Part 2

_Deaf, Public School Classes for_: First class organized in Chestnut St. School with 11 pupils, 1910. In Oct., 1915, classes in lip-reading for adults were organized as part of evening school program.

_Death Rate_: Statistics for this period are noteworthy because they show effects of infantile paralysis epidemic in 1916, and of influenza in 1918, which, though less alarming in its symptoms, had more fatal results.

_Population_ _No. Deaths_ _Death Rate_ 1904 272,000 5,378 19.77 1905 283,239 5,025 17.74 1906 290,000 5,551 19.14 1907 300,000 5,724 19.08 1908 305,000 5,207 17.07 1909 311,000 5,529 17.77 1910 347,469 5,784 16.64 1911 352,000 5,337 15.16 1912 370,000 5,423 14.65 1913 380,000 5,562 14.63 1914 395,000 5,809 14.70 1915 375,000 5,382 14.30 [A]1916 385,000 6,357 16.50 1917 405,000 5,205 15.30 [A]1918 430,000 8,482 19.70

[A] See Infantile Paralysis; Influenza.

_Delinquent Children_: Juvenile court act, providing for separate trial of all offenders under 16 years, passed by N. J. Legislature, 1903. Essex Co. Juvenile Court established in Newark the same year. To prevent association of young offenders with hardened criminals. Judge may commit the boy or girl to a reformatory institution or refer the case to a probation officer. In the latter case the child is released but must report regularly to the officer until the probation period is passed.

House of Detention, 120 Newark St., county institution maintained in connection with juvenile court, was opened Dec., 1910. For accommodation of children awaiting trial, and for those held as witnesses. Were formerly kept at police station or jail.

Essex Co. Parental School, Sussex Ave., bet. Hecker and Duryee Sts., authorized by N. J. law of 1912, was opened May 1, 1916. Supersedes House of Detention now used only for juvenile witnesses. Provides a temporary home for juvenile delinquents and neglected children and aims to be an educational rather than penal institution. Here juvenile court is held and probation cases reported.

Ungraded Schools, No. 1 (So. 10th St.), and No. 2 (Chestnut St.), were erected, 1911, for better accommodation of classes of truants and incorrigibles. Curriculum provides for usual common school branches with particular emphasis placed upon manual and vocational studies. These 2 schools, with the classes in Academy St., established 1898, are the only schools of this kind under direction of the Bd. of Education. In addition there is the Newark Parental School, at Verona, formerly known as the City Home. Maintained by the city for the most difficult cases from ungraded schools. Provides a home as well as schooling like the Essex Co. Parental School, except that it takes boys only.

_Dental Clinic Association_: Organized 1909 and financed from private sources. Later supported by city under N. J. law of 1910, with amendments 1911 and 1913, allowing Common Council to appropriate $10,000 annually. Provides free dental services for children under 16, unable to pay for treatment. 3 clinics opened at 74 Newton St., 346 Ferry St., and 297 Orange St. 7,623 individuals treated and 24,878 operations performed in 1918.

Orange St. Clinic closed Nov. 1, 1918, because of insufficient funds and scarcity of operators, is expected to re-open. Appropriation increased to $20,000 by N. J. law of 1919.

_Detention, House of_: See Delinquent Children.

_Education Board_: Change from elective board of 32 members, 2 from each ward for term of 2 years, to present board of 9 members appointed by Mayor for term of 3 years, made at general election held Nov. 5, 1907.

_Employment Bureau, Municipal_: Established Nov. 15, 1909. Merged its activities with U. S. Dept. of Labor and N. J. Dept. of Labor, July 1, 1918.

Shortly after the armistice was signed, a Soldiers' and Sailors' Dept. was organized to assist discharged men to secure positions, advising and aiding the injured to obtain compensation and vocational training.

_Exhibitions_: Newark History, Free Public Library, May 17-June 1, 1905. Review of the city's growth from a little settlement of a few houses to prosperous industrial center. Maps, portraits, pictures, curios. Exhibit repeated in subsequent years as school children's interest in local history developed.

Industrial Expositions, 1st Regiment Armory, (1) May 13-25, 1912 (the first since Aug., 1872); (2) Sept. 12-26, 1914; (3) May 13-June 3, 1916, 250th Anniversary event.

Industrial, L. Bamberger & Co.'s store, Feb., 1913; Feb., 1914; Feb., 1915.

Fire Prevention, City Hall. First exhibit held Nov. 12, 1913. Exhibits held annually since that date for week beginning Oct. 9th. This date, the anniversary of the great Chicago fire, 1871, is generally known throughout the country as Fire and Accident Prevention Day. In 1918 the date was changed to Nov. 11th that it might not interfere with the 4th Liberty Loan. See also Safety Movement.

Municipal, City Hall. March 1-7, 1915. Showing work of various departments of the city government and their inter-relations. Held in connection with an exhibit of foreign and American city planning.

Clay Products of N. J., Newark Museum, Feb. 1-March 28, 1915. Brick, tile, sanitary ware, electrical ware, table ware, crucibles, earthenware, etc., and demonstration of casting, pressing and turning on the potter's wheel.

Textiles, Newark Museum, Feb. 1-March 28, 1916. Machine weaving, hand weaving, old and new, tapestry and weaving and embroideries, and a special group of textiles lent by foreign-born Newarkers.

School Work, South Side High School, July 5-Aug. 4, 1916. Feature of 250th Anniversary. Showed (1) organization of public school system. (2) equipment, appliances, supplies, etc. (3) work of all elementary grades, high schools, special classes and special subjects.

Homelands, Newark Museum, Feb. 1 to March 28, 1916. Costumes and textiles from foreign lands, mainly secured through the schools. Burnet St. School, July 10-Aug. 5, 1916. Jewelry, costumes, textiles, furniture, pottery, etc., from foreign lands, lent by Newarkers of foreign birth, representing, among others, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Ruthenia, Russia, Slovakia, Bohemia, Hungary, Italy, Armenia, and China. Plays, songs and native dances were part of the entertainment.

Colonial Kitchen, Newark Museum, Nov. 27, 1917-Feb. 28, 1918. A room 16 ft. × 20 ft., completely furnished as in colonial days, with colonial domestic tools and utensils in cases.

The Soldier and Sailor, Newark Museum, March 14-April 1, 1918. Complete modern equipment as required by Army and Navy regulations; model of Camp Dix, comparison of uniforms and equipment from Revolution to date.

Industrial Housing and Better Homes Exposition, Krueger Auditorium, July 20-27, 1918. Many models made by manual training departments of Newark schools. Food conservation and war cookery, also features.

Colombia, South America, Newark Museum. June 1-Nov. 30, 1918. Products, manufactures, life and customs of this rich but little known neighbor.

_Feebleminded, Public School Classes for_: 5 classes established at College Pl., Lafayette St. and 7th Ave. Schools, Sept., 1910.

_Fire Department, 1906_: First self-propelled steam engine, "Mount Pelee", placed in service, Nov. 22, 1906. Cost $6,000, weight 8½ tons, built by Manchester Locomotive Works. Strangely enough the engine itself sent forth so many sparks, thereby setting fire to numerous awnings and other things along its route, that it was later converted into a tractor engine and is now part of the reserve.

1907. Central office Fire Alarm Telegraph Office installed in City Hall. Cost $55,000.

Bur. of Combustibles and Fire Risks established. Originated Fire Prevention Code which marked beginning of that important movement. Effective Dec., 1910.

1911. School of instruction for firemen established.

First motor-driven fire engine, of general type now in use, placed in service.

1917. Two platoon system inaugurated, whereby the fireman's working schedule is so arranged that he has 24 consecutive free hours every week.

1918. First fire boat, "William J. Brennan", named for the director of Dept. of Public Safety, placed in service June, 1918. On the night of its first day of service it was successful in extinguishing a dock fire, which might otherwise have resulted in $100,000 loss.

_Flag, City_: Officially adopted by Common Council, March 24, 1916. The field is white, with Jersey blue border. The city seal in gold, with gold-blue scroll and blue band beneath, occupies the center of the field.

_Food and Drug Division--Board of Health_: Established, 1913. Prior to that, only work carried on consisted of taking a few milk samples wherever suspicion was directed. Today the chief of division, chemist, 2 veterinarians, 4 milk inspectors, 4 food inspectors and a meat inspector keep close watch over food in every form, especially milk. Food-handling places, including restaurants, are supervised and scored; food handlers physically examined; live stock supervised.

_Gary Schools_: See Alternating Plan.

_German Language_: War led to decision May 27, 1918, that no new classes in German would be formed, although study would be continued in those classes already organized.

_Girls' Vocational School_: Recommended 1912. Opened Sept., 1914, in former Normal School building, Washington and Linden Sts.

_Gymnasium, Public School_: First gymnasium installed in new addition to Hamburg Place School during school year 1906-7. Barringer High School gymnasium annex opened 1909.

_Health_: See Birth Rate; Child Hygiene Division--Board of Health; Death Rate; Food and Drug Division--Board of Health; Infantile Paralysis; Influenza; Little Mother's League; Medical History, Museum of; Mental Hygiene, Bureau of--Board of Health; Milk Supply; Tuberculosis, Campaign Against; Venereal Diseases, Bureau of--Board of Health; Whooping Cough.

_High Schools_: Barringer, formerly Newark High School, was the only high school in the city, 1838-1904. In 1907 the name was changed to Barringer High School, in memory of Dr. William N. Barringer, city superintendent of schools for about 20 years.

East Side, opened March 1, 1911. Central, opened Feb. 1, 1912. South Side, opened Sept. 8, 1913. See also Junior High Schools.

_Housing_: U. S. Homes Registration and Rent Profiteering Committee created July, 1918, with office in City Hall, branch of national organization for equitable protection of home rent payers and owners of dwellings. Undertook compilation of list of homes where war workers could obtain rooms. Conducted "Rent-a-Room" campaign as war expedient. Originally planned to aid war workers, service has broadened so that office has become a general housing bureau.

Basing its figures on local buildings reports Jan. 1, 1915-June 30, 1919, _Sunday Call_ has estimated that Newark has shortage of 3,000 homes.

See also Apartments.

_Indeterminate Sentence_: See Prison Reform.

_Industrial Expositions_: See Exhibitions.

_Industrial Schools_: See Boys' Vocational School; Girls' Vocational School; Technical School.

_Industry_: Added celluloid to the world's products; built first locomotive engine to travel up grade; leads in manufacture of umbrella frames.

Produced first malleable cast iron; made first patent leather; is largest fine jewelry manufacturing centre; ranks 11th in U. S. in annual aggregate value of products.

Ranks 1st in N. J. in number of wage earners, amount of capital invested in manufacturing, amount paid in wages to workers, and value of goods produced.

Has one firm employing over 10,000 persons, 8 employing over 1,000, 19 employing over 500, 73 employing over 200, and 123 employing over 100 each.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AS AFFECTED BY THE WAR.

1. Stores and Factories:

_1904_ _1914_ _1918_ Grocery stores 950 1,619 1,455 Dry goods stores 166 288 336 Automobile dealers 21 145 195 Machine and machinery mfrs. 79 99 125 Printers 68 116 129

2. Finance. Newark as a Financial Centre:

_1904_ _1914_ _1918_ Banks & Trust Cos. 17 28 27 " " " " Deposits $ 48,593,824 $ 91,881,371 $ 150,584,502 Insurance Agencies 50 96 110 Fire insurance in force $ 585,496,689 $1,823,849,317 $2,472,090,772 Life " " " $1,416,345,076 $3,306,711,318 $4,879,947,621 Building & Loan Associations 111 245 259 Postal Savings Deposits (Begun Sept. 15, 1911) $27,573 $42,587

3. General Growth:

_1904_ _1914_ _1918_ Population (Bd. of Health estimates) 272,000 395,000 430,000 Names listed in Newark directory 105,631 172,756 201,894 Corporations listed in Newark directory 573 1,695 1,751 Building permits granted 2,155 2,104 1,696 Amount spent on buildings $6,000,000 $10,610,277 $5,000,000

4. Factories:

_1904_ _1914_ _1917_ Establishments not available 729 820 Total capital invested " $141,796,120.00 $204,249,525.00 Cost value of material used " $ 89,998,186.00 $203,732,015.00 Selling value of goods made " $167,793,408.00 $332,426,904.00 Average number persons employed " 57,156 69,066 Total amount paid in wages " $ 30,714,116.00 $ 53,277,897.00 Average yearly earnings of workers " $ 537.37 $ 771.41

_Infantile Paralysis_: Epidemic occurred during July, Aug. and Sept. 1, 1916. 1,360 cases with 363 deaths. Greatest number of cases reported week ending Aug. 12, 260. Highest prevalence under 5 years of age.

Necessitated closing all-year and summer schools, July 19, 1916, and postponing the opening of fall sessions until Sept. 25.

_Influenza_: Outset of epidemic apparent during last 4 days of Sept., 1918, when 435 cases were reported. Simultaneously a remarkable increase in pneumonia. Greatest daily number of influenza cases reported was 1,626, on Oct. 14. Most prevalent in Oct. but continued through Nov. and Dec. with a total of 29,269 cases of influenza and 3,853 cases of pneumonia. High prevalence was between 20 and 30 years. Total deaths, Oct.-Dec., 1918, were 1,354 from influenza and 829 from pneumonia.

All public drinking places, theaters, churches, dance halls, billiard rooms and other public places of assemblage closed Oct. 10-22. Schools closed Oct. 11, reopened Oct. 28.

_Institute of Arts and Sciences_, 367 High St. Incorporated 1910. Merging of Newark University Courses, given 1909, and College Extension Courses given for several years. To meet widespread demand for courses of university grade in Newark and nearby towns. Has co-operative support of New York University which supplies Institute with regular members of the N. Y. U. instructional staff. Credits courses taken for degrees in Washington Square College of N. Y. U.

_Italian Language_: 3 year study course introduced at Barringer High School, Feb. 1, 1919.

_Jitneys_: Or passenger auto-buses. First run in spring of 1916. 349 in operation July, 1919. Name originated in California, where a 5 cent piece, the fare, is commonly known as a "jitney".

_Receipts_ _Tax_ _Passengers_ 1916 (7 months) $133,043.22 $ 5,556.92 2,660,963 1917 409,774.86 17,332.74 8,195,491 1918 855,832.82 36,151.22 17,120,652 1919 (7 months) 959,473.69 39,940.61 19,189,472

_Junior College_: Established at South Side High School with 50 students Sept., 1918. Public school system thus extended to include the first two years of regular college course.

_Junior High Schools_: Established at Robert Treat, Madison and Cleveland Schools, Sept., 1917. 9th grade, equivalent to 1st year high school, added to grammar course, with departmental system in 7th and 8th grades. Experiment of teaching modern languages as early as the 7th grade tried with success, 1919.

_Junior Museum Club_: Founded June, 1916, by boy and girl delegates from 8B public school classes and members of the Irvington Museum Assoc., under leadership of Dr. Henry H. Rusby, of Newark, and the staff of the Newark Museum Assoc. Purpose: to collect and to study animals, insects, aquatic life, birds, botany, mineralogy, stamps and coins, electricity, photography, etc. Membership open to any boy or girl between 10 and 18 years of age. Affiliated with the Newark Museum Assoc. Headquarters, Public Library building.

_Juvenile Court_: See Delinquent Children.

_Juvenile Delinquency_: See Delinquent Children.

_Lectures, Public_: 25 years ago, the lecture system was a feature of the evening schools, and continued as such, until 1906, when it was decided to have the lectures for the people given in school buildings, designated as lecture centers. In 1907 there were 15 lecture centers, including the First Presbyterian Church, the Free Public Library and 13 school buildings.

During the season of 1907-08 there were 245 lectures with a total attendance of 105,210. For the season 1915-16 there were 30 centers and 400 lectures, with an aggregate attendance of 160,890. During the war period, 1917-18, the attendance decreased.

Subjects treated in the lectures are history, patriotism, art, music, literature and geography. Many are illustrated by stereopticon views and a few by motion pictures. Musical programs have always proved popular.

_Library, Public_: Building completed, March, 1901. Cost of building, $315,000; cost of land, $100,000. Architects, Rankin & Kellogg, Philadelphia.

Number of books lent in 1904, 465,674. In 1911 the number passed the million mark and held it until, in 1918, the library's income was found to be inadequate, branch libraries were closed, and the number of books lent dropped, accordingly, 37%.

Art Department and Picture Collection, which were getting well under way in 1904 and lent 3,000 pictures that year, now lend over 100,000 small pictures, photographs, lithographs and prints. These pictures are used by teachers in 36 different schools for classroom work; also by artists, designers, jewelers, newspapers and journals, advertising men and others in trades and professions, needing illustrative material.

Barringer High School Branch. Opened, 1900, under management of Public Library. Management taken over by Bd. of Education and books purchased from the Public Library, 1915.

Business Branch. First opened in 1904 at 16 Academy St., with a collection of directories and a general book collection. First public library of business literature and information for business men ever established. Similar branches have since been established by libraries of other large cities. During the 15 years it moved 4 times, always near the business center at Broad and Market Streets, and special development along business lines has been steadily carried on.

Branch Libraries, General. Delivery stations were the Library's first attempt to reach people in sections distant from the main building. They were opened in drug stores at various centers as early as 1891 and were intended only for the collection and delivery of books borrowed by people in the neighborhood. Readers left their cards with a list of call numbers, taken from the old "finding list" or printed catalog. Requests were filled at the Library and books delivered to the station daily.

In 1906, because of increased use, delivery stations were replaced by deposit stations. At these deposit stations, still operated in stores, the Library placed collections of several hundred books and continued the delivery system. When the lending of books outgrew deposit stations, branch libraries were the natural result. After branches were established, deposit stations were discontinued, Nov., 1914.

From 1905 to 1915, seven general branches in rented stores and two school branches, were opened for the convenience of residents in neighborhoods two or more miles from the main library. All branches closed in 1918 because of insufficient funds to carry on the work, which had grown to large proportions. For notes about branches, see chronological "Story of the Branches", in pamphlet "The Roseville Branch", published 1917.

Children's Books. The Children's Room at the Main Library always has a special collection of children's books to lend to children who live near enough to visit it. The branch libraries lent books also to children in their neighborhoods. The School Dept. sends to any teacher who wishes it, a school or classroom library of 25-40 books to lend to the children in her class. 400 or 500 of these libraries go into schools every year and 15,000 children read the books.

Civil Service law in operation since Dec. 22, 1910.

Fiction. Moved from the main Lending Room on 2nd floor to separate department on 1st floor Oct., 1912, for the convenience of borrowers.

High School Room, on 1st floor of Main Library. Contains books on the required reading lists of the four high schools. Opened March 13, 1918, for convenience of high school students. The whole Library is open to them for general use as before.

"The Library and the Museum Therein," first issued June 28, 1918. An eight page journal, illustrated, describing the activities and acquisitions of Library and Museum. Five numbers have appeared to date.

Music collection added April, 1907. Over $500 raised by friends for nucleus of collection.

"The Newarker", a "house organ", published "To introduce a City to itself and to its Public Library". Contained notices and articles on library activities and on local matters of public interest. Issued by the Library, Nov., 1911-Oct., 1915. Was taken over as news sheet of 250th Anniversary Committee of 100, Nov., 1915-Oct., 1916, and discontinued thereafter.

North Lawn. $53,750 appropriated by Common Council for purchase of 25 ft. lot, May 8, 1906.

Periodical Dept. Moved to 2nd floor corridor, Sept., 1918, for convenience of readers.

Registration Dept. Special room for registering new borrowers, adults and children, and for general registration work; opened on 1st floor, Oct. 14, 1912. Put the clerical work of the Library in one place, under one head.

Technical Dept., with books, magazines and pamphlets on trades and sciences, established Nov. 15, 1908.

Time limit on the borrowing of books, extended from 2 weeks to 1 month, March, 1904. One of the first libraries in the country to do this.

_Lincoln Highway_: Ocean-to-ocean highway from New York to San Francisco, named in honor of Abraham Lincoln. Formally opened in Jersey City and Newark, Dec. 13, 1913. Route through Newark: From city line east to city line south, on Old Plank Road, Ferry, Merchant, Lafayette, Broad, Clinton Ave., Astor St. and Frelinghuysen Ave. Section between Jersey City and Newark, formerly called Old Plank Road, now 100 ft. boulevard, cost $1,000,000. Turns marked by red, white and gold signs.