Chapter 13

I.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS.

1.--NOUNS.

AT'LAS, _a collection of maps bound together_: "Atlas," a fabled giant who, according to the Greek notion bore the earth upon his shoulders.

ACAD'EMY, _a superior grade school, a society of learned men_: "Academus," a Greek in whose garden near Athens Plato taught.

AMMO'NIA, _the pungent matter of smelling salts_: "Jupiter Ammon," near whose temple in Libya it was originally obtained.

BAC'CHANAL, _one who indulges in drunken revels_: "Bacchus," the god of wine.

BOW'IE KNIFE, _an American weapon_: Colonel "Bowie," the inventor.

BRAGGADO'CIO, _a vain boaster_: "Braggadochio," a boastful character in Spenser's Faery Queen.

BUD'DHISM, _a wide-spread Asiatic religion_: "Buddha," a Hindoo sage who lived about 1000 B.C.

CAL'VINISM, _the doctrines of Calvin_: "Calvin," a Swiss theologian of the 16th century.

CAMEL'LIA, _a genus of evergreen shrubs_: "Camelli," a Spaniard who brought them from Asia.

CICERO'NE (sis e-ro'ne or chĭ chĕ-ro'-ne), _a guide_: "Cicero," the Roman orator.

CINCHO'NA, _Peruvian bark_: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a Spanish governor of Peru (17th century). By means of this medicine she was cured of an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain she aided in the diffusion of the remedy.

DAGUERRE'OTYPE, _a picture produced on a metal plate_: "Daguerre," the inventor (1789-1851).

DAHL'IA, _a garden plant_: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist.

DUNCE, _a dull, slow-witted person_: "Duns Scotus," a subtle philosopher of the 13th century. His method of reasoning was very popular in the schools during the Middle Ages, and a very skillful hair-splitter was called a Dunse, but at last, through the influence of the antagonists of the philosopher, the word passed into a term of reproach.

EP'ICURE, _one fond of good living_: "Epicurus," a Greek philosopher who was said to teach that pleasure is the chief good.

FAH'RENHEIT, _a thermometer that marks the freezing-point of water at_ 32° (which is different from both the centigrade and the Reaumur thermometer): "Fahrenheit," the inventor.

FUCHSIA (fu'sĭ-a), _a genus of flowering plants_: "Leonard Fuchs," a German botanist of the 16th century.

GAL'VANISM, _a branch of the science of electricity_: "Galvani," an Italian physician, its discoverer.

GEN'TIAN, _a medicinal root_: "Gentian," king of Illyria, who is said to have first experienced the virtues of the plant.

GOB'ELIN, _a rich tapestry_: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish dyer.

GUILLOTINE', _an instrument for beheading_: "Guillotin," who invented and brought it into use at the time of the French Revolution, last century.

HY'GIENE, _the principles and rules of health_: "Hygeia," the goddess of health in classical mythology.

JES'UIT, _a member of the Society of Jesus, formed by Ignatius Loyola in_ 1534: "Jesus."

LYNCH, _to punish without the usual forms of law_: said to be from "Lynch," a Virginia farmer, who took the law into his own hands.

MACAD'AMIZE, _to cover a road with small broken stones_: "Macadam," the inventor.

MAGNO'LIA, _a species of trees found in the southern parts of the United States_: "Magnol," a French botanist.

MEN'TOR, _a faithful monitor_: "Mentor," the counselor of Telemachus.

MOR'PHIA, _the narcotic principle of opium_: "Morpheus," the god of sleep.

NE'GUS, _a mixture of wine, water, and sugar_: Colonel "Negus," who introduced its use in the time of Queen Anne.

OR'RERY, _an apparatus for showing the motions, etc., of the heavenly bodies_: the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was made.

PALLA'DIUM, _something that affords effectual defense, protection, and safety_: Greek "palla'dion," an image of "Pallas Athene," which was kept hidden and secret, and was revered as a pledge of the safety of the town where it was lodged.

PAN'IC, _a sudden fright_: "Pan," the god of shepherds, who is said to have caused alarm by his wild screams and appearance.

PE'ONY, _a plant of the genus_ PÆONIA, _having beautiful showy flowers_: "Pæon," its discoverer.

PET'REL, _an ocean bird_: diminutive of Peter, probably so called in allusion to "St. Peter's" walking on the sea.

PHA'ETON, _an open carriage_: "Phaethon," the fabled son of Phœbus or the Sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive.

PINCH'BECK, _an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold_: said to be from one "Pinchbeck," the inventor.

QUAS'SIA, _a bitter wood used as a tonic_: "Quassy," a negro who discovered its qualities.

RODOMONTADE', _vainbluster_: "Rodomonte," a boasting hero who figures in Ariosto's poem of the _Orlando Furioso_.

SILHOUETTE (sil oo et'), _the outline of an object filled in with black color_: "Silhouette" (see Webster).

TAN'TALIZE, _to torment or tease_: "Tantalus," according to the poets, an ancient king of Phrygia, who was made to stand up to the chin in water with fruit hanging over his head, but from whom both receded when he wished to partake.

TYPHOON', _a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas_: "Typhon," a fabled giant who was taught to produce them.

VOLCA'NO, _a burning mountain_: "Vulcan," the god of fire.

2.--ADJECTIVES.

AMER'ICAN, _relating to America_: from "Amerigo (Latin, _Americus_) Vespucci"--contemporary of Columbus.

A'RIAN, _relating to Arius_: a theologian of the 4th century who denied the divinity of Christ.

ARISTOTE'LIAN, _relating to the deductive method of reasoning set forth by Aristotle_: a Greek philosopher of the 4th century B.C.

ARMIN'IAN, _relating to Arminius_: a Dutch theologian of the 16th century, who opposed the doctrines of Calvin.

BACO'NIAN, _relating to the inductive method of reasoning set forth by Bacon_: an English philosopher of the 17th century.

CARTE'SIAN, _relating to the philosophy of Descartes_: a French philosopher of the 17th century.

CE'REAL, _relating to grain_: from "Ceres"--the Roman goddess of corn and tillage.

COPER'NICAN, _relating to Copernicus_: a German philosopher of the 16th century, who taught the theory of the solar system now received, and called the _Copernican system_.

ELIZ'ABETHAN, _relating to the times of Queen Elizabeth of England_: (1558-1603).

EO'LIAN, _relating to the wind_: from "Æolus"--the god of the winds in classic mythology.

ERAS'TIAN, _relating to Erastus_:--a German theologian of the 16th century, who maintained that the Church is wholly dependent on the State for support or authority.

ESCULA'PIAN, _relating to the healing art_: from "Esculapius"--the god of the healing art among the Greeks.

GOR'DIAN, _intricate, complicated, difficult_: from "Gordius"--king of Phrygia who tied a knot which could not be untied.

HERCULE'AN, _very large and strong_: from "Hercules"--a hero of antiquity celebrated for his strength.

HERMET'IC, _relating to Hermes_--the fabled inventor of alchemy; adv., HERMETICALLY, _in a perfectly close manner_.

HUDIBRAS'TIC, _in the manner of the satirical poem called Hudibras_, by Samuel Butler (1612-1680).

JO'VIAL, _gay, merry_: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),--the planet of that name having in the Middle Ages been supposed to make those who were born under it of a joyous temper.

LINNÆ'AN, _relating to Linnæus_--the celebrated Swedish botanist.

LU'THERAN, _relating to the doctrines of Luther_--a German religious teacher of the 16th century.

MACHIAVEL'IAN, _cunning and sinister in politics_: from "Machiaveli"--an Italian writer of the 15th century.

MERCU'RIAL, _active, sprightly_--having the qualities fabled to belong to the god "Mercury."

MOSA'IC, _relating to Moses, his writings or his time_.

NEWTO'NIAN, _relating to Sir Isaac Newton and his philosophy_.

PINDAR'IC, _after the style and manner of Pindar_--a lyric poet of Greece.

PLATON'IC, _relating to the opinions or the school of Plato_,--a philosopher of Greece, in the 4th century B.C.

PLUTON'IC, _relating to the interior of the earth, or to the Plutonic theory in geology of the formation of certain rocks by fire_: from "Pluto"--in classic mythology, the god of the infernal regions.

PROCRUS'TEAN, _relating to or resembling the mode of torture employed by Procrustes_--a celebrated highwayman of ancient Attica, who tied his victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched out or cut off their legs to adapt them to its length.

PROME'THEAN, _relating to Prometheus_--a god fabled by the ancient poets to have formed men from clay and to have given them life by means of fire stolen from heaven, at which Jupiter, being angry, sent Mercury to bind him to Mount Caucasus, and place a vulture to prey upon his liver.

QUIXOT'IC, _absolutely romantic, like Don Quixote_--described by Cervantes, a Spanish writer of the 16th century.

SATUR'NIAN, _distinguished for purity, integrity, and simplicity_; _golden, happy_: from "Saturn"--one of the gods of antiquity whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, was called the _golden age_.

SOCRAT'IC, _relating to the philosophy or the method of teaching of Socrates_--the celebrated philosopher of Greece (468-399 B.C.).

STENTO'RIAN, _very loud or powerful, resembling the voice of Stentor_--a Greek herald, spoken of by Homer, having a very loud voice.

THES'PIAN, _relating to tragic action_: from "Thespis"--the founder of the Greek drama.

TITAN'IC, _enormous in size and strength_: from the "Titans"--fabled giants in classic mythology.

UTO'PIAN, _ideal, fanciful, chimerical_: from "Utopia"--an imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called "Utopia," as enjoying the greatest perfection in politics laws, and society.

VOLTA'IC, _relating to voltaism or voltaic electricity_: from "Volta"--who first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical action.

II.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES.

AG'ATE, _a precious stone_: "Achates," a river in Sicily where it is found.

AL'ABASTER, _a variety of soft marble_: "Alabastrum," in Egypt, where it is found.

AR'RAS, _tapestry_: "Arras," in France, where it is manufactured.

ARTE'SIAN, _applied to wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water which flows from internal pressure_: "Artois" (anciently called Artesium), in France, where many of such wells have been made.

AT'TIC, _marked by such qualities as characterized the Athenians, as delicate wit, purity of style, elegance, etc._: "Attica," the country of the Athenians.

BAN'TAM, _a small domestic fowl_: "Bantam," in Java, whence it was brought.

BARB, _a Barbary horse_: "Barbary," in Africa.

BAY'ONET, _a dagger fixed on the end of a musket_: "Bayonne," in France, where it was invented, in 1679.

BEDLAM, _a lunatic asylum_: "Bethlehem," a monastery in London, afterwards used as an asylum for lunatics.

BUR'GUNDY, _a French wine_: "Burgundy," where it is made.

CAL'ICO, _a kind of cotton cloth_: "Calicut," in India, where it was first manufactured.

CANA'RY, _a wine and a bird_: the "Canary" Islands.

CAN'TER, _an easy gallop_: "Canterbury," in allusion to the easy pace at which the pilgrims used to ride thither.

CAR'RONADE, _a short cannon_: "Carron," in Scotland, where it was first made.

CASH'MERE, _a rich shawl, from the wool of the Thibet goat_: "Cashmere," the country where first made.

CHALCED'ONY, _a variety of uncrystalized quartz_: "Chalcedon," in Asia Minor, where obtained.

CHAMPAGNE', _a wine_: "Champagne," in France, where produced.

CHER'RY, _a red stoned fruit_: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), in Pontus, Asia Minor, whence the tree was imported into Italy.

CHEST'NUT, _a fruit_: "Castanea," in Macedonia, whence it was introduced into Europe.

COG'NAC, _a kind of French brandy_: "Cognac," in France, where extensively made.

COP'PER, _a metal_: "Cyprus," once celebrated for its rich mines of the metal.

CORD'WAINER, _a worker in cordwain, or cordovan, a Spanish leather_: "Cordova," in Spain.

CURAÇOA', _a liquor or cordial flavored with orange peel_: the island of "Curaçoa," where it was first made.

CUR'RANT, _a small dried grape_: "Corinth," in Greece, of which "currant" is a corruption.

DAM'ASK, _figured linen or silk_: "Damascus," in Syria, where first made.

DAM'SON, _a small black plum_: (shortened from "Damascene") Damascus.

DELF, _a kind of earthenware_: "Delft," in Holland, where it was orignally made.

DI'APER, _a figured linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, etc._: "Ypres," in Flanders, where originally manufactured.

DIM'ITY, _a figured cotton cloth_: "Damietta," in Egypt.

GAMBOGE', _a yellow resin used as a paint_: "Cambodia, where it is obtained.

GING'HAM, _cotton cloth, made of yarn dyed before woven_: "Guincamp," in France, where it was first made.

GUIN'EA, _an English gold coin of the value of twenty-one shillings_: "Guinea," whence the gold was obtained out of which it was first struck.

GYP'SY, _one of a wandering race_: old English "Gyptian," from "Egypt," whence the race was supposed to have originated.

HOL'LAND, _a kind of linen cloth_: "Holland," where first made.

HOL'LANDS, _a spirit flavored with juniper berries_: "Holland," where it is extensively produced..

IN'DIGO, _a blue dye_: "India".

JAL'AP, _a cathartic medicine_: "Jalapa," in Mexico, whence it was first imported in 1610.

JET, _a mineral used for ornament_: "Gagates," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was obtained.

LAN'DAU, LAN'DAULET, _a kind of carriage opening at the top_: "Landau," a town in Germany.

MADEI'RA, _a wine_: "Madeira," where produced.

MAGNE'SIA, _a primitive earth_: "Magnesia," in Thessaly.

MAG'NET, _the loadstone, or Magnesian stone_.

MALM'SEY, _a wine_: "Malvasia," in the Morea.

MAR'SALA, _a wine_: "Marsala," in Sicily.

MEAN'DER, _to flow in a winding course_: "Meander," a winding river in Asia Minor.

MIL'LINER, _one who makes ladies' bonnets, etc._: "Milan," in Italy.

MOROC'CO, _a fine kind of leather_: "Morocco," in Africa, where it was originally made.

NANKEEN', _a buff-colored cloth_: "Nankin," in China, where first made.

PHEAS'ANT, _a bird whose flesh is highly valued as food_: "Phasis," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was brought to Europe.

PIS'TOL, _a small hand gun_: "Pistoja," in Italy, where first made.

PORT, _a wine_: "Oporto," in Portugal, whence extensively shipped.

SARDINE', _a small Mediterranean fish, of the herring family_: "Sardinia" around whose coasts the fish abounds.

SAUTERNE', _a wine_: "Sauterne," in France, where produced.

SHER'RY, _a wine_: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is largely manufactured.

SPAN'IEL, _a dog of remarkable sagacity_: "Hispaniola," now Hayti, where originally found.

TAR'IFF, _a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods imported or exported_: from an Arabic word, _tarif_, information.

TO'PAZ, _a precious stone_: "Topazos," an island in the Red Sea, where it is found.

TRIP'OLI, _a fine grained earth used in polishing stones_: "Tripoli," in Africa, where originally obtained.

TURQUOIS', _a bluish-green stone_: "Turkey," whence it was originally brought.

WORST'ED, _well-twisted yarn, spun of long-staple wool_: "Worsted," a village in Norfolk, England, where first made.

III.--ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES.

1.--TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY.

ANTARC'TIC: Gr. _anti_, opposite, and _arktos_, a bear. See _arctic_.

ARCHIPEL'AGO: Gr. _archi_, chief, and _pelagos_, sea, originally applied to the Ægean Sea, which is studded with numerous islands.

ARC'TIC: Gr. _arktikos_, from _arktos_, a bear and a northern constellation so called.

ATLAN'TIC: Lat. _Atlanticus_, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan who was condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands.

AX'IS: Lat. _axis_, an axletree.

BAR'BAROUS: Gr. _barbaros_, foreign.

BAY: Fr. _baie_, from Lat. _baia_, an inlet.

CAN'CER: Lat. _cancer_, a crab (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).

CAPE: Fr. _cap_, from Lat. _caput_, head.

CAP'ITAL: Lat. _capitalis_, from _caput_, head.

CAP'RICORN: Lat. _caper_, goat, and _cornu_, horn (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).

CAR'DINAL: adj Lat. _cardinalis_, from _cardo, cardinis_, a hinge.

CHAN'NEL: Lat. _canalis_, from _canna_, a reed or pipe.

CIR'CLE: Lat. _circus_, from Gr. _kirkos_, a ring.

CIRCUM'FERENCE: Lat. _circum_, around, and _ferre_, to bear.

CIT'Y: Fr. _cite_, from Lat. _civitas_, a state or community.

CIV'ILIZED: Lat. _civilis_, pertaining to an organized community.

CLI'MATE: Gr. _klima, klimatos_, slope, the supposed slope of the earth from the Equator to the poles.

COAST: Old Fr. _coste_ (New Fr. _côte_), from Lat. _costa_, rib, side.

CON'FLUENCE: Lat. _con_, together, and _fluere_, to flow.

CON'TINENT: Lat. _con_, together, and _tenere_, to hold.

CON'TOUR: Lat. _con_, together, and _tornus_, a lathe.

COUN'TY: Fr. _comte_, from Lat. _comitatus_, governed by a count.

DEGREE': Lat. _de_, and _gradus_, a step

DIAM'ETER: Gr. _dia_, through, and _metron_, measure.

EQUA'TOR: Lat. _equus_, equal.

ES'TUARY: Lat. _æstuare_, to boil up, or be furious, the reference being to the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current and the tide.

FRIG'ID: Lat. _frigidus_, from _frigere_, to be cold.

GEOG'RAPHY: Gr. _ge_, the earth, and _graphe_, a description.

GLOBE: Lat. _globus_, a round body.

GULF: Fr. _golfe_, from Gr. _kolpos_, bosom, bay.

HAR'BOR: Anglo-Saxon, _hereberga_, from _beorgan_, to shelter.

HEM'ISPHERE: Gr. _hemi_, half, and _sphaira_, sphere.

HORI'ZON: Gr. _horizein_, to bound.

IN'DIAN (ocean): India.

ISTH'MUS: Gr. _isthmos_, a neck.

LAKE: Lat. _lacus_, a lake.

LAT'ITUDE: Lat. _latitudo_, from _latus_, broad.

LON'GITUDE: Lat. _longitudo_, from _longus_, long.

MERID'IAN: Lat. _meridies_ (= _medius_, middle, and _dies_, day), noon.

METROP'OLIS: Gr. _meter_, mother, and _polis_, city.

MON'ARCHY: Gr. _monarchés_, from _monos_, alone, and _archein_, to rule.

MOUN'TAIN: Fr. _montagne_, from Lat. _mons_, _montis_, a mountain.

OB'LATE: Lat. _oblatus_ (_ob_ and past part. of _ferre_, to bring), brought forward.

O'CEAN: Gr. _okeanus_, from _okus_, rapid, and _nacin_, to flow.

PACIF'IC: Lat. _pacificus_, from _pax_, _pacis_, peace, and _facere_, to make.

PAR'ALLEL: Gr. _para_, beside, and _allelon_, of one another.

PENIN'SULA: Lat. _penes_, almost, and _insula_, island.

PHYS'ICAL: Gr. _physis_ (_phusis_), nature.

PLAIN: Lat. _planus_, flat.

PLANE: Lat. _planus_, flat.

POLE: Gr. _polos_, a pivot.

POLIT'ICAL: Gr. _polis_, a city or state.

PROM'ONTORY: Lat. _pro_, before, and _mons_, _montis_, a mountain.

RELIEF': Fr. _relever_, from Lat. _relevare_, to raise.

REPUB'LIC: Lat. _res_, an affair, and _publica_, public: that is, a _commonwealth_.

RIV'ER: Fr. _rivière_, from Lat. _ripa_, a shore or bank.

SAV'AGE: Fr. _sauvage_, from Lat. _silva_, a wood.

SEA: Anglo-Saxon, _sæ_, the sea.

SOCI'ETY: Lat. _societas_, from _socius_, a companion.

2.--TERMS IN GRAMMAR.

AD'JECTIVE, Lat. _adjectivus_, from _ad_ and _jacere_, to add to: _a word joined to a noun or pronoun to limit or describe its meaning_.

AD'JUNCT, Lat. _adjunctus_, from _ad_ and _jungere_, to join to: _a modifier or subordinate element of a sentence_.

AD'VERB, Lat. _adverbium_, from _ad_, to, and _verbum_, word, verb: _a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb_.

ANAL'YSIS, Gr. _analusis_, from _ana_ and _luein_, to unloose, to resolve into its elements: _the separation of a sentence into its constituent elements_.

ANTECE'DENT, Lat. _antecedens_, pres. part. of _antecedere_, to go before: _the noun or pronoun represented by a relative pronoun_.

APPOSI'TION, Lat. _appositio_, from _ad_, to, and _ponere_, to place beside: _the state of two nouns put in the same case without a connecting word between them_.

AR'TICLE, Lat. _articulus_, a little joint: _one of the three words_, a, an, _or_ the.

AUXIL'IARY, Lat. _auxiliaris_, from _auxilium_, help, aid: _a verb used to assist in conjugating other verbs_.

CASE, Lat. _casus_, from _cadere_, to fall, to happen: _a grammatical form denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence_.

CLAUSE, Lat. _claudere_, _clausum_, to shut: _a dependent proposition introduced by a connective_.

COMPAR'ISON, Lat. _comparatio_, from _comparare_, to liken to: _a variation in the form of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quantity or quality_.

COM'PLEMENT, Lat. _complementum_, from _con_ and _plere_, to fill fully: _the word or words required to complete the predication of a transitive verb_.

COM'PLEX (sentence), Lat. _complexus_, from _con_ and _plectere_, to twist around: _a sentence consisting of one independent proposition and one or more clauses_.

COM'POUND (sentence), Lat. _componere_ (= _con_ and _ponere_), to put together: _a sentence consisting of two or more independent propositions_.

CONJUGA'TION, Lat. _conjugatio_, from _con_ and _jugare_, to join together: _the systematic arrangement of a verb according to its various grammatical forms_.

CONJUNCTION, Lat. _conjunctio_, from _con_ and _jungere_, to join together: _a word used to connect sentences or the elements of sentences_.

DECLEN'SION, Lat. _declinatio_, from _declinare_, to lean or incline: _the process of giving in regular order the cases and numbers of a noun or pronoun_.

ELLIP'SIS, Gr. _elleipsis_, a leaving or defect: _the omission of a word or words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence_.

ETYMOL'OGY, Gr. _etumologia_, from _etumon_, the true literal sense of a word, and _logos_, a discourse: _that division of grammar which treats of the classification and grammatical forms of words_.

FEM'ININE (gender), Lat. _femininus_, from _femina_, woman: _the gender of a noun denoting a person of the female sex_.

GEN'DER, Lat. _genus_, _generis_, kind: _a grammatical form expressing the sex or non-sex of an object named by a noun_.

GRAM'MAR, Gr. _gramma_, a letter, through Fr. _grammaire_: the science of language.

IMPER'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _imperativus_, from _imperare_, to command: _the mood of a verb used in the statement of a command or request_.

INDIC'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _indicativus_, from _indicare_, to proclaim: _the mood of a verb used in the statement of a fact, or of a matter taken as a fact_.

INFLEC'TION, Lat. _inflexio_, from _inflectere_, to bend in: _a change in the ending of a word_.

INTERJEC'TION, Lat. _interjectio_, from _inter_ and _jacere_, to throw between: _a word which expresses an emotion, but which does not enter into the construction of the sentence_.

INTRAN'SITIVE (verb), Lat. _intransitivus_ = _in_, not, and _transitivus_, from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to go beyond: _a verb that denotes a state or condition, or an action not terminating on an object_.

MAS'CULINE (gender), Lat. _masculus_, male: _the gender of a noun describing a person of the male sex_.

MODE. See _mood_.

MOOD, Lat. _modus_, through Fr. _mode_, manner: _a grammatical form denoting the style of predication_.

NEU'TER (gender), Lat. _neuter_, neither: _the gender of a noun denoting an object without life_.

NOM'INATIVE (case), Lat. _nominativus_, from _nomen_, a name: _that form which a noun has when it is the subject of a verb_.

NOUN, Lat. _nomen_, a name, through Fr. _nom_: _a name-word, the name of anything_.

NUM'BER, Lat. _numerus_, through Fr. _nombre_, number: _a grammatical form expressing one or more than one of the objects named by a noun or pronoun_.

OB'JECT, Lat. _ob_ and _jacere_, to set before: _that toward which an activity is directed or is considered to be directed_.

OBJEC'TIVE (case), Lat. _objectivus_, from _ob_ and _jacere_: _the case which follows a transitive verb or a preposition_.

PARSE, Lat. _pars_, a part: _to point out the several parts of speech in a sentence and their relation to one another_.

PAR'TICIPLE, Lat. _participium_, from _pars_, part, and _capere_, to take, to share: _a verbal adjective, a word which shares or participates in the nature both of the verb and of the adjective_.

PER'SON, Lat. _persona_, the part taken by a performer: _a grammatical form which shows whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of_.

PHRASE, Gr. _phrasis_, a brief expression, from _phrazein_, to speak: _a combination of related words forming an element of a sentence_.

PLE'ONASM, Gr. _pleonasmos_, from _pleion_, more: _the use of more words to express an idea than are necessary_.

PLU'RAL (number), Lat. _pluralis_, from _plus_, _pluris_, more: _the number which designates more than one_.

POSSESS'IVE (case), Lat. _possessivus_, from _possidere_, to own: _that form which a noun or pronoun has in order to denote ownership or possession_.

POTEN'TIAL (mood), Lat. _potens_, _potentis_, being able: _the mood of a verb used in the statement of something possible or contingent_.

PREDICATE, Lat. _prædicatum_, from _præ_ and _dicare_, to proclaim: _the word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the subject_.

PREPOSI'TION, Lat. _præpositio_, from _præ_ and _ponere_, to put before: _a connective word expressing a relation of meaning between a noun or pronoun and some other word_.

PRO'NOUN, Lat. _pronomen_, from _pro_, for, and _nomen_, a noun: _a word used instead of a noun_.

PROP'OSITION, Lat. _propositio_, from _proponere_ (_pro_ and _ponere_), to put forth: _the combination of a subject with a predicate_.

REL'ATIVE (pronoun), Lat. _relativus_, from _re_ and _ferre_, _latus_, to bear back: _a pronoun that refers to an antecedent noun or pronoun_.

SEN'TENCE, Lat. _sententia_, from _sentire_, to think: _a combination of words expressing a complete thought_.

SIM'PLE (sentence), Lat. _simplex_, from _sine_, without, and _plica_, fold: _a sentence having but one subject and one predicate_.

SUB'JECT, Lat. _subjectus_, from _sub_ and _jacere_, to place under: _that of which something is predicated_.

SUBJUNC'TIVE (mood), Lat. _subjunctivus_, from _sub_ and _jungere_, to subjoin: _the mood used in the statement of something merely thought of_.

SYN'TAX, Gr. _suntaxis_, from _sun_, together, and _taxis_, arrangement: _that division of grammar which treats of the relations of words in sentences_.

TENSE, Lat. _tempus_, time, through Fr. _temps_: _a grammatical form of the verb denoting the time of the action or event_.

TRAN'SITIVE, Lat. _transitivus_, from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to pass over: _a verb that denotes an action terminating on some object_.

VERB, Lat. _verbum_, a word: _a word that predicates action or being_.

VOICE, Lat. _vox_, _vocis_, voice, through Fr. _voix_: _a grammatical form of the transitive verb, expressing whether the subject names the actor or the recipient of the action_.

3.--TERMS IN ARITHMETIC.

ADDI'TION, Lat. _additio_, from _addere_, to add.

AL'IQUOT, Lat. _aliquot_, some.

ARITH'METIC, Gr. adj. _arithmetike_, numerical, from n. _arithmos_, number.

AVOIRDUPOIS', Fr. _avoir du pois_, to have [a fixed or standard] weight.

CANCELLA'TION, Lat. _cancellatio_, from _cancellare_, to make like a lattice (_cancelli_), to strike or cross out.

CENT, Lat. _centum_, a hundred.

CI'PHER, Arabic _sifrun_, empty, zero.

CUBE, Gr. _kubos_, a cubical die.

DEC'IMAL, Lat. _decimus_, tenth, from _decem_, ten.

DENOM'INATOR, Lat. _denominare_, from _de_ and _nominare_ (_nomen_, a name), to call by name.

DIG'IT, Lat. _digitus_, a finger.

DIV'IDEND, Lat. _dividendus_, to be divided, from _dividere_, to divide.

DIVIS'ION, Lat. _divisio_, from _dividere_, to divide.

DIVI'SOR, Sp. _divisor_, that which divides, from Lat. _dividere_, to divide.

DOL'LAR, Ger. _thaler_, an abbreviation of _Joachimsthaler_, i.e. a piece of money first coined, about 1518, in the valley (_thal_) of _St. Joachim_, in Bohemia.

EQUA'TION, Lat. _æquatio_, from _æquus_, equal.

EXPO'NENT, Lat. _exponens_, pres. part. of _exponere_, to set forth (= _ex_ and _ponere_).

FAC'TOR, Lat. _factor_, that which does something, from _facere_, _factum_, to do or make.

FIG'URE, Lat. _figura_, shape, from _fingere_, to form or shape.

FRAC'TION, Lat. _fractio_, from _frangere_, to break.

IN'TEGER, Lat. _integer_, untouched, whole.

IN'TEREST, Lat. _interest_ = it interests, is of interest (3d per. sing. pres. indic. of _interesse_, to be between, to be of importance).

MIN'UEND, Lat. _minuendus_, to be diminished, from _minuere_, to lessen.

MUL'TIPLE, Lat. _multiplex_, from _multus_, much, and _plicare_, to fold.

MUL'TIPLY, MULTIPLICATION, etc. See _multiple_.

NAUGHT, Anglo-Sax. _nawhit_, from _ne_, not, and _awiht_ or _auht_, aught, anything.

NOTA'TION, Lat. _notatio_, from _notare_, to mark (_nota_, a mark).

NUMERA'TION, Lat. _numeratio_, from _numerus_, a number.

QUO'TIENT, Lat. _quoties_, how often, how many times, from _quot_, how many.

SUBTRACTION, Lat. _subtractio_, from _sub_ and _trahere_, to draw from under.

U'NIT, Lat. _unus_, one.

ZE'RO, Arabic _çifrun_, empty, cipher.

* * * * *

NOTES.

[1] To teachers who are unacquainted with the original _Word-Analysis_, the following extract from the Preface to that work may not be out of place:--

"The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part II. presents a new and important feature, to wit: the systematic analysis of the structure and organism of derivative words, together with the statement of their primary meaning in such form that the pupil inevitably perceives its relation with the root, and in fact _makes_ its primary meaning by the very process of analyzing the word into its primitive and its modifying prefix or suffix. It presents, also, a marked improvement in the method of approaching the definition,--a method by which the definition is seen to _grow out of_ the primary meaning, and by which the analytic faculty of the pupil is exercised in tracing the transition from the primary meaning to the secondary and figurative meanings,--thus converting what is ordinarily a matter of rote into an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. Another point of novelty in the method of treatment is presented in the copious practical exercises on the _use of words_. The experienced instructor very well knows that pupils may memorize endless lists of terms and definitions without having any realization of the actual living power of words. Such a realization can only be gained by _using_ the word,--by turning it over in a variety of ways, and by throwing upon it the side-lights of its synonym and contrasted word. The method of thus utilizing English derivatives gives a study which possesses at once _simplicity_ and _fruitfulness_,--the two desiderata of an instrument of elementary discipline."

[2] "Etymology," Greek _et'umon_, the true literal sense of a word according to its derivation, and _log'os_, a discourse.

[3] "Vocabulary," Latin _vocabula'rium_, a stock of words; from _vox, vocis_, a voice, a word.

[4] By the _Low_ German languages are meant those spoken in the low, flat countries of North Germany, along the coast of the North Sea (as Dutch, the language of Holland); and they are so called in contradistinction to _High_ German, or German proper.

[5] For the full definition, reference should be had to a dictionary; but in the present exercise the literal or etymological signification may suffice.

[6] _Fen'do_, _fen'dere_, is used in Latin only in composition.

[7] Another mode of spelling _defense_.

[8] From _pass_ and _over_, a feast of the Jews instituted to commemorate the providential escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, smiting the first-born of the Egyptians _passed over_ the houses of the Israelites, which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb.

[9] For the explanation of the etymology see Webster's _Unabridged_.

[10] _For_ is different from _fore_, and corresponds to the German _ver_, different from _vor_.

_A_, _be_, _for_, _ge_, are often indifferently prefixed to verbs, especially to perfect tenses and perfect participles, as well as to verbal nouns.--BOSWORTH.

[11] _Ster_ was the Anglo-Saxon feminine termination. Females once conducted the work of brewing, baking, etc., hence brewster, baxter; these words were afterwards applied to men when they undertook the same work. _Ster_ is now used in depreciating, as in trickster, youngster.