Nazi conspiracy and aggression, Volume 02 (of 11)

Chapter VII on Purge of Political Opponents and Section 6 of Chapter XV

Chapter 2616,267 wordsPublic domain

on the Gestapo and SD.) But presumably such increase was believed to be possible, and was given to von Neurath to use for coercion of the Czechs.

The declared basic policy of the Protectorate was to destroy the identity of the Czechs as a nation and to absorb their territory into the Reich. This is borne out by a memorandum signed by Lt. Gen. of Infantry Frederici (_862-PS_), which is headed “The Deputy General of the Armed Forces with the Reich Protector in Bohemia and Moravia”. It is marked Top Secret and dated 15 October 1940. That was practically a year before von Neurath went on leave, as he puts it, on 27 September 1941. The memorandum discusses “Basic Political Principles in the Protectorate,” and copies went to Keitel and Jodl. The memorandum states:

“On 9 October of this year [1940] the office of the Reich protector held an official conference in which State Secretary SS Lt. General K. H. Frank spoke about the following:

“Since creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, party agencies, industrial circles, as well as agencies of the central authorities of Berlin, have had difficulties about the solution of the Czech problem.

“After ample deliberation, the Reich Protector expressed his view about the various plans in a memorandum. In this, three ways of solution were indicated:

“A. German infiltration of Moravia and _reduction of the Czech nationality to a residual Bohemia_.

“This solution is considered as unsatisfactory, because the Czech problem, even if in a diminished form, will continue to exist.

“B. Many arguments can be brought up against the most radical solution, namely, the deportation of all Czechs. Therefore the memorandum comes to the conclusion that it can not be carried out within a reasonable space of time.

“C. Assimilation of the Czechs, i.e. absorption of about half of the Czech nationality by the Germans, insofar as this is of importance by being valuable from a racial or other standpoint. This will take place among other things, also by increasing the _Arbeitseinsatz_ of the Czechs in the Reich territory, with the exception of the Sudeten German border district; in other words, by dispersing the closed Czech nationality. The other half of the Czech nationality must be deprived of its power, eliminated and shipped out of the country by all sorts of methods. This applies particularly to the racially mongoloid part, and to the major part of the intellectual class. The latter can scarcely be converted ideologically, and would represent a burden by constantly making claims for leadership over the other Czech classes, and thus interfering with a rapid assimilation.

“Elements which counteract the planned Germanization are to be handled roughly and should be eliminated.

“The above development naturally presupposes an increased influx of Germans from the Reich territory into the Protectorate.

“After a discussion, the Fuehrer has chosen Solution C (assimilation) as a directive for the solution of the Czech problem, and decided that, while keeping up the autonomy of the Protectorate on the surface, the Germanization will have to be carried out in a centralized way by the office of the Reich Protector for years to come. From the above no particular conclusions are drawn by the Armed Forces. This is the direction which has always been represented from here.

“In this connection, I refer to my memorandum which was sent to the Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces, dated 12 July 1939, entitled ‘The Czech Problem’.” (_862-PS_)

That view of the Reich Protector was accepted and formed a basis of his policy. The result was a program of consolidating German control over Bohemia and Moravia by the systematic oppression of the Czechs through the abolishment of civil liberties, and the systematic undermining of the native political, economic, and cultural structure by a regime of terror. The only protection given by von Neurath was a protection to the perpetrators of innumerable crimes against the Czechs. (Proof of this aspect of von Neurath’s responsibility was left for development by the Soviet prosecuting staff.)

F. _CONCLUSION._

Von Neurath received many honors and rewards as his worth. It even appears that Hitler showered more honors on von Neurath than on some of the leading Nazis who had been with the Party since the very beginning. His appointments as President of the newly created Secret Cabinet Council in 1938 was in itself a new and singular distinction. On 22 September 1940 Hitler awarded him the War Merit Cross, First Class, as Reich Protector for Bohemia and Moravia. He was also awarded the Golden Badge of the Party, and was promoted by Hitler personally from the rank of _Gruppenfuehrer_ to _Obergruppenfuehrer_ in the SS, on 21 June 1943. Von Neurath and Ribbentrop were the only two Germans to be awarded the _Adlerorden_, a distinction normally reserved for foreigners. Von Neurath’s seventieth birthday, 2 February 1943, was made the occasion for most of the German newspapers to praise his many years of service to the Nazi regime. This service, in the view of the prosecution, may be summed up in two ways:

(1) He was an internal fifth columnist among Conservative political circles in Germany. They had been anti-Nazi but were converted in part by seeing one of themselves, in the person of von Neurath, wholeheartedly with the Nazis.

(2) His previous reputation as a diplomat made public opinion abroad slow to believe that he would be a member of a cabinet which did not stand by its words and assurances. It was most important for Hitler that his own readiness to break every treaty or commitment should be concealed as long as possible, and for this purpose he found in von Neurath his handiest tool.

* * * * *

LEGAL REFERENCES AND LIST OF DOCUMENTS RELATING TO CONSTANTIN VON NEURATH

│ │ │ Document │ Description │ Vol. │ Page │ │ │ │Charter of the International Military │ │ │ Tribunal, Article 6. │ I │ 5 │International Military Tribunal, │ │ │ Indictment Number 1, Section IV (H);│ │ │ Appendix A. │ I │ 29, 64 │ ———— │ │ │Note: A single asterisk (*) before a │ │ │document indicates that the document │ │ │was received in evidence at the │ │ │Nurnberg trial. A double asterisk (**)│ │ │before a document number indicates │ │ │that the document was referred to │ │ │during the trial but was not formally │ │ │received in evidence, for the reason │ │ │given in parentheses following the │ │ │description of the document. The USA │ │ │series number, given in parentheses │ │ │following the description of the │ │ │document, is the official exhibit │ │ │number assigned by the court. │ │ │ ———— │ │ *386-PS │Notes on a conference with Hitler in │ │ │the Reich Chancellery, Berlin, 5 │ │ │November 1937, signed by Hitler’s │ │ │adjutant, Hossbach, and dated 10 │ │ │November 1937. (USA 25) │ III │ 295 │ │ │ *388-PS │File of papers on Case Green (the plan│ │ │for the attack on Czechoslovakia), │ │ │kept by Schmundt, Hitler’s adjutant, │ │ │April-October 1938. (USA 26) │ III │ 305 │ │ │ *789-PS │Speech of the Fuehrer at a conference,│ │ │23 November 1939, to which all Supreme│ │ │Commanders were ordered. (USA 23) │ III │ 572 │ │ │ *812-PS │Letter from Rainer to Seyss-Inquart, │ │ │22 August 1939 and report from │ │ │Gauleiter Rainer to Reichskommissar │ │ │Gauleiter Buerckel, 6 July 1939 on │ │ │events in the NSDAP of Austria from │ │ │1933 to 11 March 1938. (USA 61) │ III │ 586 │ │ │ *862-PS │Memorandum by General Friderici, │ │ │Plenipotentiary of the Wehrmacht to │ │ │the Reich Protector of Bohemia and │ │ │Moravia, initialled by Keitel, Jodl │ │ │and Warlimont, 15 October 1940, │ │ │concerning plan to Germanize │ │ │Czechoslovakia. (USA 313) │ III │ 618 │ │ │ *1439-PS │Treaty of Protection between Slovakia │ │ │and the Reich, signed in Vienna 18 │ │ │March and in Berlin 23 March 1939. │ │ │1939 Reichsgesetzblatt, Part I, p. │ │ │606. (GB 135) │ IV │ 18 │ │ │ 1654-PS │Law of 16 March 1935 reintroducing │ │ │universal military conscription. 1935 │ │ │Reichsgesetzblatt, Part I, p. 369. │ │ │(Referred to but not offered in │ │ │evidence.) │ IV │ 163 │ │ │ *1708-PS │The Program of the NSDAP. National │ │ │Socialistic Yearbook, 1941, p. 153. │ │ │(USA 255, USA 324) │ IV │ 208 │ │ │ *1760-PS │Affidavit of George S. Messersmith, 28│ │ │August 1945. (USA 57) │ IV │ 305 │ │ │ *1774-PS │Extracts from Organizational Law of │ │ │the Greater German Reich by Ernst │ │ │Rudolf Huber. (GB 246) │ IV │ 349 │ │ │ *1780-PS │Excerpts from diary kept by General │ │ │Jodl, January 1937 to August 1939. │ │ │(USA 72) │ IV │ 360 │ │ │ *2031-PS │Decree establishing a Secret Cabinet │ │ │Council, 4 February 1938. 1938 │ │ │Reichsgesetzblatt, Part I, p. 112. (GB│ │ │217) │ IV │ 654 │ │ │ 2119-PS │Decree of the Fuehrer and Reich │ │ │Chancellor concerning the Protectorate│ │ │of Bohemia and Moravia, 16 March 1939.│ IV │ 751 │ │ │ *2194-PS │Top secret letter from Ministry for │ │ │Economy and Labor, Saxony, to Reich │ │ │Protector in Bohemia and Moravia, │ │ │enclosing copy of 1938 Secret Defense │ │ │Law of 4 September 1938. (USA 36) │ IV │ 843 │ │ │ *2246-PS │Report of von Papen to Hitler, 1 │ │ │September 1936, concerning Danube │ │ │situation. (USA 67) │ IV │ 930 │ │ │ *2247-PS │Letter from von Papen to Hitler, 17 │ │ │May 1935, concerning intention of │ │ │Austrian government to arm. (USA 64) │ IV │ 930 │ │ │ 2261-PS │Directive from Blomberg to Supreme │ │ │Commanders of Army, Navy and Air │ │ │Forces, 24 June 1935; accompanied by │ │ │copy of Reich Defense Law of 21 May │ │ │1935 and copy of Decision of Reich │ │ │Cabinet of 12 May 1935 on the Council │ │ │for defense of the Reich. (USA 24) │ IV │ 934 │ │ │ *2288-PS │Adolf Hitler’s speech before the │ │ │Reichstag, published in Voelkischer │ │ │Beobachter, Southern Germany Special │ │ │Edition, No. 142a, 22 May 1935. (USA │ │ │38) │ IV │ 993 │ │ │ *2289-PS │Hitler’s speech in the Reichstag, 7 │ │ │March 1936, published in Voelkischer │ │ │Beobachter, Berlin Edition, No. 68, 8 │ │ │March 1936. (USA 56) │ IV │ 994 │ │ │ *2353-PS │Extracts from General Thomas’ Basic │ │ │Facts for History of German War and │ │ │Armament Economy. (USA 35) │ IV │ 1071 │ │ │ *2357-PS │Speech by Hitler before Reichstag, 20 │ │ │February 1938, published in Documents │ │ │of German Politics, Part VI, 1, pp. │ │ │50-52. (GB 30) │ IV │ 1099 │ │ │ 2358-PS │Speech by Hitler in Sportspalast, │ │ │Berlin, 26 September 1938, from │ │ │Voelkischer Beobachter, Munich │ │ │Edition, 27 September 1938. │ IV │ 1100 │ │ │ *2360-PS │Speech by Hitler before Reichstag, 30 │ │ │January 1939, from Voelkischer │ │ │Beobachter, Munich Edition, 31 January│ │ │1939. (GB 134) │ IV │ 1101 │ │ │ *2385-PS │Affidavit of George S. Messersmith, 30│ │ │August 1945. (USA 68) │ V │ 23 │ │ │ 2541-PS │Extracts from German Publications. │ V │ 285 │ │ │ 2771-PS │U. S. State Department, National │ │ │Socialism, published by U. S. │ │ │Government Printing Office, 1943. │ V │ 417 │ │ │ *2852-PS │Minutes of meetings of Council of │ │ │Ministers for Reich Defense. (USA 395)│ V │ 512 │ │ │ *2949-PS │Transcripts of telephone calls from │ │ │Air Ministry, 11-14 March 1938. (USA │ │ │76) │ V │ 628 │ │ │ *2972-PS │List of appointments held by von │ │ │Neurath, 17 November 1945. (USA 19) │ V │ 679 │ │ │ *2986-PS │Affidavit of the defendant, Wilhelm │ │ │Frick, 19 November 1945. (USA 409) │ V │ 688 │ │ │ *3045-PS │Letter, 12 March 1938, to British │ │ │Embassy enclosing letter from │ │ │Henderson to Neurath, 11 March 1938. │ │ │(USA 127) │ V │ 765 │ │ │ *3287-PS │Letter from von Neurath to Henderson, │ │ │12 March 1938. (USA 128) │ V │ 1090 │ │ │ *C-139 │Directive for operation “Schulung” │ │ │signed by Blomberg, 2 May 1935. (USA │ │ │53) │ VI │ 951 │ │ │ *C-140 │Directive for preparations in event of│ │ │sanctions, 25 October 1935, signed by │ │ │Blomberg. (USA 51) │ VI │ 952 │ │ │ *C-153 │Naval Armament Plan for the 3rd │ │ │Armament Phase, signed by Raeder, 12 │ │ │May 1934. (USA 43) │ VI │ 967 │ │ │ D-449 │Extract from The Archive, 1937, p. │ │ │650. │ VII │ 58 │ │ │ D-471 │Extract from The Archive, October │ │ │1937, p. 921. │ VII │ 59 │ │ │ *D-660 │Extracts from Hutchinson’s Illustrated│ │ │edition of Mein Kampf. (GB 128) │ VII │ 164 │ │ │ EC-177 │Minutes of second session of Working │ │ │Committee of the Reich Defense held on│ │ │26 April 1933. (USA 390) │ VII │ 328 │ │ │ *EC-407 │Minutes of Twelfth Meeting of Reichs │ │ │Defense Council, 14 May 1936. (GB 247)│ VII │ 462 │ │ │ *L-150 │Memorandum of conversation between │ │ │Ambassador Bullitt and von Neurath, │ │ │German Minister for Foreign Affairs, │ │ │18 May 1936. (USA 65) │ VII │ 890 │ │ │ *TC-22 │Agreement between Austria and German │ │ │Government and Government of Federal │ │ │State of Austria, 11 July 1936. (GB │ │ │20) │ VIII │ 369 │ │ │ *TC-25 │Non-aggression Treaty between Germany │ │ │and USSR and announcement of 25 │ │ │September 1939 relating to it. (GB │ │ │145) │ VIII │ 375 │ │ │ *TC-26 │German assurance to Austria, 21 May │ │ │1935, from Documents of German │ │ │Politics, Part III, p. 94. (GB 19) │ VIII │ 376 │ │ │ *TC-27 │German assurances to Czechoslovakia, │ │ │11 and 12 March 1938, as reported by │ │ │M. Masaryk, the Czechoslovak Minister │ │ │to London to Viscount Halifax. (GB 21)│ VIII │ 377 │ │ │ *TC-34 │German Declaration to the Belgian │ │ │Minister of 13 October 1937. (GB 100) │ VIII │ 381 │ │ │ *TC-44 │Notice by German government of │ │ │existence of German Air Force, 9 March│ │ │1935. (GB 11) │ VIII │ 386 │ │ │ *TC-50 │Proclamation of the Fuehrer to the │ │ │German people and Order of the Fuehrer│ │ │to the Wehrmacht, 15 March 1939, from │ │ │Documents of German Politics, Part │ │ │VII, pp. 499-501. (GB 7) │ VIII │ 402 │ │ │ TC-51 │Decree establishing the Protectorate │ │ │of Bohemia and Moravia, 16 March 1939.│ │ │(GB 8) │ VIII │ 404 │ │ │ *Chart No. 1 │National Socialist German Workers’ │ │ │Party. (2903-PS; USA 2) │ VIII │ 770

21. HANS FRITZSCHE

A. _POSITIONS HELD BY FRITZSCHE IN THE NAZI STATE._

Fritzsche’s Party membership and his various positions in the propaganda apparatus of the Nazi State are shown in two affidavits made by himself (_2976-PS_; _3469-PS_). Fritzsche became a member of the Nazi Party on 1 May 1933, and continued to be a member until Germany’s collapse in 1945.

Fritzsche began his service with the staff of the Reich Ministry for People’s Enlightenment and Propaganda (hereinafter referred to as the Propaganda Ministry) on 1 May 1933, he remained within the Propaganda Ministry until the Nazi downfall in the spring of 1945.

Before the Nazis seized political power in Germany, and beginning in September 1932, Fritzsche was head of the Wireless News Service (_Drahtloser Dienst_), an agency of the Reich Government, which at that time was the government of von Papen. After the Wireless News Service was incorporated into Dr. Goebbels’ Propaganda Ministry in May 1933, Fritzsche continued as its head until 1938. Upon entering the Progapanda Ministry in May 1933, Fritzsche also became head of the news section of the Press Division of the Propaganda Ministry. He continued in this position until 1937. In the summer of 1938 Fritzsche was appointed deputy to Alfred Ingemar Berndt, who was then head of the German Press Division. (The German Press Division, in the Indictment, is called the “Home Press Division.” Since “German Press Division” seems to be a more literal translation, it is referred to as the German Press Division throughout this section. It is sometimes otherwise known as the Domestic Press Division.) This Division, as will be later shown, was the major section of the Press Division of the Reich Cabinet.

In December 1938 Fritzsche succeeded Berndt as the head of the German Press Division. Between 1938 and November 1942, Fritzsche was promoted three times. He advanced in title from Superior Government Counsel to Ministerial Counsel, then to _Ministerialdirigent_, and finally to _Ministerialdirektor_.

In November 1942 Fritzsche was relieved of his position as head of the German Press Division by Dr. Goebbels. In its place he accepted from Dr. Goebbels a newly created position in the Propaganda Ministry, that of Plenipotentiary for the Political Organization of the Greater German Radio. At the same time he also became head of the Radio Division of the Propaganda Ministry. He held both these positions in radio until the Nazi downfall.

There are two allegations in the Indictment concerning Fritzsche’s positions for which no proof is available. The first unsupported allegation states that Fritzsche was Editor-in-Chief of the official German News Agency, _Deutsche Nachrichten Buero_. The second unsupported allegation states that Fritzsche was head of the Radio Division of the Propaganda Department of the Nazi Party. Fritzsche, in his affidavit, denies having held either of these positions, and these two allegations must fall for want of other proof.

B. _FRITZSCHE’S PART IN THE CONSPIRACY TO CONSOLIDATE NAZI CONTROL OVER GERMANY AND TO LAUNCH WARS OF AGGRESSION._

In one of his affidavits (_3469-PS_), which contains numerous statements in the nature of self-serving declarations, Fritzsche states that he first became a successful journalist in the service of the Hugenberg Press, the most important chain of newspaper enterprises in pre-Nazi Germany. The Hugenberg concern owned papers of its own, but it was important primarily because it served newspapers which principally supported the so-called “national” parties of the Reich, including the NSDAP.

In paragraph 5 of this affidavit (_3469-PS_), Fritzsche relates that in September 1932, when von Papen was Reich Chancellor, he was made head of the Wireless News Service, replacing an official who was politically unbearable to the Papen regime. The Wireless News Service was a government agency for spreading news by radio. Fritzsche began making radio broadcasts at about this time, with a success which Goebbels recognized and later exploited on behalf of the Nazi conspirators.

On the evening of the day when the Nazis seized power, the 30 January 1933, two emissaries from Goebbels visited Fritzsche. One of them was Dressler-Andrees, head of the Radio Division of the NSDAP; the other was an assistant of Dressler-Andrees named Sadila-Mantau. These two emissaries notified Fritzsche that although Goebbels was angry with Fritzsche for writing an article critical of Hitler, still Goebbels recognized Fritzsche’s public success on the radio. They stated further that Goebbels desired to retain Fritzsche as head of the Wireless News Service on certain conditions: (1) that Fritzsche discharge all Jews; (2) that he discharge all other personnel who would not join the NSDAP; (3) that he employ with the Wireless News Service the second Goebbels’ emissary, Sadila-Mantau. Fritzsche refused all these conditions except the hiring of Sadila-Mantau. (_3469-PS_)

Fritzsche continued to make radio broadcasts during this period in which he supported the national National Socialist coalition government then still existing.

In early 1933 SA troops several times called at the Wireless News Service and Fritzsche prevented them, with some difficulty, from making news broadcasts.

In April 1933 Goebbels called Fritzsche to him for a personal audience. At paragraph 9 of his affidavit (_3469-PS_) Fritzsche has described his prior relationship with Dr. Goebbels:

“I was acquainted with Dr. Goebbels since 1928. Apparently he had taken a liking to me, besides the fact that in my press activities I had always treated the National Socialists in a friendly way until 1931. Already before 1933, Goebbels, who was the editor of the ‘_Attack_’ [“_Der Angriff_”] a Nazi newspaper, had frequently made flattering remarks about the form and content of my work, which I did as contributor of many ‘National’ newspapers and periodicals, among which were also reactionary papers and periodicals.” (_3469-PS_)

(1) _Establishment of complete Nazi control over press and radio._ At the first Goebbels-Fritzsche discussion in early April 1933, Goebbels informed Fritzsche of his decision to place the Wireless News Service within the Propaganda Ministry as of 1 May 1933. He suggested that Fritzsche make certain rearrangements in the personnel so as to remove Jews and other persons who did not support the NSDAP. Fritzsche debated with Goebbels concerning some of these steps. During this period Fritzsche made some effort to place Jews in other jobs.

In a second conference with Goebbels shortly thereafter, Fritzsche informed Goebbels about the steps he had taken in reorganizing the Wireless News Service. Goebbels thereupon informed Fritzsche that he would like to have him reorganize and modernize the entire news services of Germany within the controls of the Propaganda Ministry. On 17 March 1933, approximately two months before this time, the Propaganda Ministry had been created by decree. (_2029-PS_) Fritzsche was intrigued by the Goebbels offer. He proceeded to conclude the Goebbels-inspired reorganization of the Wireless News Service and, on 1 May 1933, together with the remaining members of his staff, he joined the Propaganda Ministry. On this same day he joined the NSDAP and took the customary oath of unconditional loyalty to the Fuehrer (_3469-PS_).

From this time on, whatever reservations Fritzsche may have had, either then or later, to the course of events under the Nazis, Fritzsche was completely within the Nazi camp. For the next 13 years he assisted in creating and in using the propaganda devices which the conspirators successfully employed in each of the principal phases of the conspiracy.

From 1933 until 1942 Fritzsche held one or more positions within the German Press Division. For four years, from 1938 to 1942—the period when the Nazis undertook military invasions of neighboring countries—he headed this Division. By virtue of its functions, the German Press Division became an important and unique instrument of the Nazi conspirators, not only in dominating the minds and psychology of Germans, but also as an instrument of foreign policy and psychological warfare against other nations. Thus, the already broad jurisdiction of the Propaganda Ministry was extended as follows by a Hitler decree of 30 June 1933:

“The Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda has jurisdiction over the whole field of spiritual indoctrination of the nation, of propagandizing the State, of cultural and economic propaganda, of enlightenment of the public at home and abroad. Furthermore, he is in charge of the administration of all institutions serving those purposes.” (_2030-PS_)

An exposition of the general functions of the German Press Division of the Propaganda Ministry is contained in an excerpt from a book by George Wilhelm Mueller, a Ministerial Director in the Propaganda Ministry. (_2434-PS_) Paragraphs 14, 15 and 16 of Fritzsche’s affidavit contain an exposition of the functions of the German Press Division, a description which confirms and adds to the exposition in Mueller’s book. Concerning the German Press Division, Fritzsche’s affidavit (_3469-PS_) states:

“During the whole period from 1933 to 1945 it was the task of the German Press Division to supervise the entire domestic press and to provide it with directives by which this division became an efficient instrument in the hands of the German State leadership. More than 2,300 German daily newspapers were subject to this control. The aim of this supervision and control, in the first years following 1933, was to change basically the conditions existing in the press before the seizure of power. That meant the coordination into the New Order of those newspapers and periodicals which were in the service of capitalistic special interests or party politics. While the administrative functions, wherever possible, were exercised by the professional associations and the Reich Press Chamber, the political leadership of the German press was entrusted to the German Press Division. The head of the German Press Division held daily press conferences in the Ministry for the representatives of all German newspapers. Hereby all instructions were given to the representatives of the press. These instructions were transmitted daily, almost without exception, and mostly by telephone, from headquarters by Dr. Otto Dietrich, Reich Press Chief, in a fixed statement, the so-called ‘Daily Parole of the Reich Press Chief.’ Before the statement was fixed the head of the German Press Division submitted to him—Dietrich—the current press wishes expressed by Dr. Goebbels and by other Ministries. This was the case especially with the wishes of the Foreign Office, about which Dr. Dietrich always wanted to make decisions personally or through his representatives at the headquarters, Helmut Suendermann and chief editor Lorenz. The practical use of the general directions in detail was thus left entirely to the individual work of the individual editor. Therefore, it is by no means true that the newspapers and periodicals were a monopoly of the German Press Division or that essays and leading articles through it had to be submitted to the Ministry. Even in war times this happened in exceptional cases only. The less important newspapers and periodicals which were not represented at the daily press conferences received their information in a different way—by providing them either with ready-made articles and reports, or with a confidential printed instruction. The publications of all other official agencies were directed and coordinated likewise by the German Press Division. To enable the periodicals to get acquainted with the daily political problems of newspapers and to discuss these problems in greater detail, the _Informationskorrespondenz_ was issued especially for periodicals. Later on it was taken over by the Periodical Press Division. The German Press Division likewise was in charge of pictorial reporting in so far as it directed the employment of pictorial reporters at important events. In this way, and conditioned by the current political situation, the entire German Press was made a permanent instrument of the Propaganda Ministry by the German Press Division. Thereby, the entire German Press was subordinate to the political aims of the Government. This was exemplified by the timely measuring and the emphatic presentation of such press polemics as appeared to be most useful, as shown for instance in the following themes: the class struggle of the system era; the leadership principle and the authoritarian state; the party and interest politics of the system era; the Jewish problem; the conspiracy of World Jewry; the Bolshevistic danger; the plutocratic Democracy abroad; the race problem generally; the church; the economic misery abroad; the foreign policy; and living space [_lebensraum_].” (_3469-PS_)

This description of Fritzsche’s establishes clearly that the German Press Division was the instrument for subordinating the entire German press to the political aims of the Nazi Government.

Fritzsche’s early activities within the German Press Division on behalf of the conspirators are described in his affidavit (_3469-PS_). In a conference with Goebbels the following occurred:

“At this time Dr. Goebbels suggested to me, as a specialist on news technique, the establishment and direction of a section ‘News,’ within the Press Division of his Ministry, in order to organize fully and to modernize the German news agencies. In executing this assignment given to me by Dr. Goebbels I took for my field the entire news field for the German Press and the radio in accordance with the directions given by the Propaganda Ministry, at first with the exception of the DNB, German News Agency.” (_3469-PS_)

The reason why the DNB was excepted from Fritzsche’s field at this time is that it did not come into existence until 1934.

Later on in his affidavit Fritzsche mentions the sizeable funds put at his disposal in building up the Nazi news services. Altogether, the German news agencies received a ten-fold increase in their budget from the Reich, an increase from 400,000 to 4,000,000 marks. Fritzsche himself selected and employed the Chief Editor for the Transocean News Agency and also for the Europa Press. Fritzsche states that some of the

“* * * directions of the Propaganda Ministry which I had to follow were * * * increase of German news copy abroad at any cost * * * spreading of favorable news on the internal construction and peaceful intentions of the National Socialistic System. * * *” (_3469-PS_)

About the summer of 1934 Funk, then Reich Press Chief, achieved the fusion of the two most important domestic news agencies, the Wolff Telegraph Agency and the Telegraph Union, and thus formed the official German news agency known as DNB. Although Fritzsche held no position with DNB at any time, nevertheless as head of the news section of the German Press Division, Fritzsche’s duties gave him official jurisdiction over the DNB, which was the official domestic news agency of the Reich after 1934. Fritzsche admits that he coordinated the work of the various foreign news agencies

“within the inland Europe and overseas foreign countries with each other and in relationship to DNB” (_3469-PS_).

The Wireless News Service was headed by Fritzsche from 1930 to 1937. After January 1933 the Wireless News Service was the official instrument of the Nazi government in spreading news over the radio. During the same time that Fritzsche headed the Wireless News Service, he personally made radio broadcasts to the German people. These broadcasts were naturally subject to the controls of the Propaganda Ministry and reflected its purposes. The influence of Fritzsche’s broadcasts to the German people, during this period of consolidation of control by the Nazi conspirators, is all the more important since Fritzsche was concurrently head of the Wireless News Service, and thus in control of all radio news.

(2) _Use of propaganda to prepare the way for aggressions_. The use made by the Nazi conspirators of psychological warfare is well known. Before each major aggression, with some few exceptions based on expediency, they initiated a press campaign calculated to weaken their victims and to prepare the German people psychologically for the attack. They used the press, after their earlier conquests, as a means for further influencing foreign politics and in maneuvering for the next following aggression.

By the time of the occupation of the Sudetenland on 1 October 1938, Fritzsche had become deputy head of the entire German Press Division. Fritzsche states that the role of German propaganda before the Munich Agreement on the Sudetenland was directed by his immediate chief, Berndt, head of the German Press Division. Fritzsche describes Berndt’s propaganda as follows:

“He exaggerated minor events very strongly, used sometimes old episodes as new—and there even came complaints from the Sudetenland itself that much of the news reported by the German press was untrustworthy. As a matter of fact, after the great foreign political success at Munich in September 1938, there came a noticeable crisis in confidence of the German people in the trustworthiness of its press. This was one reason for the recalling of Berndt, in December 1938 after the conclusion of the Sudeten action and for my appointment as head of the German Press Division. Beyond this, Berndt, by his admittedly successful but still primitive military-like orders to the German Press, had lost the confidence of the German editors.” (_3469-PS_)

Fritzsche was accordingly made head of the German Press Division in place of Berndt. Between December 1938 and 1942, Fritzsche, as head of the German Press Division, personally gave to the representatives of the principal German newspapers the “daily parole of the Reich Press Chief.” During this period he was the principal conspirator directly concerned with the manipulations of the press.

The first important foreign aggression after Fritzsche became head of the German Press Division was the incorporation of Bohemia and Moravia. Fritzsche describes the propaganda action surrounding the incorporation of Bohemia and Moravia as follows:

“The action for the incorporation of Bohemia and Moravia, which took place on 15 March 1939, while I was head of the German Press Division, was not prepared for such a long period as the Sudeten action. According to my memory, it was in February that I received the order from the Reich Press Chief, Dr. Dietrich, which was repeated as a request by the envoy Paul Schmidt of the Foreign Office, to bring the attention of the press to the efforts for independence of Slovakia and to the continued anti-German coalition politics of the Prague government. I did this. The daily paroles of the Reich Press Chief and the press conference minutes at that time show the wording of the corresponding instructions. These were the typical headlines of leading newspapers and the emphatic leading articles of the German daily press at that time: (1) the terrorizing of Germans within the Czech territory by arrest, shooting of Germans by the state police, destruction and damaging of German homes by Czech gangsters; (2) the concentration of Czech forces on the Sudeten frontier; (3) the kidnaping, deporting, and persecuting of Slovakian minorities by the Czechs; that the Czechs must get out of Slovakia; (4) secret meetings of Red functionaries in Prague. Some few days before the visit of Hacha, I received the instruction to publish in the press very emphatically the incoming news on the unrest in Czechoslovakia. Such information I received only partly from the German News Agency, DNB. Mostly it came from the Press Division of the Foreign Office and some of it came from big newspapers with their own news services. Among the newspapers offering information was above all the ‘_Voelkischer Beobachter_’ which, as I learned later on, received its information from the SS Standartenfuehrer Gunter D’Alquen. He was at this time in Pressburg. I had forbidden all news agencies and newspapers to issue news on unrest in Czechoslovakia before I had seen it. I wanted to avoid a repetition of the very annoying results of the Sudeten action propaganda, and I did not want to suffer a loss of prestige caused by untrue news. Thus, all news checked by me was admittedly full of tendency [_voller Tendenz_] however, not invented. After the visit of Hacha in Berlin and after the beginning of the invasion of the German Army, which took place on 15 March 1939, the German press had enough material for describing those events. Historically and politically the event was justified with the indication that the declaration of independence of Slovakia had required an interference and that Hacha with his signature had avoided a war and had reinstated a thousand-year union between Bohemia and the Reich.” (_3469-PS_)

The propaganda campaign of the press preceding the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 bears again the handiwork of Fritzsche and his German Press Division. Fritzsche speaks of the conspirators’ treatment of this episode as follows:

“Very complicated and changing was the press and propagandists treatment in the case of Poland. Under the influence of the German-Polish agreement, it was generally forbidden in the German press for many years to publish anything on the situation of the German minority in Poland. This remained also the case when in the Spring of 1939 the German press was asked to become somewhat more active as to the problem of Danzig. Also, when the first Polish-English conversations took place, and when the German press was instructed to use a sharper tone against Poland, the question of the German minority still remained in the background. But during the summer this problem was picked up again and created immediately a noticeable sharpening of the situation, namely, each larger German newspaper had for quite some time an abundance of material on complaints of the Germans in Poland without the editors having had a chance to use this material. The German papers, from the time of the minority discussion at Geneva, still had correspondents of free collaborators in Kattewitz, Bromberg, Posen, Thorn, etc. Their material now came forth with a bound. Concerning this the leading German newspapers, upon the basis of directions given out in the so-called ‘daily parole’ brought out the following publicity with great emphasis: (1) cruelty and terror against Germans and the extermination of Germans in Poland; (2) forced labor of thousands of German men and women in Poland; (3) Poland, land of servitude and disorder; the desertion of Polish soldiers; the increased inflation in Poland; (4) provocation of frontier clashes upon direction of the Polish Government; the Polish lust to conquer; (5) persecution of Czechs and Ukrainians by Poland. The Polish Press replied particularly sharply.” (_3469-PS_)

The press campaign preceding the invasion of Yugoslavia followed the conventional pattern. The customary definitions, lies, incitement, and threats, and the usual attempt to divide and weaken the victim, are contained in Fritzsche’s description of this propaganda action:

“During the period immediately preceding the invasion of Yugoslavia, on the 16th of April 1941, the German press emphasized by headlines and leading articles the following topics: (1) the planned persecution of Germans in Yugoslavia, including the burning down of German villages by Serbian soldiers; also the confining of Germans in concentration camps and also the physical mishandling of German-speaking persons; (2) the arming of Serbian bandits by the Serbian Government; (3) the incitement of Yugoslavia by the plutocrats against Germany; (4) the increasing anti-Serbian feeling in Croatia; (5) the chaotic economic and social conditions in Yugoslavia.”

Since Germany had a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, and because the conspirators wanted the advantage of surprise, there was no special propaganda campaign immediately preceding the attack on the U.S.S.R. Fritzsche’s affidavit discusses the propaganda line which was given the German people in justification of this aggressive war:

“During the night from the 21st to the 22nd of June 1941, Ribbentrop called me in for a conference in the Foreign Office Building at about 5 o’clock in the morning, at which representatives of the domestic and foreign press were present. Ribbentrop informed us that the war against the Soviet Union would start that same day and asked the German press to present the war against the Soviet Union as a preventative war for the defense of the Fatherland, as a war which was forced upon us through the immediate danger of an attack of the Soviet Union against Germany. The claim that this was a preventative war was later repeated by the newspapers which received their instructions from me during the usual daily parole of the Reich Press Chief. I, myself, have also given this presentation of the cause of the war in my regular broadcasts.” (_3469-PS_)

Fritzsche, throughout his affidavit, constantly refers to his expert technical assistance to the apparatus of the Propaganda Ministry. In 1939, apparently becoming dissatisfied with the efficiency of the existing facilities of the German Press Division, he established a new instrument for improving the effectiveness of Nazi propaganda:

“About the summer of 1939 I established within the German Press Division a section called ‘Speed-Service.’ * * * At the start it had the task of checking the correctness of news from foreign countries. Later on, about the Fall of 1939, this section also elaborated on collecting materials which were put at the disposal of the entire German press. For instance, dates from the British Colonial policy, from political statements of the British Prime Minister in former times, descriptions of social distress in hostile countries, etc. Almost all German newspapers used such material as a basis for their polemics. Hereby was achieved a great unification within the fighting front of the German press. The title ‘Speed Service’ was chosen because materials for current comments were supplied with unusual speed.” (_3469-PS_)

Throughout this entire period preceding and including the launching of aggressive wars, Fritzsche made regular radio broadcasts to the German people under the program titles of “Political Newspaper Review,” “Political and Radio Show,” and later “Hans Fritzsche Speaks.” His broadcasts naturally reflected the polemics and the controls of his Ministry and thus of the conspiracy. Fritzsche, the most eminent member of Goebbels’ propaganda team, helped substantially in making possible, both within Germany and without, the conspirators’ plans for aggressive war.

C. _FRITZSCHE’S USE OF PROPAGANDA TO FURTHER THE CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT ATROCITIES AND EXPLOIT OCCUPIED TERRITORIES._

Fritzsche incited atrocities and encouraged a ruthless occupation policy. The results of propaganda as a weapon of the Nazi conspirators reaches into every aspect of this conspiracy, including the atrocities and ruthless exploitation in occupied countries. It is likely that many ordinary Germans would never have participated in or tolerated the atrocities committed throughout Europe, had they not been conditioned and goaded by the constant Nazi propaganda. The callousness and zeal of the people who actually committed the atrocities was in large part due to the constant and corrosive propaganda of Fritzsche and his official associates.

(1) _Persecution of the Jews._ With respect to Jews, the Department of Propaganda within the Propaganda Ministry had a special branch for the “Enlightenment of the German people and of the world as to the Jewish question, fighting with propagandistic weapons against enemies of the State and hostile ideologies.” This quotation is taken from a book written in 1940 by Ministerial Director Mueller, entitled “The Propaganda Ministry.” (_2434-PS_)

In his radio broadcasts Fritzsche took a particularly active part in this “enlightenment” concerning the Jewish question. These broadcasts were full of provocative libels against Jews, the result of which was to inflame Germans to further atrocities against Jews. Even Streicher, the master Jew-baiter of all time, could scarcely outdo Fritzsche in some of his anti-Jewish incitements. Broadcasts by Fritzsche which were monitored and translated by the British Broadcasting Corporation are quite revealing (_3064-PS_). These radio speeches of Fritzsche were broadcast during the period 1941-1945, which was a period of intensified anti-Jewish measures.

For instance, in a broadcast on 18 December 1941, Fritzsche declared:

“The fate of Jewry in Europe has turned out as unpleasant as the Fuehrer predicted in the case of a European war. After the extension of the war instigated by Jews, this unpleasant fate may also spread to the New World, for you can hardly assume that the nations of this New World will pardon the Jews for the misery of which the nations of the Old World did not absolve them.” (_3064-PS_)

On 18 March 1941 Fritzsche broadcast as follows:

“But the crown of all wrongly-applied Rooseveltian logics is the sentence ‘There never was a race and there never will be a race which can serve the rest of mankind as a master.’ Here too we can only applaud Mr. Roosevelt. Precisely because there exists no race which can be the master of the rest of mankind, we Germans have taken the liberty to break the domination of Jewry and of its capital in Germany, of Jewry which believed to have inherited the Crown of secret world domination.” (_3064-PS_)

On 9 October 1941 Fritzsche declared over the radio:

“We know very well that these German victories, unparalleled in history, have not yet stopped the source of hatred, which, for a long time, has fed the war mongers and from which this war originated. The international Jewish-Democratic Bolshevistic campaign of incitement against Germany still finds cover in this or that fox’s lair or rat-hole. We have seen only too frequently how the defeats suffered by the war mongers only doubled their senseless and impotent fury.” (_3064-PS_)

And on 8 January 1944 Fritzsche broadcast the following:

“It is revealed clearly once more that not a system of Government, not a young nationalism, not a new and well applied Socialism brought about this war. The guilty ones are exclusively the Jews and the Plutocrats. If discussion on the post-war problems brings this to light so clearly, we welcome it as a contribution for later discussions and also as a contribution to the fight we are waging now, for we refuse to believe that world history will confide its future developments to those powers which have brought about this war. This clique of Jews and Plutocrats have invested their money in armaments and they had to see to it that they would get their interests and sinking funds; hence they unleashed this war.” (_3064-PS_)

Finally, in a broadcast on 13 January 1945, Fritzsche stated:

“If Jewry provided a link between divergent elements as Plutocracy and Bolshevism and if Jewry was first able to work successfully in the Democratic countries in preparing this war against Germany, it has by now placed itself unreservedly on the side of Bolshevism which, with its entirely mistaken slogans of racial freedom against racial hatred, has created the very conditions the Jewish race requires in its struggle for domination over other races.”

* * * * * *

“Not the last result of German resistance on the fronts, so unexpected to the enemy, is the fruition of a development which began in the pre-war years, the process of subordinating British policy to far-reaching Jewish points of view. It began long before this when Jewish emigrants from Germany started their war-mongering against us from British and American soil.”

* * * * * *

“This whole attempt aiming at the establishment of Jewish world domination, now increasingly recognizable, has come to a head at the very moment when the people’s understanding of their racial origins has been far too much awakened to promise success to the undertaking.” (_3064-PS_)

All this was designed not only as a justification of prior anti-Jewish actions, but also as an invitation to further persecution of the Jews.

(2) _Ruthless treatment of peoples of the USSR._ Fritzsche also incited and encouraged ruthless measures against the peoples of the USSR.

In his regular broadcasts Fritzsche’s incitements against the peoples of the USSR were often linked to, and were certainly as inflammatory as, his rantings against the Jews. It is ironic that his propaganda ascribing atrocities to the peoples of the USSR are accurate descriptions of some of the many atrocities committed by the German invaders. Shortly after the invasion of the USSR in June 1941 Fritzsche broadcast as follows:

“The evidence of letters reaching us from the front, of P. K. [_Propaganda Kompanie_] reporters and soldiers on leave demonstrates that, in this struggle in the East, not one political system is pitted against another, not one view of life is fighting another, but that culture, civilization, and human decency make a stand against the diabolical principle of a sub-human world.”

“It was only the Fuehrer’s decision to strike in time that saved our homeland from the fate of being overrun by those sub-human creatures, and our men, women, and children from the unspeakable horror of being their prey.” (_3064-PS_)

In his broadcast on 10 July 1941 Fritzsche spoke of the alleged inhuman deeds committed in various areas by the Soviet Union, and he states that upon seeing the evidence of those deeds one is

“* * * finally to make the holy resolve to give his aid in the final destruction of those who are capable of such dastardly acts.”

* * * * * *

“The Bolshevist agitators make no effort to deny that in towns, thousands, in the villages, hundreds, of corpses of men, women and children have been found, who had been either killed or tortured to death. Yet the Bolshevik agitators allege that this was not done by Soviet Commissars but by German soldiers. Now we Germans know our soldiers. No German woman, father, or mother requires proof that their husband or their son cannot have committed such atrocious acts.” (_3064-PS_)

Evidence to be offered by the Soviet prosecuting staff will prove that representatives of the Nazi conspirators did not hesitate to exterminate Soviet soldiers and civilians by scientific mass methods. The incitements by Fritzsche make him an accomplice in these crimes. His labeling of the Soviet peoples as members of a “sub-human world” seeking to “exterminate” the German people, and similar talk, helped fashion the psychological atmosphere of unreason and hatred which not only made possible these atrocities in the East, but made them appear a holy duty.

(3) _Exploitation of occupied territories._ Fritzsche encouraged and glorified the policy of the Nazi conspirators in ruthlessly exploiting the occupied countries. In his radio broadcast of 9 October 1941 he stated:

“Today we can only say: Blitzkrieg or no—this German thunderstorm has cleansed the atmosphere of Europe. It is quite true that the dangers threatening us were eliminated one after the other with lightning speed; but in these lightning blows which shattered England’s allies on the Continent, we saw not a proof of the weakness, but a proof of the strength and superiority of the Fuehrer’s gift as a statesman and military leader; a proof of the German peoples’ force; we saw the proof that no opponent can stand up to the courage, discipline, and readiness for sacrifice displayed by the German soldier; and we are particularly grateful for these lightning, unmatched victories, because—as the Fuehrer emphasized last Friday—they give us the possibility of embarking on the organization of Europe and of lifting of the treasures of this old continent, already now in the middle of war, without it being necessary for millions and millions of German soldiers to be on guard, fighting day and night along this or that threatened frontier; and the possibilities of this continent are so rich that they suffice for any need of peace or war.” (_3064-PS_)

In his affidavit, Fritzsche admits having encouraged the exploitation of foreign countries:

“The utilization of the productive capacity of the occupied countries for the strengthening of the war potential, I have openly and gloriously praised, chiefly because the competent authorities put at my disposal much material, especially on the voluntary placement of manpower.” (_3469-PS_)

(4) _Control of German radio._ In addition to continuing as the head of the German Press Division until after the conspirators had begun the last of their aggression, Fritzsche was also the high commander of the entire German radio system. In November 1942 Goebbels created a new position, that of Plenipotentiary for the Political Organization of the Greater German Radio, a position which Fritzsche was the first and the last to hold. In his affidavit, Fritzsche narrates how the entire German Radio and Television System was organized under his supervision:

“My office practically represented the high command of German radio.” (_3469-PS_)

As special Plenipotentiary for the Political Organization of the Greater German Radio, Fritzsche issued orders to all the Reich propaganda offices by teletype. These were used in conforming the entire radio apparatus of Germany to the desires of the conspirators.

Goebbels customarily held an eleven o’clock conference with his closest collaborators within the Propaganda Ministry. When both Goebbels and his undersecretary, Dr. Naumann, were absent, Goebbels, after 1943, entrusted Fritzsche with the holding of this eleven o’clock press conference.

In Goebbels’ introduction to a book by Fritzsche, called “War to the War Mongers,” he took occasion to praise Fritzsche’s broadcasts in this fashion:

“Nobody knows better than I how much work is involved in those broadcasts, how many times they were dictated within the last minutes to find some minutes later a willing ear by the whole nation.” (_3255-PS_)

It is clear from Goebbels himself that the entire German nation was prepared to lend willing ears to Fritzsche, after he had made his reputation on the radio.

The rumor passed that Fritzsche was “His Master’s Voice” (_Die Stimme seines Herren_). This is borne out by Fritzsche’s functions. When Fritzsche spoke on the radio it was plain to the German people that they were listening to the high command of the conspirators in this field.

D. _CONCLUSION._

Fritzsche was not the type of conspirator who signed decrees, or who sat in the inner councils planning the overall grand strategy. The function of propaganda is, for the most part, apart from the field of such planning. The function of a propaganda agency is somewhat more analogous to an advertising agency or public relations department, the job of which is to sell the product and to win the market for the enterprise in question. Here the enterprise was the Nazi conspiracy. In a conspiracy which depends upon fraud as a means, the salesmen of the conspiratorial group are quite as essential and culpable as the master planners, even though he may not have contributed substantially to the formulation of all the basic strategy, but rather concentrated on making the execution of this strategy possible. In this case, propaganda was a weapon of tremendous importance to this conspiracy. Furthermore, the leading propagandists were major accomplices in this conspiracy, and Fritzsche was one of them.

When Fritzsche entered the Propaganda Ministry, which has been called the most fabulous “lie factory” of all time, and thus attached himself to the conspiracy, he did so with more of an open mind than most of the conspirators who had committed themselves at an earlier date, before the seizure of power. He was in a particularly strategic position to observe the frauds committed upon the German people and the world by the conspirators.

In 1933, before Fritzsche took his Party oath of unconditional obedience and subservience to the Fuehrer, he had observed at first hand the operations of the storm troopers and the execution of Nazi race actions. When, notwithstanding, Fritzsche undertook to bring all German news agencies within Nazi control, he learned from the inside, indeed from Goebbels himself, the intrigue and lies against opposition groups within and without Germany. He observed, for example, how opposition journalists, a profession to which he had previously belonged, were either absorbed or eliminated. He continued to support the conspiracy. He learned from day to day the art of intrigue and quackery in the process of perverting the German nation, and he grew in prestige and influence as he practiced this art.

Fritzsche learned a lesson from his predecessor, Berndt, who fell from the leadership of the German Press Division partly because he over-played his hand by blunt and excessive manipulation of the Sudetenland propaganda. Fritzsche stepped into the gap caused by the loss of confidence of both the editors and the German people, and did his job with more skill and subtlety. His shrewdness and ability to be more assuring and “to find,” as Goebbels said, “willing ears of the whole nation,”—these things made him the more useful accomplice of the conspirators.

Nazi Germany and its press went into war with Fritzsche in control of all German news, whether by press or radio. In 1942, when Fritzsche transferred from the field of the press to radio, he was not removed for bungling, but because Goebbels then needed his talents most in the field of radio. Fritzsche is not in the dock as a free journalist but as a propagandist who helped substantially to tighten the Nazi stranglehold over the German people, who made the excesses of the conspirators palatable to the German people, who goaded the German nation to fury and crime against people they were told by him were sub-human.

Without the propaganda apparatus of the Nazi State, the world would not have suffered the catastrophe of these years, and it is because of Fritzsche’s role in behalf of the Nazi conspirators, and their deceitful and barbarous practices, that he is called to account before the International Military Tribunal.

(See also Section 9 of Chapter VII on Propaganda, Censorship, and Supervision of Cultural Activities.)

* * * * *

LEGAL REFERENCES AND LIST OF DOCUMENTS RELATING TO HANS FRITZSCHE

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

1. PRINCIPAL OFFICIALS OF THE REICH GOVERNMENT

LEADER AND REICH CHANCELLOR (_Fuehrer und Reichskanzler_) ADOLPH HITLER Designated Successors HERMANN GOERING, RUDOLF HESS (until 1941) Successor named to form a Government KARL DOENITZ after the collapse in May 1945 Head of Presidential Chancery OTTO MEISSNER (_Praesidialkanzlei_) and State Minister (_Staatsminister_)

REICH CABINET (_Reichsregierung_) Chancellor (_Reichskanzler_) ADOLF HITLER Vice-Chancellor FRANZ von PAPEN (until 1934)

Reich Ministers: Reich Chancery HANS LAMMERS Air HERMANN GOERING Armaments and War Production ALBERT SPEER (predecessor, Todt, Minister for Armaments and Munitions—until 1942) Church Affairs HERMAN MUHS, Acting (predecessor, Hans Kerrl) Economics WALTER FUNK (predecessors, Schacht, Schmitt, Hugenberg) Education BERNARD RUST Finance LUTZ GRAF SCHWERIN von KROSIGK Food and Agriculture HERBERT BACKE, Acting (predecessor, Walter Darré) Foreign Affairs JOACHIM von RIBBENTROP (predecessor, Constantin von Neurath) Interior HEINRICH HIMMLER (predecessor, Wilhelm Frick) Justice OTTO THIERACK (predecessor, Schlegelberger—acting, Guertner) Labor FRANZ SELDTE Labor Service KONSTANTIN HIERL Occupied Eastern Territories ALFRED ROSENBERG Posts WILHELM OHNESORGE (predecessor, von Eltz-Ruebenach) Propaganda PAUL JOSEF GOEBBELS Transport JULIUS DORPMUELLER (predecessor, von Eltz-Ruebenach) War WERNER von BLOMBERG (until 1938)

Ministers without Portfolio but with KEITEL (predecessor, von Rank of Reich Minister Brauchitsch until December 1941) DOENITZ (predecessor, Raeder) BORMANN (predecessor, Hess) HANS FRANK SEYSS-INQUART (predecessor, Roehm, until 1934)

Ministers after loss of portfolio FRICK von NEURATH SCHACHT

State Ministers acting as Reich Ministers: Head of the Presidential Chancery MEISSNER State Minister for Bohemia-Moravia KARL HERMANN FRANK

Other Participants in Cabinet Meetings: Chief of Foreign Organization of ERNST WILHELM BOHLE Party Prussian Minister of State and DR. JOHANNES POPITZ Finance Government Press Chief OTTO DIETRICH (predecessor, Walter Funk) Reich Youth Leader ARTHUR AXMANN (predecessor, Baldur von Schirach)

SECRET CABINET COUNCIL (_Geheimer Kabinettsrat_) President CONSTANTIN VON NEURATH Secretary HANS LAMMERS Members JOACHIM von RIBBENTROP, HERMANN GOERING, PAUL JOSEF GOEBBELS, ERICH RAEDER, WILHELM KEITEL, RUDOLF HESS (until 1941), MARTIN BORMANN, WALTER von BRAUCHITSCH

REICH DEFENSE COUNCIL (_Reichsverteidigungsrat_) (Status in 1938) Chairman ADOLF HITLER Reich Minister of Air and Supreme HERMANN GOERING Commander of Air force (_Reichsminister der Luftfahrt und Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe_) Supreme Commander of the Army WALTER von BRAUCHITSCH (_Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres_) Supreme Commander of the Navy ERICH RAEDER (Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine) Chief of the OKW (_Chef des WILHELM KEITEL Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht_) Deputy of the Leader (_Stellvertreter RUDOLF HESS des Fuehrers_) Chief of Reich Chancery (_Chef der HANS LAMMERS Reichskanzlei_) President of Secret Cabinet Council CONSTANTIN von NEURATH (_Praesident des Geheimen Kabinettsrats_) Plenipotentiary for Reich WILHELM FRICK Administration (_Generalbevollmaechtigter fuer die Reichsverwaltung_) Plenipotentiary for Economics WALTER FUNK (_Generalbevollmaechtigter fuer die Wirtschaft_) and Reich Finance Minister (_Reichsminister der Finanzen_) Reich Minister of Foreign Affairs JOACHIM von RIBBENTROP (_Reichsminister des Auswaertigen_) Reich Minister of Interior WILHELM FRICK (_Reichsminister des Innern_) Reich Minister for Propaganda PAUL JOSEF GOEBBELS (_Reichsminister fuer Volksaufklaerung und Propaganda_) President of Reich Bank Directory HJALMAR SCHACHT (_Praesident des Reichsbankdirektoriums_)

REICH DEFENSE COMMITTEE (_Reichsverteidigungsausschuss_) KEITEL, GOERING, SCHACHT, FUNK, FRICK and Defense Officials (_RD Referenten_)

MINISTERIAL COUNCIL FOR DEFENSE OF THE REICH (_Ministerrat fuer die Reichsverteidigung_) Chairman HERMANN GOERING Secretary HANS LAMMERS Plenipotentiary for Reich HEINRICH HIMMLER (predecessor, Administration Wilhelm Frick) Plenipotentiary for Economics WALTER FUNK Chief of OKW WILHELM KEITEL Deputy of the Fuehrer RUDOLF HESS (followed by Head of the Party Chancery, Martin Bormann)

THREE-MAN COLLEGE (_Dreier-Kollegium_) Plenipotentiary for (War) Economy FUNK (predecessor, Schacht) Plenipotentiary for Administration HIMMLER (predecessor, Frick) Chief of the OKW KEITEL (predecessor, Minister of War—Blomberg)

OFFICE OF THE DELEGATE FOR THE FOUR YEAR PLAN (_Beauftragter fuer den Vierjahresplan_) Delegate (_Beauftragter_) HERMANN GOERING State Secretary and Permanent Deputy PAUL KOERNER Plenipotentiaries—General (_Generalbevollmaechtigte_): Control of Building ALBERT SPEER Special Chemical Production CARL KRAUCH Economics in Serbia FRANZ NEUHAUSEN Metal Mining in the Southeast FRANZ NEUHAUSEN Armaments ALBERT SPEER Manpower FRITZ SAUCKEL

OCCUPIED TERRITORIES (Administrators directly responsible to Hitler)

Reich Commissioners: Netherlands (_Reichskommissar fuer ARTHUR SEYSS-INQUART die besetzen niederlaendischen Gebiete_) Reich Commissioner Norway (_Reichskommissar fuer die JOSEF TERBOVEN besetzten norwegischen Gebiete_) Reich Commissioner Ostland (_Reichskommissar fuer das HINRICH LOHSE Ostland_) Ukraine (_Reichskommissar fuer die ERICH KOCH Ukraine_) Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (_Reichsprotektorat Boehmen und Maehren_) (Czechoslovakia) Reich Protector WILHELM FRICK (predecessor, Constantin von Neurath) State Minister KARL HERMANN FRANK General Government (_Generalgouvernement_) (Poland) Governor-General HANS FRANK

Chiefs of Civil Administration: Alsace—Chief of Civil Administration ROBERT WAGNER (_Chef der Zivilverwaltung im Elsass_) Bialystok—Chief of Civil ERICH KOCH Administration (_Chef der Zivilverwaltung in Bezirk Bialystok_) Carinthia and Carniola—Chief of Civil FRIEDRICH RAINER Administration (_Chef der Zivilverwaltung in den besetzten Gebieten Kaerntens und Krains_) Lorraine—Chief of Civil WILHELM STOEHR (predecessor, Administration (_Chef der Josef Buerckel) Zivilverwaltung in Lothringen_) Lower Styria—Chief of Civil SIEGFRIED UIBERREITHER Administration (_Chef der Zivilverwaltung in der Untersteiermark_) Luxembourg—Chief of Civil GUSTAV SIMON Administration (_Chef der Zivilverwaltung in Luxemberg_)

Military Administration: Denmark: Military Commander GEORG LINDEMANN (predecessor, Hermann von Hanneken) Plenipotentiary WERNER BEST France: Military Commander STUELPNAGEL Chief of Administration SCHMIDT Diplomatic Representative OTTO ABETZ

THE REICHSTAG President HERMANN GOERING Vice-President HERMANN ESSER Head of Administration KIENAST (_Ministerialdirigent_)

POLICE Reich Leader of SS and Chief of German HEINRICH HIMMLER Police (_Reichsfuehrer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei_) Chief of the Order Police (_Chef der WUENNENBERG (predecessor, Kurt Ordnungspolizei_) Daluege) Chief of Security Police and SD (_Chef ERNST KALTENBRUNNER der Sicherheitspolizei und SD_) (predecessor, Reinhardt Heydrich) Reich Main Security Office (_Reichssicherheitshauptamt_): Chief ERNST KALTENBRUNNER (predecessor, Reinhardt Heydrich) Chief of Personnel (Dept. I) ERWIN SCHULZ Chief of Organization, HAENEL (predecessor, Siegert) Administration, and Law (Dept. II) Chief of Security Service (SD) (Dept. OTTO OHLENDORF III) Chief of Secret State Police HEINRICH MUELLER (Gestapo) (Dept. IV) Chief of Criminal Police (Kripo) PANZINGER (predecessor, Nebe) (Dept. V) Chief of Security Service (SD) WALTER SCHELLENBERG Occupied Territories (Dept. VI) Chief of Ideological Research (Dept. DITTEL (predecessor, Six) VII) Military Office WALTER SCHELLENBERG

2. PRINCIPAL OFFICIALS OF THE NAZI PARTY

Leader of the Party (_Fuehrer_) ADOLF HITLER Deputy of the Fuehrer RUDOLF HESS (until 1941) (_Stellvertreter des Fuehrers_) Chief of the Party Chancery and MARTIN BORMANN Secretary of the Fuehrer (_Leiter der Partei Kanzlei und Sekretaer des Fuehrers_) Chancery of the Fuehrer (_Kanzlei des Fuehrers_): Head PHILIPP BOUHLER Chancery of the Party (_Kanzlei der Partei_): Head MARTIN BORMANN Deputy Head HELMUT FRIEDRICHS Heads of Divisions: Internal Party Affairs HELMUT FRIEDRICHS Constitutional Law GERHARD KLOEPFER Finance KARL WINKLER Personnel WALKENHORST Reich Party Directorate (_Reichsleitung_): Chancery of Fuehrer and Party PHILIPP BOUHLER Censorship Chancery of the Party MARTIN BORMANN Colonial Policy FRANZ RITTER von EPP Ideology and Foreign Policy ALFRED ROSENBERG Legal Office HANS FRANK (until 1942) Municipal Policy KARL FIEHLER Nazi Reichstag Delegation WILHELM FRICK Organization and Labor Front ROBERT LEY Party Tribunal WALTER BUCH Peasantry WALTER DARRE (on leave, Herbert Backe, acting) Press Control (political) OTTO DIETRICH Press Control (economic) MAX AMANN Propaganda PAUL JOSEF GOEBBELS Reich Labor Service KONSTANTIN HIERL SS and Germanization HEINRICH HIMMLER Treasury FRANZ XAVER SCHWARZ Youth Education BALDUR von SCHIRACH Heads of Party Formations: Elite Guard (SS) HEINRICH HIMMLER Storm Troops (SA) WILHELM SCHEPMANN (predecessors, Victor Lutze, Ernest Roehm) NS Motor Corps (NSKK) ERWIN KRAUS Hitler Youth (HJ) ARTHUR AXMANN (predecessor, Baldur von Schirach) NS Flying Corps (NSFK) (with status ALFRED KELLER similar to that of a formation) NS German Student League (NSDSB) GUSTAV-ADOLF SCHEEL NS University Teachers League GUSTAV-ADOLF SCHEEL (NSDoB) NS Women’s League (NSF) GERTRUD SCHOLTZ-KLINK

3. HEADS OF THE ARMED FORCES

Supreme Commander (_Oberster ADOLF HITLER Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht_)

Highest ranking officer HERMANN WILHELM GOERING (_Rangaeltester Offizier_) (Reichsmarschall)

C. in C. Army (_Oberbefehlshaber des ADOLF HITLER (predecessors, Walter Heeres_) von Brauschitsch, Werner von Fritsch)

C. in C. Navy (_Oberbefehlshaber der KARL DOENITZ (predecessor, Erich Kriegsmarine_) Raeder)

C. in C. Air Force (_Oberbefehlshaber HERMANN WILHELM GOERING (succeeded der Luftwaffe_) in 1945 by Robert von Greim)

A. HIGH COMMAND OF THE ARMED FORCES (_Oberkommando der Wehrmacht: OKW_)

Chief of High Command (_Chef des WILHELM KEITEL Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht_)

Chief of Operation Staff (_Chef des ALFRED JODL Wehrmachtfuehrungsstabes_)

Deputy Chief WALTER WARLIMONT

B. ARMY HIGH COMMAND (_Oberkommando des Heeres: OKH_)

C. in C. Army (_Oberbefehlshaber des ADOLF HITLER (predecessors, Walter Heeres_) von Brauchitsch, Werner von Fritsch)

Chief of Staff, Army (_Chef des HANS KREBS (predecessors, Heinz Generalstabes des Heeres_) Guderian, Kurt Zeitzler, Franz Halder and Ludwig Beck)

C. NAVY HIGH COMMAND (_Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine: OKM_)

C. in C. Navy (_Oberbefehlshaber der KARL DOENITZ (predecessor, Erich Kriegsmarine_) Raeder)

Admiralinspekteur ERICH RAEDER (after 1943)

4. INDEX OF INDIVIDUALS

ABETZ, OTTO German Ambassador to the Petain Government.

AMANN, MAX Reich Leader for the Press (Reichsleiter fuer die Presse); President of the Reich Press Chamber (Praesident der Reichspressekammer); Head of Central publishing house of the Party (Zentral Verlag, Franz Eher Nachf.)

ARNIM, JURGEN von Generaloberst 1941-2; leading Panzer units in Russia, Jan. 1943; Commander in Tunis; surrendered May 1943.

AXMANN, ARTHUR Reich Youth Leader (Reichsjugendfuehrer) since 1940.

BACH-ZELEWSKI, ERICH, von dem General of Police and of Waffen-SS; Chief of Anti-Partisan Units on the entire Eastern front, 1943-44; in charge of the defense of Warsaw until it was liberated; commander of a Waffen-SS Corps on the Western front.

BACKE, HERBERT Acting Reichsminister for Food; in charge of Ministry of Food and Agriculture; Head of Reichsnaehrstand.

BERGER, GOTTLIEB Chief of Central Office of SS; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; General d. Waffen-SS; Inspector-General of Prisoners of War; head of Policy Division of Reich Ministry for Eastern Territories.

BEST, DR. WERNER KARL German Plenipotentiary in Denmark.

BLASKOWITZ, JOHANNES Generaloberst.

BLOMBERG, WERNER EDWARD FRITZ von Generalfeldmarschall; Minister of War until Feb. 4, 1938.

BOCK, FEDOR von Generalfeldmarschall.

BODENSCHATZ, KARL HEINRICH General in Air Corps; Chief of Staff to Goering.

BOHLE, ERNST WILHELM Staatssekretaer in Foreign Office; Gauleiter, Head of Foreign Organization (AO) of NSDAP.

BORMANN, MARTIN Secretary of the Fuehrer; Head of the Party Chancery; Member of Cabinet vested with power of Reich Minister; Ministerial Council for Defense of the Reich; Reichsleiter; Executive Head of the Volkssturm; member of the Reichstag; SS Gruppenfuehrer.

BOUHLER, PHILIPP Chief of the Chancery of the Fuehrer; Reichsleiter; Chief of the Party Censorship Committee for the Protection of NS Literature; Chief of the Study Group for the German History Book and educational material.

BRANDT, DR. KARL Reich Commissioner for Health and Medical Services; SS Standartenfuehrer.

BRAUCHITSCH, WALTER HEINRICH HERMANN ALFRED von Generalfeldmarschall, Retired December 1941; formerly C. in C. Army (OKH).

BRUEGMANN, DR. ARNOLD Chief of the Archives of the Party; Divisional Head in the Reichsstudentenfuehrung.

BUCH, WALTER Reichsleiter; Supreme Party Judge; Advisor on Population and Racial Policy; SS Obergruppenfuehrer.

BUMKE, DR. ERWIN President of the Supreme Court, Leipzig.

BURGDORFF, WILHELM General d. Infanterie; Head of Personnel Division, OKH; Chief Military ADC. to Hitler.

BUSCH, ERNST Generalfeldmarschall.

CANARIS, WILHELM Admiral; Head of Intelligence in OKW (Abwehr); removed from post and executed.

CONTI, DR. LEONARDO Staatssekretaer and Chief of Health Divisions (Abteilungen III & IV), Reich Ministry of the Interior; Head of Public Health Department of Party Reichsleitung.

DALUEGE, KURT Chef der Ordnungspolizei; (Deputy) Reich Protector of Bohemia-Moravia; Generaloberst d. Polizei; SS-Oberstgruppenfuehrer; since 1943 on “long leave.”

DARRE, WALTER RICHARD OSKAR Reichsleiter; Reichsbauernfuehrer; Reich Minister for Food and Agriculture; Head of Reichsnaehrstand; on leave since April 1942.

DIETRICH, DR. OTTO Staatssekretaer; Chief of Press Divisions in Reich Ministry of Propaganda; Press Chief of Reichsregierung; Reichsleiter; Reich Press Chief of NSDAP.

DITTMAR, KURT Generalleutnant; in Propaganda Division of the OKH; broadcaster of weekly military commentaries.

DOENITZ, KARL Grossadmiral and C. in C. of OKM after 1943; previously C. in C. of Submarine Arm of German Navy; Head of Government formed in May 1945.

DORPMUELLER, DR. JULIUS Reich and Prussian Minister of Transport; Director-General of German State Railways.

DORSCH, XAVER FRANZ Ministerialdirektor in Reich Ministry for Armaments and War Production; Head of Field Command in Organization Todt.

EICHMANN, ADOLF Head of Dept. IV A4 of RSHA, and Chief of Sub-section “b” thereof charged with “The Solution of the Jewish Question”.

EPP, FRANZ, RITTER von Reichsleiter; Reichstatthalter Bayern; SA-Obergruppenfuehrer; Head of Colonial Policy Office of Party; General der Infanterie.

ESSER, HERMANN Staatssekretaer and head of Tourists Division in Reich Propaganda Ministry; Praesident of “Reich Group Tourist Traffic” (Fremdenverkehr); Vice-President of the Reichstag; State Minister (retd).

FALKENHAUSEN, ALEXANDER von Generaloberst—Commander of Belgium and Northern France.

FALKENHORST, NIKOLAUS von Generaloberst—Commander in Norway.

FIEHLER, KARL Reichsleiter; Chief of the Party Department for Municipal Policy; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; Chairman of the Congress of German Municipalities; Oberbuergermeister Muenchen; Member of the Academy for German Law.

FISCHER, ERICH Head of Home Press Division in the Reich Propaganda Ministry; Head of office for “German Press” in the Press Department of the Government; Head of Political Press section with Reichspressechef (RL).

FISCHER, HUGO Head of Culture and Exhibitions sections in Reich Propaganda Department of RL.

FOSTER, ALBERT Gauleiter, Reichsstatthalter and Reichsverteidigungskommissar Danzig-Westpreussen.

FRANK, DR. HANS Governor-General of Poland; Reichsleiter until 1942; Reich Minister without portfolio; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; President of the International Chamber of Law (1941-42) and of Academy of German Law; Member of the Reichstag; Leader of National Socialist Lawyers Bund (1933-1942).

FRANK, KARL-HERMANN German Minister of State with rank of Reich Minister; Hoeherer SS und Polizeifuehrer “Protectorate” and Sudetenland.

FREISLER, DR. ROLAND President of the People’s Court; Prussian State Councillor; Member of the Academy of German Law.

FRICK, WILHELM Minister of Interior (1933-1943); Reichsprotector of Bohemia and Moravia; Reichsdirektor of Elections (1933-1943); SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; Reichsleiter; Head of Nazi Reichstag Delegation; Member of Reich Defense Council; General Plenipotentiary for the Administration of the Reich (1935-1943); Reichsminister without Portfolio (1943-1945).

FRIEDRICHS, DR. HELMUT Head of Section for Internal Party affairs in and deputy head of Chancellery of the Party.

FRITZSCHE, HANS Ministerialdirektor, Reich Ministry of Propaganda; Plenipotentiary for the Political Supervision of Broadcasting in Greater Germany; head of Broadcasting Division in Propaganda Ministry.

FUNK, DR. WALTER Reich Minister of Economics; Member of the Ministerial Council for Defense of the Reich; Plenipotentiary for Economics; President of the Reichsbank; Vice-President of the Reich Chamber of Culture; formerly Chief of Press of the Reich Government (1933-1937); member of Reichstag (1932-1933); and State Secretary in the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (1933-1937).

GLAISE-HORSTENAU, DR. h. c. EDMUND von General der Infanterie; SA-Gruppenfuehrer; Minister in Seyss-Inquart Cabinet; German General Plenipotentiary in Austria in 1944.

GLUECKS, RICHARD Chief of “Amtsgruppe D” in the Economic and Administrative Main Office (Wirtschafts- and Verwaltungshauptamt) of SS; Commander of Concentration Camps; SS-Gruppenfuehrer; General-leutnant d. Waffen-SS.

GOEBBELS, DR. PAUL JOSEF Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda; Member of the Secret Cabinet Council; Chairman of the Interministerial Committee on Air-Raid Damage; Reichspropagandaleiter of the NSDAP; Reichsleiter; President of the Reich Chamber of Culture; Stadtpraesident, Gauleiter, Reichsverteidigungskommissar of Berlin; Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War Effort.

GOERING, HERMANN WILHELM Successor designate No. 1 to Hitler; Reich Minister for Air; President of the Ministerial Council for the Defense of the Reich; member of the Secret Cabinet Council; Reich Forest Master; Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force; Prime Minister of Prussia; President of the Prussian State Council; President of the Reichstag; Plenipotentiary for the Four Year Plan; Head of the “Reichswerke Hermann Goering”; Reichsmarschall; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; SA-Obergruppenfuehrer.

GREIM, ROBERT RITTER v. Generaloberst, C.-in-C. of the Air Force (OKL) 1945.

GROSS, DR. WALTER Head of Racial Policy Department of the Party; high official in the Chancery of the Party; Hauptdienstleiter; Head of the Science Division in Ideology Department (Amt Rosenberg).

GUDERIAN, HEINZ Generaloberst, Chief of Staff of the Army (OKH).

GUENTHER, DR. HANS K. F. Professor of racial science at Jena.

HAENEL Head of Amt II, Reich Main Security Office; SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer.

HALDER, FRANZ Colonel-General; Chief of Staff of OKH (until summer 1942).

HANNEKEN, HERMANN von General der Infanterie; Military Commander in Denmark until 1945.

HAUSHOEFER, DR. KARL Professor; Generalmajor (retd); President of Society for Geopolitics; Publisher of periodical “Die Geopolitik.”

HENLEIN, KONRAD Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter Sudetenland; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; member of the Reichstag.

HESS, RUDOLF Successor Designate No. 2 of the Fuehrer; Deputy of the Fuehrer for all Party affairs; Reich Minister; member of the Reichstag until 1941.

HEYDRICH, REINHARDT Formerly SS-Obergruppenfuehrer and Chief of the RSHA.

HIERL, KONSTANTIN Reichsleiter; Reichsarbeitsfuehrer; Reichsminister; member of the Reichstag; Generalmajor.

HIMMLER, HEINRICH Reichsfuehrer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei; Reich Commissar for the Strengthening of German Folkdom; Reich Minister of the Interior; Reichsleiter; Chief of the Replacement Army; Military Chief of the Volkssturm.

HITLER, ADOLF Fuehrer u. Reichskanzler; Fuehrer of NS Party and Movement; Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht; Commander-in-Chief of Army; Chief of Cabinet; Chief of Reich Defense Council; Chief of SA.

HOSSBACH, FRIEDRICH General der Infanterie.

JODL, ALFRED Colonel-General (1944); Chief of Operation Staff of High Command of OKW (1939-1945).

JUETTNER, HANS Head of SS Operational Main Office and Command of the Combat SS; Permanent Deputy to Himmler as Commander of the Replacement Army; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; General d. Waffen-SS.

JUETTNER, MAX Chief of SA Command and Permanent Deputy of the Chief of Staff; Chief of Mounted SA; SA-Obergruppenfuehrer; Member of the Reichstag.

KALTENBRUNNER, DR. ERNST Chief of Security Police and Security Service; Chef des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes (Reich Security Main Office); Member of the Reichstag; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; General der Polizei.

KEITEL, WILHELM Generalfeldmarschall; Chief of the High Command of the Armed Forces (OKW); Member of Cabinet with rank of Reichsminister; Member of Secret Cabinet Council; Member of Ministerial Council for Defense of the Reich; Member of Reich Defense Council.

KESSELRING, ALBERT Generalfeldmarschall; C-in-C. South West and Army Group C.

KITZINGER, KARL General der Flieger.

KLAGGES, DIETRICH Ministerpraesident, Minister of the Interior, of Finance and of Education, in Braunschweig; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer.

KLEIST, EWALD von Generalfeldmarschall.

KLOPPER, DR. GERHARD Ministerialdirektor; Staatssekretaer and Expert for Government Affairs in Party Chancery; Oberdienstleiter; SS-Gruppenfuehrer.

KOCH, ERICH Oberpraesident and Gauleiter of Ostpreussen; Reich Defense Commissioner for Wehrkreis I; SS-Gruppenfuehrer; Reich Commissioner of Ukraine, Bialystak.

KOERNER, PAUL Staatssekretaer to the Plenipotentiary for the Four Year Plan (Goering); Prussian State Councillor; Chairman, board of directors, Hermann Goering Werke Saltzgitter; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer.

KRAUCH, DR. KARL Plenipotentiary of the Board of the Four Year Plan for questions of chemical production; acting head of the Department for Expansion of Economic Life (Wirtschaftsaufbau); Chairman, board of directors, I. G. Farben; Wehrwirtschaftsfuehrer.

KRAUS, ERWIN Commander-in-Chief of the NSKK; Inspector for Motor Training in the Volkssturm; Member of the Reichstag; Plenipotentiary for Motor Transport in War Industry (under the Four Year Plan).

KREBS, HANS General der Infanterie; Chief of Staff of OKH.

KRUPP von BOHLEN und HALBACH, ALFRED President of Friedrich Krupp Company, took over sole ownership in 1943; Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Reichsvereinigung Eisen; joined NSDAP in 1936.

KRUPP von BOHLEN und HALBACH, GUSTAV Chairman of Board of the Friedrich Krupp A.G.; Pioneer of Labor; awarded Party’s Golden Honor Badge and the Eagle Shield of the Reich.

LAHOUSEN, ERWIN Generalmajor; Assistant to Admiral Canaris, Head of Intelligence Section OKW (Abwehr); became Chief of Abwehr Section II in 1939.

LAMMERS, DR. HANS HEINRICH Reichsminister; Chief of the Reich Chancery; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; Member of and Secretary to the Secret Cabinet and the Ministerrat fuer die Reichsverteidigung; Preussischer Staatsrat; member of the Academy of German Law.

LANGE, DR. KURT Commissioner for Currency, Banking, Insurance in Reich Ministry of Economics; Vice-President of Reichsbank; Deputy President of Deutsche Gold-Diskont Bank; NSFK-Brigadefuehrer.

LEY, ROBERT Reichsleiter; Chief, Party Organization; Leader of the German Labor Front; Reich Housing Commissioner; SA-Gruppenfuehrer.

LINDEMANN, GEORG Generaloberst; C.-in-C. Denmark beginning of 1945.

LINDEMANN, KARL President of the Reich Chamber of Commerce; Staatsrat; Chairman Board of Directors, Atlas Werke AG. and Norddeutscher Lloyd.

LOEHR, ALEXANDER Generaloberst der Luftwaffe; C.-in-C. of an Army Group in the South East.

LOHSE, HINRICH Gauleiter, Oberpraesident, and Reich Defense Commissioner Schleswig-Holstein; Reich Commissioner “Ostland”; SA-Obergruppenfuehrer; President of the Nordic Society.

LUETZOW, FRIEDRICH von Vice-admiral; Radio Commentator on Naval matters.

MACKENSEN, EBERHARD von Generaloberst.

MANSTEIN, FRITZ, ERICH von LEWINSKY Generalfeldmarschall, Army Group South (early 43-April 44).

MEISSNER, DR. OTTO LEBRECHT Staatsminister; Chef der Praesidialkanzlei, curator of Political Academy (Berlin); president of Italo-German Society; member of the Academy of German Law.

MEYSSNER, AUGUST Hoeherer SS and Polizeifuehrer Serbia; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; Generalleutnant der Polizei; member of People’s Tribunal.

MILCH, ERHARD Generalfeldmarschall; Staatssekretaer and permanent deputy to the Reich Minister of Air; Inspector General of the Air Force; member of the Armaments’ Council.

MODEL, WALTER Generalfeldmarschall; G. in C. of an Army Group in the West.

MUELLER, HEINRICH Heap of Amt IV (Gestapo), Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA); SS-Gruppenfuehrer; Generalleutnant der Polizei.

MUSSERT, ANTON Founder of Dutch Nazi Party in 1931; in December 1942 received the title of “Leader of the Dutch people” from Hitler.

NEUHAUSEN, DR. FRANZ General Plenipotentiary for Economics in Serbia (under the Four-Year Plan); Consul-General; Chairman of the Board of the Yugoslav Bank; head of Military Administration in the South East.

NEURATH, CONSTANTIN H. K. FREIHERR von Reichsminister without Portfolio (formerly Reichsminister of Foreign Affairs 1932, 1933, 1938); President of the Secret Cabinet Council; Member of Reich Defense Council; Reich Protector for Bohemia and Moravia, 1939-1943.

OHLENDORF, OTTO Head of Amt III, SD (Security Service) of Reich Main Security Office; permanent deputy to the Staatssekretaer Reich Ministry of Economics; SS-Gruppenfuehrer; Generalleutnant d. Polizei.

OHNESORGE, DR. WILHELM Reich Post Minister.

PAPEN, FRANZ von Vice-chancellor and member of Cabinet (Feb. 1933-July 1934); Commissar for Saar District Plebiscite; Minister to Austria; Ambassador with special mission 1936-1938; Ambassador at large; Ambassador to Turkey after 1939.

PAULUS, FRIEDRICH Generalfeldmarschall, captured at Stalingrad.

PEUCKERT, RUDI Head of Labor Division, Reich Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories; in charge of Agricultural Manpower under the Plenipotentiary for Manpower.

PFEIFFER, HANS Personal Adjutant to the Fuehrer; SS-Hauptsturmfuehrer.

POHL, OSWALD Chief of Administration and Economic Main Office of SS; Ministerialdirektor Reich Ministry of the Interior; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; General der Waffen SS.

RAEDER, ERICH, DR. h.c. Grossadmiral and Chief of OKM until 1943; thereafter Admiralinspecteur of German Navy; wearer of Golden Party Badge of Honor; Member of Cabinet with rank of Reichsminister; Member of Secret Cabinet Council.

RAINER, DR. FRIEDRICH Reichsstatthalter, Gauleiter and Reichsverteidigungskommissar of Kaernten; head of Zivilverwaltung, North-West Yugoslavia; Supreme Commissioner “Adriatisches Kuestengebiet”; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer.

RASCHER, SIGMUND, DR. Hauptsturmfuehrer in the Air Forces, later transferred to the SS; in charge of experiments on human beings at Dachau Concentration Camp.

REINECKE, HERMANN General der Infanterie; Chief of the General Department of OKW (Allgemeines Wehrmachtamt); Chief of the NS Political Guidance Staff OKW; honorary member of the Special Senate of the People’s Tribunal.

REINHARDT, FRITZ Staatssekretaer and head of Abteilung V, Reich Minister of Finance, Berlin; expert on Labor Problems, Finance and Taxation in the Party Chancery; SA Obergruppenfuehrer; Member of Reichstag; Hauptdienst-leiter of Party.

REINHARDT, GEORG HANS Generaloberst.

RIBBENTROP, JOACHIM von Minister for Foreign Affairs (1938-1945); Ambassador to Great Britain (1936-1938); Ambassador at Large (1935-1938); Special Delegate for Disarmament Questions (1934-1937); Member of the Secret Cabinet Council; Member of the Fuehrer’s Political Staff at General Headquarters (1942-1945); Member of Reichstag; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer.

RICHTHOFEN, WOLFRAM, Frhr. von Generalfeldmarschall.

RIECKE, HANS-JOACHIM Head of Food and Agriculture Division, Reich Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories; Staatssekretaer in Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture; SA-Gruppenfuehrer.

RINTELEN, EMIL von Minister (Gesandter) (for special duties); deputy head of the political division, Foreign Office.

ROEHM, ERNST Reichsminister, Staatskommissar, Staatssekretaer, Staatsrat, Stabs chef der SA; Shot June 30, 1934 for alleged conspiracy.

ROSENBERG, ALFRED Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories; Reichsleiter; head of RL Departments for Foreign Policy and for Ideology; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; SA-Obergruppenfuehrer.

RUNDSTEDT, KARL RUDOLF GERD von Generalfeldmarschall.

RUST, DR. BERNHARD Reich Prussian Minister of Science and Education; SA-Obergruppenfuehrer.

SAUCKEL, FRITZ Reichsstatthalter, Reich Defense Commissioner and Gauleiter of Thuringia; Plenipotentiary-general for Manpower (Four Year Plan); SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; SA-Obergruppenfuehrer; member of Reichstag.

SCHACHT, HJALMAR Reich Minister without portfolio until 1943; formerly Minister of Economics, President of the Reichsbank, and General Plenipotentiary for the War Economy.

SCHELLENBERG, WALTER Chief of Security Service, Occupied Territories (Amt VI) in Reich Main Security Office; Chief of Military Office RSHA; SS-Brigadefuehrer.

SCHIRACH, BALDUR von Reichsleiter for Youth Education; Reichsleiter; Reich Defence Commissioner; Reichstatthalter; Mayor and Gauleiter of Vienna; Member of Reichstag; SA-Obergruppenfuehrer; Leader of Hitler Jugend, and Leader of Youth in the German Reich.

SCHMIDT, DR. PAUL (II) Chief of the Bureau of the Reich Foreign Minister with the rank of Gesandter; Ministerialdirigent; attached to Foreign Office, acted as Hitler’s personal interpreter in all diplomatic negotiations.

SCHMUNDT Chief of Army Personnel Dept., Generalleutnant, later Hitler’s adjutant.

SCHULZ, ERWIN Head of Amt I (Personnel) of Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt); SS-Brigadefuehrer.

SCHWARZ, XAVER FRANZ Reich Treasurer of the Party; Reichsleiter; SS-Oberstgruppenfuehrer; SA-Obergruppenfuehrer.

SCHWERIN von KROSIGK, LUTZ GRAF Reich Minister of Finance; Reich Minister for Foreign Affairs (since May 1945).

SELDTE, FRANZ Reich Labour Minister; Labour Minister for Prussia; SA-Obergruppenfuehrer.

SEYSS-INQUART, DR. ARTUR Reich Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands; Reich Minister without portfolio; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer; member of the Reichstag; Minister in Austrian Cabinet.

SIMON, GUSTAV Chief of Civil Administration, Luxembourg; Reichsstatthalter, Reichsverteidigungskommissar and Gauleiter of Moselland.

SPEER, ALBERT Reichsleiter; Reichsminister for Armaments and War Production; head of the Organisation Todt; General Plenipotentiary for Armaments in the Four Year Plan; head of Armaments Office of German High Command; member of Reichstag; member of Central Planning Board; wearer of Golden Badge of Honor of Party.

SPERRLE, HUGO Generalfeldmarschall, Third Air Fleet.

STOEHR, WILHELM Reichsstatthalter and Gauleiter, Westmark.

STRASSER, GREGOR Leader of Storm Troops (SA) in Lower Bavaria; Reich Organization Leader until 1932; executed on June 30, 1934.

STREICHER, JULIUS Gauleiter of Franconia; Editor and Publisher of _Der Stuermer_; SA-General; member of Reichstag.

STUCKART, DR. WILHELM Leading Staatssekretaer in Reich Ministry of Interior Territories; Head of the Abteilung II in this ministry.

STUDENT, KURT Generaloberst; G. in C. of Army Group “H” on Western Front.

STUMPFF, HANS-JUERGEN Generaloberst; C.-in-C, of Air Fleet “Reich”; member of the People’s Tribunal.

TERBOVEN, JOSEF Gauleiter Essen; Reich Commissioner for Occupied Norway; SS-Gruppenfuehrer.

THIERACK, DR. OTTO GEORG Reich Minister of Justice; SS-Brigadefuehrer; SA-Gruppenfuehrer; President of the Academy for German Law; Head of NS Lawyer’s League.

THOMA, WILHELM RITTER von General der Panzertruppen.

THOMAS, GEORG General der Infanterie; head of Economy and Armaments Division, OKW (until Oct. 1944); member of the Armaments Council.

TODT, FRITZ Reichsleiter; 1940 Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions; killed in 1942 in crash.

UIBERREITHER, DR. SIEGFRIED Reichsstatthalter, Reichsverteidigungskommissar and Gauleiter of Steiermark; Head of Civil Administration in Untersteiermark.

UTIKAL Staff Official in Rosenberg’s Ministry for Occupied Eastern Territories, Chief of Staff of “Einsatzstab Rosenberg”.

VIETINGHOFF-SCHEEL, OTTO-HEINRICH von Generaloberst; C.-in-C. “South”.

WAGNER, ROBERT Reichsstatthalter, Reichsverteidigungskommissar and Gauleiter of Baden; Chief of Civil Administration in Alsace.

WARLIMONT, WALTER General; Deputy Chief of Operations Staff of OKW.

WEICHS, MAXIMILIAN, Freiherr, von Generalfeldmarschall, Commander in Chief, Southeast and Army Group F.

WEIZSAECKER, ERNST FREIHERR von German Ambassador to the Holy See.

WIEDEMANN, FRITZ German Consul General in Tientsin and San Francisco; formerly Adjutant to Hitler.

WINKLER, KARL Manager of the Party Chancery.

WISLICENY, DIETER Hauptsturmfuehrer in Slovakia; Specialist on Jewish matters in Slovakia with Amt IV A4, Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office) 1940-1944.

WOLFF, KARL Supreme SS and Police commander in Italy; Commander of the Italian SS Legion; General of the Waffen-SS at the Fuehrer’s Headquarters; chief of the personal staff of the Reichsfuehrung SS; SS-Obergruppenfuehrer.

ZEITZLER, KURT Generaloberst.

CODE NAMES AND WORDS USED BY THE GERMAN HIGH COMMAND FOR OPERATIONS AND MEASURES DURING THE WAR

ACHSE Measures to be taken when Italy declared a separate armistice. ADLER Capture of coast between Zara and Fiume. AFRIKA Two Italo-German convoys from Italy to Tripoli/Bengasi, end of December 1941. AIDA Occupation of Egypt and the Suez Canal. ALARICH Occupation of North Italy and Unoccupied France. ALPENVEILCHEN Invasion of Albania. ANGELHAKEN (_a_ and _b_) Attacks on British ships in the North Atlantic by Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Hipper, etc. December 1940-January 1941. ANTON Occupation of Unoccupied France, with Italian cooperation. ATTILA Occupation of Unoccupied France; renamed ANTON on 17 June 1942 when land and sea operations were separated. AUGSBURG Delay attack, in Operation GELB. AURORA “Luetzow” operating against UK-Russian Convoys in 1942. BARBAROSSA Attack on Russia. BEOWULF (I & II) Occupation of East Baltic Islands, 5 November 1941. BERLIN 11 (_a_ and _b_) Attacks on British ships in the North Atlantic by Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Hipper, etc. December 1940-January 1941. BIRKE Withdrawal of troops from Finland. BLAUFUCHS Attacks in Baltic Islands and near Finland. BLUECHER Part of planned attack on Caspian Sea, 1942. BRAUNSCHWEIG Operation around Stalingrad. CERBERUS Transfer of “Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Prinz Eugen” through the English Channel, 1942. CHURCHILL Danish fishing vessel “Sursum Corda” spying on English Coast and later called ERICH. CORSI/CORSO Part of operation GRUEN. DANZIG Execute attack, in Operation GELB. DELPHIN Clearance of Dalmation Islands. DOMINO “Scharnhorst and Gneisenau” operating against UK-Russia convoys in 1942. Name changed from FRONTTHEATER. DOPPELSCHLAG Scheer and Hipper operating in Arctic, 1942. EDELWEISS Operation around Baku and Caspian Sea. EICHE Rescue of Mussolini, 1943. EISBAER Attack on Cos, 1943. EISENBAHN Moving of the “Hipper” to Drontheim. ELISABETH Blockade running, Bay of Biscay, 1943. EISPALAST “Koeln” operating against UK-Russia convoys. Name changed to MEIS-ENBALZ, 1942 ERICH See CHURCHILL. EUROPA Part of operation SEEKRIEG, planned landing on East English coast. FELIX Occupation of Canary Islands, North Africa, and Gibraltar. FEUERZANGE Combing out certain Adriatic Islands. FEUERZAUBER Capture of Leningrad. FISCHREIHER Operations along the Volga, to Astrakan. FLIEGERPILZ Intended mining of Dardanelles, September 1944. FREISCHUETZ Capture of Vis and other Adriatic Islands, 1943. FRISCHES HAFF Defense of Danzig. FRONTTHEATER See DOMINO. GANGES Operation in French area. GELB Invasion of Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg. GISELA Occupation of Spain. GRUEN Invasion of Czechoslovakia. GUSTAV The plan to assassinate Gen. Giraud. HAIFISCH Attacks diversionary to BARBAROSSA by troops from Norway against Scotland, 1941. HARPUNE See HAIFISCH. HECHT See ANGELHAKEN. HEFTNADEL See ANGELHAKEN. HEKTOR Attacks on Arctic convoys. HERBSTREISE Landing on Scotch Coast; diversion to SEELOEWE. HERBSTSTURM Evacuation of Adriatic coast. HERKULES Attack on Malta, 1942. HOFFNUNG Naval operations in Baltic and North Sea, against Convoy P.Q. 19. HOLZAUGE Meterological expedition to Greenland. IKARUS Invasion of Iceland—planned 1940. ILONA Defense measures against an Allied invasion of Spain, changed from ISABELLA in June, 1942. ISABELLA See ILONA. JUNO Norwegian operations, 1940. KIRSCHBLUETE Voyage of Japanese submarines to Europe. KONSTANTIN Occupation of Italian-occupied Balkan territories; changed from PRINZ EUGEN. KORALLE Unidentified operation circa February 1944. KAMELIE Projected annexation of Corsica, 1941. KORSIKA See GANGES. KURFUERST Projected operation against Gibraltar. LABYRINTH See GANGES. LACHSFANG Attack on Murmansk railroad near Kandalakscha. LANDWIRT Naval operational group in Mediterranean, 1943-44. MANDARINE See GANGES. MARCO POLO Operation involving collaboration with Japan. MARITA Invasion of Greece, 1941. MEISENBALZ See EISPALAST. MERKUR Invasion of Crete, 1941. META Ship cruising in Swedish water gathering various information, 1935. MONSUN Operation involving use of Japanese Bases. NAUMBURG Capture of Narvik, 6 June 1940. NORD Operation in Norway. NORDLICHT Withdrawal of troops from Norway. NORDMARK Bergen/Shetland Islands operations, 1940. NORDWEST A planned landing in England. OLDENBURG The economic counterpart of BARBAROSSA. OTTO Annexation of Austria, 1938; also frequently refers to the Spanish Civil War, 1936-38. PRINZ EUGEN See KONSTANTIN. REGENBOGEN Attacks against Arctic convoy, P.Q. 20, 1942 and 31 December 1943. RENNTIER Operation Norway, 1941 (blocking Kola Bay). RHEINUEBUNG Operations of the Bismarck. ROESSELSPRUNG Attacks on convoys (P.Q. 17), 1942. ROT The main effort in the West. ROTBUCHE Defense of German bases in Estonia. SAFARI Countermeasures against Danish sabotage. SCHAMIL Paratrooper attack around Maikop. SCHLESWIG Part of operation SEEKRIEG (Landing on East English coast) including attack on Norwegian convoy, February 1940. SEELOEWE Invasion of Great Britain. SILBERFUCHS Operation in Norway, 1941 (cutting off Murmansk). SILBERSTREIFEN Naval operations in Baltic and North Sea, against convoy P.Q. 15. SK (SEEKRIEG?) Invasion of East Coast of England. SONDERSTAB F Military mission to assist Iraq rebellion 1941. SONNENBLUME Capturing Tripoli and Malta (1941). SPORTPALAST Transfer of capital ships to Norway. TAIFUN Autumn 1941 attack against Timoshenko army. TAMARA Encouraging and preparing revolt of natives in the Georgian Republic, June 1941. TANNE Withdrawal of troops from Finland. TANNE OST (_Aufgabe Hochland_) Occupation of Eastern Russia. THESEUS Attack by all arms in North Africa, May 1942. TIRPITZ Operation against Convoy P.Q. 12, 6-9 March 1942 and return from Narvik to Drontheim on 13 March 1942. TORERO See GANGES. WALLENSTEIN See LANDWIRT. WEISS Invasion of Poland. WESERUEBUNG Invasion of Norway. WESTRAUM Defense operation in France, 1944. WIESENGRUND Attack on Northern Russia. WIKINGER Attack on fighting vessels, Dogger Bank, February 1940. WUNDERLAND Operations in White Sea, August 1942. ZAREWNA/ZARIN Mining operations, Murmansk Sea, 1942.

DATA CONCERNING CAPTURE OF DEFENDANTS

│ │ │ Name of │Date of internment│Place of internment│ Nation taking defendant │ │ │ custody │ │ │ Doenitz │ 23 May 1945│ Flensburg │Joint British & │ │ │ American Frank │ 30 April 1945│ Neuhaus, Ober │U. S. │ │ Bayern │ Frick │ 2 May 1945│ Kempenhausen │U. S. Fritzsche │ 2 May 1945│ Berlin-Tempelhof │Russia Funk │ 13 May 1945│ Gastein │U. S. Goering │ 8 May 1945│ Zell Am See │U. S. Hess │ 10 May 1941│ Eaglesham, │British │ │ Scotland │ Jodl │ 23 May 1945│ Flensburg │British & American Kaltenbrunner │ 9 or 10 May 1945│ Aussee │U. S. Keitel │ 13 May 1945│ Flensburg │British & American Raeder │ 16 May 1945│ Potsdam-Babelsberg│Russia Rosenberg │ 18 April 1945│ Flensburg │British Sauckel │ 10 May 1945│ Berchtesgaden │U. S. Schacht │ 5 May 1945│ Pustertal │U. S. von Schirach │ 5 June 1945│ Schwaz, Austria │U. S. Seyss-Inquart │ 7 May 1945│ Hamburg │British Speer │ 23 May 1945│ Gluecksburg │British Streicher │ 22 May 1945│ Waldring, Tyrol │U. S. von Neurath │ 4 May 1945│ Brandt bei │France │ │ Bludenz, │ │ │ Vorarlberg │ von Papen │ 8 April 1945│ Stockhausen │U. S. von Ribbentrop │ 14 June 1945│ Hamburg │British Ley (deceased) │ 15 May 1945│ Schleching, │U. S. │ │ Kufstein │

GLOSSARY OF COMMON GERMAN AND NAZI TITLES, DESIGNATIONS, AND TERMS, WITH THEIR OFFICIAL ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation German English

_Abschnitt_ Regional unit of SS and SD (about divisional strength) Abt. _Abteilung_ Division _Abteilung German or Home Press Department Deutsche Presse_ _Abwehr_ Intelligence and counter-intelligence department of OKH ADtsch R. _Akademie fuer Academy for German Law Deutsches Recht_ _Amt_ Office AG _Aktien-Gesellscha Joint Stock Company ft_ _Amtsgericht_ Local Court _Angriffskrieg_ War of Aggression _Anklagebehoerde_ Office of Public Prosecutor _Ausland_ The world outside the borders of the Reich AO _Auslands-Organisa Foreign Organization of the NSDAP tion_ _Auslandsdeutsche_ German citizens residing outside Germany APA _Aussenpolitisches NSDAP Bureau for Foreign Affairs Amt_ aD. _ausser Dienst_ Retired AA _Auswaertiges Amt_ Ministry for Foreign Affairs

_Beauftragter_ Commissioner, delegate BdF. _Beauftragter des Delegate of the Fuehrer for the Fuehrers fuer Total Supervision of Intellectual die Ueberwachung and Ideological Training and der Education of the Party gesamtengeistige (Rosenberg) n und weltansschaulich en Schulung und Erziehung der NSDAP_ _Beauftragter fuer Delegate for the Four Year Plan den (Goering) Vierjahresplan_ BdO. _Befehlshaber der Commander of the Order Police Ordnungspolizei_ BdS. _Befehlshaber der Commander of the Security Police Sicherheitspoliz ei_ _Befehlsleiter_ Rank in Party Administration _Bereichsleiter_ Rank in Party Administration Bev. _Bevollmaechtigter Plenipotentiary _ _Bewegung_ The movement, i.e., the Nazi Party, including Party formations, affiliated and supervised organizations _Block_ Smallest unit of the Nazi Party, including several houses _Blockleiter_ NSDAP leader of a block _Botschafter_ Ambassador BDM _Bund Deutscher German Girls’ League (female Hitler Maedel_ Youth) BGB _Buergerliches German Civil Code Gesetzbuch_

Ch. _Chef_ Chief, head, commander, superior _Chef der Head of civil administration (e.g. Zivilverwaltung_ of an annexed area) _Chefsache_ Classified document for general officer only

DAF _Deutsche German Labor Front Arbeitsfront_ DFW _Deutsches German Woman’s Organization Frauenwerk_ (sub-organization of the NSF) DGT _Deutscher German Municipal Congress Gemeindetag_ DHD _Deutscher German Commercial Service (News Handelsdienst_ Agency) DNB _Deutsches Official German News Agency Nachrichtenbuero _ _Dienstleiter_ Rank in Party administration _Drang nach Osten_ Drive to the East _Dreierkollegium_ The College of Three (the two Plenipotentiaries for War Economy and Administration, and the Chief of the OKW) DPK _Deutsche German Diplomatic and Political diplomatisch-pol Correspondence (News Agency of itische the Foreign Office) Korrespondenz_ DRK _Deutsches Rotes German Red Cross Kreuz_

eh. _ehrenhalber_ Honorary _Einsatzgruppe_ Special (Gestapo and SD) formation used for special purposes, e.g., executing Nazi race policy, policing and raiding occupied areas _Einsatzstab_ Special Purpose Staff _Einsatzstab Rosenberg’s staff for looting art Rosenberg_ treasures EK _Eisernes Kreuz_ Iron Cross

_Freikorps_ Illegal terrorist military formations of former officers and ex-servicemen in Germany after World War I _Fuehrerbefehl_ Fuehrer Order _Fuehrererlass_ Fuehrer Edict _Fuehrerkorps_ Corps of political leaders of the NSDAP _Fuehrerprinzip_ Leadership principle of the NSDAP Fuest. _Fuehrungsstab_ Operational Staff FdR. _Fuer die True or accurate copy Richtigkeit_

_Gau_ Largest NSDAP unit; 42 in the Reich and one for all Party groups outside the Reich _Gauamtsleiter_ Administrative head of the Party _Gauleitung_ _Gauleiter_ NSDAP leader of a _Gau_ _Gauleitung_ Center of Party administration in a _Gau_ _Gaurichter_ Judge in a _Gau_ Party Court _Gauschatzmeister_ Treasurer of the Party _Gauleitung_ _Geheimer Secret Cabinet Council Kabinettsrat_ GKos. _Geheime Top Secret (military Kommandosache_ classification) _Geheime Top Secret (civil classification) Reichssache_ Gestapo _Geheime Secret State Police. The political Staatspolizei_ police system established in Prussia and extended throughout the Reich and the occupied territories. _Generalbeauftragt Commissioner-General er_ _Generalbevollmaec Plenipotentiary-General htigter_ GBA _Generalbevollmaec Plenipotentiary-General for Labor htigter fuer den Allocation (Sauckel) Arbeitseinsatz_ _Generalbevollmaec Plenipotentiary-General for War htigter fuer die Economy (Schacht) Kriegswirtschaft _ _Generalbevollmaec Plenipotentiary-General for htigter fuer die Administration (Frick-Himmler) Reichsverwaltung _ GG _Generalgouverneme Government-General (Poland) nt_ _Generalkommissar_ Commissar-General Genst. _Generalstab_ General Staff _Gesandter_ Minister (diplomatic rank) GmbH. _Gesellschaft mit Limited liability company beschraenkter Haftung_ _Gleichschaltung_ The process of compulsory coordination of German organizations of all types to conform to the Nazi racial pattern and accept Party control. _Gliederungen der Party Formations NSDAP_

_Hauptstelle_ Main Bureau H. Gr. _Heeresgruppe_ Army Group _Herausgeber_ Publisher of a Newspaper or Publishing Firm _Herrenvolk_ Master race HJ _Hitlerjugend_ Hitler Youth _Hoheitstraeger_ NSDAP bearer of sovereignty within a specific area of Party jurisdiction, i.e., a leader of a Gau, Kreis, Ortsgruppe, Zelle or Block. HSSPf. _Hoeherer SS-und Higher SS—and Police Leader Polizeifuehrer_

IA Operations officer or section; cf. G-3 IB Supply officer or section; cf. G-l IC Intelligence officer or section; cf. G-2 iA. _im Auftrag_ By order of (above a signature) iG. _im Generalstab_ Attached to the General Staff iV. _in Vertretung_ Per (signature); acting for.

KZ _Konzentrationslag Concentration Camp er_ KdF. _Kraft durch Strength through Joy (German Labor Freude_ Front subsidiary) _Kreis_ Largest NSDAP subdivision of a _Gau_ _Kreisleiter_ NSDAP leader of a _Kreis_ _Kriegsmarine_ German Navy Kripo _Kriminalpolizei_ Criminal Police _Kripo-Leitstelle_ Regional Criminal Police office, directly under Reich Criminal Police authority _Kripo-Stelle_ Smaller than _Kripo-Leitstelle_, but also directly under Reich Criminal Police authority

_Land_ One of the federal states of Germany (e.g. Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, etc.) _Landesgruppe_ The Nazi Party organization in any country outside Germany _Lebensraum_ Living space _Leiter der Chief of the Party Chancellery Parteikanzlei_ (Bormann) Lw. _Luftwaffe_ German Air Corps

Mil. Bef. _Militaerbefehlsha Military Commander (commanding ber_ non-operational troops in occupied territories) _Ministerrat fuer Ministerial Council for the Defense die of the Reich Reichsverteidigu ng_ _Ministerialdirekt High Civil Servant (chief of a main or_ section of a Ministry) _Ministerialdirige High civil servant, ranking below nt_ _Ministerialdirektor_ _Ministerialrat_ High civil servant, ranking below _Ministerialdirigent_ _Mit deutschem With German salute (equivalent to Gruss_ _Heil Hitler_) MdR. _Mitglied des Member of the Reichstag Reichstags_

NS _Nationalsozialism National Socialism us_ NSBO _Nationalsozialist National Socialist Factory Cells ische Organization Betriebszellen Organisation_ NSDAP _Nationalsozialist National Socialist German Workers’ ische Deutsche Party; Nazi Party Arbeiterpartei_ _Nationalsozialist NS German Students’ Bund ischer Deutscher_ _Nationalsozialist NS University Teachers’ Bund ischer Dozentenbund_ NSFK _Nationalsozialist NS Flying Corps isches Fliegerkorps_ NSF _Nationalsozialist NS Women’s League ische Frauenschaft_ NSK _Nationalsozialist NS Official News Agency ische Korrespondenz_ NSKK _Nationalsozialist NS Motor Corps ischer Kraftfahrkorps_ _Nurnberger Nurnberg anti-Semitic laws Gesetze_

OB _Oberfehlshaber_ Commander in Chief ObKom. _Oberkommando_ High Command OKL _Oberkommando der Air Force High Command Luftwaffe_ OKM _Oberkommando der Navy High Command Marine_ OKW _Oberkommando der Armed Forces High Command Wehrmacht_ OKH _Oberkommando des Army High Command Heeres_ OSAF _Oberste Supreme Command of the SA SA-Fuehrung_ ORPO _Ordnungspolizei_ Order Police OT _Organisation Labor Corps organized by Todt Todt_ _Ortsgruppe_ Largest NSDAP subdivision of a _Kreis_ _Ortsgruppenleiter NSDAP leader of an _Ortsgruppe_ _ _Ostland_ Baltic countries and White Russia _Ostmark_ Austria

PPK _Parteiamtliche Official Party Examining Commission Pruefungskommiss for the Protection of National ion zum Schutze Socialist Publications des NS-Schriftums_ Pg. _Parteigenosse_ Party Member (male) Pgn. _Parteigenossin_ Party Member (female) _Preussische Prussian Law collection Gesetzsammlung_

_Ratsherr_ Town Councillor _Reiehsamtsleiter_ Head of a department in the Party _Reichsleitung_ RAD _Reichsarbeitsdien Reich Labor Service st_ RAM _Reichsaussenminis Reich Foreign Minister (Ribbentrop) ter_ RDB _Reichsbund der German Civil Servant’s League Deutschen Beamten_ _Reichsdeutsche_ German citizens residing in Germany RFSS _Reichsfuehrer SS_ Reich Leader of the SS (Himmler) RGBl. _Reichsgesetzblatt Reich Legal Gazette _ _Reichshawptamtsle Head of the central departments of iter_ the Party _Reichsinnenminist Minister of Interior (Frick, er_ succeeded by Himmler) RJF _Reichsjugendfuehr Reich Youth Leadership ung_ _Reichskriegsminis Reich War Minister ter_ RKK _Reichskulturkamme Reich Chamber of Culture r_ _Reichsleiter_ Member of the Supreme Party Directorate, in general the top level leader of an NSDAP function _Reichsleiter fuer Reich Leader of Youth Education die (von Schirach) Jugenderziehung_ _Reichsleiter des Head of the Legal Office of the Reichsrechtsamte Party (Hans Frank) s_ RL _Reichsleitung_ Supreme Party Directorate RM _Reichsmark_ The mark; pre-war value about $.40 RMfdbO. _Reichsminister Reich Minister for Occupied Eastern fuer die Territories (Rosenberg) besetzten Ostgebiete_ _Reichsministerium Reich Ministry for Popular fuer Enlightenment and Propaganda Volksaufklaerung (Goebbels) und Propaganda_ _Reichsnaehrstand_ Reich Food Estate (compulsory association of all persons engaged in agriculture) (Backe) _Reichsparteitag_ Reich Party Rally (annual Nazi Congress at Nurnberg) RPL _Reichspropagandal Party Propaganda Department eitung_ _Reichsregierung_ Reich Cabinet RRG _Reichs-Rundfunkge Reich Broadcasting Corporation ssellschaft_ RSHA _Reichssichterheit Reich Main Security Office shauptamt_ (Kaltenbrunner) RT _Reichstag_ Reich Parliament _Reichstatthalter_ Reich Governor (of a _Land or Reichsgau_) RVR _Reichsvefteidigun Reich Defense Council gsrat_ _Reichswehr_ The German Army

_Schulungslager_ A Party training camp for political indoctrination SS _Schulzstaffel_ Elite Corps of NSDAP (black shirts); personal bodyguard of the Fuehrer, used for military and policing purposes SD _Sicherheitsdienst Security Service; Intelligence and _ counter-intelligence Agency of SS SIPO _Sicherheitspolize Security police. This was the name i_ given to the Gestapo and Kripo considered jointly _Staatssekretaer_ Under Secretary of a Ministry and permanent civil service head of a ministry Stalag _Stammlager_ Prisoner of War Camp (for enlisted men) _Standartenfuehrer Rank in a Party formation, roughly _ equivalent to Colonel _Stapo_ _Gestapo_, Secret Police _Stapo-Leitstelle_ Regional _Gestapo_ office, directly under central command of _Gestapo_ SA _Sturmabteilung_ Storm Troops of NSDAP (brown shirts) _Systemzeit_ System Era (Nazi designation of the Era of Weimar Republic, 1918-1933)

TV _Totenkopfverbaend Death-Head units of the SS e_ (Concentration Camp Guards) TO _Transozean_ Transocean (News Agency) TP _Transkontinent Transcontinent Press (News Agency) Press_ _Treuhaender der Trustee of Labor Arbeit_

_Unterstaatssekret Civil Servant, of a grade lower aer_ than _Staatssekretaer_

VT _Verfuegunstruppen SS Units for Special Tasks _ _Verlag_ Publishing House VOBl _Verordnungsblatt_ Ordnance Gazette _Vierjahrsplan_ Four Year Plan _Volk_ Folk, people, race: all persons of German blood VDA _Volksbund fuer League for Germanism Abroad das Deutschtum im Ausland_ _Volksdeutscher_ A person of German blood but of non-German citizenship residing abroad, and considered a member of the German people _Volksgericht_ People’s Court, Highest Court for Political Crimes _Volksgemeinschaft People’s or racial community; the _ world-wide community composing all people of German blood _Volksgenosse_ Racial comrade; a person of German blood regardless of citizenship

WSS _Waffen-SS_ Combat SS _Wehrkreis_ Military District _Wehrkreiskommando Military authority in charge of a _ _Wehrkreis_ _Wehrmacht_ Armed Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force) WFSt _Wehrmacht-Fuehrun Operational Staff of Armed Forces gsstab_ _Wehrwirtschaftsfu Title awarded to prominent ehrer_ industrialists for merit in armaments drive Wi-Rue _Wehrwirtschafts War Economy and Armament Office (in und OKW) Ruestungsamt_ _Weltanschauung_ World-view or philosophy WHW _Winterhilfswerk_ Winter Relief Organization WVHA _Wirtschaft-und-Ve Economic and Administration Main rwaltungs Office (of SS) in charge of Hauptamt_ Concentration Camps

_Zeitung_ Newspaper _Zelle_ NSDAP subdivision of an _Ortsgruppe_ _Zellenleiter_ NSDAP leader of a Party cell zbV _zur besonderen For special missions or duties Verwendung_ zV _zur Verfuegung_ At disposal

TABLE OF COMMISSIONED RANKS IN THE GERMAN ARMY, NAVY, AND SS WITH THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN THE AMERICAN MILITARY FORCES

│ │ ┃ │ _Germany_ ┃ _United States_ │ │ ┃ │ _Army_ │ _Navy_ │ _SS_ ┃ _Army_ │ _Navy_ │ │ ┃ │ Leutnant │Leutnant zur │Untersturmfueh┃2d Lieutenant │Ensign │ See │ rer ┃ │ Oberleutnant │Oberleutnant │Obersturmfuehr┃1st Lieutenant│Lieutenant │ zur See │ er ┃ │ (j.g.) Hauptmann │Kapitaenleutna│Hauptsturmfueh┃Captain │Lieutenant │ nt │ rer ┃ │ Major │Korvettenkapit│Sturmbannfuehr┃Major │Lieut. │ aen │ er ┃ │ Commander Oberstleutnant│Fregattenkapit│Obersturmbannf┃Lieut. Colonel│Commander │ aen │ uehrer ┃ │ Oberst │Kapitaen zur │Standartenfueh┃Colonel │Captain │ See │ rer ┃ │ │ │ Oberfuehrer ┃ │ Generalmajor │Konteradmiral │Brigadefuehrer┃Brig. General │Commodore Generalleutnan│Vizeadmiral │Gruppenfuehrer┃Major General │Rear Admiral t │ │ ┃ │ General der │Admiral │Obergruppenfue┃Lieut. General│Vice Admiral Infanterie, │ │ hrer ┃ │ Artillerie, │ │ ┃ │ etc. │ │ ┃ │ Generaloberst │Generaladmiral│Oberstgruppenf┃General │Admiral │ │ uehrer ┃ │ Generalfeldmar│Grossadmiral │Reichsfuehrer ┃General of the│Admiral of the schall │ │ ┃ Army │ Fleet

★ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1947——O833GS

TRANSCRIBER NOTES

Punctuation and spelling has been maintained except where obvious printer errors have occurred including missing periods or commas for periods. American spelling occurs throughout the document. There are differences in spellings of cities depending on whether the source is the prosecutor or part of a quoted statement. Multiple occurrences of the following spellings which differ and are found throughout this volume are as follows:

Luxemberg Luxembourg Esthonia Estonia Kiew Kiev Czecho-Slovakia Checkoslovakia

Although some sentences may appear to have incorrect spellings or verb tenses, the original text has been maintained as presented and read into the record and reflects the actual translations of the various national documents presented as material for the trial(s). This volume has no German, Polish, Czech, Russian or other eastern European diacritics, only French diacritics. As a result, Goering and Fuehrer are spelled without umlauts throughout.

In preparing this ebook, proofers noted several errors of fact between the text and the documents being referenced. These are noted in the text as [_sic_] next to the original text. These are:

Page 141: "The SA Conquors Rastenberg," 26 January, 1936[_sic_]: p. 7. The correct date was 26 January, =1935=.

Page 196: “_The Purge of 20[_sic_] June 1934._” Should read “_The Purge of =30= June 1934._”

Page 196: Himmler referred to this same event in his Posen speech when he is quoted “Just as we did not hesitate on June 20[_sic_] 1934, to do the duty we were bidden . . .” should also read June =30= 1934.

Page 695: A photograph published in “_Der Stuermer_” in April 1937 . . . “Ritual murder at Polna . . . by the Jews Hilsner, Erdmann[_sic_], and Wassermann, taken from a contemporary postcard” . . . The actual “_Der Stuermer_” edition has the photograph caption “by the Jews Hilsner, =Erbmann=, and Wassermann . . .”

Page 700: “The fire-brigades, which had been notified immediately, saw to it that the fire was continued[_sic_] to the original outbreak.” The actual document states that the fire was =confined=, and not continued, to the original outbreak.

An attempt has been made to produce this ebook in a format as close as possible to the original document's presentation and layout.

[The end of _Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (Vol. 2)_, by Various.]