OF THE JAPANESE FOR THE ENGLISH.

21.--Under present fiscal conditions in the United Kingdom Her Majesty's Government is powerless to negotiate for a special arrangement as regards England. Were we differently situated it is not impossible that the Emperor's Government might be willing to treat preferentially with Great Britain, not only by reason of the preponderance of British interests in Japan and Japanese waters, but also on account of the popular partiality throughout the empire for our countrymen and their productions. This is evidenced in a thousand ways in the national life of this most attractive people, and not least of all by the adoption of English as the secondary official and commercial language, to an extent so great as to render it ample for travel in all but the remote districts.

A CLOSE ALLIANCE WITH JAPAN MOST DESIRABLE.

22.--It is much to be desired that this feeling may receive all possible encouragement. No question is likely to disturb the harmony of Anglo-Japanese relations, and no alliance is calculated to be of greater mutual advantage to both nations.

FOOTNOTE:

[Footnote 2: The figures are expressed in yen as being more accurate than the taking of an arbitrary rate of exchange, when it is constantly varying to the great inconvenience of commerce. A Japanese yen or dollar fluctuates in value between 3_s._ 2_d._ to 3_s._ 4_d._ An average of 6 dollars 20 cents. is usually obtained for the sovereign.]

"BRITISH INTERESTS IN CHINA."

REPORT TO CENTRAL SHEFFIELD.

Having regard to the apprehension caused by the danger in which foreigners in China have been lately placed, many of my constituents desire to know the result of recent inquiries at Peking and elsewhere, into the condition of affairs as affecting BRITISH TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT. I have the honour, therefore, to submit the following report.

The details have been collected partly from official sources and partly from the views of authorities in various spheres who have favoured me with opinions founded for the most part upon long personal experience.

EXTENT OF CHINESE EMPIRE.

1.--It may be desirable, in the first place, to call to mind the area and population of the Chinese Dominions, and the system of government.

The Empire of China proper is about 1,500,000 square miles in extent, or twelve and a half times the size of the United Kingdom; sevenfold the area of France or of Germany; yet less than one-sixth the British Empire. To this must be added the dependencies of Mongolia, Manchuria, Thibet, &c., say 2,000,000 square miles.

POPULATION.

2.--This vast and productive Empire, bordered upon the West and South-West by the possessions of the British in India and Burmah, and by Thibet; upon the North by Asiatic Russia, and upon the South-East by French Indo-China, is estimated to contain about four hundred millions of what an English authority has described as "the most cheerfully industrious, orderly, and wealthy nation in Asia."

THE EMPEROR OF CHINA.

3.--Over them despotically reigns, from the absolute seclusion enforced by tradition of The Forbidden City at Peking, the youthful descendant of The Conqueror who, two centuries and a half ago, placed for the second time the Tartar sceptre over the Chinese, and assumed the style of "The Son of Heaven."

The Crown does not devolve by primogeniture, but by the posthumously declared selection of the reigning Emperor among the male members of a younger line of the Imperial House.

THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT.

4.--The Central Government is regulated by an Inner Chamber, a Grand Council, and the following six Ministries or Boards: (_a_) Civil Office, (_b_) Revenue, (_c_) War, (_d_) Works, (_e_) Ceremonies, (_f_) Punishments. Each Board is composed of Manchus (Tartars) and Chinese in equal numbers, with two Presidents--a system excluding individual power or responsibility.

The executive orders go from the Throne, and are obtained, according to ancient custom, on petitions presented by the Presidents of Boards or Members of the Grand Council, upon their knees, at or before sunrise,--the course of the Vermilion Pencil of the sovereign being, it is said, much influenced by the Empress Dowager, who, during the Imperial minority of seventeen years, skilfully administered the Regency.

FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

5.--The relations of China with Foreign Powers are conducted through a special Board or office--the "Tsung-Li-Yamen,"--consisting of eleven members of the Grand Council and six Chief Secretaries, a considerable number of whom, with a large retinue of servants, receive, round a sweetmeat-covered table, the official visits of diplomatic representatives. This collective conduct of state business, added to the difficulties of a language which, although monosyllabic, contains over 20,000 characters, and the necessity of all communications passing through interpreters (except in the case of the French Minister, who speaks Chinese), much restrains and practically prohibits the confidential and personal negotiations which, in other countries, so much facilitate the satisfactory conclusion of public affairs.

PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION.

6.--For purposes of provincial administration, China is divided into several Viceroyalties, each invested with a large amount of sovereign power, including taxation, internal order and defence. It is subject, however, to many ingenious checks. In the first place, a Tartar General is attached to each Viceroy, in a semi-independent position, and his assent to many administrative matters is essential. Secondly, there is a rule against the appointment of a Chinese Viceroy over any province or provinces whereof he is a native. There is also the vigilance of a Board of Censors, established 160 years B.C., and theoretically consisting "of the most enlightened, righteous, and firm persons," whose duty it is to warn the Emperor direct of anything done to the public detriment, not excepting even Imperial laches; for the Chinese maxim runs--"To violate the law is the same crime in the Emperor as in a subject."

There are, within the Viceroyalties, 18 provinces, over each of which is an Imperially-appointed Governor, a Treasurer, a Judge and Comptrollers of the Salt Monopoly and the Grain Tribute. Every province is again subdivided into prefectures, departments, districts, and townships under small Mandarins, and into village communes under Headmen.

The territories of Mongolia and Manchuria are administered martially; in Thibet and Corea there are "Residents" representing the Chinese Suzerain.

THE MANDARINATE.

7.--The Mandarinate is not hereditary, save in the case of a few princely families, largely debarred from public life, and the still surviving house of Confucius, which was elevated to a Dukedom, 1500 years after the death of its founder, in 479 B.C.

PUBLIC OFFICES.

Public Offices are filled by nominated Mandarins of various grades. They obtain their posts partly by proficiency in successive urban, provincial, metropolitan, and palace open competitive examinations in Chinese classical lore, and partly by purchase or judicious bribery.

The former literary tests were established twelve centuries ago, and at least 1100 years before merit or study had much place in European patronage.

The brilliant graduate of humble origin rarely lacks, moreover, the pecuniary support necessary for the prosecution of his studies, or for official recognition of his examination laurels. Localities, banks, and capitalists are usually ready to stand behind a man of promise, as an investment, to be liberally recouped by ulterior "squeeze,"--on his attaining place,--smally paid in itself, however exalted, but prolific in indirect sources of enrichment.

INFLUENCE OF THE LITERATI.

8.--Nothing is declared to press so heavily upon the social, political, and national progress of China, as the adverse influence of the "educated" classes. So it was even in the time of the great monarch who, 200 years before Christ, consolidated the Chinese Empire, and built the still-enduring Great Wall, in hopes of thereby defeating Tartar incursions. To overcome the opposition of the Literati, he ordered all their books to be destroyed. But the fact remains that the vigorous heads among the people, who, in other lands, have had to carve their forward path, by agitation and revolution, through the barriers of social rank, caste, and the privileges of wealth, have had for ages in China an open avenue to advancement.

Thus it is that the student tendency, instead of being, as in every other part of the world, in the direction of reform, is applied to the most absolute maintenance of the present system, and to the rejection alike of the methods and appliances of the Western world.

STUDENTS SENT TO EUROPE.

9.--It is true that a few youths have, from time to time, been sent to Europe and America, but their studies have been either cut short, or the palace circle has succeeded in relegating them, on return, to distant posts. Some also have gone back, not imbued, like the Japanese, with ardent enthusiasm for reforms, but apparently more embittered than ever against the foreigner.[3] How little influence they have had, and how little is really known of the West, may be illustrated by the belief said to have been expressed by a provincial functionary in high office, that foreigners came to China, from the barren rock of Europe, to obtain "rice" as a means of subsistence; and to the opinion of another, that we owed scientific progress, not to our own discoveries, but to having obtained a copy of the ancient Chinese classics, saved from the above-mentioned Imperial destruction.

NATIONAL RESULT.

10.--The national result is that, although recent events have hastened forward the completion of a telegraph system, there is throughout the Chinese Empire but one short railway, no proper road communication, and defective attention to the unrivalled waterways, no uniform system of taxation, no reliable administration of justice, no Chinese currency (other than brass cash), no postal system, and little regard for the public health and welfare; yet, wherewithal, there is great respect for private property and the due transmission of the small holdings into which the land is divided.

PROSPECT OF REFORM.

11.--That a people sometimes accounted "the active race of mankind"; as keen and reliable in business as any in the universe; the reputed first inventors of the mariner's compass, of gunpowder, of ink, printing, and paper (which have contributed so much to England's greatness), should be content with such a condition of things may well pass belief. Ambassadors have of late been sent to Europe, Diplomatists, consuls, traders, and missionaries have endeavoured to show the light. The example of Japan is at hand. Yet no man can say, upon any foundation of actual fact, that a change is probable or imminent.

It is true that fully two millions of industrious Chinese emigrants can testify to their speedy acquirement of comparative wealth under happier conditions, despite laws of exclusion in America. The majority are said, however, to return quietly home and settle down (awaiting interment in one of the family burial places which cover the surface of the country and much prevent the sale of land) to that worship of ancestors, filial obedience, and veneration for authority, which are quoted with pride as contrasting favourably "with a society where each generation despises the one which immediately preceded it, and strains after the future without respect to the past."

WANT OF LEADERS.

12.--There is also an undoubted want of men willing to champion, or capable of leading, a party of reform.

The two most conspicuous statesmen in the Empire--and, indeed, the only ones--are the Viceroy of the Metropolitan Province of Chilhi, and the Viceroy of Hupeh.

The former is His Excellency Li Hung Chang, who, for 40 years, has possessed a great and beneficial influence. To the viceregal functions are united those of Grand Secretary of the Empire and Commissioner for Northern Trade, in which capacity His Excellency is consulted on all foreign and naval matters. He has the forts on the Peiho in good order, the troops well trained and armed--not with matchlocks or bows and arrows, as in other viceroyalties, but with modern weapons, replenished from arsenals at Tientsin, under foreign direction. A railway[4] runs, moreover, under English management, to the Gulf of Pechilhi, and its extension to within 14 miles of Peking was once authorized, but subsequently disallowed.

Unfortunately, Li Hung Chang, who has given not a few proofs of his good-will and preference for England, is over 70 years of age, and his brother, the Viceroy of Canton, who also vainly seeks to build a railway to Kowloon, opposite Hong Kong, is still older.

His Excellency Chang Chili Tung, Viceroy of Hupeh and Houan, is a different stamp of man, in the prime of life, and energetic. But the regeneration of the Chinese must be, he contends, by the Chinese, and not by foreigners. To carry out his project of a railway from Hankow to Peking, he was transferred from a superior viceroyalty, and to this end an iron foundry has been established at Hanvang. The rails and the plant are all, however, to be of Chinese make, so that the commencement, not to say the opening of the line, is still in the Greek Kalends.

SECRET SOCIETIES.

13.--The influence of secret societies is also prejudicial to reform. They exist in every province, but their objects are often merely local and devoid of revolutionary aims. Their existence has, however, been put forward upon more than one occasion in extenuation of popular excesses.

Some, moreover, like the "Kolao Hui," or Association of Elder Brethren, mainly formed of disbanded soldiers eager for employment, have spread widely, and could bring about serious trouble. Others, like the "Broken Coffin Society," so well repressed by the British among the vast Chinese population of the Straits Settlements, have predatory aims.

It is not, however, thought that the overthrow of the system of government, or of a dynasty, which has exterminated its rival, is held in serious contemplation, except by extremists, who may, however, get the upper hand. Very summary proceedings and execution tend to damp the enthusiasm of active agitation. Moreover, the difficulty the Southern Provinces, speaking Cantonese, or the Centre and Western Districts, speaking other dialects, have in making themselves understood by Northerners, speaking Mandarin, or the official language,[5] coupled with the practical absence of a press (besides the Official Gazette), restrains revolutionary propaganda by means more effectual than police edicts.

INTERCOURSE WITH FOREIGN NATIONS.

14.--At the same time the intercourse of China with the outer world has undergone frequent change, and especially during the present generation. The leading incentor to French activity in the Far East, says--"Yesterday Chinese trade did not exist for Europe, but to-day it puts thousands of arms in motion in England, and amounts to millions."

This is literally true. The Dutch and the Portuguese were before us. Even as early as A.D. 971, a superintendent was appointed at Ningpo to overlook foreign trade, and before that, there was such a functionary stationed at Canton. Until the latter part of the last century the British flag had hardly appeared. But now we have outstripped the competition of the whole of the world.

Fifty years ago England sent to China barely half a million worth of goods. The first war Her Majesty was obliged to wage in the interests of British trade, brought about the opening of new ports, and in 1844 the English exports to the China Sea exceeded £2,300,000. Then were forced upon us the operations of 1857-58, and the war of 1860, resulting in the Treaty of Peking. Within the next decade British commerce rose to £9,000,000 a year. Now it is half as much again. Apart, then, from the indemnity, and the anterior cession of Hong Kong, become one of the greatest, as well as most beautiful, ports in the world, the cost of the operations has been defrayed many times over in increased wages to British artisans.

BENEFIT TO CHINA.

15.--Nor has the advantage been one-sided. The gain to China has been even greater. The value of the Chinese foreign trade for 1890 is given by Sir Robert Hart, the Inspector-General of the imperial Maritime Customs (an Englishman whose eminent services to China receive universal recognition), at 214 million Haikwan taels (the average value of which, for last year, was 5_s._ 2-1/4_d._), say, in round numbers, £53,000,000, or double the total of a few years age, while in the last decennial period the imports have increased by 48 million taels, and the exports by 9 millions.

TREATY PORTS.

16.--Under various treaties, mainly negotiated by England, twenty-one ports and places have been opened for foreign trade and residence, of which five are on the River Yangtze, penetrating over a thousand miles into the heart of the interior. Two other places were added in 1889, under agreement with France.

At most treaty ports a portion of the urban area has been assigned to the foreign community, who are left free to provide for its regulations--a duty which is usually discharged by the help of tolls on shipping and house rates, as to roads, lighting, public conveyances, and buildings, in a manner which sets the most successful example of municipal work to the neighbouring native administration.

DUTY UPON FOREIGN GOODS.

17.--An import and an export duty, each averaging 5 per cent. _ad valorem_, is levied upon goods conveyed in foreign vessels, which are, upon the other hand, exempted from the "Likin" or war tax, and freely granted transit passes, clearing them from the prefectural tolls, which do not a little to embarrass the native trader in the interior.

The duty upon foreign goods is collected by the Imperial Maritime Customs--a splendid service, employing 700 Europeans and 4000 Chinese. It yielded, in 1890, a revenue of 22 million taels (say £5,500,000) to the Chinese Government, or a third more than ten years ago, and further supervises the lighting and buoying of the coast.

DUTY UPON NATIVE GOODS.

18.--The import and the export duty upon goods conveyed in Chinese junks is levied by the Chinese Customs Service; and it is said that many shipments are so made to escape the vigilance and the higher taxation of the European Administration, and are subsequently transferred to foreign bottoms at Hong Kong or elsewhere.

BRITISH SHARE OF FOREIGN TRADE.

19.--Three-fourths of the entire foreign trade of China fell, last year, to the share of the British Empire, or more, by three million taels, than that done by the entire Continent of Europe and the United States of America. The trade with the United Kingdom, including that passing through Hong Kong, exceeded £15,000,000.

The Commissioners of Customs at Tientsin, Newchwang, Ningpo, and other treaty ports, all speak of "the increased demand for British goods," in spite of much distress last year, owing to floods in many places; and while Shanghai reports that "German figures fall off decidedly," the Commissioner at Kinkiang states that "the British and Chinese had all the trade to themselves."

BRITISH SHIPPING IN CHINESE WATERS.

20.--This fortunate state of affairs is strikingly illustrated by the British shipping in Chinese waters. The red ensign of England, which appeared on the first steamer in the Yellow Sea, in 1830, floated in 1890 upon 16,897 of the 20,530 foreign vessels which entered and cleared at Chinese ports, while the British tonnage amounted to 8/9ths of the whole.

Our next competitors were the Germans, with whom we have so much in common, and who are sparing no effort to develop their China trade. They entered and cleared 2140 vessels last year, or 622 fewer than in 1888, with a diminution of 227,000 tons burthen.

A good proportion of the coast-carrying trade was also done by British-built steamers, carrying the dragon flag, and wholly owned by Chinese merchants. But, with very few exceptions, insurance companies and underwriters insist upon such vessels being commanded and officered by British or Americans. Besides this, the majority of the pilots on the Peiho and other rivers are British, a state of affairs pointing to the necessity of nothing being omitted by the Board of Trade to afford every possible facility to the merchant marine to acquire the technical knowledge necessary to maintain this world-wide reputation of the English for superior nautical skill.

PREPONDERANCE OF BRITISH INTERESTS.

21.--These facts show the enormous preponderance of British interests in China,--a condition of things existing also in Japan,--not only over those of the whole world, but especially as regards those of France, Germany, Russia, or any other European power.

They are corroborated by the establishment in China of 327 British firms, or double the number of the mercantile houses of every other nation, and by the residence at the treaty ports of over 3300 British subjects, out of a total foreign population of about 8000.

Germany comes next with 80 firms and 640 residents; following her, America, with 32 firms; and then France, with 19 firms and 590 persons.

REPRESENTATION OF THE BRITISH PEOPLE.

22.--Under such circumstances the British public cannot be otherwise than glad that Her Majesty the Queen is fitly represented at Peking by what is not unfrequently described in the vernacular as "The Great English Legation."

The consular service of Britain in China is also manned by some three-score officers, each one of whom is an accomplished Chinese scholar, a large majority having passed through the arduous Student Interpreter Course, which is ready to fill junior vacancies, as they occur, with young men evidently as well selected as they are carefully trained.

DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR ASSISTANCE TO BRITISH TRADES.

23.--At the same time it would be idle to deny that, in spite of recent improvements, British traders generally complain in China, as elsewhere, of the lack of diplomatic and consular assistance in the advancement of English trade, and the apparently little official interest shown therein.

The French have a like grievance, and the work of German representatives for their nationals is often cited with envy. It is said, though probably with exaggerated truth, that German Ministers and Consuls are unflagging in their efforts to advance German commercial interests, to show that German traders have government recognition and approval, and that the employment of Germans, instead of English or French, is much appreciated by the Emperor William.

It is possible that the out-of-date view that diplomatic and consular officers are purely political agents may be excessively retained in some instances, and that the assistance rendered by Her Majesty's Consuls to British trade might advantageously receive more encouragement and departmental recognition.

There can be no doubt, however, of the difficulty which would ensue by consular espousal of the interests of a particular firm to the inevitable prejudice of a rival house.

Nor is the prestige small or unimportant which Her Majesty's service derives from the fact that any expressions of opinion, or any advice tendered, are known to be wholly free from any interested motives.

IRON AND STEEL TRADE IN CHINA.

24.--In examining the position in China of particular industries, attention must first be directed to the iron, steel, and hardware trade.

The standard work (Williams' "Middle Kingdom") says:--"Handicraftsmen of every name are content with coarse-looking tools compared with those turned out at Sheffield; but the work produced by some of them is far from contemptible. The bench of the carpenter is a low, narrow, inclined frame, on which he sits to plane, groove, and work his boards, using his feet and toes to steady them. His augers, bits, and gimlets are worked with a bow; but most of the edge-tools employed by him and the blacksmith are similar in shape, but less convenient than our own. They are sharpened with bows, on grindstones, and also with a cold steel like a spokeshave, with which the edge is scraped thin.

"Steel is everywhere manufactured in a rude way, but the foreign importation is gradually supplying a better article."

IMPORTATION OF METALS.

25.--This is illustrated by the importation, in 1890, of 242,000 taels (60,500_l._) worth of steel, besides 800,000 taels worth of iron sheets, plates, bars, hoops, nail rod, pig and old iron, and 500,000 taels worth of copper bars, nails, wire, &c.,--a purchase exceeding 400,000_l._,--the greater part of which was from the United Kingdom.

The Statistical Secretary of the Imperial Maritime Customs states that "iron of all kinds maintained, in 1890, a steady consumption of 1,100,000 piculs (each picul equals 133-1/2 lbs.), and steel rose from 39,000 to 56,000 piculs,--an increase of 43 per cent.,--although it is noticeable that the import is very variable from year to year."

The Commissioner at Newchwang states that "importations of metals advanced to the enormous extent of 113 per cent. over 1889--the most conspicuous being nail rod;" while his colleague at Tientsin speaks of "the increasing demand for manufactured iron nails, which are cheaper and better than those made by native blacksmiths;" and Chin-kiang states, from the Central Provinces--"For iron of all kinds, 1890 totals have not been equalled."

SHEFFIELD ENTERPRISE.

26.--The enterprise of Sheffield has not been behindhand. In 1843, after the Northern ports had been opened, a _Times_ correspondent reported "that an eminent Sheffield firm sent out a large consignment of knives and forks, and declared themselves prepared to supply all China with cutlery. The Chinamen, who knew not the use of knives and forks (or, as they say, abandoned the use of them when they became civilized), but toss the rice into their mouths with chopsticks, would not look at these best balanced knives. They were sold at prices which scarcely realized their freight, and shops were for years afterwards adorned with them, formed into devices, like guns in an armoury."

A somewhat similar fate has attended the efforts of another prominent, but younger firm, whose dust-covered sample cards were shown me in Shanghai.

Although in 1885 Germany sent a considerable quantity of cutlery to Tientsin, Chefoo, and elsewhere, Sheffield evidently meets the demand of foreign residents as regards table articles, for some of our leading names are present at every meal.

DEMAND FOR RAZORS.

27.--The demand for razors is, however, enormous. It is stated that, having regard to the artificially caused excess of the male population, some 180 or 200 millions of men have their heads and faces "painfully" shaved once a week by a razor of the rude specimen I am sending, with others, to the Cutlers' Hall, and which cost about 5 cents, or 2-1/2_d._ Three-quarters of a Chinaman's head is always kept closely shaved, and custom prohibits either whiskers or beards, and even moustaches, unless before then a grandfather!

At Canton, a well-known Hallamshire trade-mark is reported as selling freely on razors at 20 cents. But in other places, more removed from British example, I was assured that it is quite hopeless to induce Chinese barbers to adopt the Sheffield shapes, unless they wish to empty their crowded shops. For the Sheffield-made _Chinese pattern_, however, a vast demand might possibly be brought about by careful agents, if only it can be done at the low price the Chinese are willing to pay.

DEMAND FOR LARGE FORGINGS.

28.--There is already a considerable request for large forgings, and the arsenals under the control of Englishmen are steadfast believers in the undoubted superiority of English manufacture. But all agree that it is nothing compared to what will come when China really begins to go ahead, and to open up for her people the vast wealth of the Empire. The representatives of Messrs. Krupp and of M. Creuzot are very vigilant, active, and skilful.

ADOPTION OF METRICAL MEASUREMENT.

29.--In connection with this matter, it is important to mention that a recommendation is about to go forward from a high authority, to whom attention is paid, that China should adopt, as Japan has already done, the metrical system of measurement of France and Germany. Unless this is fully realized, there may be a loss of valuable business, for although there are measures which render feet and inches in mètres and millimètres with the utmost nicety, foreigners contend that there is sometimes an inevitable plus or minus, which upsets calculations.

WANT OF UNIFORM MONETARY STANDARD.

30.--In the same direction, too, it may not be amiss to give expression to the general mercantile complaint of the absence of a uniform and international decimal monetary system. Not only are many firms ruined by unexpected and often unaccountable fluctuations of exchange between the 29 principal currencies of the world, but the clerical labour involved, not to speak of constant misunderstandings, is stated to be most prejudicial.

This can be appreciated when it is considered that trade in the East is conducted in rupees, piastres, Mexican and American dollars, Japanese yen, silver shoes, shapes, and bars; Haikwan, Shanghai, and Tientsin taels--the latter unrepresented by coins or notes, and all varying in value from day to day. The Shanghai tael, for instance, which was worth 4_s._ 3-1/8_d._, on February 28th, 1890, rose to 5_s._ 3-1/8_d._, by September 5th,--a difference of 23 per cent.,--and fell back again 13 per cent. in the next two months. The rupee, too, worth 2_s._ at par, was at a discount of eightpence in 1889, but early in 1890 all but touched 1_s._ 9_d._, until, in November, it fell to 1_s._ 5-1/2_d._--each penny of fall occasioning not only great loss to individuals, but it is calculated many thousand lacs of rupees to the Indian Government.

It is difficult to say which decimal system has the most advocates,--probably dollars and cents,--but all agree that pounds, shillings and pence, and English coins on which the value is not stated, entail more trouble than any standard.

COTTON GOODS.

31.--The vast present and the enormous future interest Lancashire has in China, as also the British capitalist in India, is shown by the Imperial customs report for 1890. It runs thus:--"Cotton goods bounded upwards in value from 36 million taels in 1889, to 45 millions (say 11,000,000_l._) in 1890--an increase of 25 per cent. Cotton goods of nearly every texture were infected with the general contagion of increase, and expanding in quantity and value, while cotton yarn, and more particularly that from India, poured into China in a higher ratio of increase than ever heretofore, having risen from 108,000 piculs in 1878, to over a million piculs in 1890, representing 19-1/3 millions of taels (say nearly 5,000,000_l._), or 50 per cent. more than in the previous year."

It is not necessary to add anything to this authoritative statement, unless it be that the French efforts to force their "cotonnade" upon the Annamites, by prohibitory duties upon all foreign goods in Indo-China, are unavailing, and that the prospect before Manchester is unlimited so soon as the South-West of China is opened from Burmah. It is tempered only by the establishment of mills to turn Chinese-grown cotton into yarn.

WOLLENS.

32.--In woollen goods there was, in 1890, an importation of 3-1/2 million taels worth--a slight falling off compared with the previous year, mainly in English camlets and lastings.

EXPORT OF SILK.

33.--Nothing, perhaps, more eloquently exhibits the importance of China as a commercial factor in the world, and the necessity of foreign trade to her people, than the silk industry, which employs many tens of thousands of persons. Fifty years ago not a bale was exported, at least to England; but last year over 30-1/4 million taels' worth were sent abroad. Even that large quantity showed a falling away, owing to transient circumstances, of 16 per cent. over the previous year.

THE TEA TRADE.

34.--The staple export of China, and the one with which the Celestial Empire is most closely identified in the popular mind, is, of course, her tea.

In 1670, eighty pounds of China tea were exported into England, and, despite export duties, varying in China and in the United Kingdom from 400 per cent. on the productive cost to 100 per cent. at the present time, the trade increased to 108 million pounds in 1880.

INDIA TEA.

35.--Since then there has, however, been a serious decline, increasing so much, from year to year, as to jeopardize the entire industry. This is declared to be mainly owing to the fortuitous development of tea-planting in India and Ceylon, and to the preference shown by the English consumer for tea of British growth.

Twelve months after the Queen's accession, 400 lbs. of Indian tea were sent to England as an experiment. In 1890 the consignment was over 100,000,000 lbs., and Ceylon sent nearly half as much. The effect has been that, while, in 1865, out of every 100 lbs. of tea sold in England 97 lbs. were Chinese and only 3 lbs. Indian, in 1890 the Chinese proportion had fallen by about 50 per cent., and the cost to the British tea drinker was also in like degree reduced.

One reason put forward by the experts, consulted by the Maritime Customs, is that "a good stout tea, that will stand several waterings, is what suits the mass of English consumers, and this India provides much better than China." The English merchants at Shanghai and Foochow affirm, however, that this greater strength is purchased by the retention of deleterious properties.

APATHY OF THE CHINESE.

36.--It is in vain that the attention of Chinese cultivators has been called to the condition of the tea industry by all concerned. Moreover, four years ago, the Inspector-General of Customs thus addressed the Imperial authorities:--

"To a government, its people's industries must be of higher importance than revenue. I would, therefore, advise that taxes be remitted, in order that industries may be preserved. Think for the people, and forego revenue. Export duties ought to be light, in order that the surplus production of a people may go for sale elsewhere. Import duties, on the contrary, are the duties which ought to be retained; but the use to be made of each commodity ought to be well weighed. If it is something people cannot do without, it ought to be exempt from duty; but if it is a luxury, it ought to be heavily taxed. On the right application of these principles depend the nation's wealth, and the people's too."

Nothing whatever has been done. From Foochow the export has declined by one-half in ten years, and deprived the revenue of a million taels a year, and the people of five million taels in wages. The opinion is indeed general "that the gradual extinction of the China tea trade is practically assured, unless something retards Indian and Ceylon production, or drastic measures are adopted."

The "Shanli," or hill tax; the "Likin," or war tax, and the export duty, are all maintained intact, and the unfortunate Chinese growers have to compete with the untaxed tea of India and Ceylon. What distress is likely soon to ensue may be gathered from the fact that the production of one-half only of the output of the Assam Company, with its few hundred employés, affords the main sustenance of 4500 Chinese families, or, say, about 20,000 persons. They are themselves, moreover, so apprehensive that the introduction of the machinery in vogue in India and Ceylon will diminish employment that the Government has not felt itself strong enough to protect its use.

FOREIGN OPIUM TRAFFIC.

37.--The opium question excites much interest in England. Some philanthropists have feared that the revenue of over 5,000,000_l._ a year, derived by the Indian Government from the licensed and carefully-restricted cultivation of the raw material of the valuable drug, is in major degree responsible for the reported influence upon the Chinese of opium smoking. They may be somewhat reassured by the result of a careful European inquiry, officially instituted throughout the Empire. It shows that imported opium is only smoked by the affluent, the luxurious, and well-to-do, or, at most, by one-third of one per cent. of the population; that is, by about three per thousand.

The annual importation used to amount to an average of 100,000 chests, yielding, for smoking, about 4000 tons of boiled opium. They cost the consumers upwards of 17,000,000_l._, of which 3,000,000_l._ went to the Chinese revenue. But it is a rapidly declining element in Chinese finances, and the deficit may, before long, have to be made up by increasing the duties upon other imports.

NATIVE OPIUM.

38.--Native opium was known, produced, and used in China long before any Europeans began the sale of the foreign drug. The records of the 10th century prove this; and opium figures as an item in the tariff of 1589, and again in a customs list of the 17th century. Hundreds of square miles are devoted to the cultivation of the poppy, which, according to the late Dr. Williams, "is now grown in every province, without any real restraint being anywhere put on it." Native opium sells for half the price of the foreign article, and its smokers are consequently more numerous among the people and younger practitioners (_i.e._, those from 25 to 35 years of age). It is, in short, say the latest reports, "forcing foreign opium out of consumption with triple energy."

NUMBER OF OPIUM SMOKERS.

39.--The best authorities concur that the whole of the smokers, of either foreign or native opium, do not exceed two-thirds of one per cent. of the population, or adding a margin, say, seven per thousand (Replies to Circular No. 64, Second Series, Inspectorate General of Customs)--a state of affairs which is corroborated from the great town of Tientsin, with its million of inhabitants. The Commissioner of Customs reports "that but little opium is consumed, owing to the growing influence of Abstention Societies, the 40,000 members of which neither smoke the drug or tobacco, nor drink liquors of any kind."

EFFECT OF OPIUM-SMOKING.

40.--The effect of opium-smoking, injurious and wasting of vital power though it may be, is certainly not apparent to the ordinary traveller; and the American clergyman, whose work on China, founded on the experience of a life-time, aided by keenest judgment, has been adopted by every foreign legation as the Text Book for aspiring Consuls, thus records his opinion:--

"A dose of opium does not produce the intoxication of ardent spirits, and, so far as the peace of the community and his family are concerned, the smoker is less troublesome than the drunkard. The former never throws the chairs and tables about the room, or drives his wife out of doors in his furious rage; he never goes reeling through the streets or takes lodgings in the gutter, but, contrariwise, he is quiet and pleasant, and fretful only when the effects of the pipe are gone."

MISSIONARY WORK IN CHINA.

41.--The missionary work of endeavouring to reclaim China from the faith which was first introduced 65 years before Christ, and whereof the leading principles are stated as the worship of ancestors and of sky and earth, has become, during the last 30 years, of political as well as of religious importance, for it constantly gives rise, and has done so very lately, to serious international difficulties.

Although there are many who regard the missionaries as doing valuable secular service in accustoming the native population in remote districts to the sight of European faces, and in prompting inquiry as to the source of their evenly balanced and steady lives, constituting them thus as pioneers of trade, it is undoubted that the great majority of foreign residents are openly sceptical as to the fertility of the missionary field. They are especially apprehensive of the effect when the ground is tilled by fragile mothers and young ladies in the teeth of deep and apparently ineradicable prejudice against the public work of women, and particularly in conjunction with the opposite sex, for as an incendiary proclamation, calling on Wuhu "to chase out all the barbarian thieves," ran, "This breach of morality and custom is in itself a violation of the fixed laws of the State."

ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES.

42.--The first missionary labourers were the Italian Jesuits. They came to China three centuries ago, and by toleration some of the least objectionable tenets of Buddhism, and a malicious employment of their European learning, obtained such imperial favour as to be put at the head of the Astronomical Board, and to be employed to build the celebrated summer palace. There seemed, indeed, every possibility, at one time, of the wholesale conversion of the Chinese to the Roman Catholic Church, termed by the Emperor, K'anghi, "the Sect of the Lord of the Sky." But then came Christian dissension, and following it soon, as in Japan, their persecution, slaughter, and expulsion.

Now the Church of Rome is stated to have, in China, 60 Bishops or Vicars Apostolic, some 600 European Priests (of whom 65 per cent. are French), and about 400 Chinese clergy. It claims, also, close upon 700,000 adherents (in Japan the proportion is one in every 905 persons)--a calculation which should, however, be read probably in conjunction with the officially published fact, that of 13,684 baptisms in the metropolitan diocese between August 15th, 1891, and August 14th, 1891, 11,583 were "_baptismi puerorum infidelium in articulo mortis_."

At the same time recognition should be given to the general respect entertained by foreigners of opposing Christian creeds for the life-long devotion to their task, on the slenderest stipend, of the Roman priesthood. Their success as to numbers is also said to be much aided by their care of the mundane interests of the converted, who, loath to continue subscribing to family memorial halls for communication with ancestors, and to extravagant funeral rites, if not also to that support of aged parents which is obligatory on Chinese Buddhists, are shunned by their kindred, and often find private employment, even in foreign families, as impossible to obtain as a public office.

PROTESTANT MISSIONS.

43.--Nor have the Protestant Churches, although later in the field, been backward in sending out representatives. A considerable proportion of the _thirteen hundred thousand_ pounds, which is on an average annually subscribed in the United Kingdom for the support of Foreign Missions, goes from "Darkest England" to China. The United States are even more liberal, and school buildings have been erected by Americans, on an extensive scale, in many places.

Forty-one Protestant Societies were represented in 1890, by 589 men, 391 wives, and 316 single ladies,--a total of 1296 persons, of whom 724 were British, 513 American, and 59 Continental,--assisted by 1660 natives. These numbers may now be slightly larger.

As regards persuasions, 7 per cent. of the Protestant Missions belong to the Church of England, 20 per cent. are Presbyterian, 14 per cent. Methodist, 12 per cent. Congregational, 9 per cent. Baptist, and the larger number, or 38 per cent., unclassified.

There are upwards of 550 Protestant Churches, distributing, in 1889, 700,000 Bibles and 1,200,000 tracts, and over 60 hospitals and 50 dispensaries.

The result of the work since 1842, reported to the Protestant Conference, held in 1890, was, in round numbers, 37,300 communicants (of whom over two-thirds are stated to be Nonconformists), or about one in ten thousand of the population; 19,800 pupils; while 348,000 persons were returned as having received medical aid, or at least to have visited a missionary dispensary--a work which is acknowledged by all to be of the utmost value, to be of real national benefit, and to be appreciated by the people. It is much encouraged by the Rev. Hudson Taylor, himself a surgeon and native of Barnsley, who from Shanghai directs, with great tact, the undenominational China Inland Mission, the members of which adopt, like the Roman Catholics, the Chinese costume, and, like them, are smally remunerated, the expenses of the Mission, exceeding £38,000 a year, being met by unsolicited contributions.

THE RECENT DISTURBANCES.

44.--The disturbances on the Yangtze in 1891, like those at Tientsin in 1870, had for ostensible cause the fixed popular suspicion that the succour of foundlings by the Roman Catholic sisterhoods is for nefarious medicinal purposes. Many of the female children, purposely exposed to die, are necessarily, as indeed in Europe, in a moribund condition when brought in, and the mortality is very high. This is confirmed by the baptismal figures above quoted. The freedom of access, anywhere and to anybody, which is inseparable from Chinese life, and is tolerated, however disagreeable, by the most experienced missionaries, has also sometimes been attended, it is alleged, with difficulty, especially from native converts, and irritation has resulted.

The facts disclosed in the British Parliamentary Paper (C. 6431) appear to be that, on May 9th, 1891, two Chinese nuns were visiting a sick family at Wuhsueh, on the river Yangtze. As the disease of the parents was infectious, they removed the children. On the way to the Mission they met a relation, who demanded their restoration. This being refused, the nuns were taken before a magistrate, who, however, on the requisition of the fathers, immediately released them.

This excited much popular agitation, and three days afterwards, a woman came to the Mission to claim a child alleged to have died therein. As she was accompanied by a small crowd, which assembles in the narrow teeming streets of China on the slightest pretext, admission was _apparently_ refused. Then commenced the work of destruction, costing two Englishmen, who gallantly went from some distance to render help, their lives, and imperilling many others, not only in the locality itself, but, later on, elsewhere on the river. Much foreign property was destroyed, and a very serious state of affairs seemed likely to supervene, for, as _The Times_ recently wrote, and experience has often shown, "Native feelings of hostility, once roused against the white man and whetted by the intoxication of success, cannot be expected to take account of an imaginary dividing line between two spheres."

ANTI-FOREIGN FEELING.

45.--In attributing the outbreak to Chinese hatred of the foreigner, two observations appear in this instance to claim consideration. The first is by Mr. Consul Gardner, in his despatch of June 9:--

"The mob was composed of many hostile from mere ignorance, many from the force of contagion, some from fear of others, a few really friendly, who, like the soldiers, led a lady to a place of safety under pretence of robbing her of a ring, and others who sheltered them from blows, while very few deliberately meant mischief."

The other is by the Rev. David Hill, a Wesleyan missionary of much experience, who was officially employed to inquire into the facts. Under date June 12th. 1891, he writes:--

"One thing which the sight of the house impressed on me was the evidence which it gave of the hold on the people's mind which the rumours as to the destruction of infant life have gained. On the upper story, the ceiling had been inspected by means of a ladder, which evidently had been brought up for the purpose. On the ground floor the boards of one of the rooms had been fired, and a large aperture made. Below the ground floor the ventilators outside had been torn open, as though search had been made for missing infants, and, of course, the lath and plaster walls in all the rooms where they might be found were pierced."

This latter view is confirmed by the Rev. Father de Quellec, who, writing in the _Missions Catholiques_, describes how, at another place, on the night of May 23rd, a dead child, from whom the eyes had been removed, was placed on vacant land near the Mission. A crowd assembling next morning, cried out, "It is the European devil who has torn out the eyes and heart of this child!" The house was stormed, but fortunately a magistrate arrived with troops more under command than is usual in China, and the mob was dispersed. "But," adds the Father, "eight out of ten believe that we take out the eyes and store them in the cellars of the Mission."

It is contended that, under such antagonistic circumstances, rescue work should be guided by the greatest care, for otherwise its use, to the prejudice of both missionary efforts and European trade, by reactionaries, is _inevitable_. Their sinister influence, once asserted, may at any moment call into fatally destructive play, as indeed recently, the anti-foreign feeling entertained by a large proportion of the Chinese.

That this anti-foreign feeling exists all agree. It is urged that it must never be forgotten--for what renders it especially serious in China, is the frequent evidence of its being fanned from above--and that the authorities have no efficient machinery of civil order on which reliance can be placed. Nor is the Central Government always able to enforce its will on distant provincial authorities, or even to prevent their varying the orders of the Throne.

At the same time, say others, the hostility may be exaggerated. The employment of over 100,000 Chinese by foreign residents, many in highly confidential capacities, both in the office and the household, and as many more on board foreign ships, tends to confirm the general verdict that the people, in an individual sense, are civil, obliging, and even hospitable towards the foreigner, and well-disposed especially towards the English trader, who treats them fairly good-humouredly, and without offending their national prejudices. This is supported, even from Wuhu itself, for the last Trade Report says: "The trade in goods classed under Foreign Sundries has increased rapidly during the past two years, and shows a gain of 70 per cent."

SUMMARY OF BRITISH POSITION IN CHINA.

46.--It remains but to summarize the position of affairs as regards British interests in China, so far as I have been able to grasp it.

(_a_) That three-fourths of the foreign trade is in British hands, and a still larger proportion of the shipping in Chinese waters.

(_b_) That British commercial firms and residents are in a large majority among the foreign population.

(_c_) That the contiguity to China of British India, Burmah, and Hong Kong, and the large numbers of Chinese residents in British territories, give England an especial interest in the welfare of the Empire, and in the gradual opening of the vast markets in the West, South-West, and Centre.

(_d_) That while British interests outweigh, in their magnitude, variety, and extent, not only those of every other Great Power, but those also of the whole world, Russia upon the North and North-West, and from her adjacent port of Vladivostock; France, her ally, upon the South from Tonquin; and Germany upon the coast, are anxious and watchful competitors.

POLICY OF BRITAIN.

47.--The course of policy best calculated, under such a condition of things, to maintain and extend British commerce is a matter for the Electorate to decide. Those who share the feeling of the majority in Sheffield, that the undeviating conduct of the foreign affairs of the Empire is essential to the expansion of foreign trade and its wealth of home employment, will probably consider--

(_a_) That the British Industrial interests at stake in China, and also in Japan, are too great to be necessarily linked to the comparatively trivial concerns of any other nation.

(_b_) That as they are mainly dependent upon the safety of the resident standard bearers of British trade, Her Majesty's ships in Eastern waters[6] should always be sufficiently numerous and ready at any moment to protect them, unaided, in their persons and property.

(_c_) That the trade route from Europe to Asia, and its line of defence--Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus, Egypt, Aden, Ceylon, Singapore, and Hong Kong--should always be kept in British hands, and secure against any possible attack.

(_d_) That at the same time, no accession of friendly territory being desired, and only mutuality of commerce on equitable terms, the Emperor of China and the Imperial Government should be enabled, by the Queen's representatives, to feel that the support of England will always be forthcoming in any step for the advancement of the Chinese nation, the development of amicable relations, and the security of the Empire against any unwarranted maritime aggression.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 3: A Chinese literate, who had been to Paris for study, expressed his opinions of Europe in the following terms. He freely acknowledged the superiority of our intellectual enterprise, without being at all persuaded that it was a thing for which we were to be envied:--"The eyes of your intelligence," he used to say, "are more piercing than ours, but you look so far that you do not see about you. You have a bold spirit which must make you successful in many things; but you have not enough respect for what deserves to be respected. This perpetual agitation in which you live, this constant want of diversion, clearly indicates that you are not happy. With you, a man is always as if he were on a journey, whereas we like to be at rest. As to your governments, I am willing to believe they have some good in them; but if they suited you as well as ours suits us, you would not change them so often as you do. I am quite sure to find, when I go back to my country, the same institutions as when I left it; and I see that not one of you would guarantee me, for even a couple of years, the solidarity of your government as it is to-day."]

[Footnote 4: Owing to the multitudes of men who find employment in China by tracking or towing junks and boats up and down the rivers, canals, and other waterways, once in a splendid condition, but now much neglected, as also in carrying tea, salt, and other produce on their backs, over paths inaccessible to horse or cart, there is as much, or more, popular prejudice against railways as prevailed in England 60 years ago. One writer says:--"Whenever the effects of our scientific machinery in abridging labour are explained to a Chinaman, the first idea that strikes him is the disastrous effect that such a system would work upon his over-peopled country, if suddenly introduced into it, and he never fails to deprecate such an innovation as the most calamitous of visitations."]

[Footnote 5: It is very common to find that Chinese, meeting on board ship, or elsewhere, with distant countrymen, are obliged to resort to "Pidgeon" or English business jargon as their only means of linguistic communication.]

[Footnote 6: Her Majesty's fleet round China and Japan consists, exclusive of torpedo boats, of 22 ships, aggregating 45,100 tons, with 137 large guns. The next naval power is Russia, with 8 ships and 18,100 tons, and 61 guns. The Japanese have 29 vessels; the Chinese 20, but all with native officers.]

MEMORANDUM UPON THE BRITISH TRADE ROAD TO THE FAR EAST.

1.--The nearest trade road from Europe to the Far East lies through the Suez Canal, down the Red Sea, past Perim, to Aden; thence to Ceylon; from there to Singapore, and to Hong Kong in the China Sea.

2.--As three-quarters of the external trade of both China and Japan is in British hands; as the British residents are nearly equal, numerically, to those of all foreign nations combined; and as British ocean steamers are more numerous than those of the whole world, and eightfold those of Germany, the second on the list, it is only fitting, independently of the possession of India, that this trade route should always be retained, as at the present time, in the hands of England, whose position is greatly strengthened by the possession of Gibraltar, Malta, and Cyprus in the Mediterranean.

3.--So long as this sea road is held intact and properly defended, Great Britain remains the dominant commercial and naval power in the China Sea.

4.--To pass Perim or Aden in the Red Sea, and so gain access to the Indian Ocean, would be almost impossible for any European power at war with England.

5.--Singapore likewise commands, to a great extent, the entrance to, and exit from, the China Sea.

6.--Apart, though, altogether from the active power of fortifications and artillery, torpedoes and submarine mines, there is the equally effective one of want of coal.

7.--Even supposing that Germany, Russia, Austria, or Italy were able to coal at Port Said,--a state of affairs which, while we occupy Egypt, would not be possible in a state of belligerency,--their steamers could not traverse the 7000 miles to the coast of China without fresh fuel; and, against the will of England, this would not be attainable.

8.--France alone, by coaling at Brock, opposite Aden, and Pondicherry, might take the outer channel of Singapore, and so reach Saigon, a distance of 2300 miles; or even Haiphong, in Tonquin, an additional 600 miles; but the vessels could only steam very slowly.

9.--The defensive value to the Empire of the Colonies guarding this great trade road is therefore clear.

10.--But these prosperous Colonies are also commercially valuable to the Empire in themselves, and particularly Ceylon, the Straits Settlements, and Hong Kong.

11.--Ceylon does a trade of 6,000,000_l._ a year with the Empire, whereof half is with the United Kingdom, which she is now supplying with 50,000,000 lbs. of tea annually.

12.--The Straits Settlements have a population of 507,000; and of the external trade of 178 million dollars, 78 millions are with the Empire. There is no public debt, and the Colony contributes (as also Ceylon and Hong Kong) 100,000_l._ a year for its defence, which is now, for the first time, upon a proper footing.

13.--Hong Kong, ceded to the British 50 years ago, has become a port of first-class importance. Although, not barring the approach to the Upper China Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the waters of Japan, it does so to a large extent, in a practical sense owing to the coaling difficulty.

14.--The shipping trade of Hong Kong has doubled in the past 20 years. Of 130 million tons of shipping, passing in and out of the harbour in 1890, 7 million tons were British, 4 million Chinese, and 2-1/2 million foreign. British ships numbered 5500 (an increase of 136, and 400,000 tons in three years); foreign ships numbered 2600 (an increase of 307, and 225,000 tons), and Chinese junks 55,600--a total of 64,000 vessels.

15.--The population of Hong Kong is about 200,000, of which 10,000 are European, and the remainder Chinese. Emigrants from China, to the number of 42,000, passed through the port, and of these, 36,000 were bound for places under the British flag, while 850,000 Chinese visited the island in the course of the year.

16.--The general impression of Hong Kong, in a commercial, maritime, defensive, and picturesque sense, has been fittingly summed up by the late Governor: "It may be doubted whether the evidence of material and moral achievement make, anywhere, a more forcible appeal to eye and imagination, and whether any other spot on the earth is thus more likely to excite, or more fully justifies, pride in the name of Englishman."

17.--Provided, therefore, the British hold firmly by this trade route, and, in friendly alliance with China, do all that is possible to develop mutual trade between Burmah and the Yunnan district, there is nothing to fear from the rivalry of any other power, for so long as South Africa remains loyal to the Empire, the long sea road by the Cape is absolutely impossible to any other nation. If, however, the short route be cut off at its base, by the British abandonment of the magnificent mercantile position established in Egypt, not only will the labour of ten years be thrown away, but the whole of the gigantic trade with the East be imperilled.

18.--The only foreign powers capable of injuring us, in a naval sense, in Chinese waters are Russia and the United States. The former has a formidable fleet, based upon the splendid fortified harbour of Vladivostock, and could move land forces upon Corea. The reinforcement of the squadron from Europe should, however, be impracticable. As regards the United States, hostility is happily not a likely contingency; but, in any case, the 4500 miles across the stormy Pacific Ocean, devoid of any coaling station, unless it be Honolulu, is a formidable barrier.

C. E. HOWARD VINCENT.

21, 12, 1891.

40,000 MILES

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BOYESEN, H. H., _Against Heavy Odds_, 5_s._

---- _History of Norway_, 7_s._ 6_d._

BOYESEN, _Modern Vikings, 6s_.

_Boy's Froissart_, _King Arthur_, _Mabinogian_, _Percy_, see "Lanier."

BRADSHAW, _New Zealand as it is_, 12_s._ 6_d._

---- _New Zealand of To-day_, 14_s._

BRANNT, _Fats and Oils_, 35_s._

---- _Soap and Candles_, 35_s._

---- _Vinegar, Acetates_, 25_s._

---- _Distillation of Alcohol_, 12_s._ 6_d._

---- _Metal Worker's Receipts_, 12_s._ 6_d._

---- _Metallic Alloys_, 12_s._ 6_d._

---- and WAHL, _Techno-Chemical Receipt Book_, 10_s._ 6_d._

BRASSEY, LADY, _Tahiti_, 21_s._

BRÉMONT. See Low's Standard Novels.

BRETON, JULES, _Life of an Artist_, an autobiography, 7_s._ 6_d._

BRISSE, _Menus and Recipes_, new edit. 5_s._

_Britons in Brittany_, by G. H. F. 2_s._ 6_d._

BROCK-ARNOLD. See Great Artists.

BROOKS, NOAH, _Boy Settlers_, 6_s._

BROWN, A. J., _Rejected of Men_, 3_s._ 6_d._

---- A. S. _Madeira and Canary Islands for Invalids_, 2_s._ 6_d._

---- _Northern Atlantic_, for travellers, 4_s._ 6_d._

---- ROBERT. See Low's Standard Novels.

BROWNE, LENNOX, and BEHNKE, _Voice, Song, & Speech_, 15_s._; new edit. 5_s._

---- _Voice Use_, 3_s._ 6_d._

---- SIR T. See Bayard Series.

BRYCE, G., _Manitoba_, 7_s._ 6_d._

---- _Short History of the Canadian People_, 7_s._ 6_d._

BUCHANAN, R. See Bayard Series.

BULKELEY, OWEN T., _Lesser Antilles_, 2_s._ 6_d._

BUNYAN. See Low's Standard Series.

BURDETT-COUTTS, _Brookfield Stud_, 5_s._

BURGOYNE, _Operations in Egypt_, 5_s._

BURNABY, F. See Low's Standard Library.

---- MRS., _High Alps in Winter_, 14_s._

BURNLEY, JAMES, _History of Wool_, 21_s._

BUTLER, COL. SIR W. F., _Campaign of the Cataracts_, 18_s._

---- _Red Cloud_, 7_s._ 6_d._ & 5_s._

---- See also Low's Standard Books.

BUXTON, ETHEL M. WILMOT, _Wee Folk_, 5_s._

---- See also Illust. Text Books.

BYNNER. See Low's Standard Novels.

CABLE, G. W., _Bonaventure_, 5_s._

CADOGAN, LADY A., _Drawing-room Comedies_, illust. 10_s._ 6_d._, acting edit. 6_d._

---- _Illustrated Games of Patience_, col. diagrams, 12_s._ 6_d._

---- _New Games of Patience_, with coloured diagrams, 12_s._ 6_d._

CAHUN. See Low's Standard Books.

CALDECOTT, RANDOLPH, _Memoir_, by H. Blackburn, new edit. 7_s._ 6_d._ and 5_s._

---- _Sketches_, pict. bds. 2_s._ 6_d._

CALL, ANNIE PAYSON, _Power through Repose_, 3_s._ 6_d._

CALLAN, H., M.A., _Wanderings on Wheel and Foot through Europe_, 1_s._ 6_d._

_Cambridge Trifles_, 2_s._ 6_d._

_Cambridge Staircase_, 2_s._ 6_d._

CAMPBELL, LADY COLIN, _Book of the Running Brook_, 5_s._

---- T. See Choice Editions.

CANTERBURY, ARCHBISHOP. See Preachers.

CARLETON, WILL, _City Ballads_, illust. 12_s._ 6_d._

---- _City Legends_, ill. 12_s._ 6_d._

---- _Farm Festivals_, ill. 12_s._ 6_d._

---- See also Rose Library.

CARLYLE, _Irish Journey in 1849_, 7_s._ 6_d._

CARNEGIE, ANDREW, _American Four-in-hand in Britain_, 10_s._ 6_d._; also 1_s._

---- _Round the World_, 10_s._ 6_d._

---- _Triumphant Democracy_, 6_s._; new edit. 1_s._ 6_d._; paper, 1_s._

CAROVÉ, _Story without an End_, illust. by E. V. B., 7_s._ 6_d._

_Celebrated Racehorses_, 4 vols. 126_s._

CÉLIÈRE. See Low's Standard Books.

_Changed Cross, &c._, poems, 2_s._ 6_d._

_Chant-book Companion to the Common Prayer_, 2_s._; organ ed. 4_s._

CHAPIN, _Mountaineering in Colorado_, 10_s._ 6_d._

CHAPLIN, J. G., _Bookkeeping_, 2_s._ 6_d._

CHATTOCK, _Notes on Etching_ new edit. 10_s._ 6_d._

CHERUBINI. See Great Musicians.

CHESTERFIELD. See Bayard Series.

_Choice Editions of choice books_, illustrated by C. W. Cope, R.A., T. Creswick, R.A., E. Duncan, Birket Foster, J. C. Horsley, A.R.A., G. Hicks, R. Redgrave, R.A., C. Stonehouse, F. Tayler, G. Thomas, H. G. Townsend, E. H. Wehnert, Harrison Weir, &c., cloth extra gilt, gilt edges, 2_s._ 6_d._ each; re-issue, 1_s._ each.

Bloomfield's Farmer's Boy. Campbell's Pleasures of Hope. Coleridge's Ancient Mariner. Goldsmith's Deserted Village. Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield. Gray's Elegy in a Churchyard. Keats' Eve of St. Agnes. Milton's Allegro. Poetry of Nature, by H. Weir. Rogers' Pleasures of Memory. Shakespeare's Songs and Sonnets. Elizabethan Songs and Sonnets. Tennyson's May Queen. Wordsworth's Pastoral Poems.

CHREIMAN, _Physical Culture of Women_, 1_s._

CLARK, A., _A Dark Place of the Earth_, 6_s._

---- Mrs. K. M., _Southern Cross Fairy Tale_, 5_s._

CLARKE, C. C., _Writers, and Letters_, 10_s._ 6_d._

---- PERCY, _Three Diggers_, 6_s._

---- _Valley Council_; from T. Bateman's Journal, 6_s._

_Classified Catalogue of English-printed Educational Works_, 3rd edit. 6_s._

_Claude le Lorrain._ See Great Artists.

CLOUGH, A. H., _Plutarch's Lives_, one vol. 18_s._

COLERIDGE, C. R., _English Squire_, 6_s._

---- S. T. See Choice Editions and Bayard Series.

COLLINGWOOD, H. See Low's Standard Books.

COLLINSON, Adm. SIR R., _H.M.S. Enterprise in Search of Franklin_, 14_s._

CONDER, J., _Flowers of Japan; Decoration_, coloured Japanese Plates, 42_s._ nett.

CORREGGIO. See Great Artists.

COWLEY. See Bayard Series.

COX, DAVID. See Great Artists.

COZZENS, F., _American Yachts_, pfs. 21_l._; art. pfs. 31_l._ 10_s._

---- See also Low's Standard Books.

CRADDOCK. See Low's Standard Novels.

CREW, B. J., _Petroleum_, 21_s._

CRISTIANI, R. S., _Soap and Candles_, 42_s._

---- _Perfumery_, 25_s._

CROKER, MRS. B. M. See Low's Standard Novels.

CROUCH, A. P., _Glimpses of Feverland_ (West Africa), 6_s._

---- _On a Surf-bound Coast_, 7_s._ 6_d._; new edit. 5_s._

CRUIKSHANK, G. See Great Artists.

CUDWORTH, W., _Abraham Sharp_, 26_s._

CUMBERLAND, STUART, _Thought-reader's Thoughts_, 10_s._ 6_d._

---- See also Low's Standard Novels.

CUNDALL, F. See Great Artists.

---- J., _Shakespeare_, 3_s._ 6_d._, 5_s._ and 2_s._

CURTIN, J., _Myths of the Russians_, 10_s._ 6_d._

CURTIS, C. B., _Velazquez and Murillo_, with etchings, 31_s._ 6_d._ and 63_s._

CUSHING, W., _Anonyms_, 2 vols. 52_s._ 6_d._

---- _Initials and Pseudonyms_, 25_s._; ser. II., 21_s._

CUTCLIFFE, H. C., _Trout Fishing_, new edit. 3_s._ 6_d._

DALY, MRS. D., _Digging, Squatting, &c., in N. S. Australia_, 12_s._

D'ANVERS, N., _Architecture and Sculpture_, new edit. 5_s._

---- _Elementary Art, Architecture, Sculpture, Painting_, new edit. 10_s._ 6_d._

---- _Elementary History of Music_, 2_s._ 6_d._

---- _Painting_, by F. Cundall, 6_s._

DAUDET, A., _My Brother Jack_, 7_s._ 6_d._; also 5_s._

---- _Port Tarascon_, by H. James, 7_s._ 6_d._; new edit. 5_s._

DAVIES, C., _Modern Whist_, 4_s._

DAVIS, C. T., _Bricks, Tiles, &c._, new edit. 25_s._

---- _Manufacture of Leather_, 52_s._ 6_d._

---- _Manufacture of Paper_, 28_s._

---- _Steam Boiler Incrustation_, 8_s._ 6_d._

---- G. B., _International Law_, 10_s._ 6_d._

DAWIDOWSKY, _Glue, Gelatine, &c._, 12_s._ 6_d._

_Day of my Life_, by an Eton boy, new edit. 2_s._ 6_d._; also 1_s._

DE JOINVILLE. See Bayard Series.

DE LEON, EDWIN, _Under the Stars and Under the Crescent_, 2 vols. 12_s._; new edit. 6_s._

DELLA ROBBIA. See Great Artists.

_Denmark and Iceland._ See Foreign Countries.

DENNETT, R. E., _Seven Years among the Fjort_, 7_s._ 6_d._

DERRY (Bishop of). See Preachers.

DE WINT. See Great Artists.

DIGGLE, J. W., _Bishop Fraser's Lancashire Life_, new edit. 12_s._ 6_d._; popular ed. 3_s._ 6_d._

---- _Sermons for Daily Life_, 5_s._

DOBSON, AUSTIN, _Hogarth_, with a bibliography, &c., of prints, illust. 24_s._; l. paper 52_s._ 6_d._

---- See also Great Artists.

DODGE, MRS., _Hans Brinker, the Silver Skates_, new edit. 5_s._, 3_s._ 6_d._, 2_s._ 6_d._; text only, 1_s._

DONKIN, J. G., _Trooper and Redskin_; N. W. mounted police, Canada, 8_s._ 6_d._

DONNELLY, IGNATIUS, _Atlantis, the Antediluvian World_, new edit. 12_s._ 6_d._

---- _Cæsar's Column_, authorized edition, 3_s._ 6_d._

---- _Doctor Huguet_, 3_s._ 6_d._

---- _Great Cryptogram_, Bacon's Cipher in Shakespeare, 2 vols. 30_s._

---- _Ragnarok: the Age of Fire and Gravel_, 12_s._ 6_d._

DORE, GUSTAVE, _Life and Reminiscences_, by Blanche Roosevelt, fully illust. 24_s._

DOS PASSOS, J. R., _Law of Stockbrokers and Stock Exchanges_, 35_s._

DOUDNEY, SARAH, _Godiva Durleigh_, 3 vols. 31_s._ 6_d._

DOUGALL, J. D., _Shooting Appliances, Practice, &c._, 10_s._ 6_d._; new edit. 7_s._ 6_d._

DOUGHTY, H. M., _Friesland Meres and the Netherlands_, new edit. illust. 10_s._ 6_d._

DOVETON, F. B., _Poems and Snatches of Songs_, 5_s._; new edit. 3_s._ 6_d._

DU CHAILLU, PAUL. See Low's Standard Books.

DUNCKLEY ("Verax.") See Prime Ministers.

DUNDERDALE, GEORGE, _Prairie and Bush_, 6_s._

_Dürer._ See Great Artists.

DYKES, J. OSWALD. See Preachers.

_Echoes from the Heart_, 3_s._ 6_d._

EDEN, C. H. See Foreign Countries.

EDMONDS, C., _Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin_, new edit. 7_s._ 6_d._ and 21_s._

_Educational Catalogue._ See Classified Catalogue.

EDWARDS, _American Steam Engineer_, 12_s._ 6_d._

---- _Modern Locomotive Engines_, 12_s._ 6_d._

---- _Steam Engineer's Guide_, 12_s._ 6_d._

---- H. SUTHERLAND. See Great Musicians.

---- M. B., _Dream of Millions, &c._, 1_s._

---- See Low's Standard Novels.

EGGLESTON, G. CARY, _Juggernaut_, 6_s._

_Egypt._ See Foreign Countries.

_Elizabethan Songs._ See Choice Editions.

EMERSON, DR. P. H., _East Coast Yarns_, 1_s._

---- _English Idylls_, new ed. 2_s._

---- _Naturalistic Photography_, new edit. 5_s._

---- _Pictures of East Anglian Life_; plates and vignettes, 105_s._ and 147_s._

---- and GOODALL, _Life on the Norfolk Broads_, plates, 126_s._ and 210_s._

---- _Wild Life on a Tidal Water_, copper plates, ord. edit. 25_s._; _édit. de luxe_, 63_s._

---- R. W., by G. W. COOKE, 8_s._ 6_d._

---- _Birthday Book_, 3_s._ 6_d._

---- _In Concord_, a memoir, 7_s._ 6_d._

_English Catalogue_, 1863-71, 42_s._; 1872-80, 42_s._; 1881-9, 52_s._ 6_d._; 5_s._ yearly.

_English Catalogue, Index vol._ 1837-56, 26_s._; 1856-76, 42_s._; 1874-80, 18_s._

---- _Etchings_, vol. v. 45_s._; vi., 25_s._; vii., 25_s._; viii., 42_s._

_English Philosophers_, edited by E. B. Ivan Müller, M.A., 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

Bacon, by Fowler. Hamilton, by Monck. Hartley and James Mill, by Bower. Shaftesbury & Hutcheson; Fowler. Adam Smith, by J. A. Farrer.

ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN. See Low's Standard Books.

ERICHSON, _Life_, by W. C. Church, 2 vols. 24_s._

ESMARCH, F., _Handbook of Surgery_, 24_s._

_Essays on English Writers._ See Gentle Life Series.

EVANS, G. E., _Repentance of Magdalene Despar, &c._, poems, 5_s._

---- S. & F., _Upper Ten, a story_, 1_s._

---- W. E., _Songs of the Birds_, n. ed. 6_s._

EVELYN, J., _An Inca Queen_, 5_s._

---- JOHN, _Life of Mrs. Godolphin_, 7_s._ 6_d._

EVES, C. W., _West Indies_, n. ed. 7_s._ 6_d._

FAIRBAIRN, A. M. See Preachers.

_Familiar Words._ See Gentle Life Series.

FARINI, G. A., _Kalahari Desert_, 21_s._

FARRAR, C. S., _History of Sculpture, &c._, 6_s._

---- MAURICE, _Minnesota_, 6_s._

FAURIEL, _Last Days of the Consulate_, 10_s._ 6_d._

FAY, T., _Three Germanys_, 2 vols. 35_s._

FEILDEN, H. ST. J., _Some Public Schools_, 2_s._ 6_d._

---- Mrs., _My African Home_, 7_s._ 6_d._

FENN, G. MANVILLE. See Low's Standard Books.

FENNELL, J. G., _Book of the Roach_, n. ed. 2_s._

FFORDE, B., _Subaltern, Policeman, and the Little Girl_, 1_s._

---- _Trotter, a Poona Mystery_, 1_s._

FIELD, MAUNSELL B., _Memories_, 10_s._ 6_d._

FIELDS, JAMES T., _Memoirs_, 12_s._ 6_d._

---- _Yesterdays with Authors_, 16_s._; also 10_s._ 6_d._

_Figure Painters of Holland._ See Great Artists.

FINCK, HENRY T., _Pacific Coast Scenic Tour_, 10_s._ 6_d._

FITCH, LUCY. See Nursing Record Series, 1_s._

FITZGERALD. See Foreign Countries.

---- PERCY, _Book Fancier_, 5_s._ and 12_s._ 6_d._

FITZPATRICK, T., _Autumn Cruise in the Ægean_, 10_s._ 6_d._

---- _Transatlantic Holiday_, 10_s._ 6_d._

FLEMING, S., _England and Canada_, 6_s._

_Foreign Countries and British Colonies_, descriptive handbooks edited by F. S. Pulling, M.A. Each volume is the work of a writer who has special acquaintance with the subject, 3_s._ 6_d._

Australia, by Fitzgerald. Austria-Hungary, by Kay. Denmark and Iceland, by E. C. Otté. Egypt, by S. L. Poole. France, by Miss Roberts. Germany, by L. Sergeant. Greece, by S. Baring Gould. Japan, by Mossman. Peru, by R. Markham. Russia, by Morfill. Spain, by Webster. Sweden and Norway, by Woods. West Indies, by C. H. Eden.

FOREMAN, J., _Philippine Islands_, 21_s._

FOTHERINGHAM, L. M., _Nyassaland_, 7_s._ 6_d._

FOWLER, _Japan, China, and India_, 10_s._ 6_d._

FRA ANGELICO. See Great Artists.

FRA BARTOLOMMEO, ALBERTINELLI, and ANDREA DEL SARTO. See Great Artists.

FRANC, MAUD JEANNE, _Beatrice Melton_, 4_s._

---- _Emily's Choice_, n. ed. 5_s._

---- _Golden Gifts_, 4_s._

---- _Hall's Vineyard_, 4_s._

---- _Into the Light_, 4_s._

---- _John's Wife_, 4_s._

---- _Little Mercy, for better, for worse_, 4_s._

---- _Marian, a Tale_, n. ed. 5_s._

---- _Master of Ralston_, 4_s._

---- _Minnie's Mission, a Temperance Tale_, 4_s._

---- _No longer a Child_, 4_s._

---- _Silken Cords and Iron Fetters, a Tale_, 4_s._

---- _Two Sides to Every Question_, 4_s._

---- _Vermont Vale_, 5_s._

_A plainer edition is published at_ 2_s._ 6_d._

_France._ See Foreign Countries.

FRANCIS, F., _War, Waves, and Wanderings_, 2 vols. 24_s._

---- See also Low's Standard Series.

_Frank's Ranche; or, My Holiday in the Rockies_, n. ed. 5_s._

FRANKEL, JULIUS, _Starch Glucose, &c._, 18_s._

FRASER, BISHOP, _Lancashire Life_, n. ed. 12_s._ 6_d._; popular ed. 3_s._ 6_d._

FREEMAN, J., _Melbourne Life, lights and shadows_, 6_s._

FRENCH, F., _Home Fairies and Heart Flowers_, illust. 24_s._

_French and English Birthday Book_, by Kate D. Clark, 7_s._ 6_d._

_French Revolution, Letters from Paris_, translated, 10_s._ 6_d._

_Fresh Woods and Pastures New_, by the Author of "An Angler's Days," 5_s._, 1_s._ 6_d._, 1_s._

FRIEZE, _Duprè, Florentine Sculptor_, 7_s._ 6_d._

FRISWELL, J. H. See Gentle Life Series.

_Froissart for Boys_, by Lanier, new ed. 7_s._ 6_d._

FROUDE, J. A. See Prime Ministers.

_Gainsborough and Constable._ See Great Artists.

GASPARIN, _Sunny Fields and Shady Woods_, 6_s._

GEFFCKEN, _British Empire_, 7_s._ 6_d._

_Generation of Judges_, n. e. 7_s._ 6_d._

_Gentle Life Series_, edited by J. Hain Friswell, sm. 8vo. 6_s._ per vol.; calf extra, 10_s._ 6_d._ ea.; 16mo, 2_s._ 6_d._, except when price is given.

Gentle Life. About in the World. Like unto Christ. Familiar Words, 6_s._; also 3_s._ 6_d._ Montaigne's Essays. Sidney's Arcadia, 6_s._ Gentle Life, second series. _Varia_; readings, 10_s._ 6_d._ Silent hour; essays. Half-length Portraits. Essays on English Writers. Other People's Windows, 6_s._ & 2_s._ 6_d._ A Man's Thoughts.

_George Eliot_, by G. W. Cooke, 10_s._ 6_d._

_Germany._ See Foreign Countries.

GESSI, ROMOLO PASHA, _Seven Years in the Soudan_, 18_s._

GHIBERTI & DONATELLO. See Great Artists.

GILES, E., _Australia Twice Traversed_, 1872-76, 2 vols. 30_s._

GILL, J. See Low's Readers.

GILLESPIE, W. M., _Surveying_, n. ed. 21_s._

_Giotto_, by Harry Quilter, illust. 15_s._

---- See also Great Artists.

GIRDLESTONE, C., _Private Devotions_, 2_s._

GLADSTONE. See Prime Ministers.

GLENELG, P., _Devil and the Doctor_, 1_s._

GLOVER, R., _Light of the World_, n. ed., 2_s._ 6_d._

GLÜCK. See Great Musicians.

_Goethe's Faustus_, in orig. rhyme, by Huth, 5_s._

---- _Prosa_, by C. A. Buchheim (Low's German Series), 3_s._ 6_d._

GOLDSMITH, O., _She Stoops to Conquer_, by Austin Dobson, illust. by E. A. Abbey, 84_s._

---- See also Choice Editions.

GOOCH, FANNY C., _Mexicans_, 16_s._

GOODALL, _Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads_, 126_s._ and 210_s._

---- & EMERSON, _Pictures of East Anglian Life_, £5 5_s._ and £7 7_s._

GOODMAN, E. J., _The Best Tour in Norway_, 6_s._

---- N. & A., _Fen Skating_, 5_s._

GOODYEAR, W. H., _Grammar of the Lotus, Ornament and Sun Worship_, 63_s._ nett.

GORDON, J. E. H., _Physical Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism_. 3rd ed. 2 vols. 42_s._

---- _Electric Lighting_, 18_s._

---- _School Electricity_, 5_s._

---- Mrs. J. E. H., _Decorative Electricity_, illust. 12_s._

GOWER, LORD RONALD, _Handbook to the Art Galleries of Belgium and Holland_, 5_s._

---- _Northbrook Gallery_, 63_s._ and 105_s._

---- _Portraits at Castle Howard_, 2 vols. 126_s._

---- See also Great Artists.

GRAESSI, _Italian Dictionary_, 3_s._ 6_d._; roan, 5_s._

GRAY, T. See Choice Eds.

_Great Artists, Biographies_, illustrated, emblematical binding, 3_s._ 6_d._ per vol. except where the price is given.

Barbizon School, 2 vols. Claude le Lorrain. Correggio, 2_s._ 6_d._ Cox and De Wint. George Cruikshank. Della Robbia and Cellini, 2_s._ 6_d._ Albrecht Dürer. Figure Paintings of Holland. Fra Angelico, Masaccio, &c. Fra Bartolommeo, &c. Gainsborough and Constable. Ghiberti and Donatello, 2_s._ 6_d._ Giotto, by H. Quilter, 15_s._ Hogarth, by A. Dobson. Hans Holbein. Landscape Painters of Holland. Landseer. Leonardo da Vinci. Little Masters of Germany, by Scott; _éd. de luxe_, 10_s._ _6d._ Mantegna and Francia. Meissonier, 2_s._ 6_d._ Michelangelo. Mulready. Murillo, by Minor, 2_s._ 6_d._ Overbeck. Raphael. Rembrandt. Reynolds. Romney and Lawrence, 2_s._ 6_d._ Rubens, by Kett. Tintoretto, by Osler. Titian, by Heath. Turner, by Monkhouse. Vandyck and Hals. Velasquez. Vernet & Delaroche. Watteau, by Mollett, 2_s._ 6_d._ Wilkie, by Mollett.

_Great Musicians_, edited by F. Hueffer. A series of biographies, 3_s._ each:-- Bach, by Poole. Beethoven. [7]Berlioz. Cherubini. English Church Composers. [7]Glück. Handel. Haydn. [7]Marcello. Mendelssohn. Mozart. [7]Palestrina and the Roman School. Purcell. Rossini and Modern Italian School. Schubert. Schumann. Richard Wagner. Weber.

_Greece._ See Foreign Countries.

GRIEB, _German Dictionary_, n. ed. 2 vols. 21_s._

GRIMM, H., _Literature_, 8_s._ 6_d._

GROHMANN, _Camps in the Rockies_, 12_s._ 6_d._

GROVES, J. PERCY. See Low's Standard Books.

GUIZOT, _History of England_, illust. 3 vols. re-issue at 10_s._ 6_d._ per vol.

---- _History of France_, illust. re-issue, 8 vols. 10_s._ 6_d._ each.

---- Abridged by G. Masson, 5_s._

GUYON, MADAME, _Life_, 6_s._

HADLEY, J., _Roman Law_, 7_s._ 6_d._

_Half-length Portraits._ See Gentle Life Series.

HALFORD, F. M., _Dry Fly-fishing_, n. ed. 25_s._

---- _Floating Flies_, 15_s._ & 30_s._

HALL, _How to Live Long_, 2_s._

HALSEY, F. A., _Slide Valve Gears_, 8_s._ 6_d._

HAMILTON. See English Philosophers.

---- E. _Fly-fishing_, 6_s._ and 10_s._ 6_d._

---- _Riverside Naturalist_, 14_s._

HAMILTON'S _Mexican Handbook_, 8_s._ 6_d._

HANDEL. See Great Musicians.

HANDS, T., _Numerical Exercises in Chemistry_, 2_s._ 6_d._; without ans. 2_s._; ans. sep. 6_d._

_Handy Guide to Dry-fly Fishing_, by Cotswold Isys, 1_s._

_Handy Guide Book to Japanese Islands_, 6_s._ 6_d._

HARDY, A. S., _Passe-rose_, 6_s._

---- THOS. See Low's Standard Novels.

HARKUT, F., _Conspirator_, 6_s._

HARLAND, MARION, _Home Kitchen_, 5_s._

_Harper's Young People_, vols. I.-VII. 7_s._ 6_d._ each; gilt 8_s._

HARRIES, A. See Nursing Record Series.

HARRIS, W. B., _Land of the African Sultan_, 10_s._ 6_d._; 1. p. 31_s._ 6_d._

HARRISON, MARY, _Modern Cookery_, 6_s._

---- _Skilful Cook_, n. ed. 5_s._

---- MRS. B. _Old-fashioned Fairy Book_, 6_s._

---- W., _London Houses_, Illust. n. edit. 1_s._ 6_d._, 6_s._ net; & 2_s._ 6_d._

HARTLEY and MILL. See English Philosophers.

HATTON, JOSEPH, _Journalistic London_, 12_s._ 6_d._

---- See also Low's Standard Novels.

HAWEIS, H. R., _Broad Church_, 6_s._

---- _Poets in the Pulpit_, 10_s._ 6_d._ new edit. 6_s._; also 3_s._ _6d._

---- Mrs., _Housekeeping_, 2_s._ 6_d._

---- _Beautiful Houses_, 4_s._, new edit. 1_s._

HAYDN. See Great Musicians.

HAZLITT, W., _Round Table_, 2_s._ 6_d._

HEAD, PERCY R. See Illus. Text Books and Great Artists.

HEARD, A. F., _Russian Church_, 16_s._

HEARN, L., _Youma_, 5_s._

HEATH, F. G., _Fern World_, 12_s._ 6_d._, new edit. 6_s._

---- GERTRUDE, _Tell us Why_, 2_s._ 6_d._

HELDMANN, B., _Mutiny of the "Leander,"_ 7_s._ 6_d._ and 5_s._

---- See also Low's Standard Books for Boys.

HENTY, G. A., _Hidden Foe_, 2 vols. 21_s._

---- See also Low's Standard Books for Boys.

---- RICHMOND, _Australiana_, 5_s._

HERBERT, T., _Salads and Sandwiches_, 6_d._

HICKS, C. S., _Our Boys, and what to do with Them; Merchant Service_, 5_s._

---- _Yachts, Boats, and Canoes_, 10_s._ _6d._

HIGGINSON, T. W., _Atlantic Essays_, 6_s._

---- _History of the U.S._, illust. 14_s._

HILL, A. STAVELEY, _From Home to Home in N.-W. Canada_, 21_s._, new edit. 7_s._ 6_d._

---- G. B., _Footsteps of Johnson_, 63_s._; _édition de luxe_, 147_s._

HINMAN, R., _Eclectic Physical Geography_, 5_s._

_Hints on proving Wills without Professional Assistance_, n. ed. 1_s._

HOEY, Mrs. CASHEL. See Low's Standard Novels.

HOFFER, _Caoutchouc & Gutta Percha_, 12_s._ 6_d._

HOGARTH. See Gr. Artists.

HOLBEIN. See Great Artists.

HOLDER, CHARLES F., _Ivory King_, 8_s._ 6_d._

---- _Living Lights_, 8_s._ 6_d._

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HOLM, SAXE, _Draxy Miller_, 2_s._ 6_d._ and 2_s._

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---- _Poetical Works_, new edit., 2 vols. 10_s._ 6_d._

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HOLUB, E., _South Africa_, 2 vols. 42_s._

HOPKINS, MANLEY, _Treatise on the Cardinal Numbers_, 2_s._ 6_d._ _Horace in Latin_, with Smart's literal translation, 2_s._ 6_d._; translation only, 1_s._ 6_d._

HORETZKY, C., _Canada on the Pacific_, 5_s._

_How and where to Fish in Ireland_, by H. Regan, 3_s._ 6_d._

HOWARD, BLANCHE W., _Tony the Maid_, 3_s._ 6_d._

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HOWELLS, W. D., _Suburban Sketches_, 7_s._ 6_d._

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HOWORTH, H. H., _Glacial Nightmare_, 18_s._

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HUDSON, N. H., _Purple Land that England Lost_; Banda Oriental 2 vols. 21_s._: 1 vol. 6_s._

HUEFFER. E. See Great Musicians.

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HUME F., _Creature of the Night_, 1_s._

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HUMPHREYS, JENNET, _Some Little Britons in Brittany_, 2_s._ 6_d._

_Hundred Greatest Men_, new edit. one vol. 21_s._

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_Hymnal Companion to the Book of Common Prayer_, separate lists gratis.

_Iceland._ See Foreign Countries.

_Illustrated Text-Books of Art-Education_, edit. by E. J. Poynter, R.A., illust. 5_s._ each.

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INGELOW, JEAN. See Low's Standard Novels.

INGLIS, _Our New Zealand Cousins_, 6_s._

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IRVING, W., _Little Britain_, 10_s._ 6_d._ and 6_s._

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JACKSON, J., _Handwriting in Relation to Hygiene_, 3_d._

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_Japan._ See Foreign Countries.

JEFFERIES, RICHARD, _Amaryllis at the Fair_, 7_s._ 6_d._

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KIRKALDY, W. G., _David Kirkaldy's Mechanical Testing_, 84_s._

KNIGHT, A. L., _In the Web of Destiny_, 7_s._ 6_d._

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---- V. C., _Church Unity_, 5_s._

KNOX, T. W., _Boy Travellers_, new edit. 5_s._

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KUNHARDT, C. P., _Small Yachts_, new edit. 50_s._

---- _Steam Yachts_, 16_s._

KWONG, _English Phrases_, 21_s._

LABOULLAYE, E., _Abdallah_, 2_s._ 6_d._

LALANNE, _Etching_, 12_s._ 6_d._

LAMB, CHAS., _Essays of Elia_, with designs by C. O. Murray, 6_s._

LAMBERT, _Angling Literature_, 3_s._ 6_d._

_Landscape Painters of Holland._ See Great Artists.

LANDSEER. See Great Artists.

LANGLEY, S. P., _New Astronomy_, 10_s._ 6_d._

LANIER, S., _Boy's Froissart_, 7_s._ 6_d._; _King Arthur_, 7_s._ 6_d._; _Mabinogion_, 7_s._ 6_d._; _Percy_, 7_s._ 6_d._

LANSDELL, HENRY, _Through Siberia_, 1 v. 15_s._ and 10_s._ 6_d._

---- _Russia in Central Asia_, 2 vols. 42_s._

---- _Through Central Asia_, 12_s._

LARDEN, W., _School Course on Heat_, n. ed. 5_s._

LAURIE, A., _Secret of the Magian, the Mystery of Ecbatana_, illus. 6_s._ See also Low's Standard Books.

LAWRENCE, SERGEANT, _Autobiography_, 6_s._

---- and ROMNEY. See Great Artists.

LAYARD, MRS., _West Indies_, 2_s._ 6_d._

LEA, H. C., _Inquisition_, 3 vols. 42_s._

LEARED, A., _Marocco_, n. ed. 16_s._

LEAVITT, _New World Tragedies_, 7_s._ 6_d._

LEFFINGWELL, W. B., _Shooting_, 18_s._

---- _Wild Fowl Shooting_, 10_s._ 6_d._

LEFROY, W., DEAN. See Preachers.

LELAND, C. G., _Algonquin Legends_, 8_s._

LEMON, M., _Small House over the Water_, 6_s._

_Leo XIII. Life_, 18_s._

_Leonardo da Vinci._ See Great Artists.

---- _Literary Works_, by J. P. Richter, 2 vols. 252_s._

LIEBER, _Telegraphic Cipher_, 42_s._ nett.

_Like unto Christ._ See Gentle Life Series.

LITTLE, ARCH. J., _Yang-tse Gorges_, n. ed., 10_s._ 6_d._

_Little Masters of Germany._ See Great Artists.

LONGFELLOW, _Miles Standish_, illus. 21_s._

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LOOMIS, E., _Astronomy_, n. ed. 8_s._ 6_d._

LORNE, MARQUIS OF, _Canada and Scotland_, 7_s._ 6_d._

---- _Palmerston._ See Prime Ministers.

_Louis, St._ See Bayard Series.

_Low's French Readers_, edit. by C. F. Clifton, I. 3_d._, II. 3_d._, III. 6_d._

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---- _Readers_, I., 9_d._; II., 10_d._; III., 1_s._; IV., 1_s._ 3_d._; V., 1_s._ 4_d._; VI., 1_s._ 6_d._

_Low's Select Parchment Series._

Aldrich (T. B.) Friar Jerome's Beautiful Book, 3_s._ 6_d._

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_Low's Stand. Library of Travel_ (except where price is stated), per volume, 7_s._ 6_d._

1. Butler, Great Lone Land; also 3_s._ 6_d._

2. ---- Wild North Land.

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5. ---- Through the Dark Continent, 1 vol. illust., 12_s._ 6_d._; also 3_s._ 6_d._

8. MacGahan (J. A.) Oxus.

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12. Marshall (W.) Through America.

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14. Coote, South by East, 10_s._ 6_d._

15. Knight, Cruise of the _Falcon_, also 3_s._ 6_d._

16. Thomson (Joseph) Through Masai Land.

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_Low's Standard Novels_ (except where price is stated), 6_s._

Baker, John Westacott.

Black (W.) Craig Royston.

---- Daughter of Heth.

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---- Stand Fast, Craig Royston!

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Blackmore (R. D.) Alice Lorraine.

---- Christowell.

---- Clara Vaughan.

---- Cradock Nowell.

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---- Ereme, or My Father's Sins.

---- Kit and Kitty.

---- Lorna Doone.

---- Mary Anerley.

---- Sir Thomas Upmore.

---- Springhaven.

Brémont, Gentleman Digger.

Brown (Robert) Jack Abbott's Log.

Bynner, Agnes Surriage.

---- Begum's Daughter.

Cable (G. W.) Bonaventure, 5_s._

Coleridge (C. R.) English Squire.

Craddock, Despot of Broomsedge.

Croker (Mrs. B. M.) Some One Else.

Cumberland (Stuart) Vasty Deep.

De Leon, Under the Stars and Crescent.

Edwards (Miss Betham) Half-way.

Eggleston, Juggernaut.

French Heiress in her own Château.

Gilliat (E.) Story of the Dragonnades.

Hardy (A. S.) Passe-rose.

---- (Thos.) Far from the Madding.

---- Hand of Ethelberta.

---- Laodicean.

---- Mayor of Casterbridge.

---- Pair of Blue Eyes.

---- Return of the Native.

---- Trumpet-Major.

---- Two on a Tower.

Harkut, Conspirator.

Hatton (J.) Old House at Sandwich.

---- Three Recruits.

Hoey (Mrs. Cashel) Golden Sorrow.

---- Out of Court.

---- Stern Chase.

Howard (Blanche W.) Open Door.

Ingelow (Jean) Don John.

---- John Jerome, 5_s._

---- Sarah de Berenger.

Lathrop, Newport, 5_s._

Mac Donald (Geo.) Adela Cathcart.

---- Guild Court.

Mac Donald (Geo.) Mary Marston.

---- Orts.

---- Stephen Archer, &c.

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Macmaster, Our Pleasant Vices.

Macquoid (Mrs.) Diane.

Musgrave (Mrs.) Miriam.

Osborn, Spell of Ashtaroth, 5_s._

Prince Maskiloff.

Riddell (Mrs.) Alaric Spenceley.

---- Daisies and Buttercups.

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Russell (W. Clark) Betwixt the Forelands.

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Stockton (F. R.) Ardis Claverden.

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Thomson, Ulu, an African Romance.

Tourgee, Murvale Eastman.

Tytler (S.) Duchess Frances.

Vane, From the Dead.

Wallace (Lew.) Ben Hur.

Warner, Little Journey in the World.

Woolson (Constance Fenimore) Anne.

---- East Angles.

---- For the Major, 5_s._

---- Jupiter Lights.

_See also Sea Stories._

_Low's Stand. Novels_, new issue at short intervals, 2_s._ 6_d._ and 2_s._

Blackmore, Alice Lorraine.

---- Christowell.

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---- Cripps the Carrier.

---- Kit and Kitty.

---- Lorna Doone.

---- Mary Anerley.

---- Tommy Upmore.

Cable, Bonaventure.

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Cumberland, Vasty Deep.

De Leon, Under the Stars.

Edwards, Half-way.

Hardy, Laodicean.

---- Madding Crowd.

---- Mayor of Casterbridge.

---- Trumpet-Major.

---- Two on a Tower.

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---- Three Recruits.

Hoey, Golden Sorrow.

---- Out of Court.

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Holmes, Guardian Angel.

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---- Sarah de Berenger.

Mac Donald, Adela Cathcart.

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---- Senior Partner.

Stockton, Bee-man of Orn, 5_s._

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---- Mrs. Lecks and Mrs. Aleshine.

Stowe, Dred.

---- Old Town Folk.

---- Poganuc People.

Thomson, Ulu.

Walford, Her Great Idea, &c., Stories.

_Low's German Series_, a graduated course. See "German."

_Low's Readers._ See English Reader and French Reader.

_Low's Standard Books for Boys_, with numerous illustrations, 2_s._ 6_d._ each; gilt edges, 3_s._ 6_d._

Adventures in New Guinea: the Narrative of Louis Tregance.

Biart (Lucien) Adventures of a Young Naturalist.

---- My Rambles in the New World.

Boussenard, Crusoes of Guiana.

---- Gold Seekers, a sequel to the above.

Butler (Col. Sir Wm., K.C.B.) Red Cloud, the Solitary Sioux: a Tale of the Great Prairie.

Cahun (Leon) Adventures of Captain Mago.

---- Blue Banner.

Célière, Startling Exploits of the Doctor.

Chaillu (Paul du) Wild Life under the Equator.

Collingwood (Harry) Under the Meteor Flag.

---- Voyage of the _Aurora_.

Cozzens (S. W.) Marvellous Country.

Dodge (Mrs.) Hans Brinker; or, The Silver Skates.

Du Chaillu (Paul) Stories of the Gorilla Country.

Erckmann-Chatrian, Brothers Rantzau.

Fenn (G. Manville) Off to the Wilds.

---- Silver Cañon.

Groves (Percy) Charmouth Grange; a Tale of the 17th Century.

Heldmann (B.) Mutiny on Board the Ship _Leander_.

Henty (G. A.) Cornet of Horse: a Tale of Marlborough's Wars.

---- Jack Archer; a Tale of the Crimea.

---- Winning his Spurs: a Tale of the Crusades.

Johnstone (D. Lawson) Mountain Kingdom.

Kennedy (E. B.) Blacks and Bushrangers in Queensland.

Kingston (W. H. G.) Ben Burton; or, Born and Bred at Sea.

---- Captain Mugford; or, Our Salt and Fresh Water Tutors.

---- Dick Cheveley.

---- Heir of Kilfinnan.

Kingston (W. H. G.) Snowshoes and Canoes.

---- Two Supercargoes.

---- With Axe and Rifle on the Western Prairies.

Laurie (A.) Conquest of the Moon.

---- New York to Brest in Seven Hours.

MacGregor (John) A Thousand Miles in the _Rob Roy_ Canoe on Rivers and Lakes of Europe.

Maclean (H. E.) Maid of the Ship _Golden Age_.

Meunier, Great Hunting Grounds of the World.

Müller, Noble Words and Deeds.

Perelaer, The Three Deserters; or, Ran Away from the Dutch.

Reed (Talbot Baines) Sir Ludar: a Tale of the Days of the Good Queen Bess.

Rousselet (Louis) Drummer-boy: a Story of the Time of Washington.

---- King of the Tigers.

---- Serpent Charmer.

---- Son of the Constable of France.

Russell (W. Clark) Frozen Pirates.

Stanley, My Kalulu--Prince, King and Slave.

Winder (F. H.) Lost in Africa.

_Low's Standard Series of Books_ by popular writers, cloth gilt, 2_s._; gilt edges, 2_s._ 6_d._ each.

Alcott (L. M.) A Rose in Bloom.

---- An Old-Fashioned Girl.

---- Aunt Jo's Scrap Bag.

---- Eight Cousins, illust.

---- Jack and Jill.

---- Jimmy's Cruise.

---- Little Men.

---- Little Women and Little Women Wedded.

---- Lulu's Library, illust.

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---- Spinning-Wheel Stories.

---- Under the Lilacs, illust.

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Alden (W. L.) Jimmy Brown, illust.

---- Trying to Find Europe.

Bunyan (John) Pilgrim's Progress, (extra volume), gilt, 2_s._

De Witt (Madame) An Only Sister.

Francis (Francis) Eric and Ethel, illust.

Holm (Saxe) Draxy Miller's Dowry.

Jerdon (Gert.) Keyhole Country, illust.

Robinson (Phil) In My Indian Garden.

---- Under the Punkah.

Roe (E. P.) Nature's Serial Story.

Saintine, Picciola.

Samuels, Forecastle to Cabin, illust.

Sandeau (Jules) Seagull Rock.

Stowe (Mrs.) Dred.

---- Ghost in the Mill, &c.

---- My Wife and I.

---- We and our Neighbours.

See also Low's Standard Series.

Tooley (Mrs.) Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Warner (C. Dudley) In the Wilderness.

---- My Summer in a Garden.

Whitney (Mrs.) A Summer in Leslie Goldthwaite's Life.

---- Faith Gartney's Girlhood.

---- Hitherto.

---- Real Folks.

---- The Gayworthys.

---- We Girls.

---- The Other Girls: a Sequel.

*** _A new illustrated list of books for boys and girls, with portraits of celebrated authors, sent post free on application._

LOWELL, J. R., _Among my Books_, Series I. and II., 7_s._ 6_d._ each.

---- _My Study Windows_, n. ed. 1_s._

---- _Vision of Sir Launfal_, illus. 63_s._

MACDONALD, A., _Our Sceptred Isle_, 3s. 6d.

---- D., _Oceania_, 6_s._

MACDONALD, GEO., _Castle Warlock, a Homely Romance_, 3 vols. 31_s._ 6_d._

---- See also Low's Standard Novels.

---- SIR JOHN A., _Life_.

MACDOWALL, ALEX. B., _Curve Pictures of London_, 1_s._

MACGAHAN, J. A., _Oxus_, 7_s._ 6_d._

MACGOUN, _Commercial Correspondence_, 5_s._

MACGREGOR, J., _Rob Roy in the Baltic_, n. ed. 3_s._ 6_d._ and 2_s._ 6_d._

---- _Rob Roy Canoe_, new edit., 3_s._ 6_d._ and 2_s._ 6_d._

---- _Yawl Rob Roy_, new edit., 3_s._ 6_d._ and 2_s._ 6_d._

MACKENNA, _Brave Men in Action_, 10_s._ 6_d._

MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL, _Fatal Illness of Frederick the Noble_, 2_s._ 6_d._

MACKINNON and SHADBOLT, _South African Campaign_, 50_s._

MACLAREN, A. See Preachers.

MACLEAN, H. E. See Low's Standard Books.

MACMASTER. See Low's Standard Novels.

MACMURDO, E., _History of Portugal_, 21_s._; II. 21_s._; III. 21_s._

MAHAN, A. T., _Influence of Sea Power on History_, 18_s._

_Maid of Florence_, 10_s._ 6_d._

MAIN, MRS., _High Life_, 10_s._ 6_d._

---- See also Burnaby, Mrs.

MALAN, A. N., _Cobbler of Cornikeranium_, 5_s._

---- C. F. DE M., _Eric and Connie's Cruise_, 5_s._

_Man's Thoughts._ See Gentle Life Series.

MANLEY, J. J., _Fish and Fishing_, 6_s._

MANTEGNA and FRANCIA. See Great Artists.

MARCH, F. A., _Comparative Anglo-Saxon Grammar_, 12_s._

---- _Anglo-Saxon Reader_, 7_s._ 6_d._

MARKHAM, ADM., _Naval Career_, 14_s._

---- _Whaling Cruise_, new edit. 7_s._ 6_d._

---- C. R., _Peru_. See Foreign Countries.

---- _Fighting Veres_, 18_s._

---- _War Between Peru and Chili_, 10_s._ 6_d._

MARSH, G. P., _Lectures on the English Language_, 18_s._

---- _Origin and History of the English Language_, 18_s._

MARSHALL, W. G., _Through America_, new edit. 7_s._ 6_d._

MARSTON, E., _How Stanley wrote "In Darkest Africa,"_ 1_s._

---- See also Amateur Angler, Frank's Ranche, and Fresh Woods.

---- W., _Eminent Actors_, n. ed. 6_s._

MARTIN, J. W., _Float Fishing and Spinning_, new edit. 2_s._

_Massage._ See Nursing Record Series.

MATTHEWS, J. W., _Incwadi Yami_, 14_s._

MAURY, M. F., _Life_, 12_s._ 6_d._

---- _Physical Geography and Meteorology of the Sea_, new ed. 6_s._

MEISSNER, A. L., _Children's Own German Book_ (Low's Series), 1_s._ 6_d._

---- _First German Reader_ (Low's Series), 1_s._ 6_d._

---- _Second German Reader_ (Low's Series), 1_s._ 6_d._

MEISSONIER. See Great Artists.

MELBOURNE, LORD. See Prime Ministers.

MELIO, G. L., _Swedish Drill_, 1_s._ 6_d._

MENDELSSOHN _Family_, 1729-1847, Letters and Journals, 2 vols. 30_s._; new edit. 30_s._

---- See also Great Musicians.

MERRIFIELD, J., _Nautical Astronomy_, 7_s._ 6_d._

MERRYLEES, J., _Carlsbad_, 7_s._ 6_d._ and 9_s._

MESNEY, W., _Tungking_, 3_s._ 6_d._

_Metal Workers' Recipes and Processes_, by W. T. Brannt, 12_s._ 6_d._

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_Michelangelo._ See Great Artists.

MILFORD, P. _Ned Stafford's Experiences_, 5_s._

MILL, JAMES. See English Philosophers.

MILLS, J., _Alternative Elementary Chemistry_, 1_s._ 6_d._

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MONCK. See English Philosophers.

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MORSE, E. S., _Japanese Homes_, new edit. 10_s._ 6_d._

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_Nineteenth Century_, a Monthly Review, 2_s._ 6_d._ per No.

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OVERBECK. See Great Artists.

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_Peel._ See Prime Ministers.

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_Remarkable Bindings in British Museum_, 168_s._; 94_s._ 6_d._; 73_s._ 6_d._ and 63_s._

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RIPON, BP. OF. See Preachers.

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ROE, E. P. See Low's Standard Series.

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_Romantic Stories of the Legal Profession_, 7_s._ 6_d._

ROMNEY. See Great Artists.

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