Chapter 21

CONCLUSION

"Draw the curtain close, And let us all to meditation."

SHAKESPEARE, _Hen. VI_. II.

Sailing, say to India, from Britain down through the Atlantic, close by the coast of Portugal and Spain, and then, within the Mediterranean, skirting the coast of Algeria, and so on, one is often oppressed with a sense of his isolation. We can see that the land we are passing is inhabited by human beings like ourselves; and those houses visible are homes; and signs of life we can see even from our passing vessel. What of all the tragedies and comedies that are daily being enacted in these houses--the exits and the entrances, the friendships and the feuds, the selfishnesses and self-sacrifices, the commonplace toil, the children's play, that are going on the very moment we are looking? We are out of it, and our affections refuse to be wholly alienated from these fellow-beings, although the ship of which we form a part must pursue her own aim, and hurries along.

The Briton's tie to India and Indians is of no passing accidental character. Our life-histories are not merely running parallel; our destinies are linked together. Christian feeling, duty, self-interest, and the interest of a linked destiny all call upon us to know each other and cherish mutual sympathy. Not that the West has ever been without an interest in India, as far back as we have Indian history, in the Greek accounts of the invasion of India by Alexander the Great in 327 B.C. Writing in the first century B.C. and rehearsing what the earlier Greek writers had said about India, Strabo, the Greek geographer, testifies to the prevailing interest in India, and even sets forth the difficulty of knowing India, exactly as a modern student of India often feels inclined to do. "We must take with discrimination," he says, "what we are told about India, for it is the most distant of lands, and few of our nation have seen it. Those, moreover, who have seen it, have seen only a part, and most of what they say is no more than hearsay. Even what they saw, they became acquainted with only while passing through the country with an army, in great haste. Yea, even their reports about the same things are not the same, although they write as if they had examined the things with the greatest care and attention. Some of the writers were fellow-soldiers and fellow-travellers, yet oft-times they contradict each other.... Nor do those who at present make voyages thither afford any precise information." We sympathise with Strabo, as our own readers also may. The interest of the West was of course interrupted when the Turks thrust themselves in between Europe and India and blocked the road Eastward overland. But the sea-road round the Cape of Good Hope was discovered, and West and East met more directly again, and Britain's special interest in India began. Judged by the recent output of English books on India, the interest of Britons in things Indian is rapidly increasing, and, _pace_ Strabo, it is hoped that this book, the record of the birth of New Ideas in India, will not only increase the knowledge but also deepen interest and sympathy. For even more noteworthy than the number of new books--since many of the new books deal only with what may be called Pictorial India--is the deepening of interest manifest in recent years.

That self-glorifying expression, "the brightest jewel in the British crown," has grown obsolete, and India has become not the glory of Britain, but the first of her imperial responsibilities. The thought of Britain as well as the thought of new India has changed. To the extent of recognising a great imperial responsibility, the mission efforts of the Churches and the speeches of statesmen and the output of the press have converted Britain. India, what her people actually are in thought and feeling, what the country is in respect of the necessities of life and industrial possibilities--these are questions that never fail to interest an intelligent British audience. In this volume, the aim has been to set forth the existing thoughts and feelings, especially of new-educated India, and to do so on the historical principle, that to know how a thing _has come to be_, is the right way to know what it is and how to treat it. The history of an opinion is its true exposition. These chapters are not speculations, but a setting forth of the progress of opinion in India during the British period, and particularly during the nineteenth century. The successive chapters make clear how wonderful has been the progress of India during the century in social, political, and religious ideas. The darkness of the night has been forgotten, and will hardly be believed by the new Indians of to-day; and ordinary Britons can hardly be expected to know Indian history beyond outstanding political events. Not, however, to boast of progress, but to encourage educated Indians to further progress, and to enlighten Britons regarding the India which they are creating, is the hope of this volume. Further progress has yet to be made, and difficult problems yet await solution, and to know the history of the perplexing situation will surely be most helpful as a guide. What future is in store for India lies hidden. It would be interesting to speculate, and with a few _ifs_ interposed, it might be easy to dogmatise. What will she become? is indeed a question of fascinating interest, when we ask it of a child of the household, or when we ask it of a great people rejuvenated, to whom the British nation stands in place of parent. In the history of the soul of a people, the century just ended may be but a brief space on which to stand to take stock of what is past and seek inspiration for the future, to talk of progress made and progress possible.

"Where lies the land to which the ship would go? Far, far ahead, is all her seamen know. And where the land she travels from away? Far, far behind, is all that they can say."[132]

But the past century is all the experience of India we Britons have, and we are bound to reflect well upon it in our outlook ahead.

[Footnote 1: The Senate and People of Rome--Senatus Populus-que Romanus.]

[Footnote 2: In the Hindu College at Benares, affiliated to Allahabad University, certain orthodox Hindus also objected to sacred texts being read in the presence of European professors and teachers. Think of it, in that college preparing students for ordinary modern degrees!--Bose, _Hindu Civilisation, I_. xxxiii.]

[Footnote 3: One of the Zoroastrian Persians who fled to Western India at the beginning of the eighth century A.D. At the census of 1901 they numbered 94,190. They are most numerous in the city of Bombay.]

[Footnote 4: _Asiatic Studies_, I.]

[Footnote 5: _Ibid_., I. iii.]

[Footnote 6: _Quinquen, Report on Education in India_, 1897-1902.]

[Footnote 7: For an apparently contrary view, see _Census of India, 1901, Report,_ p. 430: "Railways, which are sometimes represented as a solvent of caste prejudices, have in fact enormously extended the area within which those prejudices reign supreme." The sentence refers to the influence of the fashion of the higher castes in regard to child marriage and prohibition of the marriage of widows.]

[Footnote 8: Sir W.W. Hunter, _England's Work in India_.]

[Footnote 9: The manifold origins of castes are fully discussed in the newest lights in the _Census of India Report_, 1901.]

[Footnote 10: Miss Noble [Sister Nivedita], finds herein an apology for caste. "The power of the individual to advance is by this means kept strictly in ratio to the thinking of the society in which he lives." _(The Web of Indian Life_, p. 145.)]

[Footnote 11: Sir A. Lyall, _Asiatic Studies_, I. v.: "A man is not a Hindu because he inhabits India or belongs to any particular race or state, but because he is a Brahmanist." Similarly _Census of India_, 1901, _Report_, p. 360: "The most obvious characteristics of the ordinary Hindu are his acceptance of the Brahmanical supremacy and of the caste system."]

[Footnote 12: _Harvest Field_, March 1904; _Madras Decen. Missionary Conference Report,_ 1902.]

[Footnote 13: Introduction to _Translation of the Ishopanishad_.]

[Footnote 14: _Benares Hindu Coll. Maga_. Sept. 1904.]

[Footnote 15: _Karkarin: Forty years of Progress and Reform_, p. 117.]

[Footnote 16: _Census of India_, 1901, _Report_, pp. 496, 517, 544.]

[Footnote 17: Miss Noble [Sister Nivedita], _Web of Indian Life_, p. 133.]

[Footnote 18: _Report, Census of India_, 1901, p. 163.]

[Footnote 19: _Census of India_, 1901, _Report_, p. 163.]

[Footnote 20: _Census of India_, 1901, _Report_, p. 522.]

[Footnote 21: _Lux Christi_, by C.A. Mason, p. 255. 1902.]

[Footnote 22: In Italy, in 1891, the sexes were almost equal, being males 1000 to females 995.]

[Footnote 23: _Census of India_, 1901, _Report_, p. 115.]

[Footnote 24: A case of Suttee is reported in the _Bengal Police Report_ for 1903.]

[Footnote 25: _Report, Census of India_, 1901, pp. 442, 443.]

[Footnote 26: Justice Amir Ali, _Life and Teaching of Mohammed_.]

[Footnote 27: Sister Nivedita, _Web of Indian Life_, p. 80.]

[Footnote 28: _Church of Scotland Mission Record_, 1894; _East and West_, July 1905.]

[Footnote 29: Trotter, _India under Queen Victoria_.]

[Footnote 30: P. 428.]

[Footnote 31: _Hindu_ was originally a geographical term referring to the country of the River Indus. It is derived from the Sanscrit (_Sindhu_), meaning _river_, from which also come _Indus, Sindh, Hindu, Hindi,_ and _India_. The names _Indus_ and _India_ are English words got from Greek; they are not Indian, terms at all, although they are coming into use among educated Indians.]

[Footnote 32: _Hindi_ is also used as a comprehensive term for all the kindred dialects of Hindustan. See R.N. Cust, LL.D, _Oecumenical List of Translations of the Holy Scriptures_, 1901. The above account follows that given in the _Census Report_ for 1901.]

[Footnote 33: The correct form, _brahman_, not _brahmin_, is employed by the majority of recent writers.]

[Footnote 34: Quoted in _Census of India_, 1881.]

[Footnote 35: _The Web of Indian Life_, pp. 101, 298.]

[Footnote 36: I. xvi.]

[Footnote 37: _Ancient Geography of Asia_, by Nibaran Chandra Das.]

[Footnote 38: For other testimony to the new national feeling, see _Decen. Missionary Conference Report_, 1902, p. 305, etc.; Sister Nivedita, _Web of Indian Life_.]

[Footnote 39: This may not be so in the extreme south-west, where there have been Christians since the sixth century.]

[Footnote 40: _The Indian National Congress_, by John Murdoch, LL.D., 1898. (Christian Literature Society, Madras.)]

[Footnote 41: _Karkaria: Forty Years of Progress and Reform_, 1896, p. 94.]

[Footnote 42: _The Indian National Congress_, by John Murdoch, LL.D., p. 95. (Madras Christian Literature Society.)]

[Footnote 43: _The Indian National Congress_, by John Murdoch, LL.D. (Madras Christian Literature Society), p. 142, etc.]

[Footnote 44: _Asiatic Studies_, I. iii., II. i.]

[Footnote 45: _The Indian National Congress_, by John Murdoch, LL.D., p. 153. (Madras Christian Literature Society.)]

[Footnote 46: Smith, _Life of Alexander Duff_, 1881, Chapter V.]

[Footnote 47: _Asiatic Studies_, II. I. 7, 37.]

[Footnote 48: _Report of Madras Decennial Missionary Conf_., 1902, p. 311.]

[Footnote 49: Acts iv. 33.]

[Footnote 50: Acts xvii. 18, 32.]

[Footnote 51: _Statistical Atlas of India_, 1895.]

[Footnote 52: Census of 1901.]

[Footnote 53: _Hinduism and its Modern Exponents_, by Rev. C.N. Banerji, B.A.]

[Footnote 54: Monier Williams, _Brahmanism_, etc., p. 18.]

[Footnote 55: Monier Williams, _Hinduism_, p. 38.]

[Footnote 56: Youngson, _Punjab Mission of the Church of Scotland_, p. 27.]

[Footnote 57: "The Arya Samaj," by Rev. H.D. Griswold, D.D., _Madras Decen. Mission. Conference Report_; "The Arya Samaj," by Rev. H. Forman, _Allahabad Mission Press_, 1902; _Biographical Essays_, by Max Müller--"Dyananda Saraswati"]

[Footnote 58: For another explanation of the separation, see Lillie, _Madame Blavatsky_, chap. vii.]

[Footnote 59: 62,458,077 Mahomedans at Census of 1901.]

[Footnote 60: _Census of India_, 1901, _Report_, pp. 371-73.]

[Footnote 61: Disguised as _Necharis_ in the _Report, Census of India_, 1901, p. 373. See Youngson, _Punjab Mission of the Church of Scotland_, p. 14; _Madras Decen. Miss. Conf. Report of_ 1902, p. 341.]

[Footnote 62: _Asiatic Studies_, I. 1.]

[Footnote 63: Guru-prasad Sen in _Introduction to the Study of Hinduism_, quoted in _Madras Decen. Miss. Conf. Report_, p. 280.]

[Footnote 64: Sister Nivedita, _Web of Indian Life_, pp. 175, 179.]

[Footnote 65: Cf. _Philosophic Hinduism_, p. 27, Madras, C.V.E.S.]

[Footnote 66: Amy W. Carmichael, _Things as they are in South India_.]

[Footnote 67: Monier Williams, _Brahmanism and Hinduism_, p. 54.]

[Footnote 68: _Indian Missions from the Outside_.]

[Footnote 69: _Hinduism_, p. 88. _Things as They Are_, iv. by Amy W. Carmichael.]

[Footnote 70: _Intellectual Progress of India_, P. Mitter, p. 5.]

[Footnote 71: _Defence of Hindu Theism: Appeal to the Christian Public_ (II. 91).]

[Footnote 72: Smith, _Life of Dr. Wilson_.]

[Footnote 73: Rammohan Roy, _Appeal to the Christian Public_.]

[Footnote 74: _Vedic Hinduism_, (Madras C.V.E.S.) 1888.]

[Footnote 75: Bose, _Hindu Civilisation during British Rule_, i. 95.]

[Footnote 76: Monier Williams, _Modern India_, 1878, p. 101.]

[Footnote 77: Plato in the _Timæus_ teaches the eternal existence of matter as a substance distinct from God. See also p. 134.]

[Footnote 78: Max Müller, _Ramakrishna_, p. 48.]

[Footnote 79: Sister Nivedita, _The Web of Indian Life_.]

[Footnote 80: Monier Williams, _Brahmanism and Hinduism_, p. 25, etc.]

[Footnote 81: For the Yoga System, see pp. 127, 128, 134.]

[Footnote 82: _Text-book of Hindu Religion_, etc., p. 60.]

[Footnote 83: See _also Life of Rev. J.J. Weitbrecht_, 1830, p. 318.]

[Footnote 84: Max Müller, _Ramakrishna_, p. 8.]

[Footnote 85: _Weekly Statesman_ (Calcutta), 14 IX. 1905.]

[Footnote 86: Rev. Dr. Griswold in _Madras Decen. Missionary Conf. Report_, 1902, p. 317.]

[Footnote 87: _Asiatic Studies_, II. i. 11.]

[Footnote 88: Sister Nivedita, _The Web of Indian Life_, pp. 191, 287.]

[Footnote 89: Avatar=a descent.]

[Footnote 90: Lillie, _India and its Problems_.]

[Footnote 91: Smith, _Life of Dr. John Wilson_, pp. 63, 65.]

[Footnote 92: Lillie, _India and its Problems_, p. 130.]

[Footnote 93: _Biographical Sketch of K.M. Banerjea_, p. 79. K.M. Banerjea, _Christianity and Hinduism_, pp. 1, 2, 11. Monier Williams, _Hinduism_, p. 36, etc; _Brahmanism and Hinduism_, pp. 4, 14, 17, 33. Compare Hebrews i. 2, 3.]

[Footnote 94: _Hinduism and its Modern Exponents_, Rev. C.N. Banerjea, B.A. Calcutta, 1893.]

[Footnote 95: _Sketches of Indian Christians_ (Madras C.L.S.), 1896.]

[Footnote 96: _Lectures in India_.]

[Footnote 97: P.N. Mitter, _Intellectual Progress of Modern India_.]

[Footnote 98: _U.F. Church of Scot. Mission Report_ for 1903; _Madras Decen. Missionary Conference Report_, 1903, pp. 310, 311.]

[Footnote 99: Farquhar, _The Future of Christianity in India_ (Chr. Lit. Soc).]

[Footnote 100: K.C. Banurji, Esq., M.A., B.L., Registrar of Calcutta University.]

[Footnote 101: _Asiatic Studies_, I. v. 143.]

[Footnote 102: _Madras Decen. Miss. Conf. Report_, 1902, p. 345.]

[Footnote 103: Translated by Rev. J.L. Thakur Das, of Lahore.]

[Footnote 104: J.N. Farquhar, M.A., in _The Future of Christianity in India_, Madras C.L.S.]

[Footnote 105: For a fuller statement, see Farquhar, _The Future of Christianity in India_. C.L.S., Madras.]

[Footnote 106: Flint, _Philosophy of History_.]

[Footnote 107: _Asiatic Studies_, I. i.]

[Footnote 108: Bhag. Gita, v. 3, quoted by Max Müller in _Ramakrishna_, p. 3.]

[Footnote 109: _Asiatic Studies_, II. i. 35.]

[Footnote 110: John v. 11.]

[Footnote 111: The term _Nirvana_ is not used by ordinary uneducated Indians: it is known only to the educated.]

[Footnote 112: Max Müller, _Ramakrishna_.]

[Footnote 113: Sister Nivedita, _The Web of Indian Life_.]

[Footnote 114: Rev. H. Forman, _The Arya Sarm[=a]j_, Allahabad.]

[Footnote 115: _Madras Decen. Missionary Conf. Report_, 1902, p. 276.]

[Footnote 116: Hastie, _Hindu Idolatry and English Enlightenment_.]

[Footnote 117: "The tendency of the doctrine of Karma has been to promote contentment."--Bose, _Hindu Civilisation_, I. lix.]

[Footnote 118: Sir M. Monier Williams' _Brahmanism and Hinduism_.]

[Footnote 119: Sister Nivedita, _The Web of Indian Life_, p. 198.]

[Footnote 120: Taken from the Chh[=a]ndogya Upanishad.]

[Footnote 121: Lilly, _India and its Problems_.]

[Footnote 122: K.S. Macdonald, _Sin and Salvation ... in the Tantras_, Calcutta Methodist Publ. House.]

[Footnote 123: _Brahmanism and Hinduism_, pp. 25, 24; _Hinduism_, p. 39.]

[Footnote 124: Monier Williams, _Brahmanism and Hinduism_.]

[Footnote 125: _The [=A]rya Sam[=a][=i]_, by Rev. Henry Forman. Allahabad, 1887.]

[Footnote 126: _Religious Reform_, Part IV. Madras C.V.E.S., 1888.]

[Footnote 127: _Religious Reform_, Part IV. Madras C.V.E.S., 1888.]

[Footnote 128: K.S. Macdonald, _Sin and Salvation ... in the Tantras_. Calcutta Methodist Publ. House.]

[Footnote 129: Monier Williams, _Brahmanism and Hinduism_, p. 63.]

[Footnote 130: Monier Williams, _Brahmanism and Hinduism_, Chap. V.]

[Footnote 131: Max Müller, _Ranuikrishna Paramahansa_, p. viii.]

[Footnote 132: A.H. Clough. Quoted by Lord Curzon at Simla, September 1905.]

INDEX

Absorption into Deity, 153, 223, 226, 230.

Agnosticism, 183.

Agra, 2, 67, 82.

Ahmad, Mirza Gholam, of Qadian, 202-4, 210.

Ahmad, Sir Syed, 146.

Akbar, 13, 95.

Allah, 3, 207.

Allahabad, 13.

Ammonius, the Neo-Platonist, 208-9.

Anglo-Indians, viii, 51-2, 67, 88, 89, 91, 100, 101, 105, 114, 123, 124, 160.

Anti-British feeling, ix, xi, 88-95, 101, 137, 144-5, 190, 192, 240.

Anti--Christian feeling, 137, 191-2, 241.

Anti-foreign feeling, 128, 191-2, 240. _See_ Indian bias.

Army. _See_ British soldiers.

[=A]rya Sam[=a]j, 30, 36, 46, 56-7, 64, 122, 132-40, 143-5, 149, 169, 172, 181-2, 210, 228-9, 241-2, 250-2.

Aryans, 32, 70, 78, 134, 139, 156

Ascetics, 12, 47-9, 107, 157, 184, 219, 249, 255.

Asoka. 77-8.

Assam, 35, 214, 265.

Aurangzeb, 3, 14, 77.

Avatars (descents or incarnations), 184-8, 200, 211.

Avidya (ignorance). _See_ Delusion.

Awakening, Intellectual, 19, 76, 118. _See_ New.

Banerjea, K.M., 46, 94, 188-9.

Banyan tree, 12-3.

Baroda, 26, 35, 54, 58.

Beef, 18, 136.

Benares, 3, 13, 54, 132, 142, 246.

Benares, Hindu College, 25, 142-3, 155, 173, 182, 234-5.

Bengal, v, 8-9, 35-6, 47-8, 54, 60, 64, 69, 75, 81-2, 84, 106, 127, 129, 130, 138, 145, 163, 168, 178, 191, 194-5, 198-9, 218, 230-1, 250, 267.

Bentinck, Lord W., 25.

Besant, Mrs., 31, 38, 140-2, 208, 237.

Bhagabat Gita, 96, 198-9.

Bhakti (enthusiastic devotion), 187, 261-8.

Bible, 111, 194-8, 205-6, 211-2, 233. 247, 253, 263-4, 267.

Blavatsky, Madame, 31, 140-1, 209.

Bombay, 2, 44, 46, 54, 69, 75, 81, 84-6, 96, 130-1, 138-9, 167, 172, 195, 257.

Bose's _Hindu Civilisation_, etc., 75, 160, 170, 196.

Brahma, 70, 169, 175-7, 256-7, 261, 266.

Brahm[=a], 70, 176-7, 185.

Br[=a]hma Sam[=a]j, 30, 36, 56-7, 62-4, 71, 122, 125-31, 143, 145-6, 148, 169-71, 179, 192, 194-5, 234, 250, 252, 264, 267-8.

Brahman privileges, 6-7, 16-7, 24, 42, 60, 245-6, 249.

Brahmanism, 69-70, 255.

Brahmans, 7, 21, 23, 26, 30, 35, 38-9, 49, 60, 68-9, 128, 151, 158, 167, 219, 237, 249-50, 260, 262.

Breath, Ritual management of the, 246.

Britain and India. _See_ India.

British Government, 2, 8, 14, 25, 33-6, 53, 55, 73-6, 79, 92-4, 106, 144, 208, 217-9.

British Government, a theological illustration, 154, 157.

British Government, Acts of, 14, 53-5, 72, 254.

British Government and caste, 33-6.

British influence, vii, ix, 4-5, 14-15, 42-4, 61, 106, 272-3.

British merchants, viii.

British soldiers, 2, 15.

Brotherhood of man, 102, 239.

Buddha or Sakya Muni, 161, 186, 196, 199, 223, 227, 249, 260, 264, 267.

Buddhism, Buddhists, 66, 70, 77, 141, 196, 226, 254-5.

Calcutta, 2, 17, 25-6, 36, 43, 45-8, 63, 72, 79, 85-6, 99, 122, 125-6, 181, 192, 198, 230, 232, 247-8, 250.

Calcutta University, 6, 49, 68, 134, 247.

Capital in India, 92-3.

Cashmere, 204.

Caste, 22, 39, 46, 48, 56, 75, 95, 128, 132, 135, 137, 142-3, 158, 190, 211, 218, 260, 262-3.

Caste declining, 16-8, 35, 37-8, 218.

Castes: Brahman. _See_ Brahman; Kayasth (Clerk), 5, 35, 48, 49; Kshatriya or Soldier, 35; Mahratta, 35; Nayar, 33; Pariah, 33; Shaha, 35; Soldier, 35; Sudras (the group of lowest castes recognised as within Hinduism), 6, 21.

Census of 1901, 5, 17, 33-6, 53-4, 57, 59, 61, 64, 106, 131, 154, 207, 263.

Central Provinces, 17.

Chaitanya or Gauranga, 22, 199-200, 264, 267.

Chet Ram, 204-8.

Chinese--Literati, 43, 113; Pilgrim, 13; Anti-foreign feeling, 191.

Christ. _See_ Jesus Christ.

Christian civilisation in India, xi, 4, 14.

Christian doctrine in contrast, 172, 174, 181, 186, 207, 221-34, 238, 241, 253, 261-2.

Christian influence, 146, 153, 156, 158-9, 169-71, 179, 197, 206, 222.

Christian religion, The, 221-2.

Christian worship, 117, 128, 187, 245, 250, 263, 264.

Christianity in India, xi, 14, 41, 44, 73, 80, 101, 105-9, 112, 115, 125-7, 133, 143, 148-9, 165, 182, 190, 196-7, 241.

Christians, 151, 163, 203-4, 233-4.

Christians, Indian, 5, 30, 32, 37, 45, 52, 56-7, 62-4, 66, 89, 122-5, 137, 143, 169, 190-2, 194-5, 264-6.

Citizenship, Idea of, 24, 72-3, 87, 101, 104, 218.

Civil Servants, vii-ix, 87, 160, 188.

Cochin, 33.

Colleges, Indian, x, 48-9, 74.

Common welfare, Idea of. _See_ Public.

Commons, House of, 102.

Company, East India, 99.

Comparative religion, 107-8.

Conflict of ideas, 4, 6, 7, 49, 117. _See_ Christian doctrine.

Congress, The--the All-India political association, 76-93, 133, 139, 144.

Conservatism, Indian, vi, 11-20, 46, 49, 83, 142, 158-165.

Coronation, Bengali representative at, 29.

Cow, Sanctity of the, 136, 151, 202.

Creator, 177, 186, 189.

Cremation and burial, 105.

Curzon, Lord, 15, 89, 93, 274.

Darjeeling, 18.

Daru-l-harb, 145-6.

Delhi, 2, 67, 68, 82.

Delusion, 153, 157, 173-7, 184-5, 220, 241, 243, 257-8.

Devotee. _See_ Jogi.

Digby, William, 92-3.

Doctors, Indian lady, 62.

Doctrine. _See_ Christian; Hindu.

Drink-selling, 18.

Dualistic conceptions, 172, 178, 242.

Dufferin Association, Lady, 62.

Durga, the Goddess, 251.

Dutt, Narendranath, B.A. _See_ Vivekananda.

Eating together, 81, 104, 160.

Educated Indians, The New, v, vii, ix, 44-5, 55, 58, 76, 83, 86-7, 89, 91, 97-8, 112, 115, 117-8, 124, 127, 132, 140, 143, 149, 155-6, 159-62, 167-71, 173-4, 178, 183, 185, 189-92, 196, 211, 222, 230-42, 250, 255, 258.

Education in India-- Boys, 5, 43. Females, 5, 46, 55-6, 62. Influence of, 15, 39-49, 94, 101, 106, 115, 126, 132, 146, 160, 168.

Edward VII., 2, 29, 76.

Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 44.

English education. _See_ Education.

English-knowing Indians. _See_ Educated Indians.

English language, 14-5, 39-41, 44, 78, 81, 83.

English literature, 14, 23, 73, 179.

Esoteric religion. _See_ Knowledge.

Eternal entities, Three, 134, 172.

Europe, Voyages to, 26-9, 45, 48, 101, 127, 149.

Europeans. _See_ Anglo-Indians.

Evolution of India, v.

Extinction. _See_ Nirvana.

Family ties, Indian, 52, 60.

Famines, 2, 20, 74, 92-3, 94, 98, 106, 215, 232-3.

Farquhar, J.N., 197-8, 209.

Females. _See_ Education; Infanticide; Women.

Females fewer than males, 52-4.

Flesh-eating. _See_ Food.

Food forbidden, vi, 18, 26-7, 48, 105, 136-7.

Future of India, 41, 98, 116, 273-4.

Ganges, The, 17, 246, 254, 266-7, 272-3.

Girls. _See_ Education.

God, 134, 150, 154-7, 166-9, 172-5, 178-82, 184, 211, 221-2, 224-5, 230, 242-5, 250-1.

God, Fatherhood of, 116-8, 149, 179-82, 228-9, 239-40, 249-50.

Goddesses, 107, 178-9, 216, 227, 251.

Gujarat, 82, 178.

Gunning Lectures, v. xii.

Guru (religious teacher or spiritual guide), xi, 163-5, 200, 206, 246, 260.

Hari, the God, 187, 197.

Harnack, Prof., 209-10, 221.

Hastie, Rev. Dr., 48, 231.

Heaven and hell, Ideas of, 224, 228-30. _See_ Hereafter.

Hereafter, The, 117, 149, 213-38, 240.

Hindu, Hinduism, Definitions of, 24, 26, 66, 69-70, 78, 151-4, 169.

Hindu doctrines, 144-69, 200, 228.

Hindu exclusiveness, 6, 30, 47, 75, 80, 142, 149.

_Hindu Religion, Catechism of_, 182.

_Hindu Religion, Text-book of_, 38, 142-3, 173-7, 227, 229, 235-7, 260.

Hindu religious mood, 7, 180.

Hindu reverence for holy men, 165.

Hindu Revival, 38, 79, 122, 143, 155, 173, 193, 211, 230, 235, 251.

Hindu rites, 158-65, 245-9.

Hindu Triad, 70, 176-7, 185-7, 207 255

Hinduism, 7, 112-3, 133, 135, 138, 142-3, 145, 159-60, 163, 173, 182, 200, 202, 206-9, 228-9, 230, 246-7, 255, 260, 263, 266.

Hinduism and Christianity. _See_ Christian doctrine.

Hinduism regarded as local or racial, 40-1, 114-6.

Hinduism, Solidarity of, 17, 23-4, 75.

Hindus, 106, 128, 133-4, 140, 142, 144, 150, 178, 180, 204, 242, 250.

Hindus and Mahomedans, 3-4, 89, 137, 144, 204.

Hindustan, Hindustani, 66-8, 81.

Ideas, New. _See_ New.

Idolatry, 544-5, 48, 65, 127, 133, 135, 166-9, 171, 211, 256, 262.

Ilbert Bill, 88.

Illusion. _See_ Delusion.

Immortality. _See_ Hereafter.

Incarnation. _See_ Avatar.

India, Indians (meaning of), 65-6, 78.

India, Ancient, 139-41, 236.

India and Britain, xi, 2-4, 78, 91, 95-8, 236-7, 270-4.

India and Mahomedans, 145-6.

India, Features of, 158, 202, 204, 206, 212-17, 221.

India, New. _See_ Educated.

India ruled by Indians, 91.

Indian bias, 95-7, 128, 190.

Individual's rights, The, 21-5.

Infanticide, 53-4.

Interest in India, 1-4, 107, 270-4.

Japan, 89, 98, 113, 195.

Jesus Christ, 112, 117-9, 149, 184-213, 221-2, 227-8, 234, 240-1, 248, 253, 255, 258, 264-5, 267-8.

Jesus Christ and Chaitanya, 199-200.

Jesus Christ and Krishna, 187-9, 198-9.

Jesus Christ distinguished from Christians and Christianity, 192-7, 207-11.

Jews, 104, 151, 203, 263.

Joga philosophy (the system which specially instructs devotees), 127-8, 134.

Jogi (a devotee), 185, 212, 228, 237, 240, 257-60, 265.

John's Gospel, St., 195, 212, 233.

Juggernath, 263.

Justice, God's, 181, 241, 252.

Kali, the Goddess, 178, 246.

Kalighat, 108, 248.

Karachi, 82, 86.

Karma (works, or rebirth according to one's acts), 262. _See_ Transmigration.

Kayasth (clerk), caste. _See_ Castes.

Keranis (Christians), 137.

Knowledge, Saving, 175, 177, 220, 244, 256-9, 266.

Koran, 145, 182, 203.

Krishna, vi, 96, 186-9, 198-200, 204, 211, 227, 245, 261, 264, 266-7.

Krishnaites, Neo-, 198, 209, 230.

Kulin brahmans (Kulin signifies a recognised aristocracy within a caste), 60.

Lahore, 122, 180, 204, 206.

Law, Profession of, 42, 62.

Legislative Councils, 73, 84-5.

Life, Economic value of, 216-8, 221.

London, 79, 93, 100, 126.

Lyall, Sir Alfred, 8, 24, 69, 94, 105, 151, 182, 202, 218-19.

Macaulay, 44, 99, 168.

Madras, 2, 46, 54, 69, 81-2, 84, 140-1, 152, 161, 170-1, 196.

Mahabharat, 186, 198.

Mahatmas (great spirits), 141, 209.

Mahomedanism, 36-7, 107-8, 128, 144-7, 169.

Mahomedans, 3, 37, 41, 50, 59, 61, 66, 68, 78, 80, 89, 96, 128, 137, 144-7, 151, 163, 182, 196, 202-4, 206-7, 263.

Mahomedans. _See_ Hindus and Mahomedans.

Mahrattas, 78, 82.

Malabari (a Parsee reformer), 7, 30, 46, 90, 195-6, 241.

Mantra (sacred Sanscrit text), 164, 248.

Manu, 143, 235, 246.

Marriage, 22-3, 26, 31-2, 55-61, 104, 135.

Marriage age for girls, 4, 14, 19, 46, 55-8.

Marriage of widows, 19, 26, 31, 45, 55, 57, 63, 135.

Mary, mother of Jesus, 195, 205, 207.

Masses, The, 43, 182, 228, 242, 245, 254-5.

Matter, 134, 172-3.

Maya or unreality of the objects of Sense and Consciousness. _See_ Delusion.

Merchants, British, viii.

Messiahs, Indian, 201-4.

Methodists, 111, 265-6.

Middle Class, New. _See_ Educated.

Mission College, 49, 142, 180, 195.

Missionaries, viii, 52, 54, 62, 99, 106, 123, 124, 158, 167, 187, 189, 191, 195-7, 202, 217, 232, 237, 241. _See_ Scotland.

Missionary Conference, Decennial, 106, 136.

Moghul empire and emperors, 2-4, 14, 67, 77.

Monier Williams. _See_ Williams.

Monotheism, 107, 117, 126, 127-8, 130, 134, 140, 150, 153-5, 161, 166-183, 239, 242, 252, 258, 260, 266.

Mosque, 3, 13-4, 50.

Mother (title of deities), 178-81.

Mozumdar, P.C., 30, 195.

Mukti, 40-1, 246. _See_ Salvation.

Müller, Max, 75, 136, 170, 175.

Municipalities, 86.

Murdoch, Rev. Dr. John, 81, 91, 93, 95, 170, 196.

Mutiny, The, 95.

Nanda-kumar, 25, 42.

Nationality, Idea of, 9, 24, 75, 95, 101, 104, 124, 129, 132, 134, 139, 190, 218.

Native States, 76, 95.

Nature, Tyranny of, 214-6.

Naturis, 146-7.

Neo-Platonists a religious parallel to New Indians, 207-12.

New Era, The, 1-10, 19, 76.

New ideas, v, vi, ix, xi, 4, 6-10, 15, 19, 49, 76, 165, 236.

New India. _See_ Educated.

New Testament. _See_ Bible; John; Paul.

Newspapers. _See_ Press.

Nirvana, 226, 230, 255.

Noble, Miss (Sister Nivedita), 22, 31, 32, 75, 153, 175, 185, 228, 243.

North-West, The, 82, 172, 241, 250.

Northern India, 2, 28-9, 37, 66-8, 77, 107, 130.

Pandit (learned man or teacher), xi, 31, 47, 134, 142, 162.

Pantheism, 107, 126-9, 140, 150, 153, 155-7, 166, 169-78, 182-5, 209, 220, 229, 239, 242-5, 249, 251, 256-8, 260-1.

Parameswar, 176-7, 207.

Paramhansa, Ramkrishna, 47, 48, 175, 199, 227, 265.

Pariahs. _See_ Castes.

Parliament of Religions, 30, 48, 128, 152, 227, 243.

Parsees, 7, 41, 66, 82, 138, 178.

Patriotism, 95, 116, 130, 132, 134-5, 141, 149, 172, 190. _See_ Indian bias.

Paul, Saint, 111, 253, 264.

Pessimism, Indian, 212-22, 229, 232.

Philosophy, Hindu, 47, 70, 128, 172-6, 179, 220.

Physical changes, 120-2.

Pilgrims, 13, 245-6, 262-3.

Plains, The, 2, 66, 130.

Political activity, 20, 138.

Political criticism, Idea of, 7, 72-4, 76, 78.

Political Economy, 99, 216.

Political ideas, New, v, 7, 72-102, 104.

Political reformers, 83.

Polygamy, 55, 59-61.

Polytheism, 128, 133, 150, 153-6, 166-72, 182, 239, 242, 249, 262.

Poona, 97.

Post Office, 2, 34, 76.

Poverty, Indian, 20, 99. _See_ Famines.

Prajapati, 188-9.

Pr[=a]rthan[=a] Sam[=a]jes (Prayer Associations), 122, 130-1, 138, 169, 171-2, 250-2, 267.

Prayer, 128, 130, 244-5, 250-1.

Press, The Indian, 20, 26, 72, 73, 75, 88-9, 92, 99.

Priesthood, Hereditary, 7, 163, 245.

Priesthood twofold, 163-5.

Professions, Modern, 42, 144.

Progress, xi, 8, 52, 273.

Public meetings, 17, 113.

Public questions, Idea of, 16-7, 72.

Punjab, 36, 47, 84, 130, 132-3, 138, 201, 228, 234.

Purans or later Hindu Scriptures, 137.

Purohit (celebrant priest), 163-5, 260.

Purusha (the first embodiment of the Universal Spirit), 21, 188-9.

Qadian. _See_ Ahmad.

Race feeling, 88-95.

Railways, 2, 17, 18, 76.

Rajputana, 54, 58.

Ram, 77, 186, 227, 261, 266.

Ramabhai, Pandita, 46.

Ramayan, The, 77, 186.

Rao, Sir T. Madhava, 28, 46.

Reactionaries, 20, 46, 149, 243. _See_ Conservatism; Hindu Revival.

Reformers. _See_ Political, Religious, Social.

Reincarnation. _See_ Transmigration.

Religious ideas, Hindu, 7, 94, 104, 115, 117, 150.

Religious ideas, New, v, 8, 9, 103, 150.

Religious leaders not brahmans, 30-1, 249.

Religious reformers, 22, 45-6, 49.

Renaissance, Indian, 19, 104. _See_ New.

Responsibility, Moral, 156. _See_ Sin.

Resurrection, The, 110-1, 126.

Rigveda (earliest book of Aryan hymns), 135, 188, 234, 246.

Robertson Lectures, Alexander, v, xi. xii.

Roy, Rammohan, 16, 23, 26, 45, 54-5, 75, 125-7, 157, 167-9, 194, 250, 267.

Russia, 89, 98.

Sacred places, 3, 154, 244-8.

Sacrifice, 108, 133, 135, 179, 247-9, 262.

Salvation, 40-1, 108, 221, 239-67. _See_ Mukti.

Sankarachargya, 153, 244-5.

Sanscrit College, Calcutta, 5, 15, 35.

Sanscrit learning, 6, 15, 47, 128, 162.

Saraswati (Hindu Goddess of Learning), 192.

Saraswati, Dyanand, 30, 46, 134, 136.

Schools and Caste, 34, 39.

Schools, Secondary, 43.

Scotland Mission, Church of, 48, 99, 265.

Sea--voyages forbidden. _See_ Europe.

Self-government, 15, 86.

Self-torture, 107, 254-55, 257, 261.

Sen, Keshub Chunder, 8, 30, 46, 125, 130, 179-80, 192, 195, 252.

Serfdom, Indian, 27-9.

Shah, Mahbub, 204-6.

Shrines. _See_ Sacred places.

Sikhs, 37.

Sin, Idea of, 156, 172, 239-53.

Singh, Hakim, 202.

Sinnett, A.P., 92, 141.

Siva, the God, 14, 164, 176-7, 185, 246.

Sivaji, 96.

Social ideas, Hindu, 6-7, 21, 50, 104, 105. _See_ Women, Zenana.

Social ideas, New, v, 8, 21, 39, 98.

Social reformers, 22, 45-6, 49, 116.

Social usages rigid, Hindu, 159, 165.

Sorabjee, Miss Cornelia, 62.

Soul, The, 134, 172-3, 213-4, 224-5, 227-31, 235-6.

South India, 28-9, 33-4, 37, 106, 130, 156, 195, 232, 252.

Students, 41-5, 60.

Sudras. _See_ Castes.

Suttee or Widow-burning (_Sati,_ a chaste woman), v, 4, 45, 54-5, 127.

Swadeshi (boycott of all except _own-country_ products), 97.

Tantras, 229, 246, 256, 261.

Teachers, Indian, xi.

Tennyson, 14, 216, 234, 254.

Theatres, 63.

Theism. _See_ Monotheism.

Theosophists, 30, 38, 92, 122, 132, 138-43, 149, 208-9, 235.

Thibet, 89, 141, 196, 204, 209.

Tilak, Hon. Mr., 96-7, 99.

Tols, 162-3.

Transmigration, 31, 38, 108, 134, 153, 185, 213-4, 220-38, 240, 246, 258, 260.

Travancore State, 37.

Trinity, 186, 207.

Unitarians, 126, 171, 267.

United Provinces, 36, 46, 54, 84, 105, 130, 132-3, 145, 172, 228, 234, 250.

Unity of India, New, 75, 104, 116.

Universities, 43, 49, 89, 99-100, 216.

Upanishads, 170, 235.

Vedanta (the specially pantheistic system of Hindu philosophy), 6, 172, 209, 230, 244.

Vedas, 46, 135-7, 140, 210, 234.

Vedas do not sanction certain abuses, 47, 135.

Viceroy, 79, 85, 114.

Victoria, Queen, 2, 52.

Vidyasagar, I.C., 45, 63.

Vivekananda, Swami (Narendranath Dutt, B.A.), 30, 47-9, 128, 227, 243-5.

Vishnu, the God; or Hari, 176-7, 185-7, 197, 255, 261.

Vishnuism, 262.

Wahabbis, 145.

Western India, 8, 35, 54, 82, 138, 171, 251.

Widow. _See_ Marriage.

Williams, Sir M. Monier, 23, 70, 126, 154-5, 164, 170, 188-9, 235, 249, 262

Wilson, Dr. John, 167, 257.

Women, 151, 237.

Women, Social position of, 31, 37, 40, 50-64. _See_ Zenana.

Youngson, Rev. Dr., 135-6.

Zenana system (Zenana=the women's portion of a Hindu house), 52, 55, 61-3, 133.