CHAPTER I

EARLY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS

[Sidenote: FREEDOM’S JOURNAL]

Seven years after Benjamin Lundy began _The Genius of Universal Emancipation_, and four years before William Lloyd Garrison started to publish _The Liberator_, Negro Journalism in America was born. The first publication was _Freedom’s Journal_[1], issued March 16, 1827. It was in form a medium-sized, neat-looking, well-printed weekly, about nine by twelve inches. _Freedom’s Journal_ was a thorough-going abolitionist sheet, having been called into being to defend the Negro against the vile attacks of a New York editor of Jewish descent who had pro-slavery and Negro-hating tendencies. This new organ had for its motto, “Righteousness Exalteth a Nation,” and its columns were filled with long dissertations on the immorality of slavery.

[Sidenote: JOHN RUSSWURM FIRST EDITOR]

The editor, John Russwurm, one of the first Negroes to graduate from a college in the United States, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1826. Russwurm was born in Jamaica in 1799. He published _The Journal_ until 1829, when he went to Liberia, where he became editor of _The Liberia Herald_.

[Sidenote: THE COLORED AMERICAN]

A period of about eight years elapsed before the founding of a second Negro newspaper. In January, 1837, Rev. Samuel Cornish began the publishing of _The Weekly Advocate_. The name was changed in March, however, to _The Colored American_, and under that name it continued to be issued weekly until 1842. The first editor, Rev. Cornish, was one of the leading Negro journalists of the period. He had been associated with _Freedom’s Journal_, and throughout a period of twenty years he was actively connected with some newspaper.

[Sidenote: ADVOCATED EMANCIPATION]

The subscription price of _The Colored American_ was two dollars per year in advance. Its objects were, according to its flag, “the moral, social and political elevation of the free Colored people; and the peaceful emancipation of the enslaved.” The paper was well received by the American press of the period, and many favorable comments on it appeared from time to time.

[Sidenote: THE ELEVATOR]

The first two Negro newspapers had their headquarters in New York City, but their successor was established in Albany, N. Y. _The Elevator_ came into being in 1842, with Stephen Myers as its publisher. The paper was strongly backed by the Abolitionists. Among its influential supporters and backers was Horace Greeley of _The New York Tribune_.

[Sidenote: THE NATIONAL WATCHMAN]

Contemporaneous with _The Elevator_ appeared _The National Watchman and Clarion_, which was established in Troy, N. Y., in the latter part of 1842. Its publisher and editor was William G. Allen. It was short-lived, as was also _The People’s Press_ which was published by Thomas Hamilton in New York City the following year.

[Sidenote: THE MYSTERY]

Following the lead taken by the empire state, Pennsylvania became a field of activity for the Negro journalist. In 1843, _The Mystery_ was published at Pittsburgh by Dr. Martin Delaney, a graduate of Harvard College. At first it was conducted as the personal property of its editor, but as such it survived only nine months when it became necessary to transfer its ownership to a joint-stock company. After the change Delaney was retained in the capacity of editor.

Delaney was the first Negro editor to be sued for libel. He was fined for his statements; but his popularity was so great that the fine was paid by popular subscription.

_The Mystery_ ceased publication under that name in 1848, at which time it was purchased by the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

[Sidenote: STATEMENT BY N. Y. SUN, ORIGIN OF THE RAM’S HORN]

As the result of a statement by the editor of _The New York Sun_, “The _Sun_ shines for all white men and not for colored men,” in January, 1847, _The Ram’s Horn_ was begun. Its editor was Willis Hodges, who according to _The Afro-American Press and Its Editor_[2], furnished the money necessary to publish the first issue by whitewashing in New York City for two months. Within a short period of time the circulation of the paper reached two thousand five hundred copies. The subscription price was $1.50 to subscribers within the state, and $1 a year to those outside the state. Its motto was—“We are men, and therefore interested in whatever concerns men.” The publication was a five column folio, printed on both sides. It suspended publication in June 1848.

[1] March 21, 1828, the name was changed to _Rights of All_.

[2] Published by I. Garland Penn in 1891.