Part 2

PRISONERS of War, number taken in third German offensive, 1; Franco-German agreement for release of, 94; inhuman treatment of civilian prisoners in Austrian prison camps, 97; abuses in German prison camps, 100; prisoners taken in Bouresches Sector, German report on examination of, 243; appalling cruelty of Germans to, 288; "Acme of German Cruelty," 314; treatment of in German prison camps, 332.

_Prisons, Horror of Austrian_, 97.

_Progress of the War_, 49, 221, 434.

PROPAGANDA, German, in the United States, 251; sent to the enemy by balloons, 198.

PUTNAM, George Haven, 336.

R

RAILROADS, Cairo to Jerusalem, 5; Cape to Cairo, 5; Kola to Petrograd, 255.

_Rebuilding Disabled Soldiers_, 101.

_Reconstructing the Life of France_, 286.

RED Cross, second drive, 8; President Wilson's address to inaugurate second Red Cross campaign, 137; "Remarkable Work of American Red Cross in Italy," 472.

REHABILITATION, _see_ SOLDIERS and Sailors, Rehabilitation.

RELIEF Work, _see_ Hospital Ships.

RHEIMS, _see_ CAMPAIGN in Western Europe.

RICHTHOFEN, Capt. Baron von, death, 85.

RIGGS, Edward G., estimates college graduates in United States Service, 203.

RIZZO, Capt., 15.

_Road (The) to France_, (poem,) 534.

RODMAN (Admiral), awarded the Order of the Bath, 383.

ROGERS, D. G., war finances, 277.

ROOSEVELT, (Lieut.) Quentin, death, 441.

ROOSEVELT, Theodore, sends letter to be read at Philadelphia celebration of Bastile Day, 246.

ROSENBERG, von, appointed German Ambassador in Moscow, 259.

ROUGET DE LISLE, Claude Joseph, 200.

RUBIN, A., Rumania and Bessarabia, 326.

RUMANIA, signs legal and political supplementary agreement to Peace of Bucharest, 127; German control of Rumanian oilfields and harvest, 129; Ferdinand accepts terms of Treaty of Bucharest, 321; Rumanian peace treaty ratified, 321; "Rumania and Bessarabia," 326; "Rumania's Thralldom," 127; "Rumania's Humiliation," 502.

RUMELY Propaganda Case, _see_ Enemy Aliens.

RUSSIA:-- Allied intervention discussed by Allies, 110; Japan and China make treaty for intervention in Siberia, 110; Sen. King's resolution in favor of, 111; "New Forces at Work to Save Russia," 252. "Czechoslovaks, Role of," 265. Finances, Russia's debt, 277; Germany, relations with, 258, 261, 262. Internal conditions, 105, 259, 283. Murman district, Anglo-American occupation of Kem, 199; German-Finnish forces attack Murman railway, complete a railroad to Kem, German submarines in White Sea, 255; meaning of word "Murman," 256; Murman railway, 257; importance of the port of Kola, 257; Allies intervene at request of Murman inhabitants against Soviet, 259; Bolshevist and Finno-German invasion, 259; intervention of the Allies, 259, 465; allied forces at Murmansk and Archangel, 470. Revolution, Bolsheviki fail to make peace with the Ukraine, 105; "Russia under Many Masters," 103; Czechoslovak Army fighting Bolsheviki in Siberia and in Volga region, 252; attitude of Czechoslovaks toward Soviets, 254; Armed allied intervention discussed, 110, 259, 260, 261; German intervention, 262; Russia's Constituent Assembly, 267; non-Bolshevist Government established in Siberia, 199, 254, 467; anti-Bolshevists establish "Provisional Government of the Country of the North," 470; Japan sends aid to Czechoslovak troops, 466; "Siberian Temporary Government" established, 467. _See also_ CAMPAIGN in Eastern Europe; ESTHONIA--Finland; GERMANY; JAPAN--Chinese-Japanese Military Alliance; Relation with Russia; UKRAINIA, LITHUANIA, POLAND; PROGRESS of the War--RUSSIA.

RUSSIAN Situation, summary of, 265.

S

ST. JOHN of Jerusalem, Order of, protest against bombing of hospitals, 331.

SAVINKOV, (ex-Minister) Boris, on Bolshevist peace, 113.

SHERMAN, L. Y., "Germany Must Be Vanquished," 527.

SHIPBUILDING, new records in, 43; statistics of allied output for Jan. to May, 1918, 248; American output Jan. to July, 1918, 203; British and American output to August, 49.

SHIPPING, "American Exports Versus the U-boats," 45; American losses, 203; tonnage acquired from other nations, 204; Allies' losses Jan. to May, 1918, 248; losses to allied and neutral during Jan.-Aug. 15, 446; Canada's contribution, 307. _See also_ SHIPBUILDING.

SHIPYARDS, new American shipyards, 449.

SIBERIA, temporary non-Bolshevist Government with Gen. Horvath as President established, 254.

SIMS, Admiral, 336.

SINN FEIN, _see_ IRELAND.

SKAGGERRAK, Battle of, _see_ NAVAL Operations.

SLAVS, account of Slavonic peoples, 3; "Albanian and Slav," 201. _See also_ CZECHOSLOVAKS; JUGOSLAVIA.

SNEEZING Powder, _see_ GAS Warfare.

SOCIALISTS, "International Socialists Peace Campaign," 158; criticism of von Kuhlmann's summary of war situation, 319; view of Treaty of Bucharest, 322; text of Premier Clemenceau's speech of defiance to Socialist pacifists, 307.

SOISSONS, 21, 386; _see also_ CAMPAIGN in Western Europe.

_Soldier Speaks_, (poem), 79.

SOLDIERS and sailors, rehabilitation of, "Rebuilding Disabled Soldiers," 101; pensions granted to British disabled soldiers, 203.

_Somme, Third Battle of_, 423.

_Stars and Stripes_, (poem,) 225.

STEPHENS, Winifred, "Reconstructing the Life of France," 286.

STRESEMANN, (Dr.) Gustave, criticises von Kuehlmann's summary of war situation, 319.

STURGES, (Lieut.) R. S. H., "Fashions of the Firing Line," 309.

SUBMARINE warfare, "The U-boat Raid in American Waters," 38; other submarine activities of the month, 40; "Out of the Sleep of Death," 42; summary of losses, 49; Llandovery Castle sunk, 246; statistics of Allies' losses, January to May, 1918, 248; "The Submarine's Increasing Failure": summary of recent activities, 446. _See also_ Hospital Ships. _See also_ Progress of the War, 49, 221, 434.

SUPREME War Council, favors independent Poland and Jugoslavia, 126.

SWITZERLAND an oasis in wartime, 289.

T

_Theodoric and Attila on the Marne_, 427.

"_Toast to the Flag, A_," (poem,) 360.

TRADE, _see_ COMMERCE.

TRANSATLANTIC Trust Company, 251.

_Transporting America's Army Overseas_, 443.

_Troops, Transportation of_, 2. _See also_ U. S. Army.

TROTZKY, Leon, attitude on peace with Germany, 113.

TURKEY, invasion of Caucasus under Brest Treaty, 131.

U

U-BOATS, _see_ SUBMARINE Warfare.

UKRAINIA, refuses to make peace with Bolshevist Government, 105; peace signed with Russia, 264.

UNITED STATES:-- Army, number of troops in France, 1; "Transportation of Troops," 2; "Armies Under Foreign Generals," 2; "First units of our new army reviewed by King George," 69; "No Limit to Size America's Army," 70; "War Record of the United States," 73; America's first anniversary in France, 78; "Premier Lloyd George Lauds Americans," 148; number of negroes in, 204; "America's War Effort," 229; German official view of, 243; reorganizations of, 429; consolidation of all branches into one "United States Army," 430; "Transporting America's Army Overseas," 443. _See also_ CAMPAIGN in Western Europe. Commerce, "American Exports Versus the U-boats," 45; finances, address by President Wilson on Federal Revenue bill, 139. _See also_ COST of the War. French aid in the American Revolution, 201. "Mexico and the United States," 142. Navy, largest naval appropriation bill passed, 431. Russian Situation--Inaction criticised, 260.

SHIPPING, _see_ SHIPPING; SHIPBUILDING.

War Dept., summary of achievements to July, 1918, 229; war with Germany and Austria-Hungary, "War Record of the United States," 73. _See also_ TITLES Beginning America, American. _See also_ PROGRESS of the War, 49, 221, 434.

V

VAN DYKE, Henry, "The Stars and Stripes," (poem,) 225.

_Vaux, Taking the Village of_, 233.

_Vaux, Thorough American Work at_, 235.

VERSAILLES Council, _see_ SUPREME War Council.

VICTORIA Cross awarded to Capt. James B. McCudden, 87.

VILLERS-COTTERETS, historical sketch, 6. _See also_ CAMPAIGN in Western Europe.

W

"_War in the Air_," 80.

WELLS, H. G., "Boycotting Germany," 545; "The Death Knell of Empire," 353.

WEST, Austin, "Austrians at Grips with Italians," 33.

WESTARP (Count), leader of Conservatives, criticises von Kuhlmann's summary of war situation, 318.

WHEELER, W. Reginald, "Chinese-Japanese Military Alliance," 498.

WILLIAM II., Emperor of Germany, defines issues of the war, 36.

WILLIAMS, Harold, summary of the Russian situation, 265.

WILSON, (Pres.) Woodrow, Red Cross speech in New York, 137; Federal Revenue Bill, 139; appeals for economy, 141; Memorial Day proclamation, 141; address to Mexican editors, 142; "Mount Vernon address"; a statement of American war aims, 191; reply of Baron Burian, 194; Chancellor von Hertling's reply in Reichstag, 311; Paris renames street in honor of, 204; sends greeting to France on Bastile Day, 245; reply of Pres. Poincare, 245; congratulated by Pres. Poincare on Fourth of July celebration, 337; reply, 337; by King George of Greece, 340; reply, 341; denounces mob action, 384; "President Wilson and the League of Nations," 511.

Portraits

ARNIM, (Gen.) Sixt von, 47.

BERTHELOT, (Gen.) Henri, 410.

BOEHM, (Gen.) von, 47.

BOROEVIC (Field Marshal). 237.

BRITISH Imperial War Conference, Members, 474.

BULLARD, (Maj. Gen.) R. L., 191.

BUNDY, (Maj. Gen.) Omar, 191.

BURNHAM, (Maj. Gen.) W. P., 204.

BURTSEFF, Vladimir, 268.

CAMERON, (Maj. Gen.) G. H., 394.

CHAPMAN, Victor, 395.

DICKMAN, (Maj. Gen.) J. T., 14, 191.

DUNCAN, (Maj. Gen.) G. B., 204.

EICHHORN, (Field Marshal) von, 427.

FOSDICK, Raymond B., 269.

GLENN, (Maj. Gen.) E. F., 204.

GOURAUD (Gen.), 410.

GREENE, (Maj. Gen.) H. A., 14.

HAAN, (Maj. Gen.) W. A., 394.

HALDANE, Viscount, Lord High Chancellor of England, 47.

HALE, (Maj. Gen.) H. S., 14.

HARBORD (Maj. Gen.), 68, 191.

HINTZE, (Admiral) Paul von, 411.

HITCHCOCK, (Sen.) G. M., 15.

HOLUBOWICZ, H. M., 78.

HORVATH (Gen.), 268.

HUMBERT (Gen.), 410.

HUTIER, (Gen.) von, 47.

KITCHIN, (Congressman) Claude, 15.

KNIGHT, (Rear Admiral) Austin M., 205.

LENINE, Nikolai, 458.

LIGGETT, (Maj. Gen.) Hunter, 191.

LOMONOSSOFF, (Dr.) G. V., 268.

LUFBERY, (Maj. Gen.) Ravul, 395.

McMAHON, (Maj. Gen.) J. E., 394.

MANGIN, (Gen.) Joseph, 410.

MARWITZ, (Gen.) von der, 47.

MARTIN, (Maj. Gen.) C. T., 204.

MASARYK (Prof.), 78.

MAUD'HUY, (Gen.) de, 220.

MIRBACH, (Count) von, 427.

MITCHEL, (Maj.) J. Purroy, 395.

MUIR, (Maj. Gen.) C. H., 394.

NIBLOCK, (Rear Admiral) Albert T., 205.

NICHOLAS, Romanoff, 426.

OVERMAN, (Sen.) L. S., 15.

PETLJURA (Gen.), 78.

READ, (Maj. Gen.) George W., 381.

RODMAN, (Rear Admiral) Hugh, 205.

ROOSEVELT, (Lieut.) Quentin, 395.

SENATE Committee on Military Affairs, 475.

SIMMONS, (Sen.) F. M., 15.

SIXTUS (Prince of Bourbon), 79.

SKOROPADSKI, Pavel Petrovitch, 268.

SVINHUFVUD (Judge), 78.

TALAAT Pasha, 236.

TCHITCHERIN, Georg, 459.

VALERA, (Prof.) Edward de, 79.

WILSON, (Rear Admiral) H. B., 205.

WOOD, (Maj. Gen.) Leonard, 14.

WRIGHT, (Maj. Gen.) Wm. M., 381.

Maps

ALBANIA, relation of, to other Balkan States, 212.

ARMENIA, 134.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, showing populations in threatened revolt, 117.

AUSTRO-ITALIAN Campaign, 15; Piave delta, 210; Albania, Italo-French advance, 212; Cairo-Jerusalem Railway, 4.

CAUCASUS region, 133.

EUROPE, showing territorial status of the war at the end of the fourth year, 462.

JUGOSLAVIA, projected States, 116.

MURMAN Coast, 256.

MURMAN District, 471.

MURMAN-PETROGRAD Railway, 255.

RUSSIA, showing points where Bolsheviki have been fighting, 260.

RUSSIA, showing positions of Allied Expeditionary Forces, 476.

RUSSIA, railway system, 262.

SIBERIA, showing Trans-Siberian Railway, 263.

WESTERN Campaign: German offensive of May, 10; offensive of June 9, 12; offensive of March to June, 18; Cantigny captured by American troops, 59; territory near Chateau-Thierry won back by American soldiers, 66; Aisne-Marne region showing Allies' gains July, 1918, 206; Marne front, 206; Rheims, 207; Allies' gains near Albert, Chateau-Thierry, and Bethune, 208; battlefront, August, 1918, 391; Chateau-Thierry "pocket," 393; Lys Salient, 395; Montdidier Salient, 396.

Illustrations

AMERICAN officers decorated by Gen. Philipot, 31.

AMERICAN patrol in trenches in France, 142.

AMERICAN troops on German soil, (Massevaux, Alsace,) 523.

BATTLEFIELD in France, 316.

CAMP Jackson, 333.

CHATEAU-THIERRY, bridge across the Marne, 506.

COLISEUM, Rome, during Italian celebration of anniversary of America's entry into the war, 126.

DOGS trained for the British Army as dispatch bearers, 284.

FRENCH Chasseurs Alpins visiting Statue of Liberty, 1.

FRENCH town wiped out in German offensive, 95.

FRENCH town wrecked by retreating Germans, 506.

GAS attack as seen from an airplane, 317.

GAS masks, 317.

GUNS of the largest calibre, 285.

KENNELS of French war dogs, 284.

KING George's message to the soldiers of the United States, 69.

LOCRE, Ruins of village of, 221.

PICARDY inhabitants leaving their homes when German advance began, 94.

LUSITANIA'S victims' graves, 127.

PONT-A-MOUSSON, 143.

RED CROSS parade in New York reviewed by President Wilson, 1.

TANK, armored man power, 332.

TANK, new British type, 332.

UNITED STATES National Army men parade in London, 30.

VILLIERS-BRETONNEUX, entrance to chateau, 221.

WAR Dept. Building, Washington, 522.

Cartoons

171-190; 361-380; 551-570.

* * * * *

CURRENT HISTORY CHRONICLED

[PERIOD ENDED JUNE 20, 1918]

A MONTH OF BATTLES

Military activity superseded everything else during the month under review. Europe shook with the roar of battle. From May 27 to June 15 fully 3,000,000 men were engaged in deadly conflict along the battlefronts of France, with a ghastly toll of blood, while in Italy along a front of 100 miles more than 2,000,000 joined battle on June 15 and were furiously fighting when this issue went to press. The third German offensive, which continued for three weeks, did not break the front, nor did it divide the Allies, nor were the Channel ports reached, nor was Paris invested. In all these respects the drive failed, but important new territory was won by the Germans, and they claimed over 85,000 prisoners and an enormous amount of booty; the Allies declared that the failure of the Germans to obtain any of their objectives, coupled with the frightful price they had paid in killed and wounded, the shock to the army morale, and the disappointment in the enemy leadership, operated practically as a German defeat almost approaching disaster.

American co-operation in the war became profoundly significant during the month. The announcement was authorized early in June that more than 800,000 Americans were in France and that American soldiers were occupying important sectors on the front. Their brilliant stand on the Marne and at Belleau Wood, where they were victorious over crack Prussian divisions, created great enthusiasm throughout this country and evoked warmest encomiums from all the Allies. It was announced that American forces were holding a sector on German soil in the Vosges. It was understood that United States troops were crossing the Atlantic at the rate of nearly 40,000 a week, and that with the steady gain in shipping facilities an American Army in France of 1,500,000 was assured by Oct. 15, 1918. There was evidence that the Germans had realized the gravity of American intervention, and that their great offensive was based on the fear that ultimate defeat awaited them unless they could obtain immediate victory.

The offensive launched by the Austrians in Italy on June 15 was their most ambitious undertaking during the war. It was reported that they had 1,000,000 men engaged and 7,500 guns. At the end of the fourth day it was generally felt that the offensive had failed, as none of the objectives was obtained.

There were no important military activities on any of the other fronts.

German submarines invaded American waters late in May and within three weeks torpedoed twenty vessels, among them several steamships. There was no panic; the only effect was a fuller realization that the country was at war, with a marked speeding up of recruiting and a deepened determination that the war should be waged until victory was won. The raid caused no pause in the steady flow of troops to Europe. The submarine sinkings materially diminished in European waters, and the completion of new tonnage by the Allies during the month outstripped the losses by thousands of tons. It was clear during this period that the United States had attained its full stride in building ships, airplanes, and ordnance.

The growing importance of aerial warfare was universally recognized during the month, and the deadly efficiency of air squadrons in battle was demonstrated as never before.

The Russian situation became no clearer, though there was a growing impression that the Bolsheviki were steadily declining in power, while the forces of order and moderation were strengthening. The movement for intervention by Japan in Siberia gained momentum, but Washington gave no indication of giving its assent. The German progress into Russia continued, yet there were signs that the Ukrainians were resenting German methods and were becoming a troublesome factor to the invaders. The Germanization of Finland and the other Russian border provinces proceeded apace. In the Caucasus the Turks continued to acquire new power over former Russian territory, and the spread of Turanian dominion was advanced.

Austria-Hungary was in a ferment during the month, and there was every indication that the Poles, Czechs, and Slavs were working in harmony and were threatening the existence of the Dual Empire.

In Great Britain, Italy, and France political matters were quieter, and a better feeling prevailed than for many months, while in our own country there was more war enthusiasm and less political discord than at any previous time in the nation's history.

THE TRANSPORTATION OF TROOPS IN GREAT WARS

The announcement on June 15 that the United States had successfully carried over three-quarters of a million troops to France, a distance of more than 3,000 miles by sea, with the statement, made at the same time, that the Allies had successfully transported the enormous number of 17,000,000 to and from the various battle zones, both with absolutely negligible losses, serves to bring up the interesting question of the movements of vast bodies of men in earlier wars. Leaving out the primitive wars, in which troops were moved only by land, and almost wholly on foot, to begin with the great Persian invasion of Europe, in the fifth century before our era: Xerxes transported an enormous army, fabled to number five millions, and certainly reaching nearly half a million combatants, across the water-barrier of Europe by building a pontoon bridge over the Hellespont, between three and four miles wide; but the Persians had also, at Salamis, between 1,000 and 1,200 ships, which was a sufficiently great achievement in transportation. On the return invasion of Asia by the Greeks, Alexander the Great likewise crossed the Hellespont, at the site of the Gallipoli fighting, by a bridge of boats; the latest crossing of a great army on pontoons being that of the Russians at the Danube, when they invaded Turkey in 1877. A feat in transportation of another kind was that of Hannibal, who carried his mixed army of Africans, Spaniards, and Gauls across the Alps, probably at Mont Genevre, in the Summer of 218; an achievement later repeated by Napoleon and the Russian General Suvoroff. A more recent feat in transportation was the bringing of British and French troops to America, in the days of Washington. But the closest analogy to the present achievement of the American Army and Navy is probably that of the transportation of British troops to South Africa, twenty years ago, the distance being over 6,000 miles, or about twice the distance of our Atlantic port from the landing place of our troops in France. The total British losses in South Africa have more than once been equaled by one week's British casualties in the present struggle in France, the ratio of killed to wounded being about the same, namely, one to five.

ARMIES UNDER FOREIGN GENERALS

The brigading of American troops with French and English commands and the fact that the entire forces of England and Italy, as well as America, on the Continent, are commanded by a French soldier recall that in many past wars large forces of one nation served under leaders of another nation. In the Napoleonic wars there were numberless instances of these armies of composite nationality, the most striking example being, probably, the Grand Army which invaded Russia in 1811, in which there was only a minority of French soldiers, nearly all Western Europe contributing the majority. But these foreign troops served by compulsion, not of good-will. A better analogy is the war of the Spanish succession, in which both the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene commanded composite armies, voluntarily united; this war transferred Newfoundland and Nova Scotia from France to England. In the wars in India, English commanders have almost invariably had a majority of native troops in their forces, and this was conspicuously the case in the second half of the eighteenth century, as in Clive's decisive victory at Plassey.

Considerable numbers of French troops served under an American Commander in Chief at an eventful period in this country's history; of the 16,000 who forced the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, about half were French troops, under Lafayette and Rochambeau. A generation later, when Napoleon was trying to subdue Spain, mixed forces of English, Portuguese, and Spanish troops fought, under the Duke of Wellington and his colleagues, against the invaders. At Waterloo also the Duke of Wellington had an army of several different nationalities under his command, though the Dutch and Belgian troops played no great part in the later stages of the battle. In the war of 1877, considerable Russian and Rumanian armies fought under a single commander who was, for a considerable period, Prince Charles (later King) of Rumania.

THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SLAVS