Chapter 6—Governments and the Net:

Making Sure Orwell Was Wrong

Footnote 6.1:

Encryption is the scrambling of messages into codes.

Footnote 6.2:

Simson Garfinkel, _Wired_, March 1995, page 44.

Footnote 6.3:

To simplify a bit, cryptography is the study, or the technique, of making secret messages.

Footnote 6.4:

Peter Huber, _Orwell’s Revenge: The 1984 Palimpsest_ (New York: The Free Press, 1994).

Footnote 6.5:

Sandy Sandford, “The intelligent island?” _Wired_, September/October 1993.

Footnote 6.6:

Rosalind Resnick, “Cyberbiz” column of July 3, 1995, published in the _Miami Herald_, on the Knight-Ridder wire and her Web site, http://www.netcreations.com. One of the best sites on the whole Net. Drop by!

Footnote 6.7:

Exon has announced plans not to run again—his term ends in 1997. But who knows what can happen in the meantime?

Footnote 6.8:

My favorite observation on the passion for censorship comes from Phil Kirby, a former editorial writer for the _Los Angeles Times_, by way of Nat Hentoff, in the book _Free Speech for Me, But Not for Thee_. “Censorship,” Kirby said, “is the strongest drive in human nature; sex is a weak second.” Thanks to Rob Chatelle of the National Writers Union for bringing this gem to my attention.

Footnote 6.9:

The example of messages violating local standards comes from a syndicated column by Lawrence Magid that appeared in the _Washington Post_ on March 13, 1995.

Footnote 6.10:

Buckley and George Will are the most famous conservative journalists in the United States. Among other accomplishments, Buckley is founder of the _National Review_. His comments appeared in an “On the Right” column released through the United Press Syndicate on February 24, 1995.

Footnote 6.11:

Perhaps the idea will have been changed by now to allow more freedom to librarians and the public.

Footnote 6.12:

David Buerger, “Our lives are quickly becoming an open book,” _Communications Week_, May 9, 1994, page 52.

Footnote 6.13:

Simson Garfinkel, _PGP: Pretty Good Privacy_ (Sebastopol, California: O’Reilly & Associates, 1995), page 88.

Footnote 6.14:

Ibid.

Footnote 6.15:

Ibid.

Footnote 6.16:

William M. Bulkeley, “Cipher probe: Popularity overseas of encryption code has the U.S. worried; Grand jury ponders if creator ‘exported the program through the Internet’; ‘Genie is out of the bottle,’” The _Wall Street Journal_, April 28, 1994, page A1.

Footnote 6.17:

“Tidbits on the PGP/Zimmermann case—Protecting Americans’ privacy,” an item that Jim Warren released in the March 6, 1995, issue of his online newsletter, _Government Access_.

Footnote 6.18:

Steven Levy, “Crypto rebel,” _Wired_, February 1993.

Footnote 6.19:

Ibid.

Footnote 6.20:

Garfinkel, _PGP_, page 112.

Footnote 6.21:

Ibid.

Footnote 6.22:

Ibid.

Footnote 6.23:

As of this writing, it looked as if Warren wouldn’t testify—perhaps because his remarks would have been so helpful to Zimmermann’s side.

Footnote 6.24:

To its credit, the White House at least called attention to the First Amendment nightmares of the Exon “decency” bill. Given how bad the bill was, however, that was a little like denouncing slavery.

Footnote 6.25:

If the case is still on, contact Hugh Miller at [email protected] for information on making donations.

Footnote 6.26:

“Another chop at the Clipper chip,” _Business Week_, February 13, 1995.

Footnote 6.27:

“I oppose the Clipper Chip and all forms of key escrow because it’s impossible to use bad legislation as a substitute for bad engineering,” Bob Steele told me. Yes, he’s the same CIA alum as in