Chapter 12

I.--ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES.

A--(corrupted from A.-S. _on_) signifies _in_, _on_, _at_: as abed, aboard, aside, aback; and gives the adverbial form to adjectives, as in aloud, aboard.

BE--gives a transitive signification, as in bespeak. It is sometimes intensive, as in bestir, and converts an adjective into a verb, as in bedim. _Be_, as a form of _by_, also denotes proximity, as in beside: as bystander.

FOR[10]--means privation, or opposition: as forbear, forbid, forget.

FORE--_before_: as foretell, forebode.

MIS--_error_, _wrongness_: as mistake, misstate, misinform.

N--has a negative signification, as in many languages: thus, never, neither, none.

OFF--from offspring.

OUT--_beyond_: as outdo, outlaw.

OVER--_above_: as overhang, overflow, overturn.

TO--in to-day, to-morrow.

UN--_not_, _the reverse_: as, unskilled, unlearned.

UNDER--_beneath_: as undermine.

WITH--_against_ (German _wider_): as withstand.

II.--ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES.

AR, ARD, ER, YER, STER[11]--signifying _agent_ or _doer_; as in beggar, drunkard, beginner, lawyer, spinster. _Er_ forms verbs of adjectives, as lower, from low, and also forms the comparatives of adjectives.

ESS, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French.

DOM, SHIP, RIC, WIC--from _dom_, judgment; _ship_, shape or condition; _ric_, _rice_, power; _wic_, a dwelling--signify state, condition, quality, etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick.

EL, KIN (= _chen_, German), LET (from French), LING, OCK--have a _diminutive_ effect, as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, cockerel.

EN--adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also converts adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep.

FOLD--from _fealdan_, to fold; a numeral termination, like _ple_, from the Latin _plico_, I fold.

FUL--full; truthful.

HOOD, NESS--of uncertain derivation, signify state, etc., as in priesthood, righteousness.

ISH--_isc_ (Saxon), _isch_ (German), denotes a quality; like rakish, knavish, churlish, Danish. _Ish_ is also employed as a diminutive--blackish.

LESS--_loss_: as penniless, hopeless.

LIKE and LY--_like_; _lic_ (A.-S.): as warlike, manly.

SOME--_sum_ (A.-S.), _sam_ (German), lonesome, handsome.

TEEN--ten, as in fourteen.

TY--from _tig_ (A.-S ), ten; _zig_ (German), as in six-_ty_. _Teen_ adds ten--_ty_ multiplies by ten.

WARD--_weard_, _wärts_ (German), _versus_ (Latin), against, direction, towards; downward, eastward.

WISE--_wisa_, manner; likewise.

Y--_ig_, an adjective termination; _dreorig_ (A.-S.), dreary.

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much nearer to that of modern German or the Continental pronunciation of Latin than of modern English.

The letters of the alphabet wanting in Anglo-Saxon are: _j_, _k_, _q_, _v_, and _z_. _K_ is commonly represented by _c_; thus, _cyning_ (king) is pronounced _kining_; _cyrtel_, _kirtle_; _qu_ is represented by _cw_, as _cwic_, _quick_; _cwen_, _queen_; _cwellan_, to _quell_; _th_ is represented by two peculiar characters, one of which in its reduced form resembles _y_, as in _ye olden times_, where _ye_ should be pronounced _the_, and not _ye_, as is often ignorantly done.

Long vowels should be carefully distinguished from short vowels. Long vowels are _a_ as _far_, _ae_ as in _fare_, _e_ as in _they_, _i_ as in _pique_, _o_ as in _bone_, _u_ as in _rule_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly). Short vowels are _a_ as in _fast_, _ae_ as in _man_, _e_ as in _men_, _i_ as in _pin_, _o_ as in _God_, _u_ as in _full_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly).

In the diphthongs _ea_, _eo_, and _ie_, the first element receives the stress; the second is pronounced very lightly.

There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon as in modern English. The vowel of every syllable is pronounced, and in difficult combinations of consonants, as in _hlud_, loud, _cniht_, knight, _cnif_, knife, each consonant has its distinct sound.

_E_ before _a_ and _o_ has the sound of _y_ as a consonant; _i_ before _e_ and _u_ has the same sound: thus, _Earl_ = _yarl_; _eow_ = _you_; _iett_ = _yett_; and _iúgoth_ = _yúgoth_, youth.

AC, _an oak_--oak, oaken. ACSIAN, _to inquire_--ask. ÆCER, _a field_--acre, acreage. ÆR, _before_--early, ere, erelong, erst. AFT, _hind-part_--after, abaft. ÁGAN, _to have_--owe, own, owner, ought, disown. ARISAN, _to arise_--raise, rise, rouse.

BÁCAN, _to bake_--baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch. BÆC, _back_--backbite, backslide, backward, aback. BÆLG, _a bag_. BALD, _bold, brave_--bold, boldness. BÁNA, _death_--bane, baneful, henbane. BANC, _a bank or raised place_--bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, embankment. BEACNIAN, _to beckon_--beck, beckon, beacon. BELLAN, _to roar_--bawl, bellow. BEORGAN, _to protect_--borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, harbor, berth. BEORHT, _bright_--bright. BERAN, _to bear, to bring forth_--barrow, bear, bier, birth. BIDAN, _to wait_--abide. BIDDAN, _to pray_, _to bid_--bid, bidding, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, unbidden. BINDAN, _to bind_--band, bond, bondage, bundle. BLÆC, _pale_--bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness. BLAWAN, _to blow_--blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, blow, blush, bluster. BLETSIAN, _to bless_--bless, blessing. BRÁD, _broad_--broad, breadth, board, aboard. BRÉCAN, _to break_--bray (_to pound_), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, broken. BREOST, _the breast_--breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast. BREÓWAN, _to brew_--brew, brewer, brewery. BRUCAN, _to use_--broker, brokerage, brook (_to endure_). BUAN, _to cultivate_--boor, boorish, neighbor, neighborhood. BUGAN, _to bow or bend_--bay, bight, bough, bow, buxom, elbow. BYLDAN, _to design_, _to make_--build, builder, building. BYRNAN, _to burn_--brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, auburn, firebrand.

CÆLAN, _to cool_--chill, chilblain. CEAPIAN, _to buy_--cheap, cheapen, cheapness, chaffer, chapman. CÉNNAN, _to produce_--kin, kind, kindness, kindred, akin, mankind. CEORL, _a churl_--carle, churlish. CLÆNE, _clean_--clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean. CLÁTH, _cloth_--clothe, clothier, clothing, clad, unclad. CLEÓFAN, _to cleave_; CLIFIAN, _to adhere_--cleaver, cliff, clover, club. CNAFA, _a boy_--knave, knavery. CNÁWAN, _to know_--knowledge, acknowledge, foreknow, unknown. CNYLL, _a loud noise_--knell. CNYTTAN, _to knit_--knitting, knot, knotty, net, network. CRACIAN, _to crack_; CEARCIAN, _to creak_--crack, crackle, creak, cricket, croak, screech, shriek. CUMAN, _to come_--comely, comeliness, become, overcome, welcome. CUNNAN, _to know_, _to be powerful_--can, con, cunning, keen. CWELLAN, _to slay_--kill, quell.

DÆG, _a day_--dawn, daylight, day-star, daisy = day's eye. DǼL, _a part_--deal, dole, ordeal. DÉMAN, _to think_--deem. DEOR, _a wild animal_--deer. DEORE, _dusky or black_--dark, darken, darkly, darkness. DIC, _a dyke_--dig, ditch, ditcher. DISC, _a plate_--desk, disc, dish. DÓM, _judgment_--doom, doomsday. DÓN, _to do_--doer, deed, undo. DRAGAN, _to draw_--drag, draggle, drain, draught, draughtsman, draw, dray. DRIFAN, _to drive_--drift, driver, drove. DRIGAN, _to dry_--drysalter, drought, drug (originally _dried plants_), druggist. DRINCAN, _to suck in_--drench, drink, drunk, drunkard, drunken. DRYPAN, _to drip or drop_--drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel. DWINAN, _to pine_--dwindle, dwine. DYN, _a noise_--din, dun.

EAGE, _the eye_--eye, eyeball, eye-bright, eyelid. EALD, _old_--alderman, earl. EFEN, _just_--even, evenness. ERIAN, _to plough_, _to ear_--earth, earthy, earthquake.

FAEGER, _bright_--fair, fairness. FÁER, _fear_--fearful, fearless. FARAN, _to go_--fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, wayfarer. FEDAN, _to feed_--feed, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly. FEOND, _an enemy_--fiend, fiendish. FLEÓGAN, _to fly_--flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight. FLEÓTAN, _to float_--float, fleet. FLÓWAN, _to flow_--flood, flow. FOLGIAN, _to go after_--follow. FÓN, _to seize _--fang, finger. FÓT, _the foot_--foot, fetter, fetlock. FREÓN, _to love_--free, freedom, friend, friendship. FRETAN, _to gnaw_--fret, fretful. FUGEL, _a bird_--fowl, fowler, fowling-piece. FÚL, _unclean_--filth, filthy, foul, fulsome. FULLIAN, _to whiten_--full (_to scour and thicken cloth in a mill_), fuller, fuller's-earth. FÝR, _fire_--fiery, fireworks, bonfire.

GABBAN, _to mock_--gabble, gibe, gibberish, jabber. GALAN, _to sing_--nightingale. GANGAN, _to go_--gang, gangway. GÁST, _a ghost_--gas, ghastly, ghost, ghostly, aghast. GEARD, _an enclosure _--garden, orchard, yard. GEOTAN, _to pour_--gush, gut. GEREFA, _a governor_--grieve (_an overseer_), sheriff, sheriffdom. GETAN, _to get_--get, beget, begotten, forget, forgetful. GIFAN, _to give_--give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven. GLOWAN, _to glow_--glow, glowing. GÓD, _good_--gospel, gossip. GRÆS, _grass_--grass, graze, grazier. GRAFAN, _to dig_--grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave. GRAPIAN, _to grapple_; GRÍPAN, _to gripe_; GROPIAN, _to grope_--grapple, grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel. GREOT, _dust_--gritty, groats. GRÓWAN, _to grow_--grow, growth. GRÚND, _the ground_--ground, groundless, groundsel, groundwork.

HABBAN, _to have_--have, haft, behave, behavior, misbehave. HÆGE, _a hedge_--haw, hawthorn. HÆL, _sound_, _whole_--hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, holiness, whole, wholesome. HÁM, _a dwelling_--hamlet, home, homely, homeliness. HANGIAN, _to hang_--hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang. HÁT, _heat_--heat, heater, hot. HEALDAN, _to hold_--halt, halter, hilt, hold, behold, uphold, upholsterer, withhold. HEARD, _hard_--harden, hardihood, hardship, hardware, hardy. HEBBAN, _to lift_--heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval. HÉDAN, _to heed_--heed, heedful, heedfulness, heedless, heedlessness. HEORTE, _the heart_--hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, dishearten. HLÁF, _bread_--loaf. HLEAPAN, _to leap_--leap, overleap, elope, elopement. HOL, _a hole_--hole, hold (_of a ship_), hollow, hollowness. HRISTLAN, _to make quick sounds_--rustle, rustling. HUNTIAN, _to rush_--hunt, hunter, huntsman. HÚS, _house_--housewife, husband, hustings. HWEORFAN, _to turn_--swerve, wharf. HÝRAN, _to hear_--hear, hearer, hearsay.

LǼDAN, _to lead_--lead, leader, loadstar, loadstone, mislead. LÆFAN, _to leave_--left, eleven, twelve. LǼRAN, _to teach_--learn, learner, learning, lore, unlearned. LANG, _long_--long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger. LECGAN, _to lay_--lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, lea, ledge, ledger, lie, low, lowly, outlaw. LEOFIAN, LYBBAN, _to live_--live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, outlive. LEOHT, _light_--lighten, lightsome, lighthouse, enlighten. LÍC, _like_--like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike. LOCIAN, _to stretch forward_--look. LOMA, _utensils_, _furniture_--loom, hand-loom, power-loom. LOSIAN, _to lose_--lose, loser, loss. LÚF, _love_; LUFIAN, _to love_--lover, lovely, loveliness, lief, beloved, unlovely. LYFAN, _to permit_--leave (_permission_), belief, believe, believer, misbelieve. LYFT, _the air_--loft, lofty, aloft.

MACIAN, _to make_--make, maker, match, matchless, mate, inmate. MÆNGAN, _to mix_--among, mingle, commingle, intermingle, mongrel. MAGAN, _to be able_--may, might, mighty, main, mainland, dismay. MEARC, _a boundary_--mark, marksman, marches, remark. METAN, _to measure_--meet, meeting, meet (_fit_), meetness. MUND, _a defence_--mound. MURNAN, _to murmur_--mourn, mourner, mournful. MYND, _the mind_--mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind.

NÆS, _a nose_--naze, ness. NAMA, _a name_--name, nameless, namesake, misname. NEAD, _need_--need, needful, needless, needs, needy. NEAH, _nigh_--near, next, neighbor. NIHT, _night_--night, nightfall, nightless, nightmare, nightshade.

OGA, _dread_--ugly, ugliness.

PÆTH, _a path_--pathless, pathway, footpath. PLEGAN, _to exercise_, _to sport_--play, player, playful, playmate.

RÆCAN, _to reach_--reach, overreach, rack, rack-rent. RǼDAN, _to read_--read, readable, reader, reading, riddle. READ, _red_--red, redden, ruddy. REAFIAN, _to seize_--bereave, bereavement, raven, ravenous, rive, rob, robber, robbery, rove, rover. RECAN, _to heed_--reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning. RÍDAN, _to ride_--ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead. RINNAN, _to run_--run, runner, runaway, outrun. RIPAN, _to reap_--reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe. RUH, _rough_--rough, roughness.

SÆGAN, _to say_--say, saying, hearsay, unsay. SAR, _painful_--sore, soreness, sorrow, sorrowful, sorry. SCACAN, _to shake_--shake, shaky, shock, shocking. SCEADAN, _to shade_--shade, shady, shadow, shed (_a covered enclosure_). SCEDAN, _to scatter_, _to shed_--shed (_to spill_), watershed. SCEOFAN, _to push_--shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, sheaf. SCEÓTAN, _to shoot_--shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, undershot, upshot. SCÉRAN, _to cut_--scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire. SCÍNAN, _to shine_--sheen, outshine, moonshine, sunshine. SCREOPAN, _to creak_--scrape, scraper, swap, scrap-book. SCROB, _a bush_--shrub, shrubbery. SCYPPAN, _to form_--shape, shapeless, landscape. SELLAN, _to give_--sale, sell, sold. SEON, _to see_--see, seer, sight, foresee, oversee, unsightly, gaze. SETTAN, _to set_; SITTAN, _to sit_--set, setter, settle, settler, settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset. SÍDE, _side_--side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside. SINGAN, _to sing_--sing, singer, song. SLÆC, _slack_--slack, slackness, slow, sloth, slothful, sluggard, sluggish. SLEÁN, _to slay_--slay, slaughter, sledge (_a heavy hammer_). SLIDAN, _to slide_--slide, sled, sledge. SLIPAN, _to glide_--slip, slipper, slippery, slipshod. SMITAN, _to smite_--smite, smiter, smith, smithy. SNICAN, _to creep_--snake, sneak. SOCC, _a shoe_--sock, socket. SOFT, _soft_--soften, softly, softness. SOTH, _true_--sooth, soothsayer. SPECAN, _to speak_--speak, speaker, speech, bespeak. SPELL, _a message_--spell (_discourse_), gospel. SPINNAN, _to spin_--spinner, spider. STÁN, _a stone_--stony, stoneware. STANDAN, _to stand_--standard, understand, understanding, withstand. STEALL, _a place_--stall, forestall, install, pedestal. STEORFAN, _to die_--starve, starvation, starveling. STICIAN, _to stick_--stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, stock, stockade, stocking. STIGAN, _to ascend_--stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty. STRECCAN, _to stretch_--stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, straightness, outstretch, overstretch. STÝRAN, _to steer_--steer, steerage, steersman, stern (_the hind part of a ship_), astern. STÝRIAN, _to stir_--stir, bestir. SÚR, _sour_--sour, sourish, sourness, sorrel, surly, surliness. SWERIAN, _to swear_--swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered. SWÉT, _sweet_--sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness.

TÁECAN, _to show, to teach_--teach, teachable, teacher. TELLAN, _to count_--tell, teller, tale, talk, talkative, foretell. THINCAN, _to seem_; pret. thuh-te, _methinks_, _methought_. THRINGAN, _to press_--throng. THYR, _dry_--thirst, thirsty. TREOWE, _true_--true, truth, truthful, truism, trust, trustee, trustworthy, trusty. TWA, _two_--twice, twine, twist, between, entwine. TYRNAN, _to turn_--turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, return, upturn.

WACAN, _to awake_--wake, wakeful, waken, wait, watch, watchful, watchfulness, watchman. WARNIAN, _to defend_, _to beware_--warn, warning, warrant, wary, weir, aware, beware. WEARM, _glowing_--warm, warmth. WEGAN, _to move_--wag, waggle, wain, wave, way, wayfarer, weigh, weight, weighty. WEORDH, _worth_--worth, worthy, worship, worshipper, unworthy. WERIAN, _to cover_--wear, wearable, weary, wearisome. WINNAN, _to labor_--win, won. WITAN, _to know_--wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty. WRINGAN, _to twist_--wrangle, wrench, wriggle, wring, wrinkle. WRITHAN, _to twist_--wrath, wrathful, wroth, wreath, wreathe, wry, wryneck, wrong. WUNIAN, _to dwell_--wont, wonted. WYRM, _a worm, a serpent_--worm.

Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally translated into Modern English.

_EXTRACT FROM CÆDMON'S PARAPHRASE._

_Cædmon: died about 680._

Nu we sceolan herian | Now we shall praise heofon-rices weard, | the guardian of heaven, metodes mihte, | the might of the creator, and his mod-ge-thonc, | and his mind's thought, wera wuldor-fæder! | the glory-father of men! swa he wundra ge-hwæs, | how he of all wonders, ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, oord onstealde. | formed the beginning. He ærest ge-scéop | He first created ylda bearnum | for the children of men heofon to hrófe, | heaven as a roof, halig scyppend! | the holy creator! tha middan-geard | them the world mon-cynnes weard, | the guardian of mankind ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, æfter teode, | produced afterwards, firum foldan, | the earth for men, frea ælmihtig! | the almighty master!

_PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED._

_Bede: died 735._

For tham ned-fere | Before the necessary journey neni wirtheth | no one becomes thances suotera | more prudent in thought thonne him thearf sy, | than is needful to him, to ge-hicgeune | to search out er his heonon-gange | before his going hence hwet his gaste | what to his spirit godes othe yveles | of good or of evil efter deathe heonon | after his death hence demed weorthe. | will be judged.

_EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE--Tenth Century._

Tha feng Ælfred Æthelwulfing to | Then took Alfred, son of Ethelwulf West-Seaxna rice; and thæs ymb ænne | to the West Saxon's kingdom; and monath gefeaht Ælfred cyning with | that after one month fought Alfred ealne thone here lytle werode æt | king against all the army with a Wiltoune, and hine lange on dæg | little band at Wilton, and them long geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton | during the day routed and then the wæl-stowe geweald. And thæs geares | Danes obtained of the battle-field wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten | possession. And this year were nine with thone here on tham cyne-rice be | great battles fought with the army suthan Temese, butan tham the him | in the kingdom to the south of the Ælfred, and ealdormen, and cyninges | Thames, besides those in which thegnas oft rada onridon the man na | Alfred, and the alder-men, and the ne rimde. And thæs geares wæron | king's thanes oft inrode--against of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an | which one nothing accounted. And cyning; and thy geare namon | this year were slain nine earls and West-Seaxan frith with thone here. | one king; and this year made the | West-Saxons peace with the army.

_EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS--Eleventh Century._

LUCÆ, Cap. I. v. 5-10. | LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10. | 5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, | 5. In the days of Herod the king of wæs sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, of| Judea, there was a certain priest by Abian tune: and his wif wæs of | name Zacharias, of the course of Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama wæs | Abia: and his wife was of the Elizabeth. | daughters of Aaron, and her name was | Elizabeth.

6. Sothlice hig wæron butu rihtwise | 6. And they were both righteous beforan Gode, gangende on eallum his | before God, walking in all the bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan | commandments and ordinances of the wrohte. | Lord without blame.

7. And hig næfdon nan bearn, fortham | 7. And they had no child, because the Elizabeth wæs unberende; and hig | that Elizabeth was barren; and they on heora dagum butu forth-eodon. | in her days were both of great age.

8. Sothlice wæs geworden tha | 8. And it befell that when Zacharias Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on | should do the office of the his gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan | priesthood in the order of his Gode, | course before God,

9. Æfter gewunan thæs sacerdhades | 9. After the custom of the hlotes, he eode that he his offrunge | priesthood he went forth by lot, to sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode. | burn incense when he into God's | temple went.

10. Eall werod thæs folces wæs ute | 10. And all the multitude of the gebiddende on thære offrunge timan. | people were without praying at the | time of incense.

_THE LORD'S PRAYER._

Fæder ure, thu the eart on heofenum; | Father our, thou who art in heaven; si thin nama gehalgod; to-becume thin| be thine name hallowed; let come rice; geweordhe thin willa on | thine kingdom; let be done thine eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge| will on earth, so as in the heavens. dæghwamlican hlaf syle us to-dæg; and| Our also daily bread give thou us forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we | to-day; and forgive thou to us our forgidfadh urum gyltendum; and ne | debts, so as we forgive our debtors; gelæde thu us on costnunge, ac alys | and not lead thou us into us of yfle, etc. | temptations, but deliver thou us | from evil, etc.

SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH.

_EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON--About 1180._

He nom tha Englisca boc | He took the English book Tha makede Seint Beda; | That Saint Bede made; An other he nom on Latin, | Another he took in Latin, Tha makede Seinte Albin, | That Saint Albin made, And the feire Austin, | And the fair Austin, The fulluht broute hider in. | That baptism brought hither in. Boc he nom the thridde, | The third book he took, Leide ther amidden, | _And_ laid there in midst, Tha makede a Frenchis clerc, | That made a French clerk, Wace was ihoten, | Wace was _he_ called, The wel couthe writen, | That well could write, And he hoc yef thare aethelen | And he it gave to the noble Allienor, the wes Henries quene, | Eleanor, that was Henry's Queen, Thes heyes kinges. | The high king's.

_EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.--1258._

Henry, thurg Gode's fultome, King on | Henry, through God's support, King Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloand, | of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Duk on Norman, on Acquitain, Earl on | Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of Anjou, send I greting, to alle hise | Anjou, sends greeting to all his holde, ilærde and ilewede on | subjects, learned and unlearned, of Huntindonnschiere. Thæt witen ge wel | Huntingdonshire. This know ye well alle, hæt we willen and unnen thæt | all, that we will and grant what our ure rædesmen alle, other the moare | counsellors all, or the more part of del of heom, thæt beoth ichosen thurg| them, that be chosen through us and us and thurg thæt loandes-folk on ure| through the landfolk of our kingdom, kineriche, habbith idon, and schullen| have done, and shall do, to the don in the worthnes of God, and ure | honor of God, and our allegiance, treowthe, for the freme of the | for the good of the land, etc. loande, etc. |

Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English.

That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the employment of Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have some clue to direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following extracts, embracing a great proportion of these words, are submitted to his attention. The words not Teutonic are marked in _Italics_.

MILTON.

Of man's first _disobedience_, and the _fruit_ Of that forbidden tree, whose _mortal taste_ Brought death into the world, and all our woe, With loss of _Eden_, till one greater man _Restore_ us and _regain_ the blissful seat-- Sing, heavenly _Muse_.

With thee _conversing_, I forget all time, All _seasons_, and their _change_; all _please_ alike. Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet, With _charm_ of earliest birds; _pleasant_ the sun When first on this _delightful_ land he spreads His _orient_ beams on _herb_, tree, _fruit_, and _flower_, Glistering with dew; _fragrant_ the _fertile_ earth, After soft showers; and sweet the coming on Of _grateful_ evening mild; then _silent_ night With this her _solemn_ bird, and this fair moon, And these the _gems_ of heaven, her starry _train_.

SHAKESPEARE.

To be, or not to be, that is the _question_; Whether 't is _nobler_ in the mind to _suffer_ The stings and arrows of _outrageous fortune_, Or to take _arms_ against a sea of _troubles_, And, by _opposing_, end them? To die, to sleep; No more;--and by a sleep to say we end The heart_ache_ and the thousand _natural_ shocks That flesh is _heir_ to! 't were a _consummation_ _Devoutly_ to be wished. To die; to sleep; To sleep?--_perchance_ to dream!

All the world's a _stage_, And all the men and women _merely_ players. They have their _exits_ and their _entrances_, And one man in his time plays many _parts_; His _acts_ being seven _ages_. At first the _infant_, Mewling and puking in his _nurse's arms_. And then the whining _school_-boy, with his _satchel_ And shining morning _face_, creeping like snail Unwillingly to _school_. And then the lover, Sighing like _furnace_, with a woeful _ballad_ Made to his _mistress'_ eyebrow. Then a _soldier_, Full of _strange_ oaths, and bearded like the _pard_, _Jealous_ in _honour_, _sudden_ and quick in _quarrel_; Seeking the bubble _reputation_ Even in the _cannon's_ mouth.

TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE.

In the beginning God _created_ the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without _form_, and _void_; and darkness was upon the _face_ of the deep: and the _Spirit_ of God _moved_ upon the _face_ of the waters. And God said, Let there be light; and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God _divided_ the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.--_Genesis_ i. 1-6.

And it came to _pass_, that when _Isaac_ was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called _Esau_, his eldest son, and said unto him, My son. And he said unto him, Behold, here am I. And he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my death. Now therefore take, I _pray_ thee, thy weapons, thy _quiver_ and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me some _venison_; and make me _savoury_ meat, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And _Rebekah_ heard when _Isaac_ spake to _Esau_ his son. And _Esau_ went to the field to hunt for _venison_, and to bring it. And _Rebekah_ spake unto _Jacob_ her son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto _Esau_ thy brother, saying, Bring me _venison_, and make me _savoury_ meat, that I may eat, and bless thee before the Lord before my death.--_Genesis_ xxvii. 1-7.

THOMSON.

These as they _change_, Almighty Father! these Are but the _varied_ God. The _rolling_ year Is full of thee. Forth in the _pleasing_ spring Thy _beauty_ walks, thy _tenderness_ and love. Wide flush the fields; the softening _air_ is _balm_; _Echo_ the _mountains round_; the _forest_ smiles; And every _sense_ and every heart is _joy_. Then comes thy _glory_ in the summer months, With light and heat _refulgent_. Then thy sun Shoots full _perfection_ through the swelling year.

ADDISON.

I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields, till the night _insensibly_ fell upon me. I at first _amused_ myself with all the richness and _variety_ of _colours_ which _appeared_ in the western _parts_ of heaven. In _proportion_ as they _faded_ away and went out, _several_ stars and _planets appeared_, one after another, till the whole _firmament_ was in a glow. The blueness of the _ether_ was _exceedingly_ heightened and enlivened by the _season_ of the year.

YOUNG.

Let _Indians_, and the _gay_, like _Indians_, fond Of feathered _fopperies_, the sun _adore_: Darkness has more _divinity_ for me; It strikes thought inward; it drives back the soul To settle on herself, our _point supreme_. There lies our _theater_: there sits our _judge_. Darkness the _curtain_ drops o'er life's dull _scene_: 'T is the kind hand of _Providence_ stretched out 'Twixt man and _vanity_; 't is _reason's reign_, And _virtue's_ too; these _tutelary_ shades Are man's _asylum_ from the _tainted_ throng. Night is the good man's friend, and guardian too. It no less _rescues virtue_, than _inspires_.

SWIFT.

Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last _cost_ you the _pains_ to dig out. 'T is a cheese, which by how much the richer has the thicker, homelier, and the _coarser coat_; and whereof, to a _judicious palate_, the _maggots_ are the best. 'Tis a _sack posset_, wherein the deeper you go on you will find it sweeter. But then, lastly, 'tis a nut, which, unless you choose with _judgment_, may _cost_ you a tooth, and _pay_ you with nothing but a worm.

HUME.

The _beauties_ of her _person_ and _graces_ of her _air combined_ to make her the most _amiable_ of women; and the _charms_ of her _address_ and _conversation aided_ the _impression_ which her lovely _figure_ made on the heart of all beholders. _Ambitious_ and _active_ in her _temper_, yet _inclined_ to _cheerfulness_ and _society_; of a lofty _spirit_, _constant_ and even _vehement_ in her _purpose_, yet _politic, gentle_, and _affable_, in her _demeanor_, she _seemed_ to _par_take only so much of the _male virtues_ as to _render_ her _estimable_, without _relinquishing_ those soft _graces_ which _compose_ the _proper ornament_ of her _sex_.

GIBBON.

In the _second century_ of the _Christian era_, the _empire_ of _Rome comprehended_ the fairest _part_ of the earth, and the most _civilized portion_ of mankind. The _frontiers_ of that _extensive monarchy_ were guarded by _ancient renown_, and _disciplined valour_. The _gentle_ but _powerful influence_ of laws and _manners_ had _gradually cemented_ the _union_ of the _provinces_. Their _peaceful inhabitants enjoyed_ and _abused_ the _advantages_ of wealth and _luxury_. The _image_ of a free _constitution_ was _preserved_ with _decent reverence_.

JOHNSON.

Of _genius_, that _power_ which _constitutes_ a _poet_; that _quality_ without which _judgment_ is cold, and knowledge is _inert_; that _energy_ which _collects_, _combines_, _amplifies_, and _animates_; the _superiority_ must, with some _hesitation_, be _allowed_ to Dryden. It is not to be _inferred_ that of this _poetical vigor Pope_ had only a little, _because_ Dryden had more; for every other writer since Milton must give _place_ to _Pope_; and even of Dryden it must be said, that if he has brighter _paragraphs_, he has not better _poems_.

BYRON.

_Ancient_ of days! _august Athena!_ where, Where are thy men of might--thy _grand_ in soul? Gone--glimmering through the dream of things that were. First in the race that led to _Glory's goal_, They won, and _passed_ away. Is this the whole? A _school_-boy's tale--the wonder of an _hour_! The warrior's-weapon and the _sophist's stole_ Are sought in _vain_, and o'er each _mouldering_ tower, Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of _power_.

SIR WALTER SCOTT.

The way was long, the wind was cold, The _Minstrel_ was _infirm_ and old; His withered cheek and _tresses_ gray _Seemed_ to have known a better day; The harp, his _sole remaining joy_, Was carried by an _orphan_ boy. The last of all the bards was he Who sung of border _chivalry_; For, well-a-day! their _dale_ was fled; His _tune_ful brethren all were dead; And he, _neglected_ and _oppressed_, Wished to be with them and at rest.

WORDSWORTH.

Ah! little doth the young one dream, When full of play and childish cares, What _power_ is in his wildest scream, Heard by his mother unawares! He knows it not, he cannot guess; Years to a mother bring _distress_; But do not make her love the less.

My son, if thou be _humbled_, _poor_, Hopeless of _honor_ and of _gain_, Oh! do not dread thy mother's door; Think not of me with _grief_ and _pain_. I now can see with better eyes; And worldly _grandeur_ I _despise_, And _Fortune_ with her gifts and lies.

TENNYSON.

Not wholly in the busy world, nor _quite_ Beyond it, blooms the garden that I love. News from the humming _city_ comes to it In _sound_ of _funeral_ or of _marriage_ bells; And sitting muffled in dark leaves you hear The windy clanging of the winter clock; Although between it and the garden lies A _league_ of grass, washed by a slow broad stream, That, stirred with _languid pulses_ of the oar, Waves all its lazy _lilies_, and creeps on, Barge laden, to three _arches_ of a bridge, _Crowned_ with the _minster-towers_.