CHAPTER X.
SUCCINCT EXPOSITION OF THE METHOD BY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
_Question._ What do you understand by force?
_Answer._ The motive power which results from muscular contraction.
_Q._ What do you understand by _instinctive_ forces?
_A._ Those which come from the horse--that is to say, of which he himself determines the employment.
_Q._ What do you understand by _transmitted_ forces?
_A._ Those which emanate from the rider, and are immediately appreciated by the horse.
_Q._ What do you understand by resistances?
_A._ The force which the horse presents, and with which he seeks to establish a struggle to his advantage.
_Q._ Ought we first to set to work to annul the forces the horse presents for resistance, before demanding any other movements of him?
_A._ Without doubt, as then the force of the rider, which should displace the weight of the mass, finding itself absorbed by an equivalent resistance, every movement becomes impossible.
_Q._ By what means can we combat the resistances?
_A._ By the methodical and separate suppling of the jaw, the neck, the haunches, and the loins.
_Q._ What is the use of the flexions of the jaw?
_A._ As it is upon the lower jaw that the effects of the rider's hand are first felt, these will be null or incomplete if the jaw is contracted or closed against the upper one. Besides, as in this case the displacing of the horse's body is only obtained with difficulty, the movements resulting therefrom will also be painful.
_Q._ Is it enough that the horse _champ his bit_ for the flexion of his jaw to leave nothing more to wish for?
_A._ No, it is also necessary that the horse _let go of the bit_--that is to say, that he should separate (at our will) his jaws as much as possible.
_Q._ Can all horses have this mobility of jaw?
_A._ All without exception, if we follow the gradation pointed out, and if the rider does not allow himself to be deceived by the flexion of the neck. Useful as this is, it would be insufficient without the play of the jaw.
_Q._ In the direct flexion of the jaw, ought we to give a tension to the curb-reins and those of the snaffle at the same time?
_A._ No, we must make the snaffle precede (the hand being placed as indicated in Plate No. III.), until the head and neck are lowered; afterwards the pressure of the bit, in time with the snaffle, will promptly make the jaws open.
_Q._ Ought we often to repeat this exercise?
_A._ It should be continued until the jaws separate by a light pressure of the bit or snaffle.
_Q._ Why is the stiffness of the neck so powerful an obstacle to the education of the horse?
_A._ Because it absorbs to its profit the force which the rider seeks in vain to transmit throughout the whole mass.
_Q._ Can the haunches be suppled separately?
_A._ Certainly they can; and this exercise is comprised in what is called stationary exercise.
_Q._ What is its useful object?
_A._ To prevent the bad effects resulting from the instinctive forces of the horse, and to make him appreciate the forces transmitted by the rider without opposing them.
_Q._ Can the horse execute a movement without a shifting of weight?
_A._ It is impossible. We must first seek to make the horse take a position which causes such a variation in his equilibrium that the movement may be a natural consequence of it.
_Q._ What do you understand by position?
_A._ An arrangement of the head, neck and body, previously disposed according to the movements of the horse.
_Q._ In what consists the _ramener_?
_A._ In the perpendicular position of the head, and the lightness that accompanies it.
_Q._ What is the distribution of the forces and weight in the _ramener_?
_A._ The forces and weight are equally distributed through all the mass.
_Q._ How do we address the intelligence of the horse?
_A._ By the position, because it is that which makes the horse know the rider's intentions.
_Q._ Why is it necessary that in the backward movements of the horse, the legs of the rider precede the hand?
_A._ Because we must displace the points of support before placing upon them the mass that they must sustain.
_Q._ Is it the rider that determines his horse?
_A._ No. The rider gives action and position, which are the language; the horse answers this demand by the change of pace or direction that the rider had intended.
_Q._ Is it to the rider or to the horse that we ought to impute the fault of bad execution?
_A._ To the rider, and always to the rider. As it depends upon him to supple and place the horse in the way of the movement, and as with these two conditions faithfully fulfilled, everything becomes regular, it is then to the rider that the merit or blame ought to belong.
_Q._ What kind of bit is suitable for a horse?
_A._ An easy bit.
_Q._ Why is an easy bit necessary for all horses, whatever may be their resistance?
_A._ Because the effect of a severe bit is to constrain and surprise a horse, while it ought to prevent him from doing wrong and enable him to do well. Now, we cannot obtain these results except by the aid of an easy bit, and above all, of a skillful hand; for the bit is the hand, and a good hand is the whole of the rider.
_Q._ Are there any other inconveniences connected with the instruments of torture called severe bits?
_A._ Certainly there are, for the horse soon learns to avoid the painful infliction of them by forcing the rider's legs, the power of which can never be equal to that of this barbarous bit. He succeeds in this by yielding with his body, and resisting with his neck and jaw, which misses altogether the aim proposed.
_Q._ How is it that nearly all the horsemen of renown have invented a particular kind of bit?
_A._ Because being wanting in personal science, they sought to replace their own insufficiency by aids or strange machines.
_Q._ Can the horse, perfectly in hand, defend himself?
_A._ No; for the just distribution of weight that this position gives supposes a great regularity of movement, and it would be necessary to overturn this order that any act of rebellion on the part of the horse should take place.
_Q._ What is the use of the snaffle?
_A._ The snaffle serves to combat the opposing forces (lateral) of the neck, to make the head precede in all the changes of direction, while the horse is not yet familiarized with the effects of the bit; it serves also to arrange the head and neck in a perfectly straight line.
_Q._ In order to obtain the _ramener_, should we make the legs precede the hand or the hand the legs?
_A._ The hands ought to precede until they have produced the effect of giving great suppleness to the neck (this ought to be practised in the stationary exercises); then come the legs in their turn to combine the hind and fore-parts in the movement. The continual lightness of the horse at all paces will be the result of it.
_Q._ Ought the legs and the hands to aid one another or act separately?
_A._ One of these extremities ought always to have the other for auxiliary.
_Q._ Ought we to leave the horse a long time at the same pace in order to develop his powers?
_A._ It is useless, since the regularity of movements results from the regularity of the positions; the horse that makes fifty steps at a trot regularly is much further advanced in his education than if he made a thousand in a bad position. We must then attend to his position, that is to say, his lightness.
_Q._ In what proportions ought we to use the force of the horse?
_A._ This cannot be defined, since these forces vary in different subjects; but we should be sparing of them, and not expend them without circumspection, particularly during the course of his education. It is on this account that we must, so to say, create for them a reservoir that the horse may not absorb them uselessly, and that the rider may make a profitable and more lasting use of them.
_Q._ What good will there result to the horse from this judicious employment of his forces?
_A._ As we will only make use of forces useful for certain movements, fatigue or exhaustion can only result from the length of time during which the animal will remain at an accelerated pace, and will not be the effect of an excessive muscular contraction which would preserve its intensity, even at a moderate pace.
_Q._ When should we first undertake to make the horse back?
_A._ After the suppling of the neck and haunches.
_Q._ Why should the suppling of the haunches precede that of the loins (the _reculer_)?
_A._ To keep the horse more easily in a straight line and to render the flowing back and forward of the weight more easy.
_Q._ Ought these first retrograde movements of the horse to be prolonged during the first lessons?
_A._ No. As their only object is to annul the instinctive forces of the horse, we must wait till he is perfectly in hand to obtain a backward movement, a true _reculer_.
_Q._ What constitutes a true _reculer_?
_A._ The lightness of the horse (head perpendicular), the exact balance of his body, and the elevation to the same height of the legs diagonally.
_Q._ At what distance ought the spur to be placed from the horse's flanks before the _attaque_ commences?
_A._ The rowel should not be farther than two inches from the horse's flanks.
_Q._ How ought the _attaques_ to be practised?
_A._ They ought to reach the flanks by a movement like the stroke of a lancet, and be taken away as quickly.
_Q._ Are there circumstances where the _attaque_ ought to be practised without the aid of the hand?
_A._ Never; since its only object should be to give the impulsion which serves for the hand to contain (_renfermer_) the horse.
_Q._ Is it the _attaques_ themselves that chastise the horse?
_A._ No. The chastisement is in the contained position that the _attaques_ and the hand make the horse assume. As the latter then finds himself in a position where it is impossible to make use of any of his forces, the chastisement has all its efficiency.
_Q._ In what consists the difference between the _attaques_ practised after the old principles, and those which the new method prescribed?
_A._ Our predecessors (that we should venerate) practised spurring in order to throw the horse out of himself; the new method makes use of it to contain him; that is, to give him that first position which is the mother of all the others.
_Q._ What are the functions of the legs during the _attaques_?
_A._ The legs ought to remain adherent to the horse's flanks and in no respect to partake of the movements of the feet.
_Q._ At what moment ought we to commence the _attaques_?
_A._ When the horse supports peaceably a strong pressure of the legs without getting out of hand.
_Q._ Why does a horse, perfectly in hand, bear the spur without becoming excited, and even without sudden movement?
_A._ Because the skillful hand of the rider, having prevented all displacings of the head, never lets the forces escape outwards; it concentrates them by fixing them. The equal struggle of the forces, or if you prefer it, their _ensemble_, sufficiently explains the apparent dullness of the horse in this case.
_Q._ Is it not to be feared that the horse may become insensible to the legs and lose all that activity necessary for accelerated movements?
_A._ Although this is the opinion of nearly all the people who talk of this method without understanding it, there is nothing in it. Since all these means serve only to keep the horse in the most perfect equilibrium, promptness of movement ought necessarily to be the result of it, and, consequently, the horse will be disposed to respond to the progressive contact of the legs, when the hand does not oppose it.
_Q._ How can we judge whether an _attaque_ is regular?
_A._ When, far from making the horse get out of hand, it makes him come into it.
_Q._ How ought the hand to be supported at the moments of resistance on the part of the horse?
_A._ The hand ought to stop, fix itself, and only be drawn sufficiently towards the body to give the reins a three-quarter tension. In the contrary case, we must wait till the horse bears upon the hand to present this insurmountable barrier to him.
_Q._ What would be the inconvenience of increasing the pressure of the bit by drawing the hand towards the body in order to slacken the horse in his paces by getting him in hand?
_A._ It would not produce an effect upon a particular part, but would act generally upon all the forces, in displacing the weight instead of annulling the force of impulsion. We should not wish to incline to one side what we cannot stop.
_Q._ In what case ought we to make use of the cavesson, and what is its use?
_A._ We should make use of it when the faulty construction of the horse leads him to defend himself, when only simple movements are demanded of him. It is also useful to use the cavesson with restive horses, as its object is to act upon the moral, while the rider acts upon the physical.
_Q._ How ought we to make use of the cavesson?
_A._ At first, the longe of the cavesson should be held at from fifteen or twenty inches from the horse's head, held out and supported with a stiff wrist. We must watch the proper times to diminish or increase the bearing of the cavesson upon the horse's nose, so as to use it as an aid. All viciousness that leads him to act badly is to be repressed by little jerks, which should be given at the very moment of defense. As soon as the rider's movements begin to be appreciated by the horse, the longe of the cavesson ought no longer to act; at the end of a few days the horse will only need the bit, to which he will respond without hesitation.
_Q._ In what case is the rider less intelligent than the horse?
_A._ When the latter subjects him to his caprices, and does what he wishes with him.
_Q._ Are the defenses of the horse physical or moral?
_A._ At first they are physical, but afterwards become moral; the rider ought then to seek out the causes that produce them, and endeavor, by a preparatory exercise, to re-establish the correct equilibrium that a bad natural formation prevented.
_Q._ Can the naturally well-balanced horse defend himself?
_A._ It would be as difficult for a subject uniting all that constitutes a good horse to give himself up to disorderly movements, as it is impossible for the one that has not received the like gifts from nature, to have regular movements, if art did not lend him its aid.
_Q._ What do you mean by _rassembler_?
_A._ The reunion of forces at the centre of gravity.
_Q._ Can we _rassembler_ the horse that does not contain himself under the _attaques_?
_A._ This is altogether impossible; the legs would be insufficient to counterbalance the effects of the hand.
_Q._ At what time ought we to _rassembler_ the horse?
_A._ When the _ramener_ is complete.
_Q._ Of what service is the _rassembler?_
_A._ To obtain without difficulty everything of a complicated nature in horsemanship.
_Q._ In what does the _piaffer_ consist?
_A._ In the graceful position of the body and the harmonized precision of movement of the legs and feet.
_Q._ Is there more than one kind of _piaffer?_
_A._ Two; the slow and the precipitate.
_Q._ Which is to be preferred of these two?
_A._ The slow _piaffer_, since it is only when this is obtained that the equilibrium is perfect.
_Q._ Ought we to make a horse _piaffe_ who will not bear the _rassembler?_
_A._ No; for that would be to step out of the logical gradation that alone can give certain results. Besides, the horse that has not been brought forward by this chain of principles would only execute with trouble and ungracefully what he ought to accomplish with pleasure and nobly.
_Q._ Are all riders alike suited to conquer all the difficulties and seize all the effects of touch?
_A._ As in horsemanship, intelligence is the starting point for obtaining every result, everything is subordinate to this innate disposition; but every rider will have the power to break his horse to an extent commensurate with his own abilities to instruct.
CONCLUSION.
Everybody complains now-a-days of the degeneration of our breeds of horses. Apprehensive too late of a state of things which threatens even the national independence,[U] patriotic spirits are seeking to go back to the source of the evil, and are arranging divers systems for remedying it as soon as possible. Among the causes which have contributed the most to the loss of our old breeds, they forget, it seems to me, to mention the decline of horsemanship, nor do they consider that the revival of this art is indispensable in bringing about the regeneration of the horse.
[U] Much in this chapter, though written for France, applies with great appropriateness to our own country.
The difficulties of horsemanship have long been the same, but formerly constant practice, if not taste, kept it up; these stimulants exist no longer. Fifty years ago, every man of rank was expected to be able to handle a horse with skill, and break one if necessary. This study was an indispensable part of the education of young people of family; and as it obliged them to devote two or three years to the rough exercises of the _manège_, in the end they all became horsemen, some by taste, the rest by habit. These habits once acquired were preserved throughout life; they then felt the necessity of possessing good horses, and men of fortune spared nothing in getting them. The sale of fine horses thus became easy; all gained by it, the breeder as well as the horse. It is not so now; the aristocracy of fortune, succeeding to that of birth, is very willing to possess the advantages of the latter, but would dispense with the onerous obligations which appertained to an elevated rank. The desire of showing off in public places, or motives still more frivolous, sometimes lead gentlemen of our times to commence the study of horsemanship, but, soon wearied of a work without satisfactory results, they find only a monotonous fatigue where they sought a pleasure, and are satisfied they know enough as soon as they can stick passably well in the saddle. So insufficient a knowledge of horsemanship, as dangerous as it is thoughtless, must necessarily occasion sad accidents. They then become disgusted with horsemanship and horses, and as nothing obliges them to continue the exercise, they give it up nearly altogether, and so much the more easily as they naturally care very little about the breeds of horses and their perfection. We must then, as a preliminary measure in the improvement of horses, raise up horsemanship from the low state into which it has fallen. The government can undoubtedly do much here; but it is for the masters of the art to supply, if necessary, what it leaves undone. Let them render attractive and to the purpose studies which have hitherto been too monotonous and often barren; let rational and true principles make the scholar see a real progress, that each of his efforts brings a success with it; and we will soon see young persons of fortune become passionately fond of an exercise which has been rendered as interesting to them as it is noble, and discover, with their love for horses, a lively solicitude for all that concerns their qualities and education.
But horsemen can aim at still more brilliant results. If they succeed in rendering easy the education of common horses, they will make the study of horsemanship popular among the masses; they will put within reach of moderate fortunes, so numerous in our land of equality, the practice of an art that has hitherto been confined to the rich. Such has been the aim of the labors of my whole life. It is in the hope of attaining this end that I give to the public the fruit of my long researches.
But I should say, however, that if I was upheld by the hope of being one day useful to my country, it was the army above all that occupied my thoughts. Though counting many skillful horsemen in its ranks, the system they are made to follow, impotent in my eyes, is the true cause of the equestrian inferiority of so many, as well as of their horses being so awkward and badly broken. I might add that to the same motive is to be attributed the little taste for horsemanship felt by the officers and soldiers. How can it be otherwise? The low price allowed by government for horses of remount, causes few horses of good shape to be met with in the army, and it is only of these that the education is easy. The officers themselves, mounted upon a very common sort of horses, strive in vain to render them docile and agreeable. After two or three years of fatiguing exercise, they end by gaining a mechanical obedience, but the same resistances and the same faults of construction are perpetually recurring. Disgusted by difficulties that appear insurmountable, they trouble themselves no more about horses and horsemanship than the demands of the service actually require.
Yet it is indispensable that a cavalry officer be always master of his horse, so much so as to be able, so to say, to communicate his own thoughts to him; the uniformity of manoeres, the necessities of command, the perils of the battle-field, all demand it imperatively. The life of the rider, every one knows, often depends upon the good or bad disposition of his steed; in the same way the loss or the gain of a battle often hangs on the degree of precision in manoeuvring a squadron. My method will give military men a taste for horsemanship, a taste which is indispensable in the profession they practise. The nature of officers' horses, considered as so defective, is exactly the one upon which the most satisfactory results may be obtained. These animals generally possess a certain degree of energy, and as soon as we know how rightly to use their powers by remedying the physical faults that paralyze them, we will be astonished at the resources they will exhibit. The rider fashioning the steed by degrees will regard him as the work of his hand, will become sincerely attached to him, and will find as much charm in horsemanship as he previously felt _ennui_ and disgust. My principles are simple, easy in their application, and within the reach of every mind. They can everywhere make (what is now so rare) skillful horsemen. I am sure that if my method is adopted and well understood in the army, where the daily exercise of the horse is a necessary duty, we will see equestrian capacities spring up among the officers and sub-officers by thousands. There is not one among them who, with an hour a day of study would not soon be able to give any horse in less than three months the following qualities and education:
1. General suppling.
2. Perfect lightness.
3. Graceful position.
4. A steady walk.
5. Trot steady, measured, extended.
6. Backing as easily and freely as going forward.
7. Gallop easy with either foot, and change of foot by the touch.
8. Easy and regular movement of the haunches, comprising ordinary and reversed _pirouettes_.
9. Leaping the ditch and the bar.
10. _Piaffer._
11. Halt from the gallop, by the aid of first, the pressure of the legs, and then a light support of the hand. I ask all conscientious men: have they seen many horsemen of renown obtain similar results in so short a time?
The education of the men's horses, being less complicated than that of those intended for officers, would on that account be more rapid. The principal things will be the supplings and the backing, followed by the walk, the trot and the gallop, while keeping the horse perfectly in hand. The colonels will soon appreciate the excellent results of this exercise, in consequence of the precision with which all the movements are made. The important flexions of the fore-hand can be executed without leaving the stables, each rider turning his horse around in the stall. It is not for me to point out to the colonels of regiments the exact way of putting my method in practice; it is enough for me to lay down my principles and to explain them. The instructors will themselves supply the details of application too long to enumerate here.
I must again repeat, this book is the fruit of twenty years of observation constantly verified by practice. A long and painful work without doubt, but what compensation I have found in the results I have been happy enough to obtain. In order to let the public judge of the importance of my discoveries, it is sufficient here to give their nomenclature, and I present these processes as new ones, because I can conscientiously say that they never were practised before me. I have added then successively to the manual of the horseman the following principles and innovations:
1. New means of obtaining a good seat.
2. Means of making the horse come to the man, and rendering him steady to mount.
3. Distinction between the instinctive forces of the horse and the communicated forces.
4. Explanation of the influence of a bad formation upon the horse's resistances.
5. Effect of bad formations on the neck and croup, the principal focuses of resistance.
6. Means of remedying the faults, or supplings of the two extremities, and the whole of the horse's body.
7. Annihilation of the instinctive forces of the horse, in order to substitute for them forces transmitted by the rider, and to give ease and beauty of motion to the ungraceful animal.
8. Equality of sensibility of mouth in all horses; adoption of a uniform bit.
9. Equality of sensibility of flanks in all horses; means of accustoming them all to bear the spur alike.
10. All horses can place their heads in the position of _ramener_ and acquire the same lightness.
11. Means of bringing the centre of gravity in a badly-formed horse to the place it occupies in a well-formed one.
12. The rider disposes his horse for a moment, but he does not determine the movement.
13. Why sound horses often are faulty in their paces. Means of remedying this in a few lessons.
14. For changes of direction, use of the leg opposite to the side towards which we turn, so that it may precede the other one.
15. In all backward movements of the horse the rider's legs ought to precede the hands.
16. Distinction between the _reculer_ and the _acculement_; the good effect of the former in the horse's education; the bad effect of the latter.
17. The use of the spurs as a means of education.
18. All horses can _piaffer_; means of rendering this movement slow or precipitate.
19. Definition of the true _rassembler_; means of obtaining it; of its usefulness to produce grace and regularity in complicated movements.
20. Means of bringing all horses to step out freely at a trot.
21. Rational means of putting a horse at a gallop.
22. Halt at a gallop, the legs or the spur preceding the hand.
23. Force continued in proportion to the forces of the horse; the rider should never yield until after having _annulled_ the horse's resistances.
24. Education of the horse in parts, or means of exercising his forces separately.
25. Complete education of horses of ordinary formation in less than three months.
26. Sixteen new figures of the _manège_ proper for giving the finishing touch to the horse's education, and for perfecting the rider's touch.
It is understood that all the details of application appertaining to these innovations are new also, and likewise belong to me.
THE END.
INDEX.
Backing, 64-107
Back to, with a halt, 111
Bit, false and true, yielding to the, 55 " form of, 57 " pressure of the, 54
Breaking, succinct exposition of the method of, 113
Croup, flexions of the, 59
Gallop, of the, 91
Horse, concentration by the rider of the forces of the, 78 " education of the, 23 " " " first lesson, 100 " " " second lesson, 101 " " " third " , 101 " " " fourth " , 102 " " " fifth " , 102 " employment of the forces of the, by the rider, 69 " gathering the, 88 " how to make him come to you, 35 " of the forces of the, 35 " resting his chin on his breast, 53 " education of Partisan, Capitaine, Neptune and Buridan, 104
Jaw, flexion of the, 36
Knees, flexions of the, 22
Leaping, 94
Legs, flexions of the, 21
Neck, depression of the, 40 " direct flexions of the head and, 48 " lateral " " on foot, 45 " " " " " horseback, 47
Piaffer, the, 94
Riding, preparatory lessons for, 19
Saddles, exercises in the, 19
Seat, new means for obtaining a good, 17 " of the rider, 18
Spurs, the use of the, 78
Supplings, the head and neck, 32-58 " Recapitulations, 67
Trot, the, 74 " " backward, 109
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=The Principles of Breeding, and the Best Kind to Breed From. The Treatment of the Brood Mare and Foal. Raising and Breaking the Colt. Stables and Stable Management. Riding, Driving, Etc., Etc.=
_DISEASES AND HOW TO CURE THEM._
The Principal Medicines, and the Doses in which they can be Safely Administered; Accidents, Fractures, and the Operations Necessary in each Case; Shoeing, Etc.
=By J. H. WALSH, F.R.C.S. (Stonehenge.)=
----------
The American Trotting Horse, and Suggestions on the Breeding and Training of Trotters.
=By ELLWOOD HARVEY.=
----------
THE TURF AND TROTTING HORSES OF AMERICA.
=By JOHN ELDERKIN.=
---------- The Percheron Horse, Tables of Pedigrees of Celebrated Trotters.
With Three Fine Engravings on Steel, and Eight Woodcuts. 8vo.
=Cloth extra, black and gold,= =$3.75.= =Sheep, sprinkled edges,= =4.50.= =Half morocco, gilt,= =5.50.=
Sent free by mail on receipt of price. Address,
ALBERT COGSWELL, Publisher, 139 EIGHTH ST., NEW YORK.
--------------------------------
STONEHENGE.
THE HORSE in the STABLE and the FIELD
HIS MANAGEMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. By J. H. WALSH, F. R. C. S.
(STONEHENGE.)
=From the Last London Edition, with an Essay on the AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE, and suggestions on the Breeding and Training of Trotters=,
By ELWOOD HARVEY M. D.
Illustrated with over 80 Engravings, =and full-page Engravings from Photographs=.
=12mo., Cloth extra, bev. bds., black and gold,= =$2.=
----------
WOODRUFF.
The Trotting Horse of America. HOW TO TRAIN AND DRIVE HIM,
WITH REMINISCENCES OF THE TROTTING TURF.
=By HIRAM WOODRUFF.=
=Edited by CHARLES J. FOSTER.=
=Including an Introductory Notice, by GEORGE WILKES, and a Biographical Sketch by the Editor.=
19th edition, revised and enlarged, with an Appendix and a copious Index,
_WITH A STEEL PORTRAIT OF THE AUTHOR_, and six engravings on wood of celebrated trotters.
12mo., Cloth extra, black and gold, =$2.50=
Sent free by mail on receipt of price. Address,
ALBERT COGSWELL, 139 EIGHTH ST., NEW YORK.
---------------------------
DOGS.
Their Management in Health & Disease,
BY
EDWARD MAYHEW, M. R. C. V. S.
Containing full instructions for
=BREEDING, REARING, and KENNELLING DOGS=.
Their different diseases, embracing
DISTEMPER, MOUTH, TEETH, TONGUE, GULLET, RESPIRATORY ORGANS, HEPATITIS, INDIGESTION, GASTRITIS, ST. VITUS' DANCE, BOWEL DISEASES, PARALYSIS, RHEUMATISM, FITS, RABIES, SKIN DISEASES, CANKER, DISEASES OF THE LIMBS, FRACTURES, OPERATIONS, ETC., ETC.
=_HOW TO DETECT AND HOW TO CURE THEM._=
Their medicines, and the doses in which they can be safely administered.
_12mo., Cloth extra, fully Illustrated, Price, $1._
=SENT FREE BY MAIL ON RECEIPT OF PRICE=,
=ADDRESS, ALBERT COGSWELL, Publisher, 139 EIGHTH STREET, NEW YORK=.
-------------------------------
The most complete work on Hunting & Trapping ever published.
HOW TO HUNT AND TRAP,
By J. H. BATTY, Hunter & Taxidermist.
CONTAINING:
Full Instructions for Hunting the Buffalo, Elk, Moose, Deer, Antelope, Bear, Fox, Grouse, Quail, Geese, Ducks, Woodcock, Snipe, etc., etc.; also, the localities where game abound.
IN TRAPPING:
Tells you all about Steel Traps; how to make home-made traps, and how to trap the Bear, Wolf, Wolverine, Fox, Lynx, Badger, Otter, Beaver, Fisher, Martin, Mink, etc.; Birds of Prey; Poisoning Carnivorous animals; with full directions for preparing Pelts for market, etc., etc.
=ILLUSTRATED BY OVER 200 LIFE ENGRAVINGS.=
12mo., Extra Cloth, Price, $1.50.
Sent free by mail on receipt of price.
ADDRESS, =ALBERT COGSWELL, Publisher=, 139 EIGHTH STREET, N. Y.
End of Project Gutenberg's New Method of Horsemanship, by F. Baucher