Chapter 11
SPANISH ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE NEGRITOS
The attention of the Spanish Government was early attracted to the Negritos and other savages in the Philippines, and their subjection and conversion was the subject of many royal orders, though unfortunately little was accomplished. One of the first decrees of the Gobierno Superior relating especially to the Negritos was that of June 12, 1846. It runs substantially as follows:
In my visits to the provinces of these Islands, having noticed, with the sympathy that they must inspire in all sensitive souls, the kind of life and the privations that many of the infidel tribes, and especially the Negritos who inhabit the mountains, are forced to endure; and persuaded that it is a duty of all civilized Governments and of humanity itself to better the condition of men, who, hidden thus from society, will in time become extinct, victims of their customs, of the unhealthfulness of the rugged places where they live, and of our negligence in helping them; and desirous of making them useful, that some day, influenced by the benefits of social life, they may enter the consoling pale of our Holy Mother, the Catholic Church, I hereby decree the following:
ARTICLE 1. The alcaldes and military and political governors of provinces in whose district there may be tribes or rancherias of the aforesaid Negritos or of other infidels shall proceed with the consent of the devoted curas parrocos, whose charity I implore for them, through their head men or capitanes, to induce them to take the necessary steps to assemble in villages, lands being given for that purpose, in places not very near to Christian pueblos, and seeds of grains and vegetables being furnished that they may cultivate the land.
* * * * * * *
ART. 3. Two years after the pueblo shall have been formed the inhabitants thereof shall pay a moderate tribute, which shall not for the present exceed one real per head, the youths and children being excepted, obtaining in compensation the usufruct of the lands which they may hold as their own property so long as they do not abandon the cultivation, being able to sell to others under the same conditions with the knowledge of the authority of the district.
ART. 4. Said authorities and also the priests shall maintain the greatest zeal and vigilance that the Christian pueblos do not intrude on those of the infidels or Negritos, neither that individuals live among them nor that they harass or molest them on any pretext whatsoever under penalty of being punished. * * *
ART. 5. As I have understood that if the Negritos refuse social life it is on account of their being warned by the Christians who employ them in cutting wood, bamboo, and bejuco, and in the collection of other products of the woods which they inhabit, the chiefs of the provinces and the justices of the peace shall take care that no one enters into such contracts with the Negritos without competent authorization, leaving his name in a register in order that if he fail to pay the true value of the articles satisfactory to the Negritos or mistreats them it will be possible to fix the blame on him and to impose the proper penalty.
Article 6 states that--
It shall not be necessary for the Negritos to embrace the Catholic faith, but the priests shall go among them to examine their condition and learn their needs and teach them the advantages of civil life and the importance of religion.
Article 7 provides for a report every three months from those officers in charge of such districts.
This all sounds very well, and if carried out might have succeeded in improving the condition of the unfortunate Negritos, but we can not find that the provincial officials showed great zeal in complying with the executive request.
On January 14, 1881, a decree very similar to this was issued. The first part of this decree related to the newly converted or "sometidos." But article 7 authorized the provincial authorities to offer in the name of the State to Aetas and other pagans the following advantages in exchange for voluntary submission: Life in pueblos; unity of families; concession of good lands and direction in cultivating them in the manner which they wished and which would be most productive; maintenance and clothing during one year; respect for their usages and customs so far as they did not oppose the natural law; to leave to their own wishes whether or not they should become Christians; to buy or facilitate the sale of their crops; exemption from contributions and tributes for ten years and lastly, government by local officials elected by themselves under the direct dependency of the head of the province or district.
These provisions were certainly liberal enough, but they bore little fruit so far as the Negritos were concerned. Being sent out as circulars to the chiefs of all provinces, such decrees received scant attention, each provincial head probably preferring to believe that they were meant for someone else. Although it sounded well on paper, the difficulties in the way of successful compliance with such an order were many. But in one way and another the authorities sought to reach the hill tribes, though it must be confessed they were actuated rather by a desire to preserve peace in their provinces and to protect the plainsmen from the plundering raids of the savages than by motives of philanthropy in improving the condition of the latter.
The Negritos of Zambales were classed as conquistados and non-conquistados, according to whether they lived in amicable relations with the Filipinos or stole carabaos and killed the people whenever they had the opportunity. The Guardia Civil made many raids into the mountains for the purpose of punishing the predatory Negritos, and many are the stories related by old members of that military organization now living in the province concerning conflicts which they had with the little black bow-and-arrow men, who always got the worst of it. Gradually they came to see the futility of resistance. As a matter of fact these raids were only for the purpose of securing food and not because of enmity toward the Filipinos. When a group expressed their desire to live peaceably in their hills they were dubbed "conquistados" and left alone so long as they behaved. The number of conquistados grew and the "unconquered" retreated farther into the mountains. Carabao raids are very infrequent now, for the people disposed to make them are too remote from the plains and would have to pass through territory of the settled and peaceable Negritos, who would inform the party sent in pursuit. But the Constabulary has had two or three raids of this kind to deal with during the past two years.
Those Negritos still living in a wild state have very simple government. They simply gather around the most powerful man, whom they recognize as a sort of chief and whom they follow into raids on the plains or neighboring tribes of Negritos. But when living peaceably scattered through their mountains each head of a family is a small autocrat and rules his family and those of his sons who elect to remain with him. When he dies the oldest son becomes the head of the family. Usually, however, a group of families living in one locality recognizes one man as a capitán. He may be chosen by the president of the nearest pueblo or by the Negritos themselves, who are quick to recognize in this way superior ability or greater wealth. The capitán settles disputes between families.
The next step in the civilizing process is the gathering together to form villages. This was the end to which the Spaniards worked, but the process was retarded by the Christianized natives who profited by trade with the Negritos in forest products and who advised them to avoid coming under Spanish rule where they would have to pay tribute. If a community became sufficiently large and bade fair to be permanent it was made a barrio of the nearest pueblo and given a teniente and concejales like other barrios. This was the case with Aglao and Santa Fé, in the jurisdiction of San Marcelino, but Ilokano immigrants settled in these places and the Negritos gradually withdrew to the hills and settled in other places, until now there are very few Negritos actually living in these towns. One old man in Aglao, who once went to Spain as a servant to an officer, speaks very good Spanish.
In spite of the reprisals made by the Guardia Civil and other means employed by the Spaniards, Negrito raids went on without much cessation until 1894. In that year the authorities induced a head man named Layos to come down to the town of San Marcelino for an interview. Layos came down about as nature had provided him and was received with much ceremony by the town authorities. They dressed him up from head to foot, made him presents, and feasted him for several days. Then with the customary Spanish pomp, parade of soldiery, and flare of trumpets, they presented him with a gaudy sash and named him Capitán General del Monte. He was given charge of all the Negritos in the district and charged to keep them under control. The sash was a cheap print affair, but it answered the purpose. The effect of all this on an untamed savage can be imagined. Layos was impressed. He went back to the hills with his new treasures and an experience worth relating. It is said that the robbing and killing of Christian natives lessened materially after that.
When I was at Cabayan in that district I saw Layos. He was a heavy-set man of about 38, harelipped, an old ragged shirt and breechcloth his only apparel, and with nothing of his former grandeur but the memory. The sash, his badge of office, he said had long since gone in breechcloths.
In the same year (1894) all Negritos in the Botolan district who would come down from the mountains were fed for five or six months in hope that they would settle down and remain. But they were given nothing to do and were not shown how to work, and when the feeding stopped they all went back to the hills, the only place where they knew how to secure sustenance. Although this experiment did not result as desired, it probably had good effects, for the people of this region are the farthest advanced to-day and are most inclined to live in villages. I am informed that since my visit some of the Negritos have moved down to the Filipino village of Pombato and there are several Negrito children in the native school. The people of Tagiltil have even expressed a desire for a school. The presence of several Zambal and halfbreeds in this village and its nearness to the Filipinos probably account for its being ahead of other villages in this as in other respects.
APPENDIX A
ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
The paucity of measurements has already been explained, but those that were taken are given here for what they are worth. I do not attempt to draw any conclusions from them or undertake any discussion other than that already given in the chapter on physical features.
In the following tables it should be noted that where the age is given the number indicates only an estimate, as no Negrito knows his age. It has been thought better to give these approximate ages than to leave them out entirely, in order to distinguish the very young from the middle aged and old:
Measurements of Negritos
No. | Sex | | Age | | | Standing height | | | | Span of arms | | | | | Length of nose | | | | | | Breadth of nose | | | | | | | Nasal index | | | | | | | | Length of ear | | | | | | | | | 1 Female 18 1,408 1,456 35 38 108 57 2 do 35 1,487 1,487 38 38 100 64 3 do 14 1,325 1,325 36 30 83 55 4 do 30 1,440 1,462 36 38 105 55 5 do 40 1,388 1,400 40 43 107 58 6 Male 27 1,520 1,580 41 43 104 60 7 do 20 1,491 1,503 39 47 130 57 8 do 1,440 1,464 40 43 107 57 9 do 1,500 1,538 43 40 93 60 10 do 15 1,357 1,347 34 40 117 54 11 do 1,426 1,483 40 47 117 57 12 Female 20 1,390 1,380 30 37 123 13 do 19 1,265 1,170 35 35 100 14 do 20 1,400 1,410 35 40 114 15 do 1,410 1,375 35 42 120 16 do 1,430 1,435 35 40 114 17 Male 22 1,465 1,485 37 46 124 60 18 do 1,472 1,470 44 40 90 60 19 do 24 1,363 1,404 38 36 94 57 20 do 18 1,473 1,493 40 43 107 57 21 do 19 1,390 1,412 40 42 105 56 22 do 25 1,490 1,490 37 43 116 57 23 do 14 1,282 1,315 35 35 100 52 24 do 1,404 1,438 42 38 90 65 25 Female 19 1,302 1,313 27 38 140 55 26 do 20 1,472 1,538 40 38 95 58 27 Male 1,434 1,497 37 42 113 56 28 do 50 1,421 1,519 40 40 100 60 29 Female 28 1,358 1,418 35 37 105 58 30 do 55 1,333 1,350 40 40 100 60 31 do 1,383 1,435 41 38 92 62 32 do 30 1,285 1,285 34 38 111 55 33 do 50 1,318 1,302 35 40 114 69 34 Male 40 1,342 1,448 38 46 121 62 35 do 20 1,458 1,582 40 42 105 58 36 do 18 1,480 1,536 44 44 100 60 37 do 15 1,500 1,547 41 45 109 60 38 do 28 1,365 1,390 41 49 119 58 39 do 30 1,535 1,570 43 47 109 63 40 Female 15 1,308 1,354 41 35 85 54 41 do 35 1,373 1,368 36 38 105 59 42 do 35 1,355 1,370 40 40 100 60 43 do 16 1,407 1,430 36 36 100 56 44 do 22 1,420 1,466 40 43 107 64 45 Male 1,535 1,581 43 39 90 57 46 do 1,448 1,532 41 40 97 55 47 do 1,476 1,540 40 40 100 59 48 Female 1,396 1,415 40 35 107 60 49 do 20 1,368 1,400 35 40 117 53 50 Male 1,570 1,625 46 43 93 58 51 do 22 1,480 1,545 42 49 116 60 52 do 30 1,600 1,634 49 42 85 62 53 do 35 1,521 1,566 42 47 111 60 54 Female 1,502 1,520 41 39 95 58 55 do 1,410 1,410 32 38 118 60 56 do 16 1,316 1,336 34 38 111 56 57 Male 18 1,425 1,445 42 42 100 56 58 do 23 1,380 1,430 36 45 125 62
No. | Sex | | Age | | | Standing height | | | | Height of shoulders | | | | | Span of arms | | | | | | Width of Shoulders | | | | | | | Length of hand | | | | | | | | Length of arm | | | | | | | | | Height sitting | | | | | | | | | | Length of foot | | | | | | | | | | | Length of head | | | | | | | | | | | | Breadth of head | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cephalic index | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Length of nose | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Breadth of nose | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nasal index | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Length of ear | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 59 Male 28 1,480 1,227 1,530 375 163 600 1,200 215 189 150 79.3 38 39 102.6 58 60 do 16 1,470 1,227 1,510 370 165 623 1,180 230 175 144 82.2 35 35 100 55 61 do 40 1,520 1,295 1,530 356 170 640 1,224 225 176 145 82.3 39 37 94.8 61 62 do 17 1,490 1,247 1,500 425 145 600 1,203 230 190 153 80.5 33 40 121.2 51 63 do 25 1,510 1,245 1,545 386 175 635 1,215 226 190 150 78.9 40 42 165 54 64 do 18 1,445 1,218 1,500 350 160 600 1,235 220 175 150 85.7 35 37 105.7 50 65 do 28 1,444 1,210 1,540 350 170 605 223 176 141 80 47 40 85.1 64 66 do 30 1,524 1,275 1,620 390 180 675 245 171 158 92.3 40 49 122.5 54 67 do 35 1,550 1,324 1,410 384 180 655 1,255 240 182 145 79.7 40 41 102.5 60 68 do 40 1,500 1,248 1,465 364 180 640 1,290 245 174 145 83.5 46 46 100 66 69 do 35 1,480 1,227 1,550 383 175 650 1,272 225 180 152 84.4 37 37 100 53 70 do 60 1,586 1,370 1,635 373 177 625 246 191 83.2 43 44 102.3 54 71 do 25 1,395 1,169 1,469 342 149 586 207 180 142 78.8 43 36 83.7 58 72 Female 35 1,420 1,165 1,460 334 159 528 211 171 148 86.5 44 35 79.5 52 73 do 33 1,337 1,140 1,380 293 155 539 208 166 141 84.9 41 41 100 55 74 do 27 1,362 1,137 1,407 330 150 558 199 168 147 87.5 42 36 85.9 55 75 Male 30 1,526 1,281 1,524 370 163 616 230 174 140 80.4 42 38 90.4 52 76 do 17 1,435 1,197 1,447 350 160 586 210 170 135 79.3 42 35 83.3 56 77 do 45 1,450 1,270 1,480 322 162 571 213 175 148 84.5 39 38 97.4 64
APPENDIX B
VOCABULARIES
As has been pointed out already, the Negritos of Zambales seem to have lost entirely their own language and to have adopted that of the Christianized Zambal. A study of the vocabularies here given will show that in various sections of the province Zambal is to-day the language of the Negritos. Differences will be found, of course, in the dialects of regions which do not come much into contact with each other, and contact with other dialects creates different changes in different localities.
The chief difference between the Bolinao dialect and that of the region south is the substitution of the letter "r" in the former for "l"; as "arong" for "along," nose; "dira" for "dila," tongue. Yet not a few words are entirely different. These differences may arise from the use of synonyms or from misinformation, as I was able to take the Bolinao vocabulary from only two individuals. This dialect is spoken in the towns of Bolinao, Anda, Bani, and Zaragoza, although I am informed that there are even slight differences in the speech of the people of some of these towns. The towns from Infanta to Iba have the second dialect.
When the Aeta element enters the differences become more apparent, although the relationship between the differing words may often be seen; for instance, "sabot," hair, becomes "habot;" "along," nose, becomes "balongo." But the number of words which bear no relationship is greater than in the case of the first two dialects. It is possible that here we find traces of an original Negrito language, but I believe that all these words can be traced to Malay roots. It will be noticed also that the two following vocabularies taken from Negritos at Santa Fé and Subig do not differ materially from the Zambal-Aeta--in fact, they may be regarded as identical.
The writer can not vouch for the vocabularies from Bataan and Bulacan, but gives them for the sake of comparison. The words collected by Montano are mostly Tagalog and differ somewhat from Cooke's. The latter states that he verified his seven times. The two sets are probably from different parts of the province. The Dumagat vocabulary from Bulacan Province, while offering greater differences, is plainly of Malay origin like all the others.
English Man Zambal of Bolinao la-la'-ki Zambal of Iba la-la'-ki Zambal--Aeta la-la'-ki Aeta of Santa Fé la-la'-ki Aeta of Subig ya'-ki Aeta, Bataan Province la-la-ke'* Dumagat, Bulacan Province ta'-nun-gu'-bat
English Woman Zambal of Bolinao ba-bay'-e Zambal of Iba ba-bay'-e Zambal--Aeta ba-bay'-e Aeta of Santa Fé ba-bay'-e Aeta of Subig ba-bay'-e Aeta, Bataan Province ba-bay'-e* Dumagat, Bulacan Province mow'-na
English Father Zambal of Bolinao a'-ma Zambal of Iba a'-ma Zambal--Aeta a'-ma Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-pa Aeta of Subig ba'-pa Aeta, Bataan Province ba'-pa, ama* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Mother Zambal of Bolinao i'-na Zambal of Iba i'-na Zambal--Aeta na'-na Aeta of Santa Fé in'-do Aeta of Subig in'-do Aeta, Bataan Province in'do, inang* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Brother Zambal of Bolinao bu'-sat Zambal of Iba ta-la-sa'-ka Zambal--Aeta pa'-tel Aeta of Santa Fé ka-pa-tel Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province ka'-ka, kapatid* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Sister Zambal of Bolinao bu'-sat Zambal of Iba ta-la-sa'-ka Zambal--Aeta pa'-tel Aeta of Santa Fé ka-pa-tel Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province o-pa-tel', kapatid* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Uncle Zambal of Bolinao ba'-pa Zambal of Iba ba'-pa Zambal--Aeta ba'-pa Aeta of Santa Fé da'-ra Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province ale'* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Aunt Zambal of Bolinao da'-da Zambal of Iba da'-ra Zambal--Aeta in'-do Aeta of Santa Fé da'-ra Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province mama* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Son Zambal of Bolinao a'-nak Zambal of Iba a'-nak Zambal--Aeta a'-nak Aeta of Santa Fé a'-nak Aeta of Subig a'-nak Aeta, Bataan Province a'-nak* Dumagat, Bulacan Province anak
English Daughter Zambal of Bolinao a'-nak Zambal of Iba a'-nak Zambal--Aeta a'-nak Aeta of Santa Fé a'-nak Aeta of Subig a'-nak Aeta, Bataan Province a'-nak* Dumagat, Bulacan Province anak na mowna
English Head Zambal of Bolinao o'-ro Zambal of Iba o'-lo Zambal--Aeta o'-lo Aeta of Santa Fé o'-lo Aeta of Subig la'-bo Aeta, Bataan Province o'-o, ulo* Dumagat, Bulacan Province pun'-tuk
English Hair Zambal of Bolinao sa-bot' Zambal of Iba sa-bot' Zambal--Aeta ha-bot' Aeta of Santa Fé ha-bot' Aeta of Subig ha-bot' Aeta, Bataan Province la-buk', bohoc* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Mouth Zambal of Bolinao bo-bo'-y Zambal of Iba bo-bo'-y Zambal--Aeta bo-bo'-y Aeta of Santa Fé bo-bo'-y Aeta of Subig bo-bo'-y Aeta, Bataan Province ba-lu'-go, bebec* Dumagat, Bulacan Province un'-suk
English Eye Zambal of Bolinao ma'-ta Zambal of Iba ma'-ta Zambal--Aeta ma'-ta Aeta of Santa Fé ma'-ta Aeta of Subig ma'-ta Aeta, Bataan Province ma'-ta* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Nose Zambal of Bolinao a'-rong Zambal of Iba a'-long Zambal--Aeta ba-loñg'-o Aeta of Santa Fé ba-long'-o Aeta of Subig ba-long'-o Aeta, Bataan Province ba-tong', ilong* Dumagat, Bulacan Province an-gut
English Teeth Zambal of Bolinao ni'-pen Zambal of Iba ni'-pen Zambal--Aeta ni'-pin Aeta of Santa Fé n-i'-pen Aeta of Subig ni'-pen Aeta, Bataan Province nil-pul Dumagat, Bulacan Province ni'-pon
English Tongue Zambal of Bolinao di'-ra Zambal of Iba di'-la Zambal--Aeta di'-la Aeta of Santa Fé di'-la Aeta of Subig di'-la Aeta, Bataan Province gi'-lo Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Ear Zambal of Bolinao to-tor'-yan Zambal of Iba to-tol'-yan Zambal--Aeta tu'-li Aeta of Santa Fé tu'-li Aeta of Subig to'-ok Aeta, Bataan Province tu'-uk, taenga* Dumagat, Bulacan Province ta-ling'-a
English Arm Zambal of Bolinao ta-ki-ay' Zambal of Iba ta-ki-ay' Zambal--Aeta ta-ki-ay' Aeta of Santa Fé ta-ki-ay' Aeta of Subig ta-ki-ay' Aeta, Bataan Province tu-ki-ay', camay* Dumagat, Bulacan Province co-mot'
English Leg Zambal of Bolinao pa'-a Zambal of Iba pa'-a Zambal--Aeta pa'-a Aeta of Santa Fé pa'-a Aeta of Subig pa'-a Aeta, Bataan Province pam'-pa, paa' Dumagat, Bulacan Province pa'-a
English Chest Zambal of Bolinao ke-rep' Zambal of Iba ke-lep' Zambal--Aeta nib'-nib Aeta of Santa Fé nib'-nib Aeta of Subig dub'-dub Aeta, Bataan Province dub'-dub, debdeb* Dumagat, Bulacan Province dib'-dib
English Back Zambal of Bolinao gu-rot' Zambal of Iba bo-kot' Zambal--Aeta bo-kot' Aeta of Santa Fé bo-kot' Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province li'-kul Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Foot Zambal of Bolinao ay'-e Zambal of Iba ay'-e Zambal--Aeta bi'-ti Aeta of Santa Fé bi'-ti Aeta of Subig ta-lim-pa-pa'-kan Aeta, Bataan Province ta-lan-pa'-kin Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Hand Zambal of Bolinao ga'-met Zambal of Iba ga'-met Zambal--Aeta ga'-met Aeta of Santa Fé ga'-met Aeta of Subig ga'-met Aeta, Bataan Province a'-ma-kam'-a-ha Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Finger Zambal of Bolinao ga-ra-may'-e Zambal of Iba ga-la-may'-e Zambal--Aeta ga-la-may'-e Aeta of Santa Fé ga-la-may'-e Aeta of Subig da-le'-di Aeta, Bataan Province da-li-ri, dalin* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Earth Zambal of Bolinao lu'-ta Zambal of Iba lu'-ta Zambal--Aeta lu'-ta Aeta of Santa Fé lu-ta Aeta of Subig lu'-ta Aeta, Bataan Province lul-ta Dumagat, Bulacan Province pu'-tok
English Sky Zambal of Bolinao rañg'-it Zambal of Iba lañg-it Zambal--Aeta lañg'-it Aeta of Santa Fé lang'-it Aeta of Subig lang'-it Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province lang'-ot
English Sun Zambal of Bolinao au'-ro Zambal of Iba au'-lo Zambal--Aeta al'-lo Aeta of Santa Fé al'-lo Aeta of Subig al'-lo Aeta, Bataan Province u'-lo Dumagat, Bulacan Province a-da'-o
English Moon Zambal of Bolinao bu'-ran Zambal of Iba bu'-lan Zambal--Aeta bu'-an Aeta of Santa Fé bu'-an Aeta of Subig bu'-yan Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province ina-tal'-lung
English Star Zambal of Bolinao bi-tu'-un Zambal of Iba bi-tu'-un Zambal--Aeta bi-tu'-in Aeta of Santa Fé bi'-tu-in Aeta of Subig bi'-tu-in Aeta, Bataan Province ba'-tu-in Dumagat, Bulacan Province bu'-ta-tul'-ya
English Cloud Zambal of Bolinao re'-rem Zambal of Iba a-la-pa'-ap Zambal--Aeta da'-yim Aeta of Santa Fé lo'-om Aeta of Subig ta'-la Aeta, Bataan Province u'-wip Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Rain Zambal of Bolinao ra'-peg Zambal of Iba a-ba-gat' Zambal--Aeta u'-ran Aeta of Santa Fé u'-ran Aeta of Subig a-ba'-gat Aeta, Bataan Province ulan* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Thunder Zambal of Bolinao ko'-dor Zambal of Iba Zambal--Aeta cu'-rol Aeta of Santa Fé ku'-rol Aeta of Subig ki'-lot Aeta, Bataan Province da-ug-dug' Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Lightning Zambal of Bolinao ki'-mat Zambal of Iba Zambal--Aeta ki'-mat Aeta of Santa Fé ki'-mat Aeta of Subig ki'-mat Aeta, Bataan Province ma-la'-wut Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Water Zambal of Bolinao ra'-nom Zambal of Iba la'-nom Zambal--Aeta la'-nom Aeta of Santa Fé la'-nom Aeta of Subig la'-num Aeta, Bataan Province la'-num, tubig* Dumagat, Bulacan Province o'-rat
English Fire Zambal of Bolinao a-po'-y Zambal of Iba a-po'-y Zambal--Aeta a-po'-y Aeta of Santa Fé a'-po-y Aeta of Subig a'-po-y Aeta, Bataan Province a'-po-y* Dumagat, Bulacan Province a'-po-y
English White Zambal of Bolinao ma-pu'-ti Zambal of Iba ma-pu'-ti Zambal--Aeta ma-pu'-ti Aeta of Santa Fé ma-pu'-ti Aeta of Subig ma-pu'-ti Aeta, Bataan Province maputi* Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-lup'-say
English Black Zambal of Bolinao mañg-i'-sit Zambal of Iba mañg-í'-tit Zambal--Aeta mañg-i'-tit Aeta of Santa Fé mang-i'-tit Aeta of Subig ma'-o-lin Aeta, Bataan Province maltim* Dumagat, Bulacan Province mal-a-ton'
English Red Zambal of Bolinao ma-o-dit' Zambal of Iba ma-ti-bi'-a Zambal--Aeta ma-o-rit' Aeta of Santa Fé ma-o-rit' Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province mapula* Dumagat, Bulacan Province mat-la
English Yellow Zambal of Bolinao ma-sil-ya'-o Zambal of Iba ma-hol-ya'-o Zambal--Aeta ma-hol-ya'-o Aeta of Santa Fé ma-hol-ya'-o Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province sa-la-kut'
English Cooked rice Zambal of Bolinao ka'-nen Zambal of Iba ka'-nen Zambal--Aeta ka'-nin Aeta of Santa Fé ka'-un Aeta of Subig ka'-nen Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Uncooked rice Zambal of Bolinao bu'-yas Zambal of Iba bu'-yas Zambal--Aeta bu'-ya Aeta of Santa Fé bu'-ya Aeta of Subig bu'-ya Aeta, Bataan Province bigas* Dumagat, Bulacan Province a'-moy
English Day Zambal of Bolinao au'-ro Zambal of Iba au'-lo Zambal--Aeta al'-lo Aeta of Santa Fé al'-lo Aeta of Subig al'-lo Aeta, Bataan Province u'-lo Dumagat, Bulacan Province adio
English Night Zambal of Bolinao ya'-bi Zambal of Iba ya'-bi Zambal--Aeta ya'-bi Aeta of Santa Fé ya'-bi Aeta of Subig ya'-bi Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province du'-mong
English Cold Zambal of Bolinao ma-ra-yep' Zambal of Iba ma-la-yep' Zambal--Aeta ma-la-yip' Aeta of Santa Fé mal-a-yep' Aeta of Subig mal-a-yep' Aeta, Bataan Province ma-lam'-ig, maginao* Dumagat, Bulacan Province mag'-id-non
English Hot Zambal of Bolinao ma-mot' Zambal of Iba ma-mot' Zambal--Aeta ma-mot' Aeta of Santa Fé ma-o-mot' Aeta of Subig ma-o-mot' Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province may-a-nit'
English Large Zambal of Bolinao a-la-ki' Zambal of Iba ma-hi-ban' Zambal--Aeta mal-hay' Aeta of Santa Fé mal-hay' Aeta of Subig mal-hay' Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province hun'-ga
English Small Zambal of Bolinao da-i-te' Zambal of Iba ma-ca-lug' Zambal--Aeta may-a'-mo Aeta of Santa Fé may-a-mo' Aeta of Subig may-a-mo' Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-sa-ninp'
English Good Zambal of Bolinao ma-ong' Zambal of Iba la'-bas Zambal--Aeta ma'-ham-pat' Aeta of Santa Fé ma-ham'-pat Aeta of Subig ma-ham'-pat Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-sam'-pat
English Bad Zambal of Bolinao ma-ra-yet' Zambal of Iba ma-la-yet' Zambal--Aeta ma-la-yit' Aeta of Santa Fé ma-la-yit' Aeta of Subig ma-la-yit' Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-lot'
English Rich Zambal of Bolinao may-a-man' Zambal of Iba may-a-man' Zambal--Aeta may-a-man' Aeta of Santa Fé may-a-man' Aeta of Subig may-a-man' Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province may-a-man'
English Poor Zambal of Bolinao ma-i-dap' Zambal of Iba ma-i-rap' Zambal--Aeta ma-i-rap' Aeta of Santa Fé ma-i-rap' Aeta of Subig ma'-i-rap' Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Sick Zambal of Bolinao ma-sa-kit' Zambal of Iba ma-sa-kit' Zambal--Aeta ma-ha-kit' Aeta of Santa Fé ma-ha-kit' Aeta of Subig ma-in-ha'-kit Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province teoram
English Dead Zambal of Bolinao na'-ti Zambal of Iba na'-ti Zambal--Aeta na'-ti Aeta of Santa Fé na'-ti Aeta of Subig na'-ti Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province nalebon
English Here Zambal of Bolinao i'-ti Zambal of Iba i'-ti Zambal--Aeta a-ka-lung'-un Aeta of Santa Fé bi-er'-i Aeta of Subig a-ri'-di Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province dian
English There Zambal of Bolinao i'-sen Zambal of Iba i'-sen Zambal--Aeta ba'-hen Aeta of Santa Fé bay'-hen Aeta of Subig a-ri'-do Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province dedeyaya
English No Zambal of Bolinao ka'-i Zambal of Iba ka'-i Zambal--Aeta a'-he Aeta of Santa Fé a'-he Aeta of Subig a'-he Aeta, Bataan Province ayaw* Dumagat, Bulacan Province ayenok
English Yes Zambal of Bolinao ó Zambal of Iba ya Zambal--Aeta a'-o Aeta of Santa Fé a'-o Aeta of Subig a-o Aeta, Bataan Province o-o'* Dumagat, Bulacan Province abu-kogid
English To sleep Zambal of Bolinao ma'-rek Zambal of Iba ma'-lek Zambal--Aeta ma-to-lo'-i Aeta of Santa Fé ma-to-lo'-i Aeta of Subig ma-to-lo'-i Aeta, Bataan Province matulog* Dumagat, Bulacan Province napediak
English To jump Zambal of Bolinao ru-mok'-zo Zambal of Iba lu-mok'-zo Zambal--Aeta mi-tok-tok-pa'-o Aeta of Santa Fé mag-tok-pa'-o Aeta of Subig lu-mo'-ko Aeta, Bataan Province lemokso Dumagat, Bulacan Province lumowat
English To run Zambal of Bolinao mo-ray'-o Zambal of Iba mo-lay'-o Zambal--Aeta may'-o Aeta of Santa Fé may'-o Aeta of Subig may'-o Aeta, Bataan Province takumbao* Dumagat, Bulacan Province gumekan
English To fight Zambal of Bolinao mi-a-wa'-y, raban Zambal of Iba la'-ban Zambal--Aeta mi-a-wa'-y Aeta of Santa Fé mi-awa'-y Aeta of Subig ina-ki'-a-wa'-y Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province sullo-sum-to-yan
English To eat Zambal of Bolinao mañg'-an Zambal of Iba mañg'-an Zambal--Aeta mañg'-an Aeta of Santa Fé mañg'-an Aeta of Subig mañg-an Aeta, Bataan Province caïn* Dumagat, Bulacan Province mumungan
English To drink Zambal of Bolinao mi'-nom Zambal of Iba mi'-nom Zambal--Aeta mi'-nom Aeta of Santa Fé mi'-nom Aeta of Subig mi'-nom Aeta, Bataan Province minum* Dumagat, Bulacan Province neniomok
English Tree Zambal of Bolinao ka'-yo Zambal of Iba kay'-yo Zambal--Aeta kay'-yo Aeta of Santa Fé kay'-yo Aeta of Subig kay'-yo Aeta, Bataan Province ka-hoy* kayo Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Mountain Zambal of Bolinao ba'-ker Zambal of Iba ba'-kil Zambal--Aeta ba'-kil Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-kil Aeta of Subig ba'-kil Aeta, Bataan Province bu'-kil Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English River Zambal of Bolinao i'-log Zambal of Iba i'-lug Zambal--Aeta ka-bu-la-san' Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-la Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province sa'-num Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Stone Zambal of Bolinao ba'-to Zambal of Iba ba'-to Zambal--Aeta ba'-to Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-to Aeta of Subig ba'-to Aeta, Bataan Province ba-to* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Grass Zambal of Bolinao di'-kot Zambal of Iba di'-kot Zambal--Aeta di'-kot Aeta of Santa Fé di'-kot Aeta of Subig di'-kot Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Dog Zambal of Bolinao a'-so Zambal of Iba a'-so Zambal--Aeta a'-ho Aeta of Santa Fé a'-ho Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Rooster Zambal of Bolinao ma-nuk' Zambal of Iba ma-nook' Zambal--Aeta ma-nook' Aeta of Santa Fé ma-nok' Aeta of Subig ma-nook' Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Hen Zambal of Bolinao o'-pa Zambal of Iba tu'-a Zambal--Aeta tu'-a Aeta of Santa Fé Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English One Zambal of Bolinao sa'-ya Zambal of Iba a'-sa Zambal--Aeta mi'-ha Aeta of Santa Fé mi'-ha Aeta of Subig mi'-ha Aeta, Bataan Province isa Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin
English Two Zambal of Bolinao ru'-a Zambal of Iba lu'-a Zambal--Aeta lu'-a Aeta of Santa Fé lu'-a Aeta of Subig lu'-a Aeta, Bataan Province delawa* Dumagat, Bulacan Province adua
English Three Zambal of Bolinao ta'-ro Zambal of Iba to'-lo Zambal--Aeta tat'-lo Aeta of Santa Fé tat'-lo Aeta of Subig tat'-lo Aeta, Bataan Province tatlo* Dumagat, Bulacan Province telewan
English Four Zambal of Bolinao a'-pat Zambal of Iba a'-pat Zambal--Aeta a'-pat Aeta of Santa Fé a'-pat Aeta of Subig a'-pat Aeta, Bataan Province apat* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Five Zambal of Bolinao ri'-ma Zambal of Iba li'-ma Zambal--Aeta li'-ma Aeta of Santa Fé li'-ma Aeta of Subig li'-ma Aeta, Bataan Province lima* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Six Zambal of Bolinao a'-nem Zambal of Iba a'-nem Zambal--Aeta a'-nam Aeta of Santa Fé a'-nem Aeta of Subig a'-nem Aeta, Bataan Province anem* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Seven Zambal of Bolinao pi'-to Zambal of Iba pi'-to Zambal--Aeta pi'-to Aeta of Santa Fé pi'-to Aeta of Subig pi'-to Aeta, Bataan Province pito* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Eight Zambal of Bolinao ca'-ro Zambal of Iba ca'-lo Zambal--Aeta ca'-lo Aeta of Santa Fé oa'-lo Aeta of Subig oa'-lo Aeta, Bataan Province oalo* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Nine Zambal of Bolinao si'-am Zambal of Iba si'-am Zambal--Aeta si'-am Aeta of Santa Fé si'-am Aeta of Subig si-am Aeta, Bataan Province siam* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Ten Zambal of Bolinao ma-pu'-ro Zambal of Iba ma-po'-lo Zambal--Aeta ma'-po Aeta of Santa Fé ma,-po Aeta of Subig ham'-po Aeta, Bataan Province sampo* Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-a-mapolo
English Eleven Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-sa'-ya Zambal of Iba la'-bin-a'-sa Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-mi'-ha Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-mi-ha Aeta of Subig la'-bin-mi'-ha Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-a-mopolo-a-isin
English Twelve Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-ru'-a Zambal of Iba la'-bin-lu'-a Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-lu'-a Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-lu'-a Aeta of Subig la-bin-lu'-a Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-o-mopolo-adua
English Thirteen Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-ta'-ro Zambal of Iba la'-bin-to'-lo Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-tat'-lo Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-tat'-lo Aeta of Subig la-bin-tat'-lo Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Fourteen Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-a'-pat Zambal of Iba la'-bin-a'-pat Zambal--Aeta lal-bin-a'-pat Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-a'-pat Aeta of Subig la-bin-a'-pat Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Twenty Zambal of Bolinao ru'-an-pu'-ro Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo Zambal--Aeta lu-am'-po Aeta of Santa Fé lu-am'-po Aeta of Subig lu-am'-pa Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province aduamapolo
English Twenty-one Zambal of Bolinao rul-an-pu'-ro-sa'-ya Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo-a'-sa Zambal--Aeta lu-am-po-mi'-ha Aeta of Santa Fé lu-am'-po-mi'-ha Aeta of Subig lu-am'-po-mi'-ba Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Thirty Zambal of Bolinao ta-ron-pu'-ro Zambal of Iba to'-lom-po'-lo Zambal--Aeta tat-lom-po' Aeta of Santa Fé tat-lom'-po Aeta of Subig tat-lom'-po Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Forty Zambal of Bolinao a'-pat-a-pu'-ro Zambal of Iba a'-pat-a-po'-lo Zambal--Aeta a'-pat-a-po' Aeta of Santa Fé a'-pat-a-po' Aeta of Subig a'-pat-a-po' Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English One hundred Zambal of Bolinao san-ya'-sot Zambal of Iba say-a-tos' Zambal--Aeta mi'-hun-ga'-to Aeta of Santa Fé mi-hun-ga'-to Aeta of Subig ma-ga'-to Aeta, Bataan Province sandaan* Dumagat, Bulacan Province isinadian
English I Zambal of Bolinao si'-ko Zambal of Iba si'-ko Zambal--Aeta hi'-ko Aeta of Santa Fé hi'-co Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province a'-co* Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English You Zambal of Bolinao si'-ka Zambal of Iba kay'-o Zambal--Aeta kay'-o Aeta of Santa Fé hi'-ca Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province icao Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English He Zambal of Bolinao si-tao' Zambal of Iba hi'-a Zambal--Aeta Aeta of Santa Fé Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English We Zambal of Bolinao si-ka'-mi Zambal of Iba hi-ta'-mo Zambal--Aeta hi-ta'-mo Aeta of Santa Fé Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English They Zambal of Bolinao sa'-ra Zambal of Iba hi'-la Zambal--Aeta hi'-la Aeta of Santa Fé Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Our Zambal of Bolinao i'-ko-mi Zambal of Iba i-kun'-ta-mo Zambal--Aeta i-kun-ta'-mo Aeta of Santa Fé Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English My Zambal of Bolinao i-kon'-ko Zambal of Iba i-kon'-ko Zambal--Aeta i-kon'-ko Aeta of Santa Fé Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Near Zambal of Bolinao a'-dam Zambal of Iba ma-ra'-mi Zambal--Aeta ma-ra'-mi Aeta of Santa Fé Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Far Zambal of Bolinao a-day'-o Zambal of Iba ma-day'-yo Zambal--Aeta ma-ro'-yo Aeta of Santa Fé Aeta of Subig Aeta, Bataan Province Dumagat, Bulacan Province
The words marked (*) were taken from Montano's vocabulary in his Mission aux Philippines. The others were collected by C. J. Cooke, MS. of The Ethnological Survey, and E. J. Simons, MS. of The Ethnological Survey.
NOTES
[1] Les Pygmées, 1887.
[2] However, when one attempts to fathom the mysteries surrounding the origin and migrations of the Negrito race he becomes hopelessly involved in a labyrinth of conjecture. Did the Negritos come from somewhere in Asia, some island like New Guinea, or is their original home now sunk beneath the sea? In the present state of our knowledge we can not hope to know. We find them in certain places to-day; we may believe that they once lived in certain other places, because the people now living there have characteristics peculiar to the little black men. But the Negrito has left behind no archaeological remains to guide the investigator, and he who attempts seriously to consider this question is laying up for himself a store of perplexing problems.
It may be of interest to present here the leading facts in connection with the distribution of the Negrito race and to summarize the views set forth by various leading anthropologists who have given the subject most study.
The deduction of the French scientists De Quatrefages and Hamy have been based almost entirely on craniological and osteological observations, and these authors argue a much wider distribution of the Negritos than other writers hold. In fact, according to these writers, traces of Negritos are found practically everywhere from India to Japan and New Guinea.
De Quatrefages in Les Pygmées, 1887, divides what he calls the "Eastern pygmies," as opposed to the African pygmies, into two divisions--the Negrito-Papuans and the Negritos proper. The former, he says, have New Guinea as a center of population and extend as far as Gilolo and the Moluccas. They are distinguished from the true Papuans who inhabit New Guinea and who are not classed by that writer as belonging to the Negrito race.
On the other hand, Wallace and Earl, supported by Meyer, all of whom have made some investigations in the region occupied by the Papuans, affirm that there is but a single race and that its identity with the Negritos is unmistakable. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898, p. 77) says that he and Von Maclay in 1873 saw a number of Papuans in Tidore. He had just come from the Philippines and Von Maclay had then come from Astrolabe Bay, in New Guinea. With these Papuans before them they discussed the question of the unity of the races, and Von Maclay could see no difference between these Papuans and those of Astrolabe Bay, while Meyer declared that the similarities between them and the Negritos of the Philippines was most striking. He says: "That was my standpoint then regarding the question, neither can I relinquish it at present."
Although they defended the unity of the Negritos and the Papuans they recognized that the Papuans were diversified and presented a variety of types, but Meyer regards this not as pointing to a crossing of different elements but as revealing simply the variability of the race. He continues (p. 80): "As the external _habitus_ of the Negritos must be declared as almost identical with that of the Papuans, differences in form of the skull, the size of the body, and such like have the less weight in opposition to the great uniformity, as strong contrasts do not even come into play here, and if the Negritos do not show such great amount of variation in their physical characters as the Papuans--which, however, is by no means sufficiently attested--it is no wonder in the case Of a people which has been driven back and deprived of the opportunity of developing itself freely."
Thus it remains for future investigations to establish beyond doubt the identity of the Papuans.
De Quatrefages divides all other Eastern pygmies into two divisions--insular and continental--and no authors find fault with this classification. Only in fixing the distribution of the Negritos do the authorities differ. The islands admitted by everybody to contain Negritos to-day may be eliminated from the discussion. These are the Philippines and the Andamans. In the latter the name "Mincopies" has been given to the little blacks, though how this name originated no one seems to know. It is certain that the people do not apply the name to themselves. Extensive study of the Andamans has been made by Flower and Man.
The Moluccas and lesser Sunda Islands just west of New Guinea were stated by De Quatrefages in 1887 (Les Pygmées) to be inhabited by Negritos, although three years previously, as recorded in Hommes Fossiles, 1884, he had doubted their existence there. He gave no authority, and assigned no reason in his later work for this change of opinion. Meyer thinks this sufficient reason why one should not take De Quatrefages too seriously, and states that proofs of the existence of the Negritos in this locality are "so weak as not to be worth discussing them in detail." From deductions based on the examination of a single skull Hamy inferred that pure Negritos were found on Timor, but the people of Timor were found by Meyer to be mixed Papuans and Malays, resembling the latter on the coasts and the former in the interior.
Likewise in Celebes, Borneo, and Java the French writers think that traces of an ancient Negrito population may be found, while Meyer holds that there is not sufficient evidence to warrant such an assumption. In Sumatra he admits that there is an element not Malayan, which on account of the nearness of Malacca may be _Negritic,_ but that fact is so far by no means proved.
In regard to Formosa Meyer quotes Scheteleg (Trans. Ethn. Soc., n.s., 1869, vii): "I am convinced * * * that the Malay origin of most of the inhabitants of Formosa is incontestable." But Hamy holds that the two skulls which Scheteleg brought were Negrito skulls, an assumption which Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898, p. 52) disposes of as follows: "To conclude the occurrence of a race in a country from certain characters in two skulls, when this race has not been registered from that country, is, in the present embryonic state of craniology, an unwarrantable proceeding."
In like manner Hamy has found that a certain Japanese skull in the Paris Museum resembles a Negrito skull, and he also finds traces of Negritos in Japan in the small stature, crisp hair, and darker color of the natives of the interior of the Island of Kiusiu. But Meyer holds that the facts brought forward up to the present time are far from being established, and objects to the acceptance of surmises and explanations more or less subjective as conclusive.
There is no doubt of the occurrence of Negritos in the peninsula of Malacca, where both pure and mixed people have been found. These are reported under a variety of names, of which Semang and Sakaí are perhaps the best known. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, p. 62, footnote 2) says: "Stevens divides the Negritos of Malacca into two principal tribes--the Belendas, who with the Tumiors branched off from the Kenis tribe, and the Meniks, who consist of the Panggans of Kelantan and Petani and the Semangs of the west coast. Only the Panggans * * * and the Tumiors are pure Negritos. A name often recurring for the Belendas is Sakeis (Malay: 'bondman,' 'servant'), a designation given them in the first instance by the Malays but which they often also apply to themselves when addressing strangers."
In their efforts to find Negrito traces in the Mao-tse, the aboriginal peoples of the Chinese Empire, De Lacouperie and De Quatrefages have, in the opinion of Meyer, even less to stand on than had Hamy in the case of Japan. In like manner it remains to be proved whether the Moií of Annam are related to Negritos, as the two French writers have stated, but whose opinions have been vigorously opposed by Meyer and others.
The question of the aboriginal inhabitants of India is one of even greater importance and presents greater difficulties. If it can be shown that this aboriginal population was Negrito, and if the relations which researches, especially in philology, have indicated between the peoples of India and those of Australia can be proved, a range of possibilities of startling importance, affecting the race question of Oceania in general and the origin and distribution of the Negritos in particular, will be opened up. In regard to the Indian question there is much diversity of opinion. De Quatrefages and Hamy, as usual, regard the Negritos as established in India, but Topinard and Virchow are opposed to this belief. Meyer holds that "this part of the Negrito question is in no way ripe for decision, and how much less the question as to a possible relationship of this hypothetical primitive population with the Negroes of Africa." (Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 70.)
In anthropology a statement may be regarded as proved for the time being so long as no opposition to it exists. With the exception of the Philippine and the Andaman Islands and the Malay Peninsula, as we have seen, the presence of traces of Negritos is an open question. The evidence at hand is incomplete and insufficient, and we must therefore be content to let future investigators work out these unsolved problems.
[3] English edition of Stanley, 1874, p. 106.
[4] Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 6, footnote.
[5] Zúñiga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Reprint by Retana, vol. I, p. 422.
[6] By this is meant Fr. San Antonio's Chronicas de la Apostolica, Provincia de San Gregorio, etc., 1738-1744.
[7] Relación de las Islas Filipinas, 1604; 2d ed., 1890, p. 38.
[8] Meyer, Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 4.
[9] See sketch map, Pl. I.
[10] Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Ed. Retana, 1893, I, p. 421.
[11] Ca-ing-in is a Malayan word for cultivated clearing.
[12] The province has recently been divided by act of the Philippine Commission, the northern part above Santa Cruz being joined to Pangasinan.
[13] Francisco Cañamaque, Boletin de la Sociedad Geografica de Madrid, vol IX, 1880.
[14] Diccionario Geográfico, etc., de las Islas Filipinas, vol. II, 1850.
[15] Cañamaque.
[16] Zúñiga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas, 1803.
[17] This was evidently the belief of some of the old voyagers. Navarette, whose account of his travels in 1647 is published in Churchill's Collection of Voyages, 1704, said that the people called "Zambales" were great archers and had no other weapons than the bow and arrow. Dr. John Frances Gemelli Careri, who made a voyage around the world, 1693-1697, says in his report (Churchill's Voyages, vol. IV): "This mixing [that is, of Negritos] with the Wild _Indians_ produced the Tribe of _Manghian_ who are Blacks dwelling in the Isles of Mindoro and Mundos [probably Panay], and who peopled the Islands _de los Negros,_ or of Blacks. Some of them have harsh frisled hair like the _African_ and _Angola_ blacks. * * *
"The _Sambali,_ contrary to the others, tho' Wild have long Hair, like the other Conquer'd _Indians._ The Wives, of these Savages are deliver'd in the Woods, like She Goats, and immediately wash themselves and the Infants in the Rivers, or other cold Water; which would be immediate Death to _Europeans._ These Blacks when pursu'd by the _Spaniards,_ with the sound of little Sticks, give notice to the rest, that are dispers'd about the Woods, to save themselves by Flight. Their Weapons are Bows and Arrows, a short Spear, and a short Weapon, or Knife at their Girdle. They Poison their Arrows, which are sometimes headed with Iron, or a sharp Stone, and they bore the Point, that it may break in their Enemies Body, and so be unfit to be shot back. For their defense, they use a Wooden Buckler, four Spans long, and two in breadth, which always hangs at their Arm.
"Tho' I had much discourse about it, with the Fathers of the Society, and other Missioners, who converse with these Blacks, _Manghians, Mandi_ and _Sambali,_ I could never learn any thing of their Religion; but on the contrary, all unanimously agree they have none, but live like Beasts, and the most that has been seen among the Blacks on the Mountains, has been a round Stone, to which they pay'd a Veneration, or a Trunk of a Tree, or Beasts, or other things they find about, and this only out of fear. True it is, that by means of the Heathen _Chineses_ who deal with them in the Mountains, some deformed Statues have been found in their Huts. The other three beforemention'd Nations, seem'd inclin'd to observing of Auguries and _Mahometan_ Superstitions, by reason of their Commerce, with the _Malayes_ and _Ternates._ The most reciev'd Opinion is, that these Blacks were the first Inhabitants of the Islands; and that being Cowards, the Sea Coasts were easily taken from them by People resorting from _Sumatra, Borneo, Macassar_ and other Places; and therefore they retir'd to the Mountains. In short, in all the Islands where these Blacks, and other Savage Men are, the _Spaniards_ Possess not much beyond the Sea Coasts; and not that in all Parts, especially from _Maribeles,_ to Cape _Bolinao_ in the Island of _Manila,_ where for 50 Leagues along the Shoar, there is no Landing, for fear of the Blacks, who are most inveterate Enemies to the _Europeans._ Thus all the in-land Parts being possess'd by these Brutes, against whom no Army could prevail in the thick Woods, the King of _Spain_ has scarce one in ten of the Inhabitants of the Island, that owns him, as the _Spaniards_ often told me."
[18] Journal Anth. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 15.
[19] Pygmies, p. 111.
[20] Montano, Mission aux Philippines, p. 316.
[21] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey.
[22] Voyage aux Philippines, p. 71; Mission aux Philippines, p. 315.
[23] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey.
[24] In the footnote on page 29 is given an extract from Careri's Voyages, in which the following occurs: "True it is, that by means of the heathen Chinese who deal with them in the mountains, some deformed statues have been found in their huts."
End of Project Gutenberg's Negritos of Zambales, by William Allan Reed