Chapter 7

I.--LATIN PREFIXES.

Prefix. Signification. Example. Definition.

A- a-vert to turn _from_. ab- = _from_ ab-solve to release _from_. abs- abs-tain to hold _from_.

AD- ad-here to stick _to_. a- a-gree to be pleasing _to_. ac- ac-cede to yield _to_. af- af-fix to fix _to_. ag- ag-grieve to give pain _to_. al- = _to_ al-ly to bind _to_. an- an-nex to tie _to_. ap- ap-pend to hang _to_. ar- ar-rive to reach _to_. as- as-sent to yield _to_.

NOTE.--The forms AC-, AF-, etc., are euphonic variations of AD-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root.

AM- = _around_ am-putate to cut _around_. amb- amb-ient going _around_.

ANTE- = _before_ ante-cedent going _before_. anti- anti-cipate to take _before_.

BI- = _two_ or bi-ped a _two_-footed animal. bis- _twice_ bis-cuit _twice_ cooked.

CIRCUM- = _around_ circum-navigate to sail _around_. circu- circu-it journey _around_.

CON- con-vene to come _together_. co- co-equal equal _with_. co- = _with_ or co-gnate born _together_. col- _together_ col-loquy a speaking _with_ another. com- com-pose to put _together_. cor- cor-relative relative _with_.

NOTE.--The forms CO-, COL-, COM-, and COR-, are euphonic variations of CON-.

CONTRA- contra-dict to speak _against_ contro- = _against_ contro-vert to turn _against_ counter- counter-mand to order _against_

DE- = _down_ or de-pose; to put _down_; _off_ de-fend fend _off_.

DIS- _asunder_ dis-pel to drive _asunder_. di- = _apart_ di-vert to turn _apart_. dif- _opposite of_ dif-fer to bear _apart_; disagree.

NOTE.--The forms DI- and DIF- are euphonic forms of DIS-; DIF- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.

EX- ex-clude to shut _out_. e- = _out_ or e-ject to cast _out_. ec- _from_ ec-centric _from_ the center. ef- ef-flux a flowing _out_.

NOTE.--E-, EC-, and EF- are euphonic variations of EX-. When prefixed to the name of an office, EX- denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, _ex_-mayor, the former mayor.

EXTRA- = _beyond_ extra-ordinary _beyond_ ordinary.

IN- (in nouns and in-clude to shut _in_. il- verbs) il-luminate to throw light _on_. im- = _in, into, on_ im-port to carry _in_. ir- ir-rigate to pour water _on_. en-, em- en-force to force _on_.

NOTE.--The forms IL-, IM-, and IR- are euphonic variations of IN-. The forms EN- and EM- are of French origin.

IN- (in adjectives in-sane _not_ sane. i(n) and nouns.) i-gnoble _not_ noble. il- = _not_ il-legal _not_ legal. im- im-mature _not_ mature. ir- ir-regular _not_ regular.

INTER- = _between_ or inter-cede to go _between_. intel- _among_ intel-ligent choosing _between_.

INTRA- = _inside of_ intra-mural _inside of_ the walls.

INTRO- = _within, into_ intro-duce to lead _into_

JUXTA- = _near_ juxta-position a placing _near_

NON- = _not_ non-combatant _not_ fighting.

NOTE.--A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between _non-_ and the root.

OB- ob-ject to throw _against_. o- _in the way_, o-mit to leave _out_. oc- = _against_, oc-cur to run _against_; or _out_ hence, to happen. of- of-fend to strike _against_. op- op-pose to put one's self _against_.

PER- = _through_, per-vade; to pass _through_; pel- _thoroughly_ per-fect _thoroughly_ made. pel-lucid _thoroughly_ clear.

NOTE.--Standing alone, PER- signifies _by_: as, _per annum_, _by_ the year.

POST- = _after_, post-script written _after_. _behind_

PRE- = _before_ pre-cede to go _before_.

PRETER- = _beyond_ preter-natural _beyond_ nature.

PRO _for_, pro-noun _for_ a noun. = _forth_, or pro-pose to put _forth_. _forward_

NOTE.--In a few instances PRO- is changed into PUR-, as _pur_pose; into POR-, as _por_tray; and into POL-, as _pol_lute.

RE- = _back_ or re-pel to drive _back_. red- _anew_ red-eem to buy _back_.

RETRO- = _backwards_ retro-grade going _backwards_.

SE- = _aside_, se-cede to go _apart_. _apart_

SINE- = _without_ sine-cure _without_ care.

SUB- sub-scribe to write _under_. suc- suc-ceed to follow _after_. suf- suf-fer to _undergo_. sug- = _under_ or sug-gest to bring to mind from _after_ _under_. sum- sum-mon to hint from _under_. sup- sup-port to bear by being _under_. sus- sus-tain to _under_-hold.

NOTE.--The euphonic variations SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-, result from assimilating the _b_ of SUB- to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain" SUS- is a contraction of _subs-_ for _sub-_.

SUBTER- = _under_ or subter-fuge a flying _under_. _beneath_

SUPER- = _above_ or super-natural _above_ nature. _over_ super-vise to _over_-see.

NOTE.--In derivatives through the French, SUPER- takes the form SUR-, as _sur-_vey, to look over.

TRANS- _through_, trans-gress to step _beyond_. tra- = _over_, tra-verse to pass _over_. or _beyond_

ULTRA- = _beyond_, or ultra-montane _beyond_ the mountain _extremely_ (the Alps). ultra-conservativ _extremely_ conservative.

II.--LATIN SUFFIXES.

SUFFIX. SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION.

-ABLE = _that may be_; cur-able _that may be_ cured. -ible _fit to be_ possi-ble _that may be_ done. -ble solu-ble _that may be_ dissolved.

-AC _relating to_ cardi-ac _relating to_ the heart. = or demoni-ac _like_ a demon. _resembling_

NOTE.--The suffix -AC is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin.

-ACEOUS _of_; sapon-aceous _having the quality of_ = _having the_ soap. -acious _quality of_ cap-acious _having the quality of_ holding much.

_condition of_ celib-acy _condition of being_ -ACY = _being_; single. _office of_ cur-acy _office of_ a curate.

-AGE _act_, marri-age _act of_ marrying. = _condition_, or vassal-age _condition of_ a vassal. _collection of_ foli-age _collection of_ leaves.

NOTE.--The suffix -AGE is found only in French-Latin derivatives.

adj. ment-al _relating to_ the mind. -AL = _relating to_ remov-al _the act of_ removing. n. _the act of_; capit-al _that which_ forms the _that which_ head of a column.

-AN adj. _relating hum-an _relating to_ mankind. -ane to_ hum-ane _befitting_ a man. = or _befitting_ artis-an _one who_ follows a trade. n. _one who_

-ANCE _state or_ vigil-ance _state of being_ watchful. -ancy = _quality_ eleg-ance _quality of being_ _of being_ elegant.

-ANT = adj. _being_ vigil-ant _being_ watchful. n. _one who_ assist-ant _one who_ assists.

-AR = _relating to; lun-ar _relating to_ the moon. like_ circul-ar _like_ a circle.

adj. _relating epistol-ary _relating to_ a letter. -ARY to_ mission-ary _one who is_ sent out. = n. _one who_; avi-ary _a place where_ birds _place where_ are kept.

n. _one who is_ deleg-ate _one who is_ sent by adj. _having_ others. -ATE = _the quality of_ accur-ate _having the quality of_ v. _to perform_ accuracy. _the act of_, navig-ate _to perform the act of_ or _cause_ sailing.

-CLE = _minute_ vesi-cle a _minute_ vessel. -cule animal-cule a _minute_ animal.

-EE = _one to whom_ refer-ee _one to whom_ something is referred.

NOTE.--This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin.

-EER engin-eer _one who_ has charge of = _one who_ an engine. -ier brigad-ier _one who_ has charge of a brigade.

NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin.

-ENE = _having relation terr-ene _having relation to_ the to_ earth.

-ENCE _state of being_ pres-ence _state of being_ present. -ency = or _quality of_ tend-ency _quality of_ tending towards.

-ENT n. _one who_ stud-ent _one who_ studies. = or _which_ equival-ent _being_ equal to, adj. _being_ equal_ing_. or _-ing_

-ESCENCE = _state of conval-escence _state of becoming_ well. becoming_

-ESCENT = _becoming_ conval-escent _becoming_ well.

-ESS = _female_ lion-ess a _female_ lion.

NOTE.--This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin.

-FEROUS = _producing_ coni-ferous _producing_ cones.

-FIC = _making, sopori-fic _causing_ sleep. causing_

-FICE = _something done_ arti-fice _something done_ with or _made_ art.

-FY = _to make_ forti-fy _to make_ strong.

rust-ic _one who_ has countrified -IC n. _one who_ manners.

-ical = adj. _like_, hero-ic _like_ a hero. _made of_, metall-ic _made of_ metal. _relating to_ histor-ical _relating to_ history.

NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, namely, adjectives in -IKOS. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in -IC denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: as _nitric_ acid.

-ICE _that which_ just-ice _that which_ is just.

-ICS _the science of_ mathemat-ics _the science of_ quantity. -IC arithmet-ic _the science of_ number.

NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin.

-ID = _being_ or acr-id; flu-id _being_ bitter; flow_ing_. _-ing_

_-ile_ = _relating to_; puer-ile _relating to_ a boy. _apt for_ docile _apt for_ being taught.

-INE = _relating to; femin-ine _relating to_ a woman. like_ alkal-ine _like_ an alkali.

_the act of_, expuls-ion _the act of_ expelling. -ION = _state of corrupt-ion _state of being_ corrupt. being_, frict-ion rubb_ing_. or _-ing_

-ISH = _to make_ publ-ish _to make_ public.

-ISE = _to render_, or fertil-ize _to render_ fertile. -ize _perform the act of_

NOTE.--The suffix -ISE, -IZE, is of French origin, and is freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives.

-ISM = _state or act hero-ism _state of_ a hero. of_; _idiom_ Gallic-ism a French _idiom_.

NOTE.--This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words of Greek origin.

_one who_ art-ist _one who practices_ -IST = _practices_ or an art. _is devoted to_ botan-ist _one who is devoted to_ botany.

-ITE = n. _one who is_ favor-ite _one who is_ favored. -yte adj. _being_ defin-ite _being_ well defined. prosel-yte _one who is_ brought over.

NOTE.--The form -YTE is found only in words of Greek origin.

-ITY = _state or security _state of being_ secure. -ty quality_ ability _quality of being_ able. _of being_ liber-ty _state of being_ free.

n. _one who is_ -IVE = or _that which_ capt-ive _one who is_ taken. adj. _having_ cohes-ive _having power_ to stick. _the power_ _or quality_

-IX = _feminine_ testatr-ix a _woman_ who leaves a will.

IZE (See ISE.)

-MENT _state of being_ excite-ment _state of being_ excited. = or _act of_; induce-ment _that which_ induces. _that which_

-MONY _state or_ matri-mony _state of_ marriage. = _quality of_; testi-mony _that which_ is testified. _that which_

_one who_; audit-or _one who_ hears. -OR = _that which_; mot-or _that which_ moves. _quality of_ err-or _quality of_ erring.

adj. _fitted_ or preparat-ory _fitted_ to prepare. -ORY = _relating to_ n. _place armor-y _place where_ arms are where_; kept. _that which_

-OSE = _abounding in_ verb-ose _abounding in_ words. -ous popul-ous _abounding in_ people.

-TUDE = _condition or_ servi-tude _condition of_ a slave. _quality of_ forti-tude _quality of_ being brave.

-TY (See -ITY.)

-ULE = _minute_ glob-ule a _minute_ globe.

-ULENT = _abounding in_ op-ulent _abounding in_ wealth.

-URE = _act or state depart-ure _act of_ departing. of_; creat-ure _that which_ is created. _that which_

CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.

-an -ent -ant -ier -ary -ist = _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._ -ate -ive -eer -or

-ate -ite = _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that -ee -ive which is._

-acy -ism -age -ity -ance -ment NOUN SUFFIXES -ancy -mony = _state; condition; quality; act._ -ate -tude -ence -ty -ency -ure -ion

-ary = _place where._ -ory

-cle -cule = _diminutives._ -ule

II.

-ac -ic -al -ical -an -id = _relating to; like; being_. -ar -ile -ary -ine -ent -ory

-ate -ose = _abounding in; having the quality_. -ous

ADJECTIVE -able -ible = _that may be_. SUFFIXES. -ble -ile

-ive = _having power_.

-ferous = _causing_ or _producing_. -fic

-aceous = _of; having the quality_. -acious

-escent = _becoming_.

III.

-ate VERB SUFFIXES -fy = _to make; render; perform an act_. -ise -ize

EXERCISE.

I.

a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from the following:--

1. Nouns.

MODEL: _art + ist = artist, one who practices an art._[5]

1 art 2 cash 3 humor 4 history 5 vision 6 tribute 7 cure 8 engine 9 auction 10 cannon 11 flute 12 drug 13 tragedy 14 mutiny 15 grammar 16 credit 17 note 18 method 19 music 20 flower (_flor_-)

2. Verbs.

1 profess 2 descend 3 act 4 imitate 5 preside 6 solicit 7 visit 8 defend 9 survey 10 oppose (_oppon_-)

3. Adjectives.

1 adverse 2 secret 3 potent 4 private

b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) from the following:--

1 assign 2 bedlam 3 _captum_ (taken) 4 devote 5 favor 6 lease 7 _natus_ (born) 8 patent 9 refer 10 relate