Chapter 11

I.--GREEK PREFIXES.

PREFIX SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION

a- = _without_; a-pathy state of being _without_ an- _not_ an-omalous feeling. _not_ similar.

amphi- = _around_; amphi-theater place for seeing all _both_ amphi-bious _around_. living in _both_ land and water.

ana- = _back_, ana-logy reasoning _back_. _throughout_ ana-lysis loosening _throughout_.

anti- = _against_; anti-pathy a feeling _against_. ant- _opposite_ ant-arctic _opposite_ the Arctic.

apo- = _away_; apo-stle one sent _out_. ap- _out_ ap-helion _away_ from the sun.

cata- = _down_ or cata-ract a rushing _down_. cat- _against_ cat-arrh a flowing _down_.

dia- = _through_ or dia-meter measure _through_ the _across_ dia-logue center. speaking _across_ (from one another).

dis- = _two_, dis-syllable word of _two_ syllables. di- _double_ di-lemma a _double_ assumption.

dys- = _ill_ dys-pepsia _ill_ digestion.

ec- = _out of_ ec-centric _out of_ the center. ex- ex-odies an _outgoing_.

Note--EX- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.

en- = _in_ or en-ergy power _in_ one. em- _on_ em-phasis stress _on_.

epi- = _upon_; epi-dermis skin _upon_ skin. ep- _for_ ep-hemeral lasting _for_ a day.

Note--EP- is used before a root beginning with a vowel or a _h_ aspirate

eu- = _well_ or eu-phonic sounding _well_. ev- _good_ ev-angel _good_ news.

hemi- = _half_ hemi-sphere _half_ a sphere

hyper- = _over_ or hyper-critical _over_-critical. _beyond_ hyper-borean _beyond_ the North.

hypo- = _under_ hypo-thesis a placing _under_ (= Lat. supposition.)

meta- = _beyond_; meta-physics science _beyond_ physics. met- _transference_ met-onymy _transference_ of name.

para- = _by the_ par-helion mock sun _by the side of_ par- _side of_ the real.

peri- = around peri-meter the measure _around_ anything.

pro- = before pro-gramme something written _before_.

pros- = to pros-elyte one coming _to_ a new religion.

syn- _with_ syn-thesis placing _together_. sy- = or sy-stem part _with_ part. syl- _together_ syl-lable letters taken _together_. sym- sym-pathy feeling _together_.

NOTE.--The form SY- is used before _s_; SYL- before _l_, SYM- before _b, p_ or _m_.

II.--GREEK ALPHABET.

Α α a _Alpha._ Β β * b _Beta._ Γ γ g _Gamma._ Δ δ d _Delta._ Ε ε e as in _met_ _Epsilon._ Ζ ζ z _Zeta._ Η η e as in _me_ _Eta._ Θ θ * th _Theta._ Ι ι i _Iota_ Κ κ k _Kappa._ Λ λ l _Lambda._ Μ μ m _Mu._ Ν ν n _Nu._ Ξ ξ x _Xi._ Ο ο o as in _not_ _Omicron._ Π π * p _Pi_ Ρ ρ r _Rho._ Σ ς, ς final s _Sigma._ Τ τ t _Tau._ Υ υ u, or y _Upsilon._ Φ φ ph _Phi._ Χ χ ch _Chi._ Ψ ψ ps _Psi._ Ω ω o as in _no_ _Omega._

Pronunciation of Greek Words.

_Gamma_ has always the hard sound of _g_, as in _give_.

_Kappa_ is represented by _c_ in English words, although in Greek it has but one sound, that of our _k_.

_Upsilon_ is represented by _y_ in English words; in Greek it has always the sound of _u_ in mute.

_Chi_ is represented in English by _ch_ having the sound of _k_; as in _chronic_.

In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there are vowels and diphthongs.

An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our _h_ precedes that letter.

GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

DIVISION I.--PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS.

1. A'ER (αηρ), _the air_.

A'ERATE, _to combine with air; to mix with carbonic acid_.

A-E'RIAL, _belonging to the air_.

A'ERIFORM, _having the form of air_.

A'EROLITE (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _a meteoric stone_.

A'ERONAUT (Gr. n. _nau'tēs_, a sailor), _a balloonist_.

AEROSTA'TION, _aerial navigation_.

AIR, _the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a person_.

AIR'Y, _open to the air; gay, sprightly_.

2. AG'EIN (αγειν), _to lead_.

APAGO'GE, _a leading away; an indirect argument_

DEM'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _a misleader of the people_.

PARAGO'GE (literally, a leading or extension beyond), _the addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word_.

PED'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _pais_, a child), _a schoolmaster; a pedantic person_..

SYN'AGOGUE, _a Jewish place of worship_.

3. A'GON (αγων), a contest.

AG'ONY, _extreme pain_.

AG'ONIZE, _to be in agony_.

ANTAG'ONISM, _direct opposition_.

ANTAG'ONIST, _or_ ANTAGONIS'TIC, _contending against_.

4. ANG'ELLEIN (αγγελλειν), _to bring tidings_; ANG'ELLOS (αγγελλος), _a messenger_.

AN'GEL, _a spiritual messenger_.

ANGEL'IC, _relating to an angel_.

ARCHAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _archi-_, chief), _an angel of the highest order_.

EVAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _eu_, well), _good tidings; the gospel_.

EVAN'GELIST, _one of the writers of the four gospels_.

5. AR'CHE (αρχη), _beginning, government, chief_.

AN'ARCHY, _want of government_.

AR'CHITECT (Gr. n. _tek'tōn_, workman), literally, _a chief builder, one who devises plans for buildings_.

AR'CHIVES, _records_.

HEP'TARCHY (Gr. _hepta_, seven), _a sevenfold government_.

HI'ERARCHY (Gr. adj. _hi'eros_, sacred), _dominion in sacred things; a sacred body of rulers_.

MON'ARCH (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _one who rules alone, a sovereign_.

MON'ARCHY, _government by one person, a kingdom_.

OLIGARCHY (Gr. adj. _ol'igos_, few), _government by a few, an aristocracy_.

PA'TRIARCH (Gr. n. _pat'ēr_, a father), _the father and ruler of a family_.

PATRIAR'CHAL, _relating to patriarchs_.

6. AS'TRON (αστρον), _a star_.

AS'TERISK, _a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, and sometimes to mark an omission of words_.

AS'TEROID (Gr. adj. _ei'dos_, like), _one of the numerous small planets between Mars and Jupiter_.

AS'TRAL, _belonging to the stars_.

ASTROL'OGY, _the pretended science of foretelling events by the stars_.

ASTRON'OMY (Gr. n. _nom'os_, a law), _the science that treats of the stars_.

ASTRON'OMER, _one skilled in astronomy_.

DISAS'TER, _calamity, misfortune_.

DISAS'TROUS, _unlucky; calamitous_.

7. AU'TOS (αυτος), _one's self_.

AUTOBIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life, _graph'ein_, to write), _the life of a person written by himself_.

AU'TOCRAT (Gr. n. _krat'os_, power), _an absolute ruler_.

AUTOCRAT'IC, _like an autocrat_.

AU'TOGRAPH, _one's own handwriting_.

AUTOM'ATON (Gr. _mema'otes_, striving after), _a self-acting machine_.

AUTHEN'TIC, _genuine, true_.

AUTHENTIC'ITY, _genuineness_.

8. BAL'LEIN (βαλλειν), _to throw or cast_.

EM'BLEM, _a representation; a type_.

EMBLEMAT'ICAL, _containing an emblem_.

HYPER'BOLE, _a figure of speech which represents things greater or less than they are_.

PAR'ABLE, _a story which illustrates some fact or doctrine_.

PARAB'OLA, _one of the conic sections_.

PROB'LEM, _a question proposed for solution_.

SYM'BOL, _a sign; a representation_.

SYMBOLICAL, _representing by signs_.

9. BAP'TEIN (βαπτειν), _to wash, to dip_.

BAP'TISM, _a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which the individual is sprinkled with or immersed in water_.

BAPTIZE', _to sprinkle with or immerse in water_.

BAPTISMAL, _pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows_.

BAP'TIST, _one who approves only of baptism by immersion_.

ANABAP'TIST, _one who believes that only adults should be baptized_.

CATABAP'TIST, _one opposed to baptism_.

PEDOBAP'TISM (Gr. _pais_, _paidos_, a child), _infant baptism_.

10. CHRON'OS (χρονος), time.

CHRON'IC, _lasting a long time_; _periodical_.

CHRON'ICLE, _a record of events in the order of time_; _a history recording facts in order of time_.

CHRONOL'OGY, _the science of computing the dates of past events_.

CHRONOM'ETER (Gr. n. _me'tron_, a measure), _an instrument for measuring time_.

ANACH'RONISM, _an error in computing time_.

SYN'CHRONAL, SYN'CHRONOUS, _existing at the same time_.

11. GRAM'MA (γραμμα), _a letter_

GRAM'MAR, _the science of language_.

GRAMMA'RIAN, _one skilled in or who teaches grammar_.

GRAMMAT'ICAL, _according to the rules of grammar_.

AN'AGRAM, _the change of one word into another by transposing the letters_.

DI'AGRAM, _a writing or drawing made for illustration_.

EP'IGRAM, _a short poem ending with a witty thought_.

MON'OGRAM (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _a character composed of several letters interwoven_.

PRO'GRAMME, _order of any entertainment_.

TEL'EGRAM (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _a message sent by telegraph_.

12. GRAPH'EIN (γραφειν), _to write_.

GRAPH'IC, _well delineated; giving vivid description_.

AU'TOGRAPH. See _au'tos_.

BIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life), _the history of a life_.

CALIG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _beautiful writing_.

GEOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _gē_, the earth), _a description of the earth_.

HISTORIOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _histo'ria_, history), _one appointed to write history_.

HOL'OGRAPH (Gr. adj. _hol'os_, whole), _a deed or will wholly written by the grantor or testator_.

LEXICOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _lex'icon_, a dictionary), _the compiler of a dictionary_.

LITH'OGRAPH (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _an impression of a drawing made on stone_.

LITHOG'RAPHY, _the art of writing on and taking impressions from stone_.

ORTHOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _or'thos_, correct), _the correct spelling of words_.

PHO'NOGRAPH (Gr. n. _pho'ne_, sound), _an instrument for the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds_.

PHONOG'RAPHY, _a system of short hand; the art of constructing or of using the phonograph_.

PHOTOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _phos, phot'os_, light), _the art of producing pictures by light_.

STENOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _sten'os_, narrow), _the art of writing in short-hand_.

TEL'EGRAPH (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _an apparatus for conveying intelligence to a distance by means of electricity_.

TOPOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _top'os_, a place), _the description of a particular place_.

TYPOGRAPHY (Gr. n. _tu'pos_, a type), _the art or operation of printing_.

13. HOD'OS ('οδος), _a way_.

EP'ISODE, _an incidental story introduced into a poem or narrative_.

EX'ODUS, _departure from a place; the second book of the Old Testament_.

METH'OD, _order, system, way, manner_.

METH'ODIST, _the followers of John Wesley_. (The name has reference to the strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians).

PE'RIOD (Gr. n. _period'os_, a passage round), _the time in which anything is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation mark_.

SYN'OD, _a meeting of ecclesiastics_.

14. HU'DOR ('υδορ), _water_.

HY'DRA, _a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by Hercules_.

HYDRAN'GEA, _a genus of plants remarkable for their absorption of water_.

HY'DRANT, _a water-plug_.

HYDRAU'LIC (Gr. n. _au'los_, a pipe), _relating to the motion of water through pipes; worked by water_.

HYDRAU'LICS, _the science which treats of fluids in motion_.

HYDROCEPH'ALUS (Gr. n. _keph'ale_, the head), _dropsy of the head_.

HY'DROGEN (Gr. v. _gen'ein_, to beget), _a gas which with oxygen produces water_.

HYDROG'RAPHY, _the art of maritime surveying and mapping_.

HYDROP'ATHY (Gr. n. _path'os_, feeling), _the water-cure_.

HYDROPHO'BIA (Gr. n. _phob'os_, fear), literally, _dread of water; canine madness_.

HY'DROPSY, _a collection of water in the body_. ("Dropsy" is a contraction of _hydropsy_).

HYDROSTAT'ICS, _the science which treats of fluids at rest_.

15. KRAT'OS (χρατος), _rule, government, strength_.

ARISTOC'RACY (Gr. adj. _aris'tos_, best), _government by nobles_.

ARIS'TOCRAT, _one who favors aristocracy_.

AU'TOCRAT. See _au'tos_.

DEMOC'RACY (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _government by the people_.

DEM'OCRAT, _one who upholds democracy; in the United States, a member of the democratic party_.

THEOC'RACY, _government of a state by divine direction, as the ancient Jewish state_.

16. LOG'OS (λογος), _speech, ratio, description, science_.

LOG'IC, _the science and art of reasoning_.

LOGI'CIAN, _one skilled in logic_.

LOG'ARITHMS (Gr. n. _arith'mos_, number), _a class of numbers that abridge arithmetical calculations_.

ANAL'OGY, _a resemblance of ratios_.

AP'OLOGUE, _a moral fable_.

APOL'OGY, _a defense, an excuse_.

CAT'ALOGUE, _a list of names in order_.

CHRONOL'OGY. (See _chronos_.)

CONCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _kon'chos_, a shell), _the science of shells_.

DEC'ALOGUE (Gr. _dek'a_, ten), _the ten commandments_.

DOXOL'OGY (Gr. n. _doxa_, glory), _a hymn expressing glory to God_.

EC'LOGUE, _a pastoral poem_.

ENTOMOL'OGY (Gr. n. _ento'ma_, insects, and v. _tem'nein_, to cut), _the natural history of insects_.

EP'ILOGUE, _a short poem or speech at the end of a play_.

ETYMOL'OGY (Gr. _et'umon_, true source), _a part of grammar; the science of the derivation of words_.

EU'LOGY, _praise, commendation_.

GENEAL'OGY (Gr. n. _gen'os_, birth), _history of the descent of families_.

GEOL'OGY (Gr. n. _gē_, the earth), _the science which treats of the internal structure of the earth_.

MINERAL'OGY, _the science of minerals_.

MYTHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _mu'thos_, a fable), _a system or science of fables_.

ORNITHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _or'nis, or'nithos_, a bird), _the natural history of birds_.

PATHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _path'os_, suffering), _that part of medicine which treats of the causes and nature of diseases_.

PHILOL'OGY (Gr. _phil'os_, loving, fond of), _the science which treats of languages_.

PHRENOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phrén_, the mind), _the art of reading the mind from the form of the skull_.

PHYSIOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phu'sis_, nature), _the science which treats of the organism of plants and animals_.

PRO'LOGUE, _verses recited as introductory to a play_.

PSYCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _psu'che_, the soul), _mental philosophy; doctrine of man's spiritual nature_.

SYL'LOGISM, _a form of reasoning consisting of three propositions_.

TAUTOL'OGY (Gr. _tau'to_, the same), _a repetition of the same idea in different words_.

TECHNOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tech'ne_, art), _a description of the arts_.

THEOL'OGY. See _theos_.

TOXICOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tox'icon_, poison) _the science which treats of poisons and their effects_.

ZOOL'OGY (Gr. n. _zo'on_, an animal), _that part of natural history which treats of animals_.

17. MET'RON (μετρον) _a measure_.

ME'TER, _arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of length_.

MET'RIC, _denoting measurement_.

MET'RICAL, _pertaining to meter_.

ANEMOM'ETER (Gr. n. _an'emos_, the wind), _an instrument measuring the force and velocity of the wind_.

BAROM'ETER (Gr. n. _ba'ros_, weight), _an instrument that indicates changes in the weather_.

DIAM'ETER, _measure through anything_.

GEOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _a branch of mathematics_.

HEXAM'ETER (Gr. _hex_, six), _a line of six poetic feet_.

HYDROM'ETER (Gr. n. _hu'dor_, water), _an instrument for determining the specific gravities of liquids_.

HYGROM'ETER (Gr. adj. _hu'gros_, wet), _an instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere_.

PENTAM'ETER (Gr. _pen'te_, five), _a line of five poetic feet_.

PERIM'ETER, _the external boundary of a body or figure_.

SYM'METRY, _the proportion or harmony of parts_.

THERMOM'ETER (Gr. adj. _ther'mos_, warm), _an instrument for measuring the heat of bodies_.

TRIGONOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _trigo'non_, a triangle), _a branch of mathematics_.

18. MON'OS (μονος), _sole, alone_.

MON'ACHISM, _the condition of monks; a monastic life_.

MON'AD, _something ultimate and indivisible_.

MON'ASTERY, _a house of religious retirement_.

MONK (Gr. n. _mon'achos_), _a religious recluse_.

MONOG'AMY (Gr. n. _gam'os_, MARRIAGE), _the marriage of one wife only_.

MON'OLOGUE (Gr. n. _log'os_), _a speech uttered by a person alone_.

MONOMA'NIA (Gr. n. _ma'nia_, madness), _madness confined to one subject_.

MONOP'OLY (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), _the sole power of selling anything_.

MONOSYL'LABLE, _a word of one syllable_.

MON'OTHEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the belief in the existence of only one God_.

MON'OTONE, _uniformity of tone_.

MONOT'ONY, _sameness of sound; want of variety_.

19. O'DE (ωδε), _a song_.

ODE, _a lyric poem_.

MEL'ODY (Gr. n. _mel'os_, a song), _an agreeable succession of musical sounds_.

PAR'ODY, _the alteration of the works of an author to another subject_.

PROS'ODY, _the study of versification_.

PSAL'MODY, _the practice of singing psalms_.

TRAG'EDY (Gr. n. _trag'os_, a goat[9]), _a dramatic representation of a sad or calamitous event_.

EXERCISE.

The _periods_ of _astronomy_ go far beyond any _chronology_. The _phonograph_ and the _telegraph_ are both American inventions. By the aid of a _diagram_ the _problem_ was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the _Autocrat_ of the Breakfast Table, has written many _parodies_. In the struggle between _monarchy_ and _democracy_ Mexico has often been in a state of _anarchy_. His _antagonist_ suffered great _agony_ from the _disaster_ that occurred. The _eulogy_ pronounced on the great _zoölogist_ Agassiz was well deserved. What is the _etymological_ distinction between _geography_ and _geology_? The _aeronaut_ took with him a _barometer_, a _thermometer_, and a _chronometer_. I owe you an _apology_ for not better knowing your _genealogy. Typography_ has been well called "the art preservative of all the arts." Who is called the great American _lexicographer? Tautology_ is to be avoided by all who make any pretence to _grammar_. One may be a _democrat_ without being a _demagogue_. You cannot be an _architect_ without knowing _geometry. Zoology_ shows that there is great _symmetry_ in the structure of animals. The pretensions of _astrology_ are now dissipated into thin _air_. Many persons skilled in _physiology_ do not believe in hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in _hexameter_, and Milton's "Paradise Lost" in _pentameter_.

20. ON'OMA (ονομα), _a name_.

ANON'YMOUS, _without a name_.

METON'YMY, _a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for another_.

ON'OMATOPOE'IA, _the forming of words whose sound suggests the sense_.

PARON'YMOUS, _of like derivation_.

PATRONYM'IC (Gr. n. _pat'er_, a father), _a name derived from a parent or ancestor_.

PSEU'DONYM (Gr. adj. _pseu'des_, false), _a fictitious name_.

SYN'ONYM, _a word having the same meaning as another in the same language_.

21. PAN (παν, παντος), _all; whole_.

PANACE'A (Gr. v. _ak'eomai_, I cure), _a universal cure_.

PAN'CREAS (Gr. n. _kre'as_, flesh), _a fleshy gland situated at the bottom of the stomach_.

PAN'DECT, _a treatise which combines the whole of any science_.

PANEGYR'IC (Gr. n. _ag'ora_, an assembly), _an oration in praise of some person or event_.

PAN'OPLY (Gr. n. _hop'la_, armor), _a complete suit of armor_.

PANORA'MA (Gr. n. _hor'ama_, a sight or view), _a large picture gradually unrolled before an assembly_.

PAN'THEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the doctrine that nature is God_.

PAN'THEON, _a temple dedicated to all the gods_.

PAN'TOMIME, _a scene or representation in dumb show_.

22. PA'THOS (παθος), _suffering, feeling_.

PATHET'IC, _affecting the emotions_.

PATHOL'OGY, _the science of diseases_.

ALLOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_.

ANTIP'ATHY, _dislike, aversion_.

AP'ATHY, _want of feeling_.

HOMEOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_.

HYDROP'ATHY. See _hudor_.

SYM'PATHY, _fellow-feeling_.

23. PHIL'OS (φιλος), _a friend, a lover_.

PHILADEL'PHIA (Gr. n. _adel'phos_, a brother), literally, _the city of brotherly love_.

PHILANTHROPY (Gr. n. _anthro'pos_, a man), _love of mankind_.

PHILHARMON'IC (Gr. n. _harmo'nia_, harmony), _loving harmony or music_.

PHILOS'OPHY (Gr. n. _sophi'a_, wisdom), _the general laws or principles belonging to any department of knowledge_.

PHILOS'OPHER, _one versed in philosophy or science_.

PHILOSOPH'IC, PHILOSOPH'ICAL, _relating to philosophy_.

24. PHA'NEIN (φαινειν), _to cause to appear_; PHANTA'SIA (φαντασια), _an image, an idea_.

DIAPH'ANOUS, _translucent_.

EPIPH'ANY, _the festival commemorative of the manifestation of Christ by the star of Bethlehem_.

FAN'CY, _a pleasing image; a conceit or whim_.

FAN'CIFUL, _full of fancy; abounding in wild images_.

FANTA'SIA, _a musical composition avowedly not governed by the ordinary musical rules_.

PHAN'TOM, _a specter, an apparation_.

PHASE, _an appearance_.

PHENOM'ENON, _anything presented to the senses by experiment or observation; an unusual appearance_.

SYC'OPHANT (Gr. n. _sukon_, a fig, and, literally, an informer against stealers of figs), _a mean flatterer_.

25. PHO'NE (φωνη), _a sound_.

PHONET'IC, PHON'IC _according to sound_.

EU'PHONY, _an agreeable sound of words_.

SYM'PHONY, _harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition for a full band of instruments_.

26. PHOS (φως, φωτος), _light_.

PHOS'PHORUS (Gr. v. _pherein_, to bear), _a substance resembling wax, highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark_.

PHOS'PHATE, _a salt of phosphoric acid_.

PHOSPHORES'CENT, _luminous in the dark_.

PHOSPHOR'IC, _relating to or obtained from phosphorus_.

PHOTOG'RAPHY. See _graphein_.

27. PHU'SIS (φυσις), _nature_.

PHYS'IC, _medicines_.

PHYS'ICAL, _natural; material; relating to the body_.

PHYSI'CIAN, _one skilled in the art of healing_.

PHYS'ICIST, _a student of nature_.

PHYS'ICS, _natural philosophy_.

PHYSIOG'NOMY (Gr. n. _gno'mon_, a judge), _the art of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face; the particular cast of features or countenance_.

PHYSIOL'OGY. See _logos_.

METAPHYS'ICS, literally, _after or beyond physics_; hence, _the science of mind_.

METAPHYSI'CIAN, _one versed in metaphysics_.

28. POL'IS (πολις), _a city_.

POLICE', _the body of officers employed to secure the good order of a city_.

POL'ICY, _the art or manner of governing a nation or conducting public affairs; prudence_.

POL'ITIC, _wise, expedient_.

POLIT'ICAL, _relating to politics_.

POLITI'CIAN, _one devoted to politics_.

POL'ITICS, _the art or science of government; struggle of parties_.

POL'ITY, _the constitution of civil government_.

ACROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _ak'ros_, high), _a citadel_.

COSMOP'OLITE (Gr. n. _kos'mos_, the world), _a citizen of the world_.

METROP'OLIS (Gr. n. _me'ter_, a mother), _the chief city of a country_.

NECROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _nek'ros_, dead), _a burial-place; a city of the dead_.

29. RHE'O ('ρεω), _I flow, I speak_.

RHET'ORIC, _the art of composition; the science of oratory_.

RHETORI'CIAN, _one skilled in rhetoric_.

RHEU'MATISM, _a disease of the limbs_ (so called because the ancients supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors).

RES'IN, _a gum which flows from certain trees_.

CATARRH', _a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold in the head_.

DIARRHOE'A, _purging_.

HEM'ORRHAGE (Gr. n. _haima_, blood), _a flowing of blood_.

30. SKOP'EIN (σκοπειν), _to see, to watch_.

SCOPE, _space, aim, intention_.

BISH'OP (Gr. n. _epis'kopos_, overseer), _a clergyman who has charge of a diocese_.

EPIS'COPACY, _church government by bishops_.

EPIS'COPAL, _relating to episcopacy_.

KALEI'DOSCOPE (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _an optical instrument in which we see an endless variety of beautiful patterns by simple change of position_.

MI'CROSCOPE (Gr. adj. _mik'ros_, small), _an instrument for examining small objects_.

MICROS'COPIST, _one skilled in the use of the microscope_.

STETH'OSCOPE (Gr. n. _steth'os_, the breast), _an instrument for examining the state of the chest by sound_.

TEL'ESCOPE (Gr. _te'le_, afar off), _an instrument for viewing objects far off_.

31. TAK'TOS (τακτος), _arranged_; TAX'IS (ταξις), _arrangement_.

TAC'TICS, _the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces_; _the science or art which relates to these_.

TACTI'CIAN, _one skilled in tactics_.

SYN'TAX, _the arrangement of words into sentences_.

SYNTAC'TICAL, _relating to syntax_.

TAX'IDERMY (Gr. n. _der'ma_, skin), _the art of preparing and arranging the skins of animals in their natural appearance_.

TAX'IDERMIST, _one skilled in taxidermy_.

32. TECH'NE (τεχνη), _art_.

TECH'NICAL, _relating to an art or profession_.

TECHNICAL'ITY, _a technical expression_; _that which is technical_.

TECHNOL'OGY, _a treatise on or description of the arts_.

TECHNOL'OGIST, _one skilled in technology_.

POLYTECH'NIC (Gr. adj. _pol'us_, many), _comprising many arts_.

PYR'OTECHNY (Gr. n. _pur_, fire), _the art of making fireworks_.

33. THE'OS (θεος), _God_.

THE'ISM, _belief in the existence of a God_.

THEO'CRACY. (See _kratos_.)

THEO'LOGY. (See _logos_.)

APOTHEO'SIS, _glorification, deification_.

A'THEISM, _disbelief in the existence of God_.

A'THEIST, _one who does not believe in the existence of God_.

ENTHU'SIASM, _heat of imagination_; _ardent zeal_.

PAN'THEISM. (See _pan_.)

POL'YTHEISM (Gr. adj. _polus_, many), _the doctrine of a plurality of Gods_.

34. TITH'ENI (τιθεναι), _to place, to set_.

THEME, _a subject set forth for discussion_.

THE'SIS, _a proposition set forth for discussion_.

ANATH'EMA, _an ecclesiastical curse_.

ANTITHESIS, _opposition or contrast in words or deeds_.

HYPOTH'ESIS, _a supposition_.

PAREN'THESIS, _something inserted in a sentence which is complete without it_.

SYN'THESIS, _a putting together, as opposed to analysis_.

35. TON'OS (τονος), _tension, tone_.

TONE, _tension, vigor, sound_.

TON'IC, adj. _increasing tension or vigor_; n. _a medicine which increases strength_.

TUNE, _a series of musical notes on a particular key_.

ATTUNE', _to make musical_; _to make one sound agree with another_.

BAR'YTONE (Gr. adj. _ba'rus_, heavy), _a male voice_.

DIATON'IC, _proceeding by tones and semitones_.

IN'TONATE, _to sound; to modulate the voice_.

INTONE', _to give forth a slow, protracted sound_.

SEM'ITONE, _half a tone_.

REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES.

1. Derivation of "antithesis"?--Compose an example of an antithesis.--Point out the antithesis in the following:--

"The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself." "A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits." "Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull, Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full."

2. Derivation of "hypothesis."--Give an adjective formed from this noun.--What Latin derivative corresponds literally to "hypothesis"? _Ans. Supposition_.--Show this. _Ans_. Supposition is composed of sub = hypo (under), and position (from _ponere_, to place) = thesis, a placing--What adjective from "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? _Ans. Supposititious._

3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?--Compose a parenthetical sentence.

4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?--Give the distinction _Ans. Analysis_ is taking apart, _synthesis_ is putting together--What adjective is derived from the noun "synthesis"?

5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? _Ans. Demagogic_ or _demagogical_--Define it--Compose a sentence containing the word "demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced the arts of a _demagogue_."

6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? _Ans. Pedagogic_--What would the "_pedagogic_ art" mean?--Is "pedagogue" usually employed in a complimentary sense?--Give a synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense.

7. Derivation of "anarchy"?--Compose a sentence containing this word. MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by _anarchy_."

8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? _Ans. Monarchical_--Define it.--Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical government?--What is the ruler of a monarchy called?

9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, were under the rule of an _oligarchy_."

10. From what root is "democracy" derived?--What adjective is formed from "democracy"?--Is Russia at present a _democracy_?--Can you mention any ancient governments that for a time were democracies?

11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?--What noun will denote one who believes in aristocracy? _Ans. Aristocrat_--What does "aristocrat" ordinarily mean? _Ans._ A proud or haughty person who holds himself above the common people.

12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"?

13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a sentence.

14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? _Ans. Diametrical_--What adverb is formed from "diametrical"?--What is meant by the expression "_diametrically_ opposed"?

15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? _Ans. Astrology_--Give the derivative of this word.--What word denotes one who is skilled in astronomy?--Form an adjective from "astronomy."--Compose a sentence containing the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great founders of _astronomy_ are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton."

16. From what root is "telescope" derived?--Combine and define telescop + ic.--Compose a sentence using the word "telescope."

17. From what root is "microscope" derived?--Combine and define microscop + ic.--What single word denotes microscopic animals? _Ans. Animalculæ_.--Compose a sentence containing the word "microscope." MODEL: "As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so the _microscope_ reveals the infinitely little."

18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That we sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated in the lines:

'The reason why I cannot tell, I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'"

19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"?

20. Derivation of "sympathy"?--Give a synonym of this Greek derivative. _Ans. Compassion_.--Show why they are literal synonyms. _Ans._ Sym = con or com, and pathy = passion; hence, compassion = sympathy.--Give an English derivative expressing the same thing. _Ans. Fellow-feeling._

21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?--Form an adjective from "autocrat."--Who is the present "autocrat of all the Russias"?--Could the Queen of England be called an _autocrat_?--Why not?

22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are only two or three _autographs_ of Shakespeare in existence."

23. Derivation of "automaton"?--Illustrate the signification of the word by a sentence.

24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir to"?--Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea."

25. Derivation of "panoply"?--In the following sentence is "panoply" used in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take the Christian _panoply_, to put on the whole armor of God."

26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?--What word is used to denote one who believes in pantheism?

27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many gods?--Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would designate a temple dedicated to _all_ the gods?

28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."--Compose a sentence using the word "panorama."

29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?--Illustrate its meaning by a sentence.--Form an adjective from "eulogy."

30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?--Give an example of a pseudonym.

DIVISION II.--ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES.

ACH'OS, _pain_--ache, headache. AINIG'MA, _a riddle_--enigma. AK'ME, _a point_--acme. AKOU'EIN, _to hear_--acoustics. AK'ROS, _high_--_acropolis (polis)._ ALLEL'ON, _each other_--parallel, parallelogram. AN'ER, _a man_--Andrew, Alexander. AN'THOS, _a flower_--anther, anthology, polyanthus. ANTHRO'POS, _a man_--anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope, philanthropist, philanthropy. ARK'TOS, _a bear_--arctic, antarctic. AR'GOS, _idle_--lethargy, lethargic. ARIS'TOS, _best_--aristocrat _(kratos)_, aristocracy, aristocratic. ARITH'MOS, _number_--arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic. ARO'MA, _spice, odor_--aromatic. ARTE'RIA, _a bloodvessel_--artery, arterial. ASK'EIN, _to discipline_--ascetic, asceticism. ASPHAL'TOS, _pitch_--asphalt. ATH'LOS, _a contest_--athlete, athletic. AT'MOS, _vapor, smoke_--atmosphere, atmospheric. AU'LOS, _a pipe_--hydraulic.

BAL'SAMON, _balsam_--balm, embalm. BA'ROS, _weight_--barometer, barytes. BA'SIS, _the bottom_--base, baseless, basement, basis. BIB'LION, _a book_--bible, biblical. BI'OS, _life_--biography, biology. BO'TANE, _a plant_--botanic, botanical, botanist, botany. BRON'CHOS, _the throat_--bronchial, bronchitis. BUS'SOS, _bottom_--abyss.

CHA'LUPS, _steel_--chalybeate. CHARAS'SEIN, _to stamp_--character, characterize, characteristic. CHA'RIS, _grace_--eucharist. CHEIR, _the hand_--surgeon (short for _chirurgeon_), surgical. CHLO'ROS, _green_--chloride, chlorine CHOL'E, _bile_--choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy. CHOR'DE, _a string_--chord, cord, cordage. CHRIS'TOS, _anointed_--chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, antichrist. CHRO'MA, _color_--chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic. CHRU'SOS, _gold_--chrysalis, chrysolite. CHU'LOS, _the milky juice formed by digestion_--chyle, chylifaction. CHU'MOS, _juice_--chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist.

DAI'MON, _a spirit_--demon, demoniac, demonology. DE'MOS, _the people_--demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic. DEN'DRON, _a tree_--dendrology, rhododendron. DER'MA, _the skin_--epidermis. DES'POTES, _a ruler_--despot, despotic, despotism. DIAI'TA, _manner of life_--diet, dietary, dietetic. DIDO'NI, _to give_--dose, antidote, anecdote. DOG'MA, _an opinion_--dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism. DOX'A, _an opinion, glory_--doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox. DRAM'A, _a stage-play_--drama, dramatic, dramatist. DROM'OS, _a course_--dromedary, hippodrome. DRUS, _an oak_--dryad. DUNA'THAI, _to be able_--dynamics, dynamical, dynasty. DUS, _ill, wrong_--dysentery (_entera_, the bowels), dyspepsia (_peptein_, to digest).

EKKLE'SIA, _the church_--ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical. E'CHEIN, _to sound_--echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen. EKLEI'PEIN, _to fail_--eclipse, ecliptic. ELEK'TRON, _amber_--electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype. EM'EIN, _to vomit_--emetic. EP'OS, _a word_--epic, orthoepy. ER'EMOS, _desert, solitary_--hermit, hermitage. ER'GON, _a work_--energy, energetic, surgeon (_cheir_, the hand). ETH'NOS, _a nation_--ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology. ETH'OS, _custom, manner_--ethics, ethical. EU, _good, well_--eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical.

GAM'OS, _marriage_--bigamy, polygamy, misogamist. GAS'TER, _the stomach_--gastric, gastronomy. GE, _the earth_--geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, perigee. GEN'NAEIN, _to produce_--genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen. GIGNOS'KEIN, _to know_--diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate. GLOS'SA, GLOT'TA, _the tongue_--glossary, glottis, polyglot. GLU'PHEIN, _to carve_--hieroglyphics. GNO'MON, _an indicator_--gnomon, physiognomy (_phusis_). GO'NIA, _a corner_--diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry. GUM'NOS, _naked_--gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics.

HAI'REIN, _to take or choose_--heresy, heretic, heretical. HARMO'NIA, _a fitting together_--harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium. HEK'ATON, _a hundred_--hecatomb. HE'LIOS, _the sun_--heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion. HE'MERA, _a day_--ephemeral. HEP'TA, _seven_--heptagon, heptarchy. HE'ROS, _a hero_--hero, heroic, heroine, heroism. HET'EROS, _another, unlike_--heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous. HEX, _six_--hexagon, hexangular. HI'EROS, _sacred_--hierarchy, hieroglyphics (_glyphein_, to carve). HIP'POS, _a horse_--hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic. HOL'OS, _all_--holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity. HOM'OS, _like, the same_--homogeneous (_gennaein_, to produce). HOR'OS, _a boundary_--horizon, aphorism. HU'MEN, _the god of marriage_--hymeneal. HUM'NOS, _a song of praise_--hymn, hymnal, hynmology.

ICH'THUS, _a fish_--ichthyology. ID'EA, _a form or pattern_--idea, ideal. ID'IOS, _peculiar_--idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic. IS'OS, _equal_--isothermal.

KAI'EIN, _to burn_--caustic, cauterize, holocaust (_holos_, whole). KA'KOS, _bad_--cacophony. KA'LOS, _beautiful_--caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (_skopein_). KAL'UPTEIN, _to conceal_--apocalypse. KAN'ON, _a rule_--canon, canonical, canonize. KAR'DIA, _the heart_--cardiac, pericardium. KEN'OS, _empty_--cenotaph. KEPH'ALE, _the head_--acephalous, hydrocephalus (_hydor_). KER'AS, _a horn_--rhinoceros. KLE'ROS, _a portion_--clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship. KLI'MAX, _a ladder_--climax. KLI'NEIN, _to bend_--clinical, recline. KO'MOS, _a merry feast_--comedy, (_odè_), comedian, comic, encomium. KO'NEIN, _to serve_--deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate. KO'NOS, Lat. CONUS, _a cone_--cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform. KOP'TEIN, _to cut_--coppice, copse, syncope. KOS'MOS, _the world_--cosmography, cosmopolitan. KRI'TES, _a judge_--crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism, hypocrite. KRUP'TEIN, _to conceal_--crypt, apocrypha. KRUSTAL'LOS, _ice_--crystal, crystallize. KUK'LOS, _a circle_--cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia. KULIN'DROS, _a roller_--cylinder.

LAM'BANEIN, _to take_--syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable. LAM'PEIN, _to shine_--lamp. LA'OS, _the people_--layman, laity. LATREI'A, _worship_--idolatry, heliolatry. LITH'OS, _a stone_--litharge, lithograph, aërolite. LU'EIN, _to loosen_--analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy.

MAN'IA, _madness_--mania, maniac. MAR'TUR, _a witness_--martyr, martyrdom, martyrology. MEL'AS, _black_--melancholy, Melanesia. ME'TER, _a mother_--metropolis. MIK'ROS, _small_--microcosm, microscope, microscopic. MI'MOS, _an imitator_--mimic, mimicry, pantomime. MOR'PHE, _shape_--amorphous, metamorphosis. MU'RIAS, _ten thousand_--myriad. MU'THOS, _a fable_--myth, mythology.

NAR'KE, _torpor_--narcissus, narcotic. NAUS, _a ship_--nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aëronaut. NEK'ROS, _dead_--necropolis. NE'SOS, _an island_--Polynesia. NOM'OS, _a law_--astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (_oikos_, a house), economic.

OL'IGOS, _few_--oligarchy (_arche_). OR'PHANOS, _deserted_--orphan, orphanage. OR'THOS, _right, straight_--orthodox, orthoepy, orthography.

PAIDEI'A, _instruction_--cyclopædia. PAIS, _a child_--pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist. PAP'AS, Lat. PAPA, _a father_--papacy, pope, popedom, popery. PARADEI'SOS, _a pleasant garden_--paradise. PAT'EIN, _to walk_--peripatetic. PEN'TE, _five_--pentagon, pentecost. PET'RA, _a rock_--Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter. PHOB'OS, _fear_--hydrophobia (_hudor_, water). PHRA'SIS, _speech_--phrase, phraseology, paraphrase. PHREN, _the mind_--phrenology, frantic, frenzy. PHU'TON, _a plant_--zoophyte. PLA'NAEIN, _to wander_--planet, planetary. PLAS'SEIN, _to mould_--plaster, plastic. PLEU'RA, _the side_--pleurisy. PNEU'MA, _breath_, _spirit_--pneumatic. PO'LEIN, _to sell_--bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize. POL'US, _many_--polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic. POR'OS, _a passage_--pore, porosity, porous, emporium. POT'AMOS, _a river_--hippopotamus. POUS, _the foot_--antipodes, polypus, tripod. PRAS'SEIN, _to do_--practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable. PRESBU'TEROS, _elder_--presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism. PRO'TOS, _first_--protomartyr. PSAL'LEIN, _to touch_, _to sing_--psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter. PUR, _fire_--pyramid, pyrotechny.

RHIN, _the nose_--rhinoceros. RHOD'ON, _a rose _--rhododendron.

SARX, _flesh_--sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus. SCHED'E, _a sheet_--schedule. SCHE'MA, _a plan_--scheme. SCHIS'MA, _a division_--schism, schismatic. SIT'OS, _corn_--parasite, parasitical. SKAN'DALON, _disgrace_--scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, slanderous. SKEPTES'THAI, _to consider_--sceptic, sceptical, scepticism. SKEP'TRON, _an emblem of office_--scepter. SOPH'IA, _wisdom_--sophist, sophistry, philosopher (_philos_), philosophy. SPHAI'RA, _a globe_--sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere. STAL'AEIN, _to drop_--stalactite, stalagmite. STEL'LEIN, _to send_--apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary. STEN'OS, _narrow_--stenography. STHEN'OS, _strength_--calisthenics. STIG'MA, _a mark_--stigma, stigmatize. STRAT'OS, _an army_--stratagem, strategy, strategist. STROPH'E, _a turning_--apostrophe, catastrophe.

TA'PHOS, _a tomb_--epitaph, cenotaph. TAU'TO, _the same_--tautology. TEK'TON, _a builder_--architect. TE'LE, _far off_--telegraph, telescope. TEM'NEIN, _to cut_--atom, anatomy, anatomist. TET'RA, _four_--tetragon, tetrarch. THER'ME, _heat_--thermal. THRON'OS, _a throne_--throne, enthrone. TOP'OS, _a place_--topography. TREP'EIN, _to turn_--trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope. TU'POS, _a stamp_--type, typography, prototype. TURAN'NOS, _a ruler_--tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny.

ZEIN, _to boil_--zeal, zealous. ZEPHU'ROS, _the west wind_--zephyr. ZO'ON, _an animal_--zodiac, zoology, zoological, zoöphyte.