Chapter 10

from the following verbs:--

1 blame 2 allow 3 move 4 admit (_miss_-) 5 collect 6 abuse 7 _aud_- (hear) 8 divide (_vis_-) 9 vary 10 _ara_- (plough)

Write and define the following adjectives denoting--

(_causing_ or _producing_) 1 terror, 2 _sopor_- (sleep), 3 _flor_ (a flower), 4 _pestis_ (a plague); (_having the quality of_) 5 _farina_ (meal), 6 crust, 7 _argilla_ (clay), (_becoming_), 8 effervesce.

III.

Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, from the following words:--

1 authentic 2 person 3 captive 4 _anima_ (life) 5 _melior_ (better) 6 ample 7 just 8 _sanctus_ (holy) 9 pan 10 false 11 _facilis_ (easy) 12 _magnus_(great) 13 equal 14 fertile 15 legal

III.--DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.

1. A LATIN PRIMITIVE, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb _du'cere_, to draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed _educe_, _education_, _deduction_, _ductile_, _reproductive_, and several hundred other English words.

2. LATIN ROOTS consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives.

3. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES from Latin words are generally formed not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the _radical_. Thus, in the word "education," the _root-word_ is _ducere_, but the _radical_ is DUC- (education = e + DUC + ate + ion).

4. A RADICAL is a word or a part of a word used in forming English derivatives.

5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the root-word.

6. VERB-RADICALS are formed principally from two parts of the verb,--the first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the _supine_, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:--

_1st pers. sing. pres. ind._ duco (I draw) _Root_ DUC- _Derivative_ _educe_ _Supine_ ductum (drawing, or to draw) _Root_ DUCT- _Derivative_ _ductile_

I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine--the second and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. Thus as we say that _loved_, _loving_, etc., are parts of the verb "to love," so we say that _a'mo_ (present ind.) and _ama'tum_ (supine) are parts of the verb _ama're_.

II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate _amo_, _amatum_, by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which is _amare_. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the Dictionary.

7. NOUN-RADICALS and ADJECTIVE RADICALS are formed from the nominative and from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of speech. Thus:--

NOM. CASE. ROOT. DERIVATIVE. iter (a journey) ITER-. re_iter_ate

GEN. CASE. ROOT DERIVATIVE. itineris (of a journey) ITINER- _itiner_ant felicis (nom. _felix_, happy) FELIC- _felic_ity

NOTE.--These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the _radicals actually used_ in word-formation, are given.

Pronunciation of Latin Words.

1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs: as _miles_ (= _mi'les_).

2. _C_ is pronounced like _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_; and like _s_ before _e_, _i_, _y_, and the diphthongs _æ_ and _œ_: as _cado_, pronounced _ka'do_; _cedo_, pronounced _se'do_.

3. _G_ is pronounced hard before _a_, _o_, _u_, and soft like _j_ before _e_, _i_, _y_, _æ_, _œ_: as _gusto_, in which _g_ is pronounced as in _August_; _gero_, pronounced _je'ro_.

4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as _bene_, pronounced _be'ne_.

5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as _mille_, pronounced _mil'le_.

6. The diphthongs _æ_ and _œ_ are sounded like _e_: as _cædo_, pronounced _ce'do_.

7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as _ager_, pronounced _a'jer_.

8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in _a_, the _a_ should be sounded like _ah_: as _musa_, pronounced _mu'sah_.

9. _T_, _s_, and _c_, before _ia_, _ie_, _ii_, _io_, _iu_, and _eu_, preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into _sh_ and _zh_: as _fa'cio_, pronounced _fa'sheo_; _san'cio_, pronounced _san'sheo_; _spa'tium_, pronounced _spa'sheum_.

NOTE.--According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ are pronounced as in _baa_, _bait_, _beet_, _boat_, _boot_; _ae_, _au_, _ei_, _oe_ as in _aisle_, _our_, _eight_, _oil_; _c_ always like _k_; _g_ as in _get_; _j_ as _y_ in _yes_; _t_ as in _until_; _v_ as _w_. See any Latin grammar.

LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

DIVISION I.--METHOD OF STUDY.

1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, _to do_, _to drive_.

Radicals: AG- and ACT-.

1. ACT, _v._ ANALYSIS: from _actum_ by dropping the termination _um_. DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The _noun_ "act" is formed in the same way. DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance.

2. AC'TION: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done.

3. ACT'IVE: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy, constantly engaged in action.

4. ACT'OR: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in anything done; (2) a stage player.

5. A'GENT: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts business for another.

6. AG'ILE: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk.

7. CO'GENT: from Latin _cogens_, _cogentis_, pres. part, of _cog'ere_ (= _co + agere_, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent, forcible.

8. ENACT': en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree.

9. TRANSACT': trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?--Write a sentence containing this word as a verb; another as a noun.--Give a synonym of "act." _Ans. Deed._--From what is "deed" derived? _Ans._ From the word _do_--hence, literally, something _done_.--Give the distinction between "act" and "deed." _Ans_. "Act" is a _single_ action; "deed" is a _voluntary_ action: thus--"The _action_ which was praised as a good _deed_ was but an _act_ of necessity."

(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.--Combine and define in + action.

(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.--What is the _negative_ of "active"? _Ans. Inactive_.--What is the _contrary_ of "active"? _Ans. Passive_.

(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL: "Washington and Greene were prominent _actors_ in the war of the Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English _actor_, was born in 1716."--What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player?

(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.--What is the distinction between "active" and "agile"? _Ans_. "Active" implies readiness to act in general; "agile" denotes a readiness to move the _limbs_.--Give two synonyms of "agile." _Ans. Brisk_, _nimble_.--Give the opposite of "agile." _Ans. Sluggish_, _inert_.

(7.) Explain what is meant by a "_cogent_ argument."--What would be the contrary of a _cogent_ argument?

(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.--What is meant by the "_enacting_ clause" of a legislative bill?--Write a sentence containing the word "enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament _enacted_ the stamp-law in 1765."

(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.--What derivative from "perform" is a synonym of "transaction"?

2. ALIE'NUS, _another_, _foreign_.

Radical: ALIEN-.

1. AL'IEN: from _alienus_ by dropping the termination _us_. DEFINITION: a foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is living.

2. AL'IENATE: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to another; (2) to estrange, to withdraw.

3. INAL'IENABLE: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Combine and define alien + age.--Can an alien be elected President of the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause 5.]--What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is changed from an _alien_ to a _citizen_?

(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.--Give a synonym of "alienate" in its _second_ sense. _Ans._ To _estrange_.--What is meant by saying that "the oppressive measures of the British government gradually _alienated_ the American colonies from the mother country"?

(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the word "inalienable."

3. AMA'RE, _to love_, AMI'CUS, _a friend_.

Radicals: AM- and AMIC-.

1. A'MIABLE: am(i) + able = fit to be loved.

OBS.--The Latin adjective is _amabilis_, from which the English derivative adjective would be _amable_; but it has taken the form am_i_able.

2. AM'ITY: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship; good-will.

3. AM'ICABLE: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly; peaceable.

4. INIM'ICAL: through Lat. adj. _inimi'cus_, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al = inimical, relating to an enemy.

5. AMATEUR': adopted through French _amateur_, from Latin _amator_, a lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally.

EXERCISE.

(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? _Ans. Lovable_.--Show how they are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: "The _amiable_ qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply regretted by all Americans."--What noun can you form from "amiable," meaning the quality of being amiable?--What is the negative of "amiable"? _Ans. Unamiable_.--The contrary? _Ans. Hateful_.

(2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." _Ans. Friendship_.--State the distinction between these words. _Ans._ "Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" to societies or nations.--Write a sentence containing the word "amity." MODEL: "The Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of _amity_ with the Indians."--What is the opposite of "amity"?

(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." _Ans. Friendly_.--Which is the stronger? _Ans. Friendly_.--Why? _Ans._ "Friendly" implies a positive feeling of regard; "amicable" denotes merely the absence of discord.--Write a sentence containing the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by the United States and Great Britain made an _amicable_ settlement of the Alabama difficulties."

(4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? _Ans. Enemy_.--Give its origin. _Ans._ It comes from the Latin _inimicus_, an enemy, through the French _ennemi_.--What preposition does "inimical" take after it? _Ans._ The preposition _to_--thus, "_inimical_ to health," "to welfare," etc.

(5.) What is meant by an _amateur_ painter? an _amateur_ musician?

4. AN'IMUS, _mind_, _passion_; AN'IMA, _life_.

Radical: ANIM-.

1. AN'IMAL: from Lat. n. _anima_ through the Latin _animal_: literally, something having life.

2. ANIMAL'CULE: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an animal that can be seen only by the microscope.

3. AN'IMATE, _v._: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to stimulate, or infuse courage.

4. ANIMOS'ITY: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose) passion: hence, violent hatred.

5. UNANIM'ITY: un (from _unus_, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of one mind: hence, agreement.

6. REAN'IMATE: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to infuse fresh vigor.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction between an _animal_ and a vegetable."

(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? _Ans. Animalcules_ or _animalculæ_.--Write a sentence containing this word.

(3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?--What is the negative of the adjective "animate?" _Ans. Inanimate._--Define it.--Combine and define animate + ion.--Explain what is meant by an "_animated_ discussion."

(4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity."

(5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of _one mind_, is not this "unanimity"?--What is the adjective corresponding to the noun "unanimity"?--What is the _opposite_ of "unanimity"?--Write a sentence containing the word "unanimity."

(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the signification of each.--Has "reanimate" any other than its literal meaning?--Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative sense. MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' _reanimated_ the courage of the American sailors."--What does "_animated_ conversation" mean?

5. AN'NUS, _a year_.

Radical: ANN-.

1. AN'NALS: from _annus_, through Lat. adj. _annalis_, pertaining to the year: hence, a record of things done from year to year.

2. AN'NUAL: through _annuus_ (annu + al), relating to a year: hence, yearly or performed in a year.

3. ANNU'ITY: through Fr. n. _annuité_ = a sum of money payable yearly.

4. MILLEN'NIUM: Lat. n. _millennium_ (from _annus_ and _mille_, a thousand), a thousand years.

5. PEREN'NIAL: through Lat. adj. _perennis_ (compounded of _per_ and _annus_), throughout the year: hence, lasting; perpetual.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Give a synonym of "annals." _Ans. History._--What is the distinction between "annals" and "history"? _Ans._ "Annals" denotes a mere chronological account of events from year to year; "history," in addition to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes of events.--Write a sentence containing the word "annals," or explain the following sentence: "The _annals_ of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible statements."

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual."

(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium."

(5.) What is the meaning of a "_perennial_ plant" in botany? _Ans._ A plant continuing more than two years.--Give the contrary of "perennial." _Ans. Fleeting, short-lived._

6. ARS, ar'tis, _art, skill._

Radical: ART-.

1. ART: from _artis_ by dropping the termination _is_. DEFINITION: 1. cunning--thus, an animal practices _art_ in escaping from his pursuers; 2. skill or dexterity--thus, a man may be said to have the _art_ of managing his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession--as the _art_ of building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which are called the "fine arts."

2. ART'IST: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a person who occupies himself with one of the fine arts.

OBS.--A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not properly be so called. The French word _artiste_ is sometimes used to denote one who has great skill in some profession, even if it is not one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might be called an _artiste_.

3. AR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _artisan_, one who practices an art: hence, one who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or operative.

4. ART'FUL: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, cunning.

5. ART'LESS: art + less = without art: hence, free from cunning, simple, ingenuous.

6. AR'TIFICE: through Lat. n. _artificium_, something made (_fa'cere_, to make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or stratagem.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from Shakespeare, "There is no _art_ to read the mind's construction in the face"?

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."--Would it be proper to call a famous hair-dresser an _artist_?--What might he be called?--Combine and define artist + ic + al + ly.--What is the negative of "artistic"?

(3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"?

(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." _Ans. Ingenuous, natural._--Give the opposite of "artless." _Ans. Wily._--Combine and define artless + ly; artless + ness.

(6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."--Combine artifice + er.--Does "artificer" mean one who practices artifice?--Write a sentence containing this word.--Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give the opposite of "artificial."

7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, _to hear_.

Radicals: AUDI-, and AUDIT-.

1. AU'DIBLE: audi + ble = that may be heard.

2. AU'DIENCE: audi + ence = literally, the condition of hearing: hence, an assemblage of hearers, an _auditory_.

3. AU'DIT: from _audit(um)_ = to hear a statement: hence, to examine accounts.

4. AU'DITOR: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer.

OBS.--This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an officer who examines accounts.

5. OBE'DIENT: through _obediens, obedient(is)_, the present participle of _obedire_ (compounded of _ob_, towards, and _audire_): literally, giving ear to: hence, complying with the wishes of another.

EXERCISE.

(1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to it to form a word denoting what can _not_ be heard?--What is the adverb from the adjective "audible"?--Write a sentence containing this word.

(2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving _audience_?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL--"The committee which had to _audit_ the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds."--How do you spell the past tense of "audit"?--Why is the _t_ not doubled?

(5.) What is the _noun_ corresponding to the adjective "obedient"?--What is the _verb_ corresponding to these words?--Combine and define dis + obedient.

8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, _the head_.

Radical: CAPIT-.

1. CAP'ITAL, _a._ and _n._: capit + al = relating to the _head_: hence, chief, principal, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it means, (1) principal; (2) great, important; (3) punishable with death;--as a noun it means, (1) the metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in trade.

2. CAPITA'TION: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be counted: hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head or person.

3. DECAP'ITATE: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be taken off; to behead.

4. PREC'IPICE: through Lat. n. _præcipitium_: literally, a headlong descent.

5. PRECIP'ITATE: from Lat. adj. _præcipit(is)_, head foremost. DEFINITION: (1) (_as a verb_) to throw headlong, to press with eagerness, to hasten; (2) (_as an adjective_) headlong, hasty.

EXERCISE.

(1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an adjective.--Write a sentence containing this word as a noun, in the sense of _city_.--Write a sentence containing "capital" in the sense of _stock_.--Is the _capital_ of a state or country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state or country?--What is the _capital_ of New York state?--What is the _metropolis_ of New York State?

(3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.--Can you name an English king who was _decapitated_?--Can you name a French king who was _decapitated_?

(4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the _precipice_ of time it goes"?

(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.--Write a sentence containing the adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is noted for never having made any _precipitate_ movements."--Explain the meaning of the verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo Wellington _precipitated_ the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was divided", "The Romans were wont to _precipitate_ criminals from the Tarpeian rock."

9. CI'VIS, _a citizen_.

Radical: CIV-.

1. CIV'IC: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs or honors of a city.

OBS.--The "_civic_ crown" in Roman times was a garland of oak-leaves and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.

2. CIV'IL: Lat adj. _civilis_, meaning (1) belonging to a citizen, (2) of the state, political, (3) polite.

3. CIV'ILIZE: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a community having a government, or political organization; hence, to reclaim from a barbarous state.

4. CIVILIZA'TION: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized.

5. CIVIL'IAN: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of civil life--not a soldier.

EXERCISE.

(2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?--Give a synonym of this word.--Is there any difference between "civil" and "polite"? _Ans._ "Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is possible to be "civil" without being "polite."--What word would denote the opposite of "civil" in the sense of "polite"?--Combine and define civil + ity.--Do you say _un_civility or _in_civility, to denote the negative of "civility"?--Give a synonym of "uncivil." _Ans. Boorish._--Give another synonym.

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."--Give a participial adjective from this word.--What compound word expresses _half_ civilized?--What word denotes a state of society between savage and civilized?

(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." _Ans. Culture, refinement._--What is the meaning of the word "civilization" in the sentence: "The ancient Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of _civilization_"?--Compose a sentence of your own, using this word.

10. COR, cor'dis, _the heart_.

Radical: CORD-.

1. CORE: from _cor_ = the heart: hence, the inner part of a thing.

2. COR'DIAL, _a._: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart: hence, hearty, sincere. The _noun_ "cordial" means literally something having the quality of acting on the heart: hence, a stimulating medicine, and in a figurative sense, something cheering.

3. CON'CORD: con + cord = heart _with (con)_ heart: hence, unity of sentiment, harmony.

OBS.--_Concord_ in music is harmony of sound.

4. DIS'CORD: dis + cord = heart _apart from (dis)_ heart: hence, disagreement, want of harmony.

5. RECORD': through Lat. v. _recordari_, to remember (literally, to get by _heart_): hence, to register.

6. COUR'AGE: through Fr. n. _courage_: literally, _heartiness_: hence, bravery, intrepidity.

OBS.--The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, the derivative sense of courage.

EXERCISE.

(1.) "The quince was rotten at the _core_"; "The preacher touched the _core_ of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" used in its _literal_, in which in its _figurative_, sense?

(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective "cordial"?--Would you say a "_cordial_ laugh" or a "_hearty_ laugh"?--What is the opposite of "cordial"?--Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.--Write a sentence containing the _noun_ "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL: "Washington's victory at Trenton was like a _cordial_ to the flagging spirits of the American army."

(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." _Ans. Accord._--Supply the proper word: "In your view of this matter, I am in (_accord?_ or _concord?_) with you." "There should be ---- among friends." "The man who is not moved by ---- of sweet sounds."

(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among brethren?--Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Strife._--State the distinction. _Ans._ "Strife" is the stronger: where there is "strife" there must be "discord," but there may be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" consists most in the feeling, "strife" in the outward action.

(5.) What part of speech is "record'"?--When the accent is placed on the first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it become?--Combine and define record + er; un + record + ed.

(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout--what?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Fortitude._--State the distinction. _Ans._ "Courage" enables us to meet danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to endure pain.--Would you say "the Indian shows _courage_ when he endures torment without flinching"?--Would you say "The three hundred under Leonidas displayed _fortitude_ in opposing the entire Persian army"?--What is the contrary of "courage"?--Combine and define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly.

11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, _the body_.

Radical: CORPOR-.

1. COR'PORAL: corpor + al = relating to the _body_.

OBS.--The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is not derived from _corpus_: it comes from the French _caporal_, of which it is a corruption.

2. COR'PORATE: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united into a body or corporation.

3. INCOR'PORATE: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with another.

4. CORPORA'TION: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a body: hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person.

5. COR'PULENT: through Lat. adj. _corpulentus_, fleshy: hence, stout in body, fleshy.

6. COR'PUSCLE: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a minute particle of matter.

7. CORPS: [pronounced _core_] through Fr. n. _corps_, a body. DEFINITION: (1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals engaged in some one profession.

8. CORPSE: through Fr. n. _corps_, the body; that is, _only_ the body--the spirit being departed: hence, the dead body of a human being.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." _Ans. Corporeal_ and _bodily_.--What is the distinction between "corporal" and "corporeal"? _Ans._ "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; "corporeal" signifies material, as opposed to spiritual.--Would you say a _corporal_ or a _corporeal_ substance? _corporal_ or _corporeal_ punishment? Would you say _corporal_ strength or _bodily_ strength?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its _first_ sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was _incorporated_ in 1606, and received a charter from King James I."

(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by what corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sentence about that.]

(5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and synonymous with "stoutness"?--Give two synonyms of "corpulent." _Ans._ _Stout_, _lusty_.--What is the distinction? _Ans._ "Corpulent" means fat; "stout" and "lusty" denote a strong frame.

(6.) What is meant by an "army _corps_"? _Ans_. A body of from twenty to forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions.

(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? _Ans. Corps._ How pronounced? _Ans. Cores._--What is meant by the "diplomatic _corps_"?

(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? _Ans_. The form _corse_ is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John Moore:

"Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, As his _corse_ to the ramparts we hurried."

12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, _to believe_.

Radicals: CRED- and CREDIT-.

1. CREED: from the word _credo_, "I believe," at the beginning of the Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian belief.

2. CRED'IBLE: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, worthy of belief.

3. CRED'IT: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; (2) reputation; (3) trust given or received.

4. CRED'ULOUS: through the Lat. adj. _credulus_, easy of belief: credul + ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily.

5. DISCRED'IT: dis + credit = to _dis_believe.

EXERCISE.

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could be walked on, he declared that the statement was not _credible_."--What single word will express _not credible_?--Combine and define credible + ity.--Give a synonym of "credible." _Ans. Trustworthy._--State the distinction. _Ans_. "Credible" is generally applied to things, as "_credible_ testimony"; "trustworthy" to persons, as "a _trustworthy_ witness."

(3.) What is the meaning of _credit_ in the passage,

"John Gilpin was a citizen Of _credit_ and renown"?

Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Trust._--What is the distinction? _Ans_. "Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks back--we _credit_ what has happened; we _trust_ what is to happen.--What other part of speech than a noun is "credit"?--Combine and define credit + ed.--Why is the _t_ not doubled?

(4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage,

"So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud Led Eve, our _credulous_ mother"?--MILTON.

What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the quality of believing too easily?--What is the negative of "credulous"?--What is the distinction between "incredible" and "incredulous"?--Which applies to persons? which to things?

(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?--Write a sentence containing this word as a _noun_; another as a _verb_.

13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, _to run_.

Radicals used: CURR- and CURS-.

1. CUR'RENT, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to person, as a "_current_ report"; (2) now in progress, as the "_current_ month."

2. CUR'RENCY: curr + ency = the state of passing from person to person, as "the report obtained _currency_": hence circulation.

OBS.--As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value.

3. CUR'SORY: curs + ory = runn_ing_ or pass_ing_: hence, hasty.

4. EXCUR'SION: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, an expedition or jaunt.

5. INCUR'SION: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, an invasion.

6. PRECUR'SOR: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: hence a forerunner.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is "current"?--What is now the _current_ year?

(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? _Ans_. Because there are two in the root _currere_.--Give a synonym of this word in the sense of "money." _Ans._ The "circulating medium."--What was the "currency" of the Indians in early times?--Compose a sentence using this word.

(3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "_cursory_ glance" at a subject, what does he mean?--Combine and define cursory + ly.

(4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense?

(5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Invasion._--Which implies a hasty expedition?--Compose a sentence containing the word _incursion_. MODEL: "The Parthians were long famed for their rapid _incursions_ into the territory of their enemies."

(6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the _precursor_ of Christ?--What is meant by saying that black clouds are the _precursor_ of a storm?

14. DIG'NUS, _worthy_.

Radical: DIGN-.

1. DIG'NIFY: dign + (_i_)fy = to make of worth: hence, to advance to honor.

2. DIG'NITY: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, behavior fitted to inspire respect.

3. INDIG'NITY: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an unworthy (_indignus_) manner: hence, insult, contumely.

4. CONDIGN': con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, deserved.

OBS.--The prefix _con_ is here merely intensive.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? _Ans. Dignified._--Give a stronger word. _Ans. Majestic._--Give a word which denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. _Ans. Pompous._

(2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the dignity of his behavior?--Compose a sentence containing this word.

(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."--What is meant by saying that "indignities were heaped on" a person?

(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? _Ans._ In connection with punishment: thus we speak of "_condign_ punishment," meaning richly deserved punishment.

15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, _to teach_.

Radicals: DOC- and DOCT-.

1. DOC'ILE: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, teachable.

2. DOC'TOR: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has taken the highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and teach.

4. DOC'TRINE: through Lat. n. _doctrina_, something taught; hence, a principle taught as part of a system of belief.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.--Give the opposite of "docile." _Ans. Indocile._--Mention an animal that is very docile.--Mention one remarkable for its want of docility.

(2.) What is meant by "_Doctor_ of Medicine"?--Give the abbreviation.--What does LL.D. mean? _Ans._ It stands for the words _legum doctor_, doctor of laws: the double L marks the plural of the Latin noun.

(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." _Ans. Precept, tenet._--What does "tenet" literally mean? _Ans._ Something _held_--from Lat. v. _tenere_, to hold.--Combine and define doctrine + al.

16. DOM'INUS, _a master or lord_.

Radical: DOMIN-.

1. DOMIN'ION: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: hence, (1) rule; (2) a territory ruled over.

2. DOM'INANT: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: hence, prevailing.

3. DOMINEER': through Fr. v. _dominer_; literally, to "_lord_ it" over one: hence, to rule with insolence.

4. PREDOM'INATE: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master _before_ another: hence, to be superior, to rule.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off the _dominion_ of Great Britain"?

(2.) What is meant by the "_dominant_ party"? a "_dominant_ race"?

(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, _domineered_ for several years over the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 with the accession of King William."

(4.) "The Republicans at present _predominate_ in Mexico": what does this mean?

17. FI'NIS, _an end or limit_.

Radical: FIN-.

1. FI'NITE: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: hence, limited in quantity or degree.

2. FIN'ISH: through Fr. v. _finir_; literally, to bring to an end: hence, to complete.

3. INFIN'ITY: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: hence, unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity.

4. DEFINE': through Fr. v. _definer_; literally, to bring a thing down to its limits: hence, to determine with precision.

5. CONFINE': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds: hence, to restrain.

6. AFFIN'ITY: af (a form of prefix _ad_) + fin + ity = close agreement.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are _finite_"?

(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Limited._--What participial adjective is formed from the verb to "finish"?--What is meant by a "_finished_ gentleman"?

(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." _Ans. Boundlessness._--"The microscope reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an _infinity_ of animalculæ." What is the sense of _infinity_ as used in this sentence?

(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.--Analyze the word "definition."--Compose a sentence containing the word "define."

(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.--What other part of speech than a verb is "confine"? _Ans._ A noun.--Write a sentence containing the word "confines."

(6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical _affinity_."

18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, _to flow_.

Radicals: FLU- and FLUX-.

1. FLUX: from flux_um_ = a flowing.

2. FLU'ENT: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in reference to language it means _flowing_ speech: hence, voluble.

3. FLU'ID, _n._: flu + id = Flow_ing_: hence, anything that flows.

4. FLU'ENCY: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to language).

5. AF'FLUENCE: af (form of _ad_) + flu + ence = a flowing _to_: hence, an abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc.

6. CON'FLUENCE: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, (1) the flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a union.

7. IN'FLUX: in + flux = a flowing in or into.

8. SUPER'FLUOUS: super + flu + ous = having the quality of _over_flowing: hence, needless, excessive.

EXERCISE.

(2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?--What word would denote a speaker who is the reverse of "fluent"?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid."

(4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style?

(5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An "_affluence_ of ideas," means what?

(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York City stands at the ---- of two streams."

(8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective "superfluous."--Compose a sentence containing the word "superfluous."--What is its opposite? _Ans. Scanty, meager._

19. GREX, gre'gis, _a flock or herd_.

Radical: GREG-.

1. AG'GREGATE, _v._: ag (for _ad_) + greg + ate = to cause to be brought into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble.

2. EGRE'GIOUS: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. _egre'gius_, chosen from the herd: hence, remarkable.

OBS.--Its present use is in association with inferiority.

3. CON'GREGATE: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of flocking together: hence, to assemble.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?--Why is this word spelled with a double _g_?

(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.--What does an "_egregious_ blunder" mean?--Compose a sentence containing the word "egregious."

(3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating _together_?--Combine and define congregate + ion.

20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, _to go_.

Radical: IT-.

1. AMBI'TION: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going around. DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power.

OBS.--This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office in Rome _going around_ to solicit votes: hence, aspiration for office, and finally, aspiration in general.

2. INI'TIAL, _a._: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the _in_going: hence, marking the commencement.

3. INI'TIATE: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, to introduce, to commence.

4. SEDI'TION: sed (_aside_) + it + ion = the act of going _aside_; that is, going to a separate and insurrectionary party.

5. TRANS'IT: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act of passing; (2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy.

6. TRAN'SITORY: trans + it + ory = pass_ing_ over: hence, brief, fleeting.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's _ambition_ was his own greatness; Washington's, the greatness of his country."--What is meant by "military ambition"? "political ambition"? "literary ambition"?--What adjective means _possessing ambition_?--Combine and define un + ambitious.

(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? _Ans. Final, closing._--What part of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?--What is meant by "initials"?

(3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was _initiated_ by an attack on the British in Boston"?--Give the opposite of "initiate" in the sense of "commence."

(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." _Ans. Insurrection._--Give another.--Compose a sentence containing this word.

(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in _transit_."--Explain what is meant by the "Nicaragua _transit_."--When you speak of the _transit_ of Venus," you are using a term in what science?

(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."--Give its opposite. _Ans. Permanent, abiding._

21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, _a stone_.

Radical: LAPID-.

1. LAP'IDARY: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones.

2. DILAP'IDATED: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin, decayed.

3. DILAPIDA'TION: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay.

EXERCISE.

Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous _lapidary_ in Holland."

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a _dilapidated_ mill, which some writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the twelfth century."--If we should speak of a "_dilapidated_ fortune," would the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense?

(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." _Ans. Ruin, decay._

22. LEX, le'gis, _a law or rule_.

Radical: LEG-.

1. LE'GAL: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful.

2. ILLE'GAL: il (for _in_, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful.

3. LEG'ISLATE: from _legis_ + _latum_ (from Lat. v. _fer're, latum_, to bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws.

4. LEGIT'IMATE: through Lat. adj. _legitimus_, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law.

5. PRIV'ILEGE: Lat. adj. _privus_, private; literally, a law passed for the benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the _legal_ profession" and "a _legal_ right."--Combine and define legal + ize.

(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." _Ans. Unlawful._--Show that they are synonyms. _Ans_. il (_in_) = un; _leg_ = law; and al = ful.--Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."--Combine and define illegal + ity.

(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making power?--Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive.

(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate."

(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?--Define the meaning of this word in the passage,--

"He claims his _privilege_, and says 't is fit Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit."

23. LIT'ERA, _a letter_.

Radical: LITER-.

1. LIT'ERAL: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; that is, exact to the letter.

2. LIT'ERARY: liter + ary = pertaining to _letters_ or learning.

3. OBLITERATE: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed out: hence, to rub out, in general.

4. LIT'ERATURE: through Lat. n. _literatura_ = the collective body of literary works.

5. ILLIT'ERATE: il (for _in_, not) + liter + ate = of the nature of one who does not know his letters.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Define what is meant by a "_literal_ translation."

(2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."--Compose a sentence containing the terms "literary society."

(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. _Ans._ To _erase_.--If we should speak of _obliterating_ the memory of a wrong, would the word be used in its primary or its derivative sense?

(4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?--Can you mention a great poem in Greek "literature"?--Compose a sentence containing the word "literature."

(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." _Ans. Unlearned_.--What is the opposite of "illiterate"? _Ans. Learned_.

24. MORS, mortis, _death_.

Radical: MORT-.

1. MOR'TAL: mort + a = relating to death.

2. MOR'TIFY: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy vital functions; (2) to humble.

3. IMMOR'TALIZE: im (for _in_, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject to death: hence, to perpetuate.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this _mortal_ coil"?--Combine and define mortal + ity.--What is the opposite of "mortal"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Deathless_.

(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."--What noun is derived from this verb? _Ans. Mortification_.--When a surgeon speaks of "mortification" setting in, what does he mean?--What is meant by "mortification" when we say that the British felt great _mortification_ at the recapture of Stony Point by General Anthony Wayne?

(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton _immortalized_ his name by the production of Paradise Lost."

25. NOR'MA, _a rule_.

Radical: NORM-.

1. NOR'MAL: norm + al = according to rule.

2. ENOR'MOUS: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out of all rule: hence, excessive, huge.

3. ENOR'MITY: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule: hence, an excessive degree--generally used in regard to bad qualities.

4. ABNOR'MAL: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being _away_ from the usual rule: hence, unnatural.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by the expression, "the _normal_ condition of things"?--"What is the meaning of the term a "_normal_ school"? _Ans._ It means a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for imitation; a school for the education of teachers.

(2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." _Ans. Immense_.--Give another.--"What is meant by "_enormous_ strength"? an "_enormous_ crime?"--Combine and define enormous + ly.

(3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence.

26. OR'DO, or'dinis, _order_.

Radical: ORDIN-.

1. OR'DINARY: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of things.

2. EXTRAOR'DINARY: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary.

3. INOR'DINATE: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being within the usual order of things: hence, excessive.

4. SUBOR'DINATE: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being under the usual order: hence, inferior, secondary.

5. OR'DINANCE: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: hence, a law.

6. INSUBORDINA'TION: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to lawful authority.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by "_ordinary_ language"? an "_ordinary_ man"?

(2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.--Compose a sentence using the word "extraordinary."--Give a synonym of "extraordinary." _Ans. Unusual._

(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had "_inordinate_ vanity."--Is "inordinate" used with reference to praiseworthy things?

(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"?--What is meant by "a _subordinate_"?--What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, "We must _subordinate_ our wishes to the rules of morality"?--Combine and define subordinate + ion.

(5.) What does the expression "the _ordinances_ of the Common Council of the City of New York" mean?

(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination."--Give the opposite of "insubordination"? _Ans. Subordination, obedience._

27. PARS, par'tis, _a part or share_.

Radical: PART-.

1. PART: from part_is_ = a share.

2. PAR'TICLE: part + (_i_)cle = a small part.

3. PAR'TIAL: part + (_i_)al = relating to a part rather than the whole: hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing.

4. PAR'TY: through Fr. n. _partie_: a set of persons (that is, a part of the people) engaged in some design.

5. PAR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _partisan_ = a party man.

6. DEPART': de + part = to take one's self away from one part to another.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?--Write a sentence containing this word as a noun; another as a verb.

(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and "particular." _Ans_. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute parts or _particles_ of a given subject.

(3.) What is the negative of "partial"? _Ans. Impartial._--Define it.

(4.) Explain what is meant by a "political _party_."

(6.) Combine and define depart + ure.

28. PES, pe'dis, _a foot_.

Radical: PED-.

1. PED'AL: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the foot.

2. BI'PED: bi + ped = a two-footed animal.

3. QUAD'RUPED: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. (_Quadru_, from _quatuor_, four.)

4. PED'DLER: literally, a trader who travels on foot.

5. EXPEDITE': ex + ped + ite (_ite_, equivalent to _ate_) = literally, to free the feet from entanglement: hence, to hasten.

6. EXPEDI'TION: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: hence, (1) the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending forth for the execution of some object of importance.

7. IMPED'IMENT: through Lat. n. _impedimentum_; literally, something which _impedes_ or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, an obstruction.

EXERCISE.

(2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped."

(3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped."

(4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?--In what other way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? _Ans._ It is sometimes spelled with but one _d_--thus, _pedler_.

(5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that mean?--Give the opposite of "expedite." _Ans._ To _retard_.

(6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the following sentences: "With winged _expedition_, swift as lightning."--_Milton_. "The _expedition_ of Cortez miserably failed."--_Prescott._

(7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."--What is meant by "_impediment_ of speech"?--Is the word here used in its literal or its figurative sense?

29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_.

Radical: RUPT-.

1. RUP'TURE: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; that is, a _breach_ of friendly relations.

2. ERUP'TION: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out.

3. ABRUPT': ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a sudden termination.

4. CORRUPT': cor (for _con_) + rupt = thoroughly broken up: hence, decomposed, depraved.

5. INTERRUPT': inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to hinder.

6. BANK'RUPT: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay his debts, an insolvent debtor.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? _Ans._ A verb.--Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a noun.--What does the "_rupture_ of a blood vessel" mean? Is this the literal sense of the word?--The "_rupture_ of friendly relations" between Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its figurative sense?

(2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption."

(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.--When we speak of an "_abrupt_ manner," what is meant?--When we speak of an "_abrupt_ descent," what is meant?

(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "_corrupt_ judge."--Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt + ible.--What other part of speech than an adjective is "corrupt"?--What part of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications _corrupt_ good manners"?

30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, _time_.

Radical: TEMPOR-.

1. TEM'PORAL: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not everlasting.

2. TEM'PORARY: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief time.

3. CONTEM'PORARY: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the same time with another.

4. TEM'PERANCE: through Fr. n. _tempérance_; literal meaning, the state of being _well timed_ as to one's habits: hence, moderation.

5. EXTEMPORA'NEOUS: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the time.

6. TEM'PORIZE: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to yield to the current of opinion.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." _Ans. Eternal._ Illustrate these two words by a sentence from the Bible. _Ans._ "The things which are seen are _temporal_; but the things which are not seen are _eternal_."

(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." _Ans. Permanent._--What is meant by the "_temporary_ government of a city"?--Give a synonym of "temporary." _Ans. Transitory._--Would you say that man is a "_temporary_ being" or a "_transitory_ being"?

(3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word "contemporary."--What adjective corresponds to this adjective?

(4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and "abstinence."--Write a sentence showing the use of the two words.

(5.) What is meant by an "_extemporaneous_ speech?"

(6.) What is one who _temporizes_ sometimes called? _Ans_. A _time_-server.

DIVISION II.--ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES.

NOTE--In Division II, the English derivatives from Latin roots are given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs under the particular _radicals_, from which the several groups of derivatives are formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face type--thus., ACR-, ACERB-, etc. Derivatives not obviously connected with the Latin roots are given in the last paragraph of each section. Pupils are required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals, thus forming the English derivatives, which may be given either orally or in writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the case of words not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition by reference to the signification of the radicals and the formative elements, thus, acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of being bitter, bitterness.

1. A'CER, a'cris, _sharp_; Acer'bus, _bitter_; Ac'idus, _sour_; Ace'tum, _vinegar_.

ACR: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. _acrimo'nia_, sharpness of temper); acrimo'nious.

ACERB: -ity; exac'erbate, _to render bitter_; exacerba'tion.

ACID: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. _acid'ulus_, slightly sour); acid'ulous; subac'id, _slightly acid_.

ACET: -ate, _a certain salt; _-ic, _pertaining to a certain acid; _-ify, -ification, -ose, -ous.

2. AE'DES, _a house_.

ED: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. _edifi'cium_, a large building); e'dile (Lat. n. _aedi'lis_, a Roman magistrate who had charge of buildings).

3. Æ'QUUS, _equal_: Æqua'lis, _equal, just_.

EQU: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Lat. v. _adequa're_, _adequa'tum_, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate; iniq'uity (Lat. n. _iniq'uitas_, want of equal or just dealing); iniq'uitous.

EQUAL: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual.

4. Æ'VUM, _an age_; Æter'nitas, _eternal_.

EV: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. _lon'gus_, long); prime'val (Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first).

ETERN: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal.

5. A'GER, a'gri, _a field, land_.

AGRI: agra'rian (Lat. adj. _agrarius_, relating to land); agra'rianism; ag'riculture (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation), agricult'ural, agricult'urist.

Per'egrinate (Lat. v. _peregrina'ri_, to travel in foreign lands); peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. _pélérin_, a wanderer); pil'grimage.

AGERE, to do. (See p. 23.)

6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum _or_ al'tum, _to nourish_; ALES'CERE: ales'co _to grow up_.

AL: al'iment (Lat. n. _alimen'tum_, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony (Lat. n. _alimo'ma_, allowance made to a divorced wife for her support).

ALIT: coali'tion (-ist).

ALESC: coalesce' (-ence, -ent).

ALIENUS. (See p. 25.)

7. AL'TER, _another_; Alter'nus, _one after another_.

ALTER: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); unal'tered; alterca'tion (Lat. n. _alterca'tio_, a contention).

ALTERN: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, _a subordinate officer_.

AMARE; AMICUS. (See p. 25.)

ANIMUS; ANIMA. (See p. 26.)

ANNUS. (See p. 27.)

8. ANTI'QUUS, _old, ancient_.

ANTIQU: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. _antique_), _old, ancient_.

9. AP'TUS, _fit, suitable_.

APT: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or).

10. A'QUA, _water_.

AQUE: -duct (_du'cere_, to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; terra'queous (Lat. n. _terra_, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. _aquat'icus_, relating to water); aqua'rium (Lat. n. _aqua'rium_, a reservoir of water), _a tank for water-plants and animals_.

11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, _a judge or umpire_.

ARBITER: ar'biter, _a judge or umpire_.

ARBITR: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. _arbitramen'tum_, decision).

12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, _a tree_.

ARBOR: ar'bor, _a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a bower_; -et, _a little tree_; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, _a place where specimens of trees are cultivated_; arboricult'ure (-ist).

13. AR'MA, _arms, weapons_.

ARM: arm (n. and v.); arms, _weapons_; -or, _defensive weapons_; ar'morer; ar'mory; armo'rial, _belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a family_; ar'mistice (_sis'tere_, to cause to stand still); disarm'; unarmed'.

Arma'da (Span, n.), _a naval warlike force_; ar'my (Fr. n _armée_); ar'mament (Lat. n. _armamen'ta_, utensils); armadil'lo (Span, n.), _an animal armed with a bony shell_.

ARS. (See page 28.)

14. ARTIC'ULUS, _a little joint_.

ARTICUL: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly _jointed_ syllables), -ate (adj. formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. _article_).

15. AS'PER, _rough_.

ASPER: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration.

AUDIRE. (See page 29.)

16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, _to increase_.

AUG: augment' (v.); augmentation.

AUCT: -ion, _a sale in which the price is increased by bidders_; -ioneer. Author (Lat. n. _auc'tor_, one who increases knowledge); author'ity; au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. _auxil'ium_, help).

17. A'VIS, _a bird_; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, _a soothsayer_.

AUGUR: au'gur (n.), _one who foretells future events by observing the_ _flight of birds_, (v.) _to foretell_; au'gury, _an omen_; inau'gurate, _to invest with an office by solemn rites_; inaugura'tion; inau'gural.

AUSPICI: -ous, _favorable_; inauspi'cious; aus'pices.

18. BAR'BARUS, _savage, uncivilized_.

BARBAR: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous.

19. BIS, _twice or two_.

BI: bi'ennial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); big'amy (Greek n. _gamos_, marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. _mil'lio_, a million; literally, twice a million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); bi'ped (Lat. n. _pes, pe'dis_, foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. _cuit_, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. _sec'tum_, cut); bi'valve (Lat. n. _val'væ_, folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. adj. _bi'ni_, two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. _oc'ulus_, the eye); combine'; combina'tion.

20. BO'NIS, _good_; Be'ne, _well_.

BONUS: bonus (something to the _good_ of a person in addition to compensation), bounty (Fr. n. _bonté_, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful.

BENE: ben'efice (Lat. v. _fac'ere, fac'tum_, to do), literally, _a benefit, an ecclesiastical living_; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial; ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Lat. v. _dic'ere, dic'tum_, to say); benev'olence (Lat. v. _vel'le_, to will).

EXERCISE.

_In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words printed in italic_: The _equator_ divides the globe into two _equal_ parts. Good _agriculturists_ read _agricultural_ papers. In the _primeval_ ages the _longevity_ of man was very great. The _pilgrims_ have gone on a _pilgrimage_ to the Holy Land. The _subaltern_ had no _alternative_ but to obey. To remove the stain a powerful _acid_ must be used. The _alimony_ which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered _adequate_. The discourse, though learned, was not _edifying_. God is an _eternal_ and unchangeable being. The handsome _edifice_ was burned to the ground. The plants and animals in the _aquarium_ were brought from abroad. Though the style is _antiquated_, it is not inelegant. The _arbitrary_ proceedings of the British Parliament _exasperated_ the Americans. God is the _bountiful_ Giver of all good. The President made a short _inaugural_ address. By _combined_ effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called The _Antiquary_. It is _barbarous_ needlessly to destroy life. George Peabody was noted for his _benevolence_. The Romans were famous for their great _aqueducts_.

21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, _to fall_.

CAD: -ence, _a falling of the voice_; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence.

CIDE: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident; oc'cident, _the place of the falling or setting sun, the west_.

CASE: case, _the state in which a thing happens or falls to be_; casual (Lat. n. _ca'sus_, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, _one who studies cases of conscience_; cas'uistry; occa'sion.

Chance (Fr. v. _choir_, to fall), _something that befalls without apparent cause_; decay (Fr. v. _déchoir_, to fall away).

22. CÆD'ERE: cæ'do, cæ'sum, _to cut, to kill_.

CIDE: decide', _to cut off discussion, to determine_; frat'ricide, _the killing of a brother_ (Lat. n. _fra'ter_, a brother); hom'icide (_ho'mo_, a man); infan'ticide (_in'fans_, an infant); mat'ricide (_ma'ter_, a mother); par'ricide (_pa'ter_, a father); reg'icide (_rex, re'gis_, a king); su'icide (Lat. pro. _sui_, one's self).

CISE: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; excis'ion, incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion.

23. CAL'CULUS, _a pebble_.

CALCUL: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of pebbles anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; miscal'culate.

24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, _to be white, to shine (literally, to burn, to glow)_; Can'didus, _white_.

CAND: -id, _fair, sincere_; -or, _openness, sincerity_; incandes'cent.

CAN'DID: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore _white_ robes).

Cen'ser, _a vessel in which incense is burned_; in'cense (n.), _perfume given off by fire_; incense' (v.), _to inflame with anger_; incen'diary (Lat. n. _incen'dium_, a fire); can'dle (Lat. _cande'la_, a _white_ light made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles); chandelier'; candel'abra.

25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, _to sing_; Fr chanter, _to sing_.

CANT: cant, _hypocritical sing-song speech_; canta'ta, _a poem set to music_; can'ticle; can'ticles, _the Song of Solomon_; can'to, _division of a poem_; discant'; incanta'tion, _enchantment_; recant', literally, _to sing back, to retract_.

CHANT: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'.

Ac'cent (Lat. _ad._ and _cantus_, a song), literally, _a modulation of the voice_; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. _præcan'ere_, to sing before).

26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, _to take_.

CAP: -able, -ability; inca'pable.

CIP: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. _ma'nus_, hand), literally, _to take away from the hand of an owner, to free_; incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. _municip'ium_, a free town; _mu'nia_, official duties, and _cap'ere_, to take); partic'ipate (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); par'ticiple; prince (Lat. n. _prin'ceps_,--Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first: hence, taking the _first_ place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; recip'ient; rec'ipe (imperative of _recip'ere_; literally, "take thou," being the first word of a medical prescription).

CEIVE (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; perceive'; receive'.

CAPT: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure.

CEPT: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; decep'tive; except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; intercept'; pre'cept; precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; suscep'tible.

CEIT (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; receipt'.

Capa'cious (Lat. adj. _ca'pax_, _capa'cis_, able to hold: hence large); capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate.

CAPUT. (See page 30.)

27. CA'RO, carnis, _flesh_.

CARN: -age, _slaughter_; -al, -ation, _the flesh-colored flower_; incar'nate; incarna'tion.

Carne'lian (Lat. adj. _car'neus_, fleshy), _a flesh-colored stone_; car'nival (Lat. v. _vale_, farewell), _a festival preceding Lent_; carniv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. _charnel_, containing flesh).

28. CAU'SA, _a cause_.

CAUS: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. _cause_), n. and v.

Accuse' (Fr. v. _accuser_, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er; excuse' (Fr. v. _excuser_, to absolve); excus'able; rec'usant (Lat. v. _recusa're_, to refuse).

29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, _to beware_.

CAUT: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution.

Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), _an intimation to stop proceedings_.

30. CA'VUS, _hollow_.

CAV: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate.

Cave (Fr. n. _cave_), literally, _a hollow, empty space_; con'cave (Lat. adj. _conca'vus_, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. _cavil'la_, a jest).

31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, _to go, to yield_.

CEDE: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; secede'; unprecedented.

CEED: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-).

CESS: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, _a collection of matter gone away, or collected in a cavity_; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory; conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion; proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive).

32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, _to weigh, to estimate, to tax_.

CENS: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion.

Cen'sus (Lat. n. _census_, an estimate).

33. CEN'TRUM, _the middle point_.

CENTR: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. _fu'gere_, to flee); centrip'etal (Lat. v. _pet'ere_, to seek); concen'trate; concentra'tion; concen'tric; eccen'tric; eccentric'ity.

Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. _centre_), n. and v.; cen'tered.

34. CEN'TUM, _a hundred_.

CENT: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. _centena'rius_); centena'rian; centen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. _gra'dus_, a degree); cen'tipede (Lat. n. _pes_, _pe'dis_, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. adj. _centu'plex_, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. _centu'rio_, a captain of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. _centu'ria_, a hundred years); percent'age.

35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, _to sift, to see, to judge_; Discrimen, discrim'inis, _distinction_.

CERN: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, discern'ment.

CRET: decre'tal, _a book of decrees_; discre'tion; discre'tionary; excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary.

DISCRIMIN: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate.

Decree' (Fr. n. _decret_); discreet' (Fr. adj. _discret_); discrete' (literally, sifted apart), _separate_.

36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, _to contend, to vie_.

CERT: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; preconcert'.

37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, _to gird_.

CINCT: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, _girded or tucked up, compressed, concise_; succinct'ness.

38. CIR'CUS, _a circle_; cir'culus, _a little circle_.

CIRC: cir'cus, _an open space for sports_; cir'clet.

CIRCUL: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory.

Cir'cle (Fr. n. _cercle_); encir'cle; sem'icircle.

39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, _to stir up, to rouse_.

CITE: cite, _to summon or quote_; excite' (-able, -ability, -ment); incite' (-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. _suscita're_, to raise).

CITAT: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', _a species of musical recitation_.

CIVIS. (See p. 31.)

40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, _to cry out, to shout_; Clam'or, _a loud cry_.

CLAIM: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-, re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble.

CLAMAT: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; exclama'tion; exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion.

CLAMOR: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous.

EXERCISE.

The _decay_ of the tree was caused by the _incisions_ which had _accidentally_ been made in the bark. The _captives_ will be set at liberty, but the _precise_ time of their _emancipation_ has not been fixed. The harbor is _capacious_, and can _receive_ vessels of the largest size. The merits of the _candidates_ were _discriminated_ with great _candor_. We were _enchanted_ with the _carnival_ at Rome. This _recitation_ is satisfactory. Have you ever seen a _centigrade_ thermometer? Nothing is so _successful_ as _success_. The number of _concentric circles_ in the trunk marked the age of the tree. No _censer_ round our altar beams. The heat being _excessive_, we took shelter in the _recesses_ of a _cave_. _Precision_ is the _principal_ quality of good writing. Franklin's father was a tallow _chandler_. Last _century_ there was great _carnage_ in America. _Infanticide_ is much practiced in China. The _proclamation_ was widely _circulated_. The president was _inaugurated_ on the 4th of March. The _census_ is taken every ten years. _Conceit_ is worse than _eccentricity_. Have you filed your _caveat_?

41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, _to shut, to close_.

CLUD: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'.

CLUS: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; recluse'; seclu'sion.

CLOSE: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' (-ure); enclose' (-ure).

Clause (Fr. n. _clause_); clois'ter (old Fr. n. _cloistre_).

42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, _to bend_; Cli'vus, _a slope or hill_.

CLINAT: inclina'tion.

CLINE: de-, in-, re-.

CLIV: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity.

43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, _to till, to cultivate_ (_Low Lat._ Cultiva're, _to cultivate_).

CULT: cult'ure (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, a cultivation); ag'riculture (Lat. n. _a'ger_, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. _ar'bor_, a tree); flor'iculture (Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. _hor'tus_, a garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. _ausculta'tio_, a listening; hence, a test of the lungs).

CULTIV: -ate, -ation, -ator.

Col'ony (Lat. n. _colo'nia_, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; col'onize.

COR. (See page 32.)

CORPUS. (See page 33.)

CREDERE. (See page 35.)

44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, _to create_.

CREAT: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-).

45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, _to grow_.

CRESC: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'.

CRET: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion.

Accrue' (Fr. n. _accrue_, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. _incremen'tum_, increase); recruit' (Fr. v. _recroitre_, _recru_, to grow again).

46. CRUX, cru'cis, _a cross_.

CRUC: cru'cial (Fr. adj. _cruciale_, as if bringing to the cross: hence, severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot--Lat. n. _crucib'ulum_--marked in old times with a cross); cru'ciform (Lat. n. _for'ma_, a shape); cru'cify (Lat. v. _fig'ere_, _fix'um_, to fix); crucifix'ion; excru'ciating.

Cross (Fr. n. _croix_); cro'sier (Fr. n. _crosier_); cruise (Dan. v. _kruisen_, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. n. _croisade_, in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of the cross); crusad'er.

47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (_in compos, _cumbo__), cub'itum, _to lie down_.

CUB: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator.

CUMB: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; recum'bent; succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent.

Cu'bit (Lat. n. _cub'itus_, the elbow, because it serves for leaning upon); in'cubus (Lat. n. _in'cubus_), the nightmare.

48. CU'RA, _care_.

CUR: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; inac'curate; proc'urator.

Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from _proc'uracy_). _authority to act for another_; secure' (Lat. adj. _secu'rus_, from _se_ for _si'ne_, without, and _cu'ra_, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Lat. prep. _si'ne_, without--an office without duties).

CURRERE. (See page 36.)

49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, _to give_.

DAT: date (originally the time at which a public document was given--_da'tum_); da'ta (Lat. plural of _da'tum_), _facts or truths given or admitted_; da'tive.

DIT: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; tradi'tion; extradi'tion.

Add (Lat. v. _ad'dere_, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. adden'da), _something to be added_.

50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, _to owe_.

DEBT: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.).

51. DE'CEM, _ten_; Dec'imus, _the tenth_.

DECEM: Decem'ber (formerly the _tenth_ month); decem'virate (Lat. n. _vir_, a man), _a body of ten magistrates_; decen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year).

DECIM: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. _duodec'imus_, twelfth), _a book having twelve leaves to a sheet_.

52. DENS, den'tis, _a tooth_.

DENT: dent, _to notch_; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. _frica're_, to rub); den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. _denti'tio_, a cutting of the teeth); eden'tate (Lat. adj. _edenta'tus_, toothless); indent'; indent'ure; tri'dent (Lat. adj. _tres_, three), _Neptune's three-pronged scepter_; dan'delion (Fr. _dent-de-lion_, the lion's tooth), _a plant_.

53. DE'US, _a God_; Divi'nus, _relating to God, divine_.

DE: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity.

DIVIN: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. _divina'tio_, a foretelling the aid of the gods); divin'ity.

54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, _to say_.

DICT: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary (Lat. n. _dictiona'rium_, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), _positive opinion_; addict' (Lat. v. _addic'ere_, to devote); benedic'tion (Lat. adv. _be'ne_, well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' (Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to proclaim), _to charge with a crime_; indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. _jus_, _ju'ris_, justice), _relating to the distribution of justice_; maledic'tion (Lat. adv. _ma'le_, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. v. _va'le_, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true).

Dit'to, _n_. (Ital. n. _det'to_, a word), _the aforesaid thing_; indite' (Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to dictate), _to compose_.

55. DI'ES, _a day_; _French_ jour, _a day_.

DIES: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. _diur'nus_, daily); merid'ian (Lat. n. _merid'ies_ = _me'dius di'es_, midday); merid'ional; quotid'ian (Lat. adj. _quotidia'nus_, daily).

JOUR: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; so'journ; so'journer.

DIGNUS (See page 37.)

56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, _to divide, to separate_.

DIVID: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, _one not to be divided, a single person_.

DIVIS: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or.

Device' (Fr. n. _devis_, something imagined or devised); devise' (Fr. v. _deviser_, to form a plan).

DOCERE. (See page 38.)

57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, _to grieve_.

Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent (literally, not grieving or caring), _lazy_.

DOMINUS. (See page 38.)

58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, _to lead, to bring forward_.

DUC: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; educa'tion; induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; redu'cible; seduce'; superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer.

DUCT: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' (-ion, -ive); induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; prod'uct (-ion, -ive); reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); vi'aduct (Lat. n. _vi'a_, a road); con'duit (Fr. n. _conduit_), a channel for conveying water.

59. DU'O, _two_.

DU: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. _plica're_, to fold); dupli'city (Lat. n. _duplic'itas_, double dealing).

Dubi'ety (Lat. n. _dubi'etas_, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. _du'bius_, uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. _dubita're_, to doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. _double_, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. _doubt_), -ful, -less; undoubt'ed.

60. DU'RUS, _hard, lasting_; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, _to last_.

DUR: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, _state of being held hard and fast_; duresse, _hardship, constraint_; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy.

DURAT: dura'tion; in'durate, _to grow hard_; indura'tion; ob'duracy.

EXERCISE.

When the speech, was _concluded_ loud acclamation _arose_. In many parts of the _colony_ much of the waste land has been _reclaimed_, and _agricultural_ operations now _receive_ the due attention of the _colonists_. The patient declined to undergo _auscultation_. Fishing is a healthful _recreation_. Many of the _crusaders_ were inspired with great courage. _Security_ was offered, but it was not _accepted_. The _incumbent_ could not stand the _crucial_ test, and hence _succumbed_. A _curious excrescence_ was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his _trident_ the Greeks ascribed _divine_ power. A French _journalist_ has been _indicted_. The _valedictory_ was pronounced in _December_. What is the difference between _addition_ and _division_? We may easily _predict_ the ruin of an _indolent debtor_. How many _maledictions_ are heaped on _dentists_! The _reduction_ of the public _debt_ is desirable. The prisoner was _doleful_ because he was in _duresse_ vile. An educated man is known by his _accurate_ use of language. The _dandelion_ is a _productive_ plant. The _pilgrims received_ the priest's _benediction_ before setting out on their _journey_. The _decimal_ system _conduces_ to the saving of time.

61. EM'ERE: E'MO, EMP'TUM, to buy or take.

EMPT: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. _perempto'rius_, wholly taken away), _decisive_, _final_; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, _the right of buying before others_; redemp'tion.

Redeem' (Lat. v. _redim'ere_, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt (Lat. adj. _promp'tus_ = _pro-emp'tus_, taken out; hence, ready); prompt'er; prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. _in promp'tu_, in readiness).

62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, _to wander_.

ERR: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. _er'ror_); erro'neous (Lat. adj. _erro'neus_, erring).

ERRAT: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), _a mistake in printing_; aberra'tion.

63. ES'SE, _to be_; en, en'tis, _being_.

ENT: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent (Lat. adj. _om'nis_, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' (-ation, -ative); misrepresent'.

Es'sence (Lat. n. _essen'tia_, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Lat. adj. _quin'tus_, fifth), _the highest essence; in'terest_ (3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of _interes'se_ = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested.

64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, _to do or make_; _French_ Faire.

FAC: face'tious (Lat. adj. _face'tus_, merry); fac'ile (Lat. adj. _fa'cilis_, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; fac'ulty (Lat. n. _facul'tas_, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. adj. _sim'ilis_, like), literally, _make like_, _an exact copy_; facto'tum (Lat. adj. _to'tum_, the whole; literally, do the whole), _a servant of all work_.

FIC: ben'efice (see _bene_); def'icit (literally, it is wanting), _a lack_; defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. _diffic'ilis_, arduous); ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. _ef'ficax_, _effica'cis_, powerful); effi'cient, _causing effects_; of'fice (Lat. n. _offic'ium_, a duty); of'ficer; offi'cial; offi'cious; profi'cient; suffice', literally, _to make up what is wanting_; suffi'cient.

FACT: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, _a party acting in opposition_; fac'tious; facti'tious (Lat. adj. _facti'tius_, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture (Lat. n. _ma'nus_, the hand).

FECT: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, literally, _made_ _with sugar_ (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); effect' (-ive); effect'ual; infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, literally, _thoroughly made_ (-ion); imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; refec'tory.

FAIRE (past participle _fait_): fash'ion (Fr. n. _façon_, the make or form of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. _faisible_, that may be done); feat; affair'; coun'terfeit, literally, _to make again_, _to imitate_; for'feit, (Fr. v. _forfaire_, to misdo), _to lose by some fault_; sur'feit, v., _to overdo in the way of eating_.

65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, _to deceive_; _French_ Faillir, _to fall short or do amiss_.

FALL: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; infal'lible.

FALS: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or artificial voice).

FAIL: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. _faulte_); fault'y; fal'ter; default' (-er).

66. FA'NUM, _a temple_.

FAN: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. _fanat'icus_, literally, one inspired by divinity--the god of the fane), _a wild enthusiast_; fanat'ical; fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be before or outside of the temple), _to desecrate_; profane', adj., _unholy_; profana'tion; profan'ity.

67. FA'RI, fa'tus, _to speak_.

FAT: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory.

Affable (Lat. adj. _affab'ilis_, easy to be spoken to); affabil'ity; inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, _in'fans_, _infan'tis_, literally, not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Lat. adj. _nefa'rius_, impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. _préface_), _something spoken or written by way of introduction_.

68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (_in comp._ fes'sus), _to acknowledge, to show_.

FESS: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, -or).

69. FELIX, feli'cis, _happy_.

FELIC: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, _to make happy by congratulation._

70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, _to keep off, to strike_.[6]

FEND: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er).

FENS: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and v., abbreviated from defence);[7] fencer; fencing.

71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, _to bear, to carry_.

FER: fer'tile (Lat. adj. _fer'tilis_, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity; fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, _a measure carried around anything_; confer', _to consult_; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial; dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence, -ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er); transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. _co'nus_, a cone); florif'erous (Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. _fruc'tus_, fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. _lux_, _lucis_, light), _the morning or evening star, Satan_; pestif'erous (Lat. n. _pes'tis_, pest, plague).

LAT: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns); collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, _flattened at the poles_; obla'tion, _an offering_; prel'ate; prel'acy; pro'late, _elongated at the poles_; relate' (-ion, -ive); correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + lat, through old Fr. verb _delayer_, to put off).

72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, _to boil_; Fermen'tum, _leaven_.

FERV: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', _to bubble or froth up_; efferves'cence.

FERMENT: fer'ment, -ation.

73. FES'TUS, _joyful, merry_.

FEST: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. _feste_, a joyous meal); fête (modern Fr. equivalent of _feast_), _a festival_; festoon (Fr. n. _feston_, originally an ornament for a festival).

74. FID'ERE: fi'do, _to trust_; Fi'des, _faith_; Fide'lis, _trusty_.

FID: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident; per'fidy (per = through and hence _away from_ good faith); perfid'ious.

FIDEL: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity.

Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. _féalté_ = Lat. _fidel'itas_), _loy'alty_; fidu'cial (Lat. n. _fidu'cia_, trust); fidu'ciary; affi'ance, _to pledge faith_, _to betroth_; affida'vit (Low Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), _a declaration on oath_; defy' (Fr. v. _défier_, originally, to dissolve the bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave).

75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, _to join, fix, pierce_.

FIX: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. _crux_, _cru'cis_, a cross); cru'cify; fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something fixed below or on; hence, appended); transfix', _to pierce through_.

76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, _to form, to feign_; Figu'ra, _a shape_.

FICT: fic'tion; ficti'tious.

FIGUR: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; prefig'ure; transfig'ure.

Feign (Fr. v. _feindre_, _feignant_, to pretend); feint (_feint_, past part. of _feindre_); ef'figy (Lat. n. _effig'ies_, an image or likeness); fig'ment (Lat. n. _figmen'tum_, an invention).

FINIS. (See page 40).

77. FIR'MUS, _strong, stable_.

FIRM: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, originally, _firm foundation_; affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' (-ation, -ative).

78. FLAM'MA, _a stream of fire_.

FLAM: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory).

Flambeau' (Fr. n. _flambeau_ from v. _flamber_, to blaze); flamin'go (Span. n. _flamenco_), _a bird of a flaming red color_.

EXERCISE.

Age does not always _exempt_ one from _faults_. _Peremptory _orders were given that all the princes should be _present_ at the _diet_. Many _beneficial_ results must come from the _introduction_ of drawing into the public schools. The lady is _affable_ and _perfectly_ free from _affectation_. The field is _fertile_ and _produces_ abundant crops. The _professor's_ lecture _related_ to _edentate_ animals. Men sometimes _feign_ a _fealty_ they do not feel. The lady _professed_ that her _felicity_ was ineffable. The King seized a _flambeau_ with zeal to destroy. It is a _nefarious_ act to make a _false affidavit_. _Fanaticism_ is often _infectious_. The _confirmed offender_ had issued many _counterfeits_. Dickens gives us the _quintessence_ of the _facetious_. In _figure_ the earth is an _oblate_ spheroid.

79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, _to bend_.

FLECT: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion); reflect' (-ion, -ive, -or).

FLEX: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure; flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex.

80. FLOS, flo'ris, _a flower_.

FLOR: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, _the goddess of flowers_; flor'iculture (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation); florif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour (literally, the _flower_ or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); flour'ish (Lat. v. _flores'cere_, to begin to blossom, to prosper); efflores'cence; efflores'cent.

FLUERE. (See page 41.)

81. FŒ'DUS, fœd'eris, _a league or treaty_.

FEDER: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the party that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; confed'erate; confed'eracy; confedera'tion.

82. FO'LIUM, _a leaf_.

FOLI: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of _fo'lium_, a leaf), _a book made of sheets folded once_; exfo'liate, _to come off in scales_; foil, _a thin leaf of metal_; tre'foil, _a plant with three (tres) leaves_; cinque'foil (Fr. _cinque_, five).

83. FOR'MA, _shape, form_.

FORM: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); deform' (-ity); inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); reform' (-ation, -atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. _for'mula_, pl. _for'mulæ_, a little form, a model); for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj. _mul'tus_, many); u'niform (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one).

84. FOR'TIS, _strong_.

FORT: fort; for'tress, _a fortified place_; for'tify; fortifica'tion; for'titude; com'fort, n., _something that strengthens or cheers_ (-able, -er, -less); discom'fort; effort, _a putting forth of one's strength_; force (Fr. n. _force_, strength); for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' (-ment).

85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, _to break_; Fra'gilis, _easily broken_.

FRANG, FRING: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; infringe' (-ment); refran'gible.

FRACT: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); refract' (-ion, -ory).

Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; _fraile_ = Lat. _fra'gilis_); frail'ty.

86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, _a brother_; Frater'nus, _brotherly_.

FRATR: frat'ricide (Lat. v. _cæd'ere_, to kill).

FRATERN: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity.

Fri'ar (Fr. n. _frère_, a brother); fri'ary.

87. FRONS, fron'tis, _the forehead_.

FRONT: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; effront'ery; fron'tier (Fr. n. _frontière_); front'ispiece (Lat. n. _frontispi'cium_, from _frons_ and _spic'ere_, to view; literally, that which is seen in front).

88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, _to enjoy_; Fru'ges, _corn_; French Fruit, _fruit_.

FRUCT: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear).

FRUG: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear).

FRUIT: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion.

89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, _to flee_.

FUG: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, the center); feb'rifuge (Lat. n. _fe'bris_, fever); fugue (Lat. n. _fu'ga_, a flight), _a musical composition_; ref'uge (-ee); sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. _ver'mis_, a worm).

FUGIT: fu'gitive (adj. and n.).

90. FU'MUS, _smoke_.

FUM: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear), _producing smoke_; fu'matory, _a plant with bitter leaves_; per'fume (-er, -ery).

Fu'migate (Lat. v. _fumiga're_, _fumiga'tum_, to smoke), _to disinfect_; fumiga'tion; fu'migatory.

91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, _to pour_.

FUND: refund'; found (Fr. v. _fondre_ = Lat. _fun'dere_), _to form by pouring into a mould_ (-er, -ery); confound' (Fr. v. _confondre_, literally, to pour together; hence, to confuse).

FUS: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, -ive); effuse' (-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' (-al); suffuse' (-ion); transfuse' (-ion).

92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, _to bear or carry_.

GER: ger'und, _a Latin verbal noun_; bellig'erent (Lat. n. _bel'lum_, war); con'geries (Lat. n. _conge'ries_, a collection); vicege'rent (Lat. _vi'ce_, in place of), _one bearing rule in place of another_.

GEST: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. _gestic'ulus_, a mimic gesture); gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', literally, _to carry apart_: hence, _to dissolve food in the stomach_ (-ible, -ion, -ive); suggest', literally, _to bear into the mind from below_, that is, _indirectly_ (-ion, -ive); reg'ister (Lat. v. _reger'ere_, to carry back, to record); reg'istrar; registra'tion; reg'istry.

93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, _to beget_; Gens, gen'tis, _a clan or nation_, Ge'nus, gen'eris, _a kind_.

GENIT: gen'itive, _a case of Latin nouns_; congen'ital, _born with one_; primogen'itor (Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first), _an ancestor_; primogen'iture, _ state of being first born_; progen'itor, _an ancestor_.

GENT: genteel' (Lat. adj. _genti'lis_, pertaining to the same clan; hence, of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle (_genti'lis_, of good birth), _mild, refined_; gen'try (contracted from gentlery), _a class in English society_; gen'tile, _belonging to a nation other than the Jewish_.

GENER: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. _genera're, genera'tum_, to produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; gen'erous; generos'ity; con'gener, _of the same kind_; degen'erate, _to fall off from the original kind_; degen'eracy.

Gen'der (Fr. n. _genre_ = Lat. _ge'nus, gen'eris_), _the kind of a noun as regards the sex of the object_; gen'ial (Lat. adj. _genia'lis_, cheerful); gen'ius (Lat. n. _ge'nius_, originally, the divine nature innate in everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. _genui'nus_, literally, proceeding from the original stock; hence, natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many species; engen'der (Fr. v. _engendrer_, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. _ingenio'sus_, acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. _ingen'uus_, frank, sincere).

94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, _to walk_.

GRAD: grada'tion; gra'dient (_gra'diens, gradien'tis_, pres. part. of v. _gradi_), _rate of ascent, grade_; grad'ual (Lat. n. _gradus_, a step); grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); ingre'dient (Lat. part. _ingre'diens_, entering); ret'rograde.

GRESS: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' (-ion); e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; transgress' (-ion, -or).

Grade (Fr. n. _grade_ = Lat. _gra'dus_, degree or rank); degree' (Fr. n. _degré_ = _de_ + _gradus_).

95. GRA'TUS, thankful, _pleasing_.

GRAT: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. _gra'tiis_, by favor, for nothing) grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); congrat'ulate (-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate.

Grace (Fr. _grâce_ = Lat. _gra'tia_, favor, grace); grace'ful; gra'cious; grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. _agréer_, to receive kindly), -able, -ment; disagree'.

96. GRA'VIS, _heavy_.

GRAV: _grave_, literally, _heavy_: hence, _serious_; grav'ity; gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion).

Grief (Fr. _grief_ = Lat. _gra'vis_), literally, _heaviness of spirit, sorrow_; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous.

GREX. (See page 41.)

97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, _to have or hold_; HABITA'RE, hab'ito, habita'tum, _to use frequently, to dwell_.

HABIT: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, _the natural abode of an animal or a plant_; habita'tion; cohab'it; inhab'it (-able, -ant).

HIBIT: exhib'it, literally, _to hold out, to show_ (-ion, -or); inhib'it (-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory).

Hab'it (Lat. _hab'itus_, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n. _habillement_, from v. _habiller_, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. _hab'ilis_, literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, apt, skillful.)

98. HÆRE'RE: hæ'reo, hæ'sum, _to stick_.

HER: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); inhere (-ent).

HES: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive.

Hes'itate (Lat. v. _hæsita're, hæsita'ium, _to be at a stand, to doubt); hes'itancy; hesita'tion.

99. HÆRES, hære'dis, _an heir or heiress_; French Hériter, _to be heir to_.

HERED: hered'itary, _descending to heirs_.

HERIT: her'itable; her'itage; inher'it (-ance); disinher'it.

Heir (Old Fr. _heir_ = Lat. _hæ'res_); heir'ess; heir'loom (Anglo-Saxon _geloma_, goods).

100. HO'MO, hom'inis, _a man_; Huma'nus, _human_.

HOM: hom'age (Fr. _hommage_, literally, acknowledgment by a _man_ or vassal to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. _cæd'ere_, to kill)

HUMAN: hu'man, _belonging to a man_; humane', _having the feelings proper to a man, kind_; human'ity; hu'manize; inhu'man.

EXERCISE.

_Floral devices_ were tastefully _introduced_. The _friar_ gives himself to _reflection_, and does not care a _florin_ for worldly pleasures. The tree is covered with _foliage_, but bears no _fruit_. The rights of the _fraternity_ have been _infringed_. The metal was _fused_ in iron pans. By the law of _primogeniture_ the eldest son will _succeed_ to the estate. _Congress_ met, and a _general_ of the army was chosen president. The _gradient_ is _gentle_, and the _access_ easy. The _reform_ of the _refractory_ was in the highest _degree genuine_. We _received_ our _frugal_ meal with _gratitude_. Many of the _inhabitants_ perished in the _flames_. Hamilton and Jay were leading _federalists_. To err is _human_; to forgive, _divine_. The boy _gesticulated_ violently, but it was a mere _subterfuge_. Your words _infuse comfort_ into my heart. May one not be _human_ without being _humane_? Do you know the _difference_ between the _genitive_ and the _ablative case_?

101. HU'MUS, _the earth_; Hu'milis, _on the ground, lowly_.

HUM: exhume' (-ation); inhume.

HUMIL: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. _humble_ = Lat. _hu'milis_).

IRE. (See page 41.)

102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, _to throw or cast_.

JECT: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; dejec'tion; eject' (-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); object' (-ion, -ionable, -ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' (-ion); subject' (-ion, -ive); traject'ory.

Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. _ejacula're, ejacula'tum_, to hurl or throw); ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. _jéter = ja'cere_); jet'ty; jut.

103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, _to join_; Ju'gum, _a yoke_.

JUNCT: junc'tion; junct'ure, _a point of time made critical by a joining of circumstances_; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; disjunc'tion; disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined subordinately to something else).

JUG: con'jugal, _relating to marriage; _conjugate (-ion); sub'jugate (-ion).

Join (Fr. v. _joindre_ = Lat. _jun'gere_); adjoin'; conjoin'; disjoin'; enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, _joint_ = Lat. _junc'tum_); joint'ure, _property settled on a wife_, _to be enjoyed after her husband's death_; jun'ta (Spanish _junta_ = Lat. _junc'tus_, joined), _a grand council of state in Spain; _jun'to (Span, _junt_), _a body of men united for some secret intrigue_.

104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, _to swear_.

JUR: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, _to effect something as if by an oath of magic_; con'jurer; per'jure, _to forswear_; per'jurer; per'jury.

105. JUS, ju'ris, _right law_; Jus'tus, _lawful_; Ju'dex, ju'dicis, _a judge_.

JUR: jurid'ical (Lat. v. _dica're_, to pronounce), _relating to the administration of justice_; jurisdic'tion, _legal authority_; jurispru'dence, _science of law_; ju'rist; in'jure; in'jury.

JUST: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; justifica'tion.

JUDIC: ju'dicature, _profession of a judge_; judi'cious, _according to sound judgment_; prej'udice, n., _judgment formed beforehand_; prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. _juge_ = Lat. _ju'dex_); judg'ment; prejudge'.

106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, _to gather, to read_.

LEG: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be read--_legen'da_--in church); leg'endary; leg'ible; le'gion (originally, a body of troops _gathered_ or levied--_le'gio_); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege (originally, the gathering or stealing of something sacred--_sa'crum_).

LIG: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, assiduous): el'igible; intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; neg'ligent (literally, not--_neg_ = _nec_ = not--picking up).

LECT: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' (-ion); eclec'tic (Greek _ec_ = _ex_); elect' (-ion, -or, -oral); in'tellect; neglect'; predilec'tion, _a liking for_; select' (-ion); les'son (Fr. n. _leçon_ = Lat. _lec'tio_, a reading).

107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, _to raise_; Le'vis, _easily raised, light_; _French_ Lever, _to rise or raise_.

LEV: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); rel'evant, literally, _raising up_: hence, _pertinent, applicable_; rel'evancy; irrel'evant.

LEVER: leav'en (Fr. _levain_, yeast); Levant', literally, _the place of the rising sun--the countries near the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea_; lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y.

LEX. (See page 43.)

108. LI'BER, _free_.

LIBER: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty.

Deliv'er (Fr. v. _délivrer_ = Lat. _delibera're_, to set free); deliv'erance; deliv'ery.

LITERA. (See page 43.)

109. LO'CUS: _a place_.

LOC: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. _move're_, to move); al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate (-ion).

110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, _to speak_.

LOQU: loqua'cious; loqua'city; col'loquy; collo'quial; el'oquent; magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. _mag'nus_, big, pompous); ob'loquy; solil'oquy (Lat. adj. _so'lus_, alone); ventril'oquist (Lat. n. _ven'ter_, the stomach).

LOCUT: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor.

111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, _to play or deceive_.

LUD: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. _lu'dicrus_, sportive, laughable); allude', literally, _to play at, to refer to indirectly_; delude'; elude'; prelude'.

LUS: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; illu'sion; prelu'sive; prelu'sory.

112. LUX, lu'cis, _light_; Lu'men, lu'minis, _light_.

LUC: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear); lu'cid; elu'cidate; translu'cent.

LUMIN: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine.

113. MAG'NUS, _great_; Ma'jor, _greater_; Magis'ter, _master_.

MAGN: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. _an'imus_, soul); mag'nate, _a man of rank_; mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make), _showing grandeur_; mag'nitude.

MAJ: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty.

MAGISTER: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old Fr. _maistre_ = Lat. _magis'ter); _mis'tress (Old Fr. _maistresse_ = Lat _magis'tra_, fem. of _magis'ter_).

114. MA'NUS, _the hand_; _French_ Main, _the hand_.

MAN: man'acle (Lat. n. _man'ica_, a fetter); manip'ulate, _to work with the hand_ (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. _mit'tere_, to send); man'uscript (Lat. v. _scrib'ere, scrip'tum_, to write); amanuen'sis (= _ab_ + _ma'nus), one who does handwriting for another_; eman'cipate (Lat. v. _cap'ere_, to take); quadru'manous (Lat. _quatuor_, four).

MAIN: man'ner (Fr. n. _manière_, originally, the mode in which a thing is _handled_); maneu'ver (Fr. n. _manœuvre_, literally, hand work; Fr. n. _œuvre = o'pus_, work); manure', _v_. (contracted from Fr. _manœuvrer_, to cultivate by manual labor).

115. MA'RE, _the sea_.

Marine' (Lat. adj. _mari'nus_, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; mar'itime (Lat. adj. _mariti'mus_ = _mari'nus_); submarine'; transmarine'; ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. _mer_ = Lat. _ma're_).

116. ME'DIUS, _the middle_.

Mediæ'val (Lat. n. _æ'vum_, age), _relating to the Middle Ages_; me'diate (-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. _medio'cris_, middling; hence inferior); medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _ter'ra_, land); me'dium (Lat. n. _me'dium_, the middle); imme'diate (prefix _in_ = not), _with nothing intervening_; interme'diate.

117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, _to remember_; Me'mor, _mindful_; MEMORA'RE mem'oro, memora'tum, _to remember, to mention_.

MEMINISSE: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, _remember thou), a reminder, a memorial_.

MEMOR: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. _memoran'dus_, p. part. of _memora're_; literally, something to be remembered); commem'orate (-ion, -ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. _memo'ria_); memo'rial (-ize); immemo'rial.

Mem'oir (Fr. n. _mémoire_ = Lat. _memoran'dum_); men'tion (Fr. n. _mention_ = Lat. _men'tio_, a speaking of); remem'ber (Old Fr. v. _remembrer = Lat. remem'orare_); remem'brance; remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n. _réminiscence_, from Lat. v. _reminis'ci_, to recall to mind).

118. MENS, men'tis, _the mind_.

MENT: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, _insanity_; ve'hement (Lat. adj. _ve'hemens = ve_, not, and _mens_; literally, not reasonable), _furious, ardent_.

EXERCISE.

We _reject_ insincere _homage_. When the body was _exhumed_ the _jury decided_ that poison had been administered. _Legendary_ stories were _related_ by the _friar_. The _lessons_ were _selected_ with _intelligence. Levity_ and _gravity_ are _different_ qualities. The _mayor's_ speech was more _ludicrous_ than _facetious_. The _magistrate_ claimed _jurisdiction_ in the _locality_. We heard Hamlet's _soliloquy_ finely _delivered_. Do you _recollect_ the _magnificent_ lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? The _lecturer_ was _lucid_ in his _allusions_. In _mediæval_ times _homage_ was exacted of all vassals. The _mariners maneuvered_ beautifully. Your _magnificent donation_ will be _gratefully remembered_. The _mermaid_ is a mere _delusion. Illegible manuscript_ is a _decided nuisance_. The eastern part of the _Mediterranean_ is called the _Levant_. Franklin's _memoirs_ are very interesting.

119. MER'CES, _hire_; Merx, mer'cis, _merchandise_.

MERC: mer'cantile (Lat. part. _mer'cans, mercan'tis_); mer'cenary (Lat. adj. _mercena'rius_); mer'cer (Fr. n. _mercier_), _one who deals in silks and woolens_; mer'chant (Lat. part, _mer'cans_); mer'chandise; com'merce (Fr. n. _commerce_); commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. _merca'tus_, a place of public traffic).

120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, _to dip, to sink_.

MERG: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, _that which arises suddenly_; submerge'.

MERS: emer'sion; immerse'.

121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, _to remove_.

MIGR: em'igrant (Lat. part. _mi'grans, migran'tis_).

MIGRAT: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate (-ion); transmigra'tion, _the passage of the soul into another body after death_.

122. MI'LES, mil'itis, _a soldier_.

MILIT: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, _to act against_; mili'tia, _enrolled soldiers not in a standing army_.

123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, _to hang over_.

MIN. em'inent (Lat. part, _em'inens, _standing out); em'inence; im'minent, literally, _threatening to fall_; pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent; prom'inence; superem'inent.

124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, _to lessen_; Mi'nor, _less_; Mi'nus, _less_.

MINUT: minute'; minu'tiæ (pl. of Lat. n. _minu'tia_, a very small object); min'uend (Lat. part, _minuen'dus_, to be lessened); min'uet (Fr. n. _minuet_ = Lat. adj. _minu'tus, _small), _a dance of small steps_; dimin'ish (Lat. v. _diminu'ere_, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive.

MINOR: mi'nor, _n_. and a.; minor'ity.

MINUS: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. super, deg., least); min'im.

125. MINIS'TER, _a servant or attendant_.

MINISTER: min'ister; ministe'rial; min'istry; admin'ister; administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor.

126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, _to wonder_.

MIR: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. _mirac'ulum_, a wonderful thing); mirac'ulous.

Mirage' (Fr. n. _mirage_, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. _miroir_, from v. _mirer_, to view).

127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, _to mingle_.

MISC: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous.

MIXT: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'.

128. MI'SER, _wretched_.

MISER: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion).

129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, _to send or cast_.

MIT: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; intermit' (-ent); manumit' (Lat. n. _manus_, the hand), _to release from slavery_; omit'; permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat. _we send_), _a warrant of commitment to prison_.

MISS: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; com'missary, _an officer who furnishes provisions for an army_; commissa'riat; commis'sion (-er); com'promise; demise', _death_; em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; transmis'sible.

130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, _to keep within bounds_; Mo'dus, _a measure or manner_.

MODERAT: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate.

MOD: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; accom'modate (-ion); commode' (Lat. adj. _com'modus_, convenient). _a small sideboard_; commo'dious, literally, _measured with_; commod'ity, literally, _a convenience_; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. adv. _mo'do_, lately, just now); mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. _mod'ulus_, a measuring of tones); modula'tion.

131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, _to remind, to warn_.

MON: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. _monumen'tum_); premon'ish; sum'mon (Lat. v. _summone're_ = _sub_ + _mone're_, to remind privily), _to call by authority_.

MONIT: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion; premon'itory.

132. MONS, mon'tis, _a mountain_.

MOUNT: mount, n. _a high hill_; v. _to rise or ascend_; moun'tain (-eer, -ous); mount'ebank (It. n. _banco_, a bench); amount'; dismount'; par'amount (Fr. _par_ = Lat. _per_, exceedingly), _of the highest importance_; prom'ontory (literally, the _fore_-part or projecting part of a mountain); remount'; surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. _tan'tus_, so much); ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian side).

133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, _to point out, to show_.

MONSTR: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, literally, _to show up_, _to display_.

MONSTRAT: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; remon'strance.

134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, _to bite_.

MORD: mor'dant, _biting_, _serving to fix colors_; morda'cious (Lat. adj. _mor'dax_, _morda'cis_, biting), _severe_, _sarcastic_.

MORS: mor'sel, literally, _a little bite_; remorse', _the biting of conscience_ (-ful, -less).

MORS. (See page 44.)

135. MOS, mo'ris, _manner, custom_; _pl._ Mo'res, _manners or morals_.

MOR: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize (-ation).

136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, _to move_.

MOV: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al).

MOT: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. n. _lo'cus_; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness).

Mob (Lat. adj. _mob'ilis_, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); momen'tum, _the force of a moving body_, _impetus_.

137. MUL'TUS, multi, _many, much_.

MULTI: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; mul'tiple (Lat. adj. _mul'tiplus_ for _mul'tiplex_, manifold); mul'tiply (Lat. adj. _mul'tiplex_); mul'tiplicate (-ion); multiplic'ity.

138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, _a gift, a service_.

MUN. munic'ipal (Lat. n. _municip'ium_, a free town), _pertaining to a corporation_; municipal'ity; munif'icent; munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj. _commu'nis_ = _con_ + _munus_; literally, ready to be of service); commune', _v._ literally, _to share (discourse) in common_; commun'ion, commu'nity; com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive); commu'nicant; excommu'nicate; immu'nity (_in_ + _munus_; literally, absence of service).

MUNER: remunerate (-ion, -ive).

139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, _to change_.

MUT: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' (-able).

MUTAT: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion.

140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, _na'tus, to be born, to grow_; Natu'ra, _nature_.

NASC: nas'cent, _growing_; renaissance' (a style of decorative art _revived_ by Raphael).

NAT: na'tal; na'tion, originally, _a distinct race or stock_ (-al, -ality, -ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; in'nate.

NATUR: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; supernat'ural.

141. NA'VIS, _a ship_.

NAV: nave, _the middle or body of a church_; na'val; na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. adj. _nau'ticus_, from _nauta_ or _nav'ita_, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. _naviga're_ = _na'vis_ + _ag'ere_); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; circumnavigate.

142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, _to tie or bind_.

NECT: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion).

NEX: annex'; annexation.

EXERCISE.

The _administration_ of affairs is in the hands of her _majesty's ministers_. A _miscellaneous collection_ of goods was sold on _commission_. The _merchant remitted_ the money called for in the _emergency_. The _suggestion_ to _modify_ the plan was _tantamount_ to its _rejection_. Do you _admire_ Bunker Hill _Monument_? A _miser_ is an object of _commiseration_ to all who know him. _Remuneration_ will be allowed according to the _amount_ of labor. The _major_ has been _promoted_ to the rank of colonel. All who were _connected_ with the _movement_ were _excommunicated_. As the _annexed_ territory is chiefly _maritime_ it will greatly _increase_ the _commerce_ of the _nation_. The _monitor admonished_ the pupils with great _gentleness_. The _committee_ said the _master_ had done his work in an _admirable_ manner. The _Pilgrim_ Fathers _emigrated_ to this country in 1620. A _minute missile moved_ towards us. What is the _subjunctive mood_ or _mode_? A _multitude_ of _communists_ appeared in Paris.

143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, _to deny_.

NEGAT: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, _an apostate_.

Deny' (Fr. v. _dénier_ = Lat. _de_ + _nega're_, to contradict); deni'al; undeni'able.

144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, _neither of the two_.

NEUTR: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize).

145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, _to hurt_.

NOC: no'cent, _hurtful_; in'nocent; in'nocence; innoc'uous.

Nox'ious (Lat. adj. _nox'ius_, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance (Fr. v. _nuire_ = Lat. _noce're_).

146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, _a name_.

NOMEN: nomenclat'ure, _a list of technical names_; cogno'men, _a surname_.

NOMIN: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate (-ion, -or); ig'nominy (Lat. _i(n)_ + _gnomen_, old form of _nomen_, a deprivation of one's good name); ignomin'ious.

Noun (Fr. n. _nom_ = Lat. _no'men_); pro'noun; misno'mer (Old Fr. _mes_ = wrong, and _nommer_, to name), _a wrong name_.

NORMA. (See page 45.)

147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, _to know_; No'ta, _a mark_.

NOT: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; notifica'tion; noto'rious (Lat. adj. _noto'rius_, making known), _known in a bad sense_; notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'.

No'ble (Lat. adj. _no'bilis_, deserving to be known); noblesse' (Fr. n. _noblesse_ = Lat. _nobil'itas_); nobil'ity; enno'ble; igno'ble (Lat. prefix _i(n)_ + _gnobilis_, old form of _nobilis_); cog'nizance (Old Fr. _cognizance_ = Lat. _cognoscen'tia_, notice or knowledge), _judicial observation_; connoisseur' (Fr. n. _connoisseur_, a critical judge); incog'nito (Italian _incognito_, from Lat. part. _incog'nitus_, unknown), _unknown, in disguise_; rec'ognize (Lat. _re_, again, and _cognos'cere_, to know); recog'nizance, _a term in law_; recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v. reconnoitre), _to survey, to examine_.

148. NO'VUS, _new_.

NOV: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or).

Nov'el (Lat. adj. _novel'lus_, diminutive of _no'vus_); adj. _something new, out of the usual course_; n., literally, _a story new and out of the usual course_; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, _a beginner_; novi'tiate, _time of being a novice_.

149. NU'MERUS, _a number_.

NUMER: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate (Lat. v. _enumera're_, _enumera'tum_, to count or tell of), _to reckon up singly_; enumera'tion; innu'merable (= _in_ + _nu'mer_ + _able_, that may not be counted); supernu'merary, _one above the necessary number_; num'ber (Old Fr. n. _numbre_ = Lat. _nu'merus_).

150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, _to announce_; Nun'cius, _a messenger_.

NUNCIAT: enun'ciate, _to utter_ (-ion); denuncia'tion; pronuncia'tion; renuncia'tion, _disavowal, relinquishment_.

Nun'cio (Sp. n. _nuncio_ = Lat. _nun'cius), a messenger from the Pope_; announce' (Fr. v. _annoncer_ = Lat. _ad_ + _nuncia're_), _to proclaim_; announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. _dénoncer_ = Lat. _de_ + _nuncia're_), _to accuse publicly_; pronounce' (Fr. v. _prononcer_ = Lat. _pro_ + _nuncia're_); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. _renoncer_ = Lat. _re_ + _nuncia're_), _to disclaim_; renounce'ment.

151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, _to nourish_.

NUTRI: nu'triment, _that which nourishes_; nutri'tion; nutri'tious; nu'tritive.

Nour'ish (Fr. v. _nourrir_ = Lat. _nutri'ere_); nurse (Fr. v. _nourrice_; a nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, _a little one who is nursed_; nurt'ure.

152. O'PUS, op'eris, _a work or deed_; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, _to work_.

OPER: operose, _requiring labor_, _tedious_.

OPERAT: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, -or).

Op'era (It. _op'era_ = _opera_, pains, pl. of _o'pus_), _a musical drama_; operat'ic.

ORDO. (See page 45.)

153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, _and_ pas'sum, _to spread_; Pas'sus, _a step_.

PAND: expand', _to spread out_.

PANS: expanse' (-ion, -ive).

PASS: pass; pass'able, _that may be passed_, _tolerable_; pas'sage; com'pass, v. _to stretch round_; encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (_tres_ = _trans_), _to pass beyond due bounds_.

Pace (Fr. n. _pas_ = Lat. _pas'sus_); pas'senger (Old Eng. _passager_); pass'over, _a Jewish festival_;[8] pass'port (= pass + port, literally, a permission to leave a port or to sail into it.)

154. PAR, _equal_.

PAR: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, _to injure by comparison of unequals_; dispar'agement.

Pair (Fr. adj. _paire_ = Lat. _par_), _two of a kind_; peer (Old Fr. _peer_ or _pair_ = Lat. _par_), _an equal_, _a nobleman_; peer'age; peer'less; compeer'; non'pareil (Fr. _non_, not, and _pareil_, equal), _a peerless thing or person_.

155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, _to make ready, to prepare_; SEPARA'RE: sep'aro, separa'tum, _to separate_.

PARAT: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; repara'tion.

SEPAR: sep'arate, literally, _to prepare aside_: hence, _to disjoin_; separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable.

Parade' (Fr. n. _parade_, literally, a parrying), _military display_; pare (Fr. v. _parer_, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. v. _parer_, to ward off); appara'tus (Lat. _appara'tus_ = _ad_ + _paratus_, literally, something prepared for a purpose); appar'el (Fr. n. _appareil_, preparation); compare' (Fr. v. _comparer_ = Lat. _compara're_), _to set things together to see how far they resemble each other_; prepare' (Fr. v. _preparer_ = Lat. _prepara're_); repair' (Fr. v. _réparer_ = Lat. _repara're_), literally, _to prepare again_, hence, _to restore after injury_; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. _sevrer_ = Lat. _separa're_), _to render asunder_; sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. _several_ = Lat. _separa'lis_, separate); sev'erance; dissev'er.

PARS. (See page 46.)

156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, _a father_; Pa'tria, _one's native country_.

Pater'nal (Lat. adj. _pater'nus_, pertaining to a father); pater'nity (Lat. n. _pater'nitas_, Fr. _paternité_), _fathership_; patri'cian (Lat. adj. _patri'cius_, from _pa'tres_, fathers or senators), _a Roman nobleman_; pat'rimony (Lat. n. _patrimo'nium_), _an estate inherited from one's ancestors_; pa'tron (Lat. n. _patro'nus_, a protector), _one who countenances or supports_; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. n. _pattern_, something to be copied), _a model_; expatriate, _to banish_; expatria'tion.

157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, _to bear, to suffer_.

PATI: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, _consistent with_; compat'ibility; incompat'ible.

PASS: pas'sion, _strong agitation of the mind_; pas'sive; impas'sive, _insensible_; compas'sion, _sympathy_; compas'sionate.

158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, _to drive_.

PEL (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-).

PULS: pulse, _the beating of an artery as blood is driven through it_; pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; expul'sion; propul'sion; repulse'; repul'sive.

159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, _to hang_.

PEND: pen'dant, _a long, narrow flag_; pend'ing, _not decided, during_; append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); independ'ent; independ'ence; suspend'.

PENS: pen'sile, _hanging_; suspense'(-ion).

Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. _pen'dulus_, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. _pen'dulus)_; appen'dix (Lat. n. _appen'dix_, an addition).

160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, _to weigh, to pay_.

PEND: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. n. _compen'dium_, that which is weighed, saved, shortened); compen'dious (Lat. adj. _compendio'sus_, brief, succinct); expend'; expen'diture; sti'pend (Lat. n. _stipen'dium_, literally, the pay of soldiers); stipendiary.

PENS: pen'sive, _thoughtful_; pen'sion, _an allowance for past services_ (-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', _to deal out_ (-ary); dispensa'tion; indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); rec'ompense.

PES. (See page 47.)

161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, _to attack, to seek_.

PET: centrip'etal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, center); compete'; com'petent, _fit, suitable_; com'petence, _sufficiency_; incom'petent.

PETIT: peti'tion, _a request_ (-er); compet'itor; compet'itive; repeti'tion.

Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. _petulant_, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. _appétit_), _a seeking for hunger_; impet'uous (Lat. adj. _impetuo'sus_, vehement); impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. _im'petus_, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v. _répéter_ = Lat. _repet'ere_).

EXERCISE

_Numerous objections_ were _submitted_ against the _innovations_ about to be _introduced_. The _obnoxious_ articles have been _removed_. The _nominee_ by his _ludicrous_ speech _neutralized_ all that his friends did for him. _Part_ of the _apparatus prepared_ for the _occasion_ was damaged in _transmission_. The _patronage_ of the _nobility_ and _gentry connected_ with the neighborhood was asked. Many _parts_ of the _edifice_ are highly _ornate_. Christ had _compassion_ on the _multitude_, for they had been a long time without food. The _petitioner's application_ for a _pension_ was not _repeated_. How can an _acid_ be _neutralized_? The _renegade_ was brought to _ignominy_. The _prince_ was travelling _incognito_. The young lady seems _pensive_ rather than _petulant_. Here is a new _edition_ of the _novel_, with _annotations_ by the _author_. The _opera_ seems to be well _patronized_ this winter. Webster had a _compendious mode_ of stating great truths. What is meant by _centripetal motion_? What is the _difference_ between the _numerator_ and the _denominator_?

162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, _to twist_; PLICA'RE: pli'co, plica'tum, _and_ plic'itum, _to fold_.

PLEX: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; complex'ity; perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly--_per_: hence, to puzzle or embarrass); perplex'ity.

PLIC: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable.

PLICAT: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; im'plicate (-ion); replica'tion, _an answer in law_; sup'plicate, _to entreat earnestly_; supplica'tion.

PLICIT: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly stated); implic'it, _implied_.

Ply (Fr. v. _plier_ = Lat. _plica're_), _to work diligently_; pli'able, _easily bent_; pli'ant; pli'ancy; accom'plice, _an associate in crime_; apply' (Old Fr. _applier_ = Lat. _applica're_); appli'ance, _the thing applied_; comply' (Fr. v. _plier_), _to fold with_: hence, _to conform or assent_; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. _desployer_, to unfold); doub'le (Fr. adj. _double_ = Lat. _du'plex_, twofold); du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n. _duplic'itas_, from _du'plex_, double); employ' (Fr. v. _employer_ = Lat. _implica're_), _to keep at work_; employé; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit' (Fr. n. _exploit_ = Lat. _explic'itum_, literally, something unfolded, set forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, _to infold_: hence _to involve_, _to signify_; mul'tiply (Fr. v. _multiplier_ = Lat. _mul'tus_ much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. _qua'tuor_, four); reply' (Old Fr. v. _replier_ = Lat. _replica're_, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. _simplex_, gen. _simplicis_), _not compounded_, _artless_; sim'pleton (compare It. _simplicione_, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. _simplic'itas_); sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. _souple_ = Lat. _sup'plex_, bending the knee, from _sub_ and _plica're_); sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under, kneeling down); treb'le (Old Fr. adj. _treble_ = Lat. _tri'plex_, threefold); trip'le (Lat. _tri'plex_); trip'let, _three lines rhyming alternately_.

163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, _to place_.

PON: compo'nent, _forming a compound_; depone', _to bear testimony_; depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment).

POSIT: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, _a system of philosophy_; pos'itivist, _a believer in the positive philosophy_; ap'posite, _adapted to_; compos'ite, _compound_; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; depos'it (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, _the giving testimony under oath_; exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; juxtaposi'tion; op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; suppositi'tious; transposi'tion.

Pose (Fr. v. _poser_ = Lat. _pon'ere_), _to bring to a stand by questions_; post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. _posture_ = Lat. _positu'ra_, position); compose' (Fr. v. _composer_ = Lat. _compon'ere_); compos'ure; com'pound (Lat. v. _compon'ere_); com'post, _a mixture_, _a manure_; depot' (Fr. n. _dépôt_ = Lat. _depos'itum_); dispose' (Fr. v. _disposer_); dispo'sal; expose' (Fr. v. _exposer_); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. _imposer_); im'post, _a tax placed on imported goods_; impos'tor, _one guilty of fraud_; impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. _provost_, from Lat _præpos'itus_, placed before, a chief), _the principal of a college_; pur'pose (Old Fr. n. _purpos_, _propos_ = Lat. _propos'itum_), _an end set before one_; repose' (Fr. v. _reposer_); suppose' (Fr. v. _supposer_); transpose' (Fr. v. _transposer_).

164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, _to carry_.

PORT: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, -er); im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, _design_; report' (-er); support'; insupport'able; transport' (-ation).

Portfo'lio (Lat. n. _fo'lium_, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. _manteau_, a cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. _importu'nus_, unseasonable); import'unate; importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. _opportu'nus_, literally, at or before the port or harbor: hence, seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune.

165. POS'SE, _to be able_; Po'tens, poten'tis, _powerful, mighty_.

POSSE: pos'sible (Lat. adj. _possib'ilis_); possibil'ity; impos'sible.

POTENT: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; omnip'otent (Lat. adj. _om'nis_, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. _ple'nus_, full).

166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, _to lay hold of, to seize_.

PREHEND: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'.

PREHENS: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; comprehen'sible; comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible.

Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. _apprentis_, from v. _apprendre_, to learn); apprise' (Fr. v. _apprendre_, part. _appris_, to inform); comprise' (Fr. v. _comprendre, compris_), _to include_; en'terprise (Fr. n. _entrepise_, something undertaken); impreg'nable (Fr. adj. _imprenable_, not to be taken); pris'on (Fr. n. _prison_); prize (Fr. n. _prise_, something taken, from _prendre, pris_, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. _repreuver_, to condemn), _to grant a respite_; repri'sal; surprise'.

167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, _to press_.

PRESS: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); express' (-ion, -ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; oppress' ('-ion, -ive, -or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion).

Print (abbreviated from _imprint_, from Old Fr. v. _preindre_ = Lat. _prem'ere_); im'print, _the name of the publisher and the title page of a book_; imprima'tur (Lat. _let it be printed_), originally, _a license to print a book, the imprint of a publisher_.

168. PRI'MUS, _first_; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, _chief, original_.

PRIM: prime; pri'mate, _the highest dignitary of a church_; pri'macy; prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. _æ'vum_, an age); prim'itive; primogen'itor (Lat. n. _gen'itor_, a begetter); primogeniture (Lat. n. _genitu'ra_, a begetting), _the exclusive right of inheritance which in English law belongs to the eldest son or daughter_; primor'dial (Lat. v. _ordi'ri_, to begin), _existing from the beginning_; prim'rose (Lat. n. _ro'sa_); prin'cess; prince (Fr. n. _prince_ = Lat. _prin'ceps_); prin'cipal; prin'ciple.

Pre'mier (Fr. adj. _premier_, first), _the prime minister_; pri'or (Lat. adj. _prior_, former); pri'oress, _the female superior of a convent_; pri'ory, _a convent_; prior'ity, _state of being first_; pris'tine (Lat. adj. _pristi'nus_, primitive), _original, ancient_.

169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, _to try, to prove_.

PROB: prob'able, _likely, credible_; probabil'ity; improb'able; pro'bate, _the proof of a will_; proba'tion, _the act of trying_; proba'tioner; proba'tionary; probe, _to try by an instrument_; prob'ity, _tried integrity_; approba'tion, _commendation_; rep'robate (adj. literally, proved against), _base, condemned_.

Prove (Old Fr. _prover_, New Fr. _prouver_ = Lat. _proba're_); proof (Old Fr. n. _prove_ = Lat. _pro'ba_, proof); approve' (Fr. v. _approuver_ = Lat. _approba're_); approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove'; reproof'.

170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, _to prick_; Punc'tum, _a point_.

PUNG: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', _to mark out_.

PUNCT: punctil'io (Sp. _punctillo_, from Lat. _punc'tum_, a point), _a nice point of exactness in conduct_, etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity); punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; compunc'tion, _remorse_.

Punch (abbreviated from _puncheon_, from Lat. n. _punc'tio_, a pricking), _an instrument for cutting holes_; point (Fr. n. _pointe_ = Lat. _punc'tum)_; poign'ant (Fr. part. _poignant_, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n. _poignard_), _a small dagger_.

171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, _to think, to prune, to count or reckon_.

PUT: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. _deputa're_, to allot), _to empower to act_; dep'uty; dispute' (-ant); indis'putable; impute' (literally, to reckon in), _to charge_; repute'; disrepute' (-able).

PUTAT: pu'tative, _supposed_; am'putate, _to cut off the limb from an animal_; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion.

Count (Fr. v. _compter_ = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; recount'.

172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, _to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry away_.

RAP: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. _ra'pax, rapa'cis_, greedy); rapac'ity; rap'id (Lat. adj. _rap'idus_, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; rap'ine (Lat. n. _rapi'na_, robbery).

RAPT: rapt, _transported_; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; surrepti'tious (Lat. v. _surrip'ere, surrep'tum_, to take away secretly), _done by stealth_.

Rav'age (Fr. v. _ravager_ = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. _ravir_ = Lat. _rap'ere_).

173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, _to rule_; Rec'tus, _straight_.

REG: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. _reg'imen_, that by which one guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. _regimen'tum_); re'gion (Lat. _re'gio, regio'nis_, a region); cor'rigible (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ = _con_ + _reg'ere_); incor'rigible.

RECT: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ = _con_ + _reg'ere), to remove faults_; direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect'; insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion.

Re'gal (Lat. n. _rex, re'gis_, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. v. _cæd'ere_, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. _reg'ula_, a rule); reg'ulate; realm (Old Fr. _realme_, from Lat. adj. _rega'lis_, royal); reign (Fr. n. _règne_ = Lat. _reg'num); _corrigen'da (sing. _corrigen'dum_), _things to be corrected_; dress (Fr. v. _dresser_ = Lat _dirig'ere_); address' (Fr. v. _adresser_, to direct); redress' (Fr. v. _redresser_ = Lat. _re_ + _dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair_; source (Fr. n. _source_, from Lat. _sur'gere_, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. _insur'gere_).

174. RI'VUS, _a river_.

RIV: ri'val (Lat. n. _riva'lis_, one who used a brook in common with another); ri'valry; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. _riv'ulus_, diminutive of _ri'vus_); derive' (literally, to receive as from a source); deriva'tion; deriv'ative.

175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, _to ask_.

ROG: ar'rogant, _proud, overbearing_; ar'rogance; prorogue' (Fr. v. _proroger_ = Lat. _proroga're_).

ROGAT: ab'rogate; _to repeal_; ar'rogate, _to assume_; arroga'tion; derog'atory, _detracting_; inter'rogate (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative (literally, that is asked before others for an opinion: hence, preference), _exclusive or peculiar right or privilege_; proroga'tion, _prolonga'tion_; superer'ogate (Lat. _super_ + _eroga're_, to spend or pay out over and above), _to do more than is necessary_; supereroga'tion.

176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_.

RUPT: rupt'ure, _to part violently_; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); bank'rupt (It. n. _banco_, a merchant's place of business); bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible, -ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion; interrupt' (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive.

177. SA'CER, sa'cri, _holy_.

SACR: sac'rament (Lat. n. _sacramen'tum_, an oath, a sacred thing); sa'cred (orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. _sacre_, to consecrate); sac'rifice (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that steals--properly gathers, picks up, _leg'ere_--sacred things); sac'ristan (Low Lat. _sacrista'nus)_, a church officer.

SECR: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. _sacer'dos, sacerdo'tis_, priest), _pertaining to the priesthood_.

178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, _health_; Sal'vus, _safe_.

SALUT: sal'utary, _promoting health_; salu'tatory, _giving salutation_; salute' (-ion).

SALV: sal'vage, _reward for saving goods_; sal'vo, _a volley_; salva'tion.

Safe (through Old Fr. _salf_ or _sauf_); safe'ty; save; sav'ior salu'brious (Lat. adj. _salu'bris_, health-giving); salu'brity.

179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (_in comp._ scen'do), scan'dum (_in comp._ scen'sum), _to climb_.

SCEND: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' (-ing); transcend' (-ent); transcendental.

SCENS: ascen'sion; ascent'; condescen'sion.

180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, _to write_.

SCRIB: ascribe', _to impute to_; circumscribe', _to draw a line around, to limit_; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', _to order or appoint_; pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), _to interdict_; subscribe'; superscribe'; transcribe'.

SCRIPT: script, _type in imitation of handwriting_; script'ure; ascrip'tion; con'script, _one taken by lot and enrolled for military service_; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; man'uscript (see _manus_); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; subscription; superscrip'tion; tran'script.

Scribe (Fr. n. _scribe_); scrib'ble; escritoire'.

181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, _to cut_.

SEC: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. _se'cans_, _secan'tis_), _a line that cuts another_.

SECT: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others by peculiar doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. _bis_, two); dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose body is apparently cut in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to feed); intersect' (-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. _vena_, a vein).

Seg'ment (Lat. n. _segmen'tum_), _a part cut off_.

182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (_in comp._ se'do), ses'sum, _to sit_.

SED: sed'entary (Lat. adj. _sedenta'rius_, accustomed to sit); sed'iment (Lat. n. _sedimen'tum_, a settling or sinking down); sedimen'tary; sed'ulous (Lat. adj. _sed'ulus_, sitting close to an employment); supersede'.

SID: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting in wait against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); pres'ident; presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; subsidiary.

SESS: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a person or thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. _possid'ere, posses'sum_, to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, to have or hold); posses'sion; possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', _to take possession of beforehand, to prejudice_.

183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, _to feel, to think_.

SENT: scent (Old English _sent_), _odor_; sen'tence (Lat. n. _senten'tia_); senten'tious (Lat. adj. _sententio'sus_, full of thought); sentiment (Fr. n. _sentiment_); sentimen'tal; assent', _to agree to_; consent' (literally, to think or feel together), _to acquiesce, to permit_; dissent' (-er); dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel back), _to take ill_; resent'ment.

SENS: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; non'sense; sen'sual (Lat. adj. _sensua'lis_); sen'sualist; sen'suous.

184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, _to follow_.

SEQU: se'quence, _order of succession_; consequent; con'sequence; consequential; ob'sequies, _formal rites_; obse'quious (literally, following in the way of another), _meanly condescending_; sub'sequent (-ly).

SECUT: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute (-ion).

Se'quel (Lat. n. _seque'la_, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. _suire_, New Fr. _suivre = se'qui), to follow at law_; suit; suit'able; suit'or; suite (Fr. n. _suite_), _a train or set_; ensue' (Fr. v. _ensuivre_, to follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. v. _poursuivre_, to follow hard, to chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; pursuit'; pur'suivant, _a state messenger_; ex'ecute (Fr. v. _executer_ = Lat. _ex'sequi_); execu'tion; exec'utor; exec'utrix.

185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, _to save, to keep, to bind_.

SERV: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); reserve'; unreserved'.

SERVAT: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; observ'atory; preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion.

Res'ervoir (Fr. n. _réservoir_ = Lat. _reservato'rium_, a place where anything is kept in store).

EXERCISE.

The puzzle is _complicated_ and _displays_ much _ingenuity_ on the _part_ of the inventor. A _reply_ may be _explicit_ without showing _duplicity_. It was urged that the _election_ of _delegates_ be _postponed_. The _portmanteau_ containing _important_ papers was left at the _merchant's office_. An _impostor_ is sure to show _opposition_ to the course of _justice_. Coleridge holds that it is _possible_ to _apprehend_ a truth without _comprehending_ it. The _bankrupt_ was so _arrogant_ that his _creditors_ were not _disposed_ to be lenient with him. Most of the questions _proposed_ by the _rector_ were answered in the _negative_. What is the origin of the word _derivation_? The _region_ is _described_ as healthful. The _manuscript_ was _transcribed_ and _subscribed_ by the _author_. It is _salutary_ to be _rivals_ in all worthy _ambitions_.

186. SIG'NUM, _a sign_.

SIGN: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; signif'icance; significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. _assigna're_, to designate); assignee'; consign' (Lat. v. _consigna're_, to seal) _to intrust to another_; consign'ment; coun'tersign, _to sign what has already been signed by another_; design', _to plan_; design'er; des'ignate, _to name_, _to point out_; designa'tion; en'sign, _the officer who carries the flag of a regiment_; insig'nia, _badges of office_; resign' (-ation); sig'nature (Lat. n. _signatu'ra_, a sign or stamp).

187. SIM'ILIS, _like_.

SIMIL: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, _a formal likening or comparison_; simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true); dissim'ilar; assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. _v. fac'ere_, to make), an exact copy; sim'ulate (Lat. v. _simula're_, _simula'tum_, to make like).

Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. _dissimula're_, _dissimula'tum_, to feign); dissem'ble (Fr. v. _dissembler_ = Lat. _dissimula're_); resem'ble (Fr. v. _ressembler_).

188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, _to cause to stand, to stand_.

SIST: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; exist' (for ex-sist), _to stand out_: hence, _to be, to live_; exist'ence; co-exist'; pre-exist'; insist', _to stand upon, to urge firmly_; persist' (-ent, -ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist (-ence).

189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, _to loosen_.

SOLV: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; resolve'.

SOLUT: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); res'olute (-ion).

Sol'uble (Lat. adj. _solu'bilis_); solubil'ity.

190. SPEC'ERE _or_ SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio _or_ spi'cio, spec'tum, _to behold_; Spe'cies, _a kind_.

SPIC: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of birds); auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. _conspic'uus_, wholly visible); conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. _despicab'ilis_, deserving to be despised); perspic'uous (Lat. adj. _perspic'uus_, that may be seen through); perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious.

SPECT: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); inspect' (-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. n. _prospec'tus_, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look again: hence, to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; re'tro-spect (-ive); suspect'.

SPECIES: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; spec'ify (-ic, -ication); spe'cious, _showy_.

Spec'imen (Lat. n. _spec'imen_, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n. _spectac'ulum_, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n. _specta'tor_, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. _spec'trum_, an image); spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), _an image_; spec'troscope (Gr. v. _skopein_, to view), _an instrument for analysing light_; spec'ulate (Lat. n. _spec'ula_, a lookout), _to contemplate_, _to traffic for great profit_; specula'tion; spec'ulative.

191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, _to breathe_; Spir'itus, _breath, spirit_.

SPIR: spir'acle, _a breathing pore_; aspire' (-ant); conspire' (-acy); expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; transpire'.

SPIRAT: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; perspira'tion; respira'tion; respir'atory.

SPIRITUS: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous.

Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of spirit).

192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, _to promise_.

SPOND: correspond', _to answer one to another_; correspond'ence; correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: hence, to give up, to despond); despond'ency; respond'.

SPONS: spon'sor, _a surety_; response' (-ible, -ibility, -ive); irrespon'sible.

Spouse (Old Fr. n. _espous_, _espouse_ = Lat. _spon'sus_, _spon'sa_); espouse' (Old Fr. v. _espouser_ = Lat. _sponsa're_, to betroth, from _spondere_).

193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (_in comp._ sti'tum, _to stand; pres. part._ stans, stan'tis, _standing_); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, _to cause to stand_; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, _to station, to fix, to place_.

STANT: cir'cumstance (from part. _circumstans'_, _circumstan'tis_, through Lat. n. _circumstan'tia_, Fr. _circonstance_), _the condition of things surrounding or attending an event_; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate; con'stant; con'stancy; dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence, remote, reserved); dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous; transubstan'tiate, _to change to another substance_.

STAT: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; states'man; stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure.

STIT: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if awe-struck); supersti'tious.

STATUT: stat'ute (-ory).

STITU: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: hence, to establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; constit'uency; des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, in want of); in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to commence); restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion).

Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. _stab'ilis_, standing firmly); stab'lish; estab'lish (-ment); stay, literally, _to keep standing_; ar'mistice (Lat. n. _ar'ma_, arms), _a temporary stand-still of war_; arrest' (Old Fr. _arrester_ = Lat. _ad_ + _restare_, to stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. _contra_ + _sta're_, to stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice (Lat. n. _sol_, the sun).

194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, _to bind; to draw tight_.

STRING: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency.

STRICT: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, _a defined portion of a country_; restrict' (-ion).

Strain (Old Fr. _straindre_ = Lat. _strin'gere_); constrain'; dis-train'; restrain'; restraint'.

195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, _to build, to place in order_.

STRUCT: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; destruc'tion; instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); superstruct'ure.

Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. _instrumen'tum_); instrumental'ity.

196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, _to take_; Sump'tus, _cost, expense_.

SUM: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'.

SUMPT: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. _sumptuo'sus_, expensive); sumpt'uary, _relating to expense_; assumption; consumption; consump'tive; presump'tion; presump'tive; presump'tuous.

197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, _to touch_.

TANG: tan'gent, _a straight line which touches a circle or curve_; tan'gible.

TACT: tact, _peculiar faculty or skill_; con'tact; intact'.

Attain' (Fr. v. _attaindre_, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion, _communication of disease by contact or touch_; contam'inate, _to defile, to infect_; contig'uous; contin'gent.

TEMPUS. (See page 48.)

198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum _or_ ten'tum, _to stretch_.

TEND: tend, _to aim at, take care of_; tend'ency; attend' (-ance, -ant); contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to stretch to), _to purpose, to design_; portend' (literally, to stretch forward), _to presage, to betoken_; pretend' (literally, to stretch forth), _to affect, feel_; subtend', _to extend under_; superintend' (-ence, -ent).

TENS: tense (adj.), _stretched_; ten'sion; intense' (-ify); osten'sible (Lat. v. _osten'dere_, to stretch out or spread before one), _apparent_; pretense'.

TENT: tent, literally, _a shelter of stretched canvas_; tentac'ula, _the feelers of certain animals_; atten'tion; atten'tive; conten'tion; conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious; por'tent, _an ill omen_.

199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, _to hold_; _French_ Tenir (_radical_ tain), _to hold_.

TEN: ten'able; ten'ant, _one who holds property under another_; ten'antry; ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. _tenet_, literally, "he holds"), _a doctrine held as true_; ten'ure.

TIN (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; incon'tinent; per'tinent; imper'tinent.

TENT: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; reten'tion; reten'tive; sus'tenance.

TAIN: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' (-ment); pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'.

Tena'cious (Lat. adj. _te'nax, tena'cis_, holding firmly); tenac'ity; appur'tenance, _that which belongs to something else_; contin'ue (Fr. v. _continuer_ = Lat. _contine're_); contin'ual; contin'uance; continua'tion; continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance (literally, the contents of a body: hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. n. _lieu_, a place); maintain' (Fr. n. _main_, the hand), literally, _to hold by the hand_: hence, _to support, to uphold_; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, _a train of attendants_.

200. TER'RA, _the earth_.

TERR: ter'race (Fr. n. _terrasse_); terra'queous (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, _a small dog that goes into the ground after burrowing animals_; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _me'dius_, middle); subterra'nean.

Inter, _to put in the earth, to bury_; inter'ment; disinter'.

201. TES'TIS, _a witness_.

TEST: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); protest' (-ation, -ant); prot'estantism.

Tes'tament (Lat. n. _testamen'tum_, a will); testamen'tary; testa'tor; tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, _not having left a will_.

202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, _to twist_.

TORT: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' (-ion, -ionate); retort'.

Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. _tortuo'sus_, very twisted); tortuos'ity; torment' (Lat. n. _tormen'tum_, extreme pain).

203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, _to draw_; _Fr._ Trair, _past part._ Trait.

TRACT: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' (-ion, -ive); contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, -or); protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion).

Trace (Fr. n. _trace_); track (Old Fr. n. _trac_); train; trait; treat (-ise, -ment, -y).

204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, _to allot, to give_.

TRIBUT: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); distrib'ute (-ion, -ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive.

205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, _to thrust_.

TRUD: detrude', _to thrust down_; extrude'; intrude' (-er); obtrude'; protrude'.

TRUS: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion.

206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus _or_ tu'tus, _to watch_.

TUIT: tui'tion, _instruction_; intui'tion, _the act or power of the mind by which it at once perceives the truth of a thing without argument_; intu'itive.

TUT: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage.

207. UN'DA, _a wave_.

UND: abun'dance, literally, condition of overflowing--(_abunda're_, to overflow); abun'dant; superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant (literally, running back or over: hence, exceeding what is necessary); redundance; redun'dancy.

Un'dulate (Lat. n. _un'dula_, a little wave); undula'tion; un'dulatory; abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. _redonder_ = Lat. _redunda're_, to roll back as a wave or flood).

208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, _to use_.

UT: uten'sil (Lat. n. _uten'sile_, something that may be used); util'ity (Lat. n. _util'itas_, usefulness); u'tilize.

US: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. _usua'lis_, of frequent use); u'sury, _illegal interest paid for the use of money_; u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'.

209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, _to go_.

VAD: evade'; invade'; pervade'.

VAS: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive.

210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, _to be strong, to be of value_; Val'idus, _strong_; Va'le, _farewell_.

VAL: valedic'tory, _bidding farewell_; valetudina'rian (Lat. n. _valetu'do_, state of health), _a person in ill-health_; val'iant, _brave_, _heroic_; val'or (-ous); val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent, _regaining health_; equiv'alent (Lat. adj. _e'quus_, equal); prev'alent, _very common or general_; prevalence.

VAIL: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'.

VALID: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid.

211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, _to come, to go_.

VENT: vent'ure, literally, _something gone upon_; vent'uresome; ad'vent; adventi'tious, _accidental, casual_; advent'ure (-ous); circumvent'; contraven'tion; con'vent, _a monastery, a nunnery_; conven'ticle, _a place of assembly_; conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent' (literally, to come upon), _to find out, to contrive_; inven'tion; invent'ive; invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive).

Av'enue (Fr. n. _avenue_, an approach to); contravene'; convene'; conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, _conve'niens, convenien'tis_, literally, coming together), _suitable_; conven'ience; cov'enant _an agreement between two parties_; intervene'; rev'enue; supervene', _to come upon, to happen_.

212. VER'BUM, _a word_.

VERB: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb.

Verba'tim (Lat. adv. _verba'tim_, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. n. _verbiage_, wordiness).

213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, _to turn_.

VERT: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind to), _heedless_; ad'vertise, _to turn public attention to_; adver'tisement; animadvert' (Lat. n. _an'imus_, the mind), _to turn the mind to, to censure_; avert'; controvert', _to oppose_; convert', _to change into another form or state_; divert'; invert', literally, _to turn the outside in_; pervert', _to turn from the true purpose_; retrovert'; revert'; subvert'.

VERS: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, _the yearly_ (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year) _celebration of an event_; averse', _having a dislike to_; aver'sion; con'troversy; converse' (-ant, -ation); conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); ob'verse; perverse' (-ity); retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); subver'sion; subversive; tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. _ter'gum_, the back), _a subterfuge_; transverse', _lying or being across_; u'niverse (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one), _the system of created things_; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, _a universal school in which are taught all branches of learning_.

Verse (Lat. n. _ver'sus_, a furrow), _a line in poetry_; ver'sify; versifica'tion; ver'sion, _that which is turned from one language into another, a statement_; ver'satile (Lat. adj. _versat'ilis_, turning with ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), _the summit_; vertical; vertebra (pl. ver'tebræ); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; vor'tex (Lat. n. _vor'tex_, a whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. _divorce_), _a separation_.

214. VE'RUS, _true_; Ve'rax, vera'cis, _veracious_.

VER: ver'dict (Lat. n. _dic'tum_, a saying), _the decision of a jury_; ver'ify, _to prove to be true; _verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. _ver'itas_, truth); ver'itable; verisim'ilar, _truth-like_; verisimil'itude; aver', _to declare truer_; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y.

VERAC: v'era'cious; verac'ity.

215. VI'A, _a way_.

VIA: vi'aduct (Lat. v. _du'cere, duc'tum_, to lead); viat'icum (Lat. n. _viat'icum_, literally, traveling money), _the sacrament administered to a dying person_; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; ob'viate, _to meet in the way, to remove_; ob'vious; per'vious, _affording a passage through_; imper'vious.

Voy'age (Fr. n. _voyage_); convoy', _to escort_; en'voy (Fr. v. _envoyer_, to send), _one sent on a special mission_; triv'ial (Lat. n. _triv'ium_, a cross road), _trifling_; trivial'ity.

216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, _to see_.

VID: ev'ident, _clearly seen; _ev'idence; invid'ious, literally, _looking against_: hence, _likely to provoke envy_; provide', _to look out for, to supply_; prov'idence; prov'ident.

VIS: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, _expedient_; im'provise, _to compose and recite without premeditation_; provis'ion; revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; supervis'or.

View (Fr. v. _voir_, to see, _vu_, seen); review'; in'terview; vis'age (Fr. n. _visage_, the countenance); vis'it (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, _part of a helmet perforated to see through; _vis'ta (It. n. _vista_, sight), _a prospect as seen through an avenue of trees _; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n. _envie_ = Lat. _invid'ia_, from _invide're_, to see against); in'voice (It. n. _avviso_, notice), _a priced list of goods_; peruse' (Lat. v. _pervide're, pervi'sum_, to look through); provi'so, _a stipulation_; pru'dent (Lat. adj. _pru'dens _from _prov'idens_); pru'dence; purvey', _to look out for in the way of buying provisions_; purvey'or; survey' (-or).

217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, _to conquer_.

VINC: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', _to show clearly_

VICT: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', _to prove guilty of crime_; evict', _to dispossess_; evic'tion.

Vanquish (Fr. v. _vaincre, vaincu_ = Lat. _vin'cere_); prov'ince (Fr. n. _province_ = Lat. _provin'cia_, literally, a conquered country).

218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, _to call_; Vox, vo'cis, _the voice_.

VOCAT: voca'tion, literally, _calling, occupation_; voc'ative, _the case of a noun in which the subject is called, or addressed_; ad'vocate _to plead for_; convoca'tion, _an assembly, a meeting_; equivocate (Lat. adj. _e'quus_, equal), _to use words of doubtful meaning_; equivoca'tion; evoca'tion, _act of calling forth_; invoca'tion; provoca'tion; provo'cative; revoca'tion.

VOC: vo'cable (Lat. n. _vocab'ulum_, that which is sounded with the voice), _a word_; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); vociferate, _to cry with a loud voice_; ad'vocacy, _a pleading for, a defense_; irrev'ocable.

Voice (Fr. n. _voix_ = Lat. _vox), sound uttered by the mouth_; vouch, _to call out, or affirm strongly_; vow'el (Fr. n. _vouelle_, a voice-sound); advow'son, _right of perpetual calling to a benefice_; convoke', _to call together_; evoke'; invoke'; revoke'.

219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, _to roll_.

VOLV: circumvolve'; convolve', _to roll together_; devolve'; evolve'; involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist).

VOLUT: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, -ize).

Vol'ume (Lat. n. _volu'men_, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet rolled up), _a single book_; volute', _a kind of rolled or spiral scroll_; vol'uble, literally, _rolling easily_: hence, _having great fluency of speech_; convol'vulus, _a genus of twining plants_; revolt'.

220. VUL'GUS, _the common people_.

VULG: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, _a Latin version of the Scriptures_.

Divulge', _to make known something before kept secret_; divulge'ment; promulgate (-ion).