ii. 483, says its papers were entrusted to him fifty years ago by

Charles Fenton Mercer, of Virginia) had led to a plan to buy out the French settlers in Illinois (Sparks's _Franklin_, vii. 356; Bigelow's _Franklin_, i. 537, 547; ii. 112); and this being abandoned, the earlier project had been merged in the scheme known at first as Walpole's Grant, and subsequently as the Colony of Vandalia, which had derived some impetus immediately after the conclusion of peace in 1763 by the publication in London of _The Advantages of a Settlement upon the Ohio_ (now rare; copies in Harvard College library; in _Carter-Brown Catal._, iii. 1363; Thomson's _Bibliog. of Ohio_, no. 7), and in Edinburgh of _The Expediency of securing our American Colonies by settling the Country adjoining the Mississippi River and the Country upon the Ohio Considered_ (Harvard College library, 6373. 33). The scheme had the countenance of Lord Shelburne, and the Shelburne MSS., as calendared in the _Hist. MSS. Com. Report_, v. p. 218 (vol. 50), show various papers appertaining. Professor H. B. Adams, in the _Maryland Fund Publications_, no. xi. p. 27, has marked the growth of the perception of the importance of these lands.

The grant was not secured till 1770, nor ratified till 1772 (account in Sparks's _Franklin_, iv. 233, and _Washington_, ii. 483). Franklin had interested himself in securing the grant against the opposition of Hillsborough. See Franklin's letters in _Works_, iv. 233; the adverse report of the Lords of Trade (p. 303), and Franklin's reply to it (p. 324). These last papers are also included in _Biog. lit. and polit. Anecdotes of several of the most Eminent persons of the present Age_ (London, 1797), vol. ii. Provision was made for securing out of this grant the lands promised to the Virginia soldiers, in which Washington was so much interested. The coming on of the Revolution jeopardized the interests of the grantees, and in 1774 they petitioned the king that the establishment of a government for Vandalia be no longer delayed. Walpole, in May, 1775, was anxious at the turn of affairs (_Hist. Mag._, i. 86), and in 1776 the plan was abandoned. A memorial of Franklin and Samuel Wharton, dated at Passy, Feb. 26, 1780, tracing the history of these lands, is in the _Sparks MSS._, no. xvii.

On the early settlers of Ohio at this time, see S. P. Hildreth's _Biog. and Hist. Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio_ (Cinn., 1852); James W. Taylor's _Hist. of Ohio_, 1650-1787 (Sandusky, 1854); and a paper by Isaac Smucker on the first pioneers, in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Aug., 1885, p. 326. The position of the Delawares in this region during the war is discussed by S. D. Peet in the _American Antiquarian_, ii. 132.

The Filson Club of Louisville has published (1886) Thomas Speed's _Wilderness road, a description of the route of travel by which the pioneers and early settlers first came to Kentucky_, their previous publication having been Reuben T. Durrett's _Life and Writings of John Filson, the first historian of Kentucky_ (1884), which gives in fac-simile the earliest special map of Kentucky, after a copy in Harvard College library,—most copies of the book being without it,—for while the _Discovery, Settlement, and Present State of Kentucke_ was printed in 1784, at Wilmington, Del., the map was printed in Philadelphia, and was an improvement upon the general maps of Charlevoix, Evans, Hutchins, Pownall, and others. Filson's book was issued in French, at Paris, in 1785, and reprinted in English in Imlay's _Topog. Description of North America_ (London, 1793 and 1797), in conjunction with Imlay; again by Campbell in New York, in 1793. Filson first presented to the world the story of the adventures of Daniel Boone in the appendix of his book, and from that it has been copied and assigned to Boone himself, in the _Amer. Museum_, Philadelphia, Oct. 1787, and in Samuel L. Metcalfe's _Collection of some of the most interesting narratives of Indian Warfare in the West_ (Lexington, Ky., 1821,—Thomson's _Bibliog. of Ohio_, no. 818). The life of Boone embodies much of the history of the pioneer days of Kentucky. His subsequent biographers, J. M. Peck (in Sparks's _Amer. Biog._), E. S. Ellis, G. C. Hill, H. T. Tuckerman (in his _Biog. Essays_), C. W. Webber (in _Hist. and Rev. Incidents_, Phil., 1861), Lossing (in _Harper's Mag._, xix.), and others, have depended upon Filson. E. C. Coleman has told the story as it is centred about Simon Kenton (_Ibid._ xxviii.), and J. H. Perkins has given it more general bearings in his "Pioneers of Kentucky", in _No. Amer. Rev._, Jan., 1846, included in his _Memoir and Writings_, ii. 243. Cf. Marshall Smith's _Legends of the War of Independence and of the Earlier settlements in the West_ (Louisville, 1855), and the old fort at Lexington, Ky., in _Mag. Amer. Hist._, Aug., 1887, p. 123.

What is now Tennessee was known after 1769 as the Settlements of the Watauga Association, and so continued till 1777, when, during the rest of the Revolutionary War, it was a part of North Carolina (J. E. M. Ramsey's _Annals of Tennessee_, Charleston, 1853; Philad., 1853, 1860; Sabin, xvi. no. 67, 729).

There are documents on the Illinois country during this quiet interval among the Shelburne Papers, as noted in the _Hist. MSS. Com. Report_, v. pp. 216, 218 (vols. 48 and 50). Cf. John Reynolds, _Pioneer Hist. of Illinois_ (1852); Breese's _Early Hist. of Illinois_, and the other later histories (see Vol. V., ante, p. 198). Cf. Arthur Young's _Observations on the present State of the waste lands of Great Britain, published on occasion of the establishment of a new Colony on the Ohio_ (London, 1773).

Several journals of voyages and explorations along the Ohio and its tributary streams, which were made during this period, are preserved to us, such as that of Capt. Harry Gordon, from Fort Pitt to the Illinois in 1766, which is printed in Pownall's _Topog. Description_ (London, 1776), and of which the original or early copy seems to be noted in the English _Hist. MSS. Com. Report_, v. p. 216; that of Washington, who visited the Ohio region in 1770 to select lands for the soldiers of the late wars, and which is printed in Sparks's _Washington_ (vol. ii. 516, beside letters in Ibid. 387, etc. Cf. Irving's _Washington_, i. 330, and some letters in Read's _George Read_, p. 124); and those of Matthew Phelps, who was twice in this Western country between 1773 and 1780, and whose account is given in the _Memoirs and adventures, particularly in two voyages from Connecticut to the river Mississippi, 1773-80_. _Compiled from the original journal and minutes kept by Mr. Phelps. By Anthony Haswell_ (Bennington, Vt., 1802).

The diary of Rufus Putnam, who explored the lower regions of the Mississippi Valley between Dec. 10, 1772, and Aug. 13, 1773, is preserved in the library of Marietta College. (Cf. _Mag. Amer. Hist._, vii. 230.)—ED.

[1476] Connolly was arrested as a Tory in November, 1775, and held as a prisoner until exchanged in the winter of 1780-81. He then planned a scheme with Tories and Indians to capture Fort Pitt. See _Olden Time_, i. 520; ii. 93, 105, 348; Craig's _Pittsburg_, 112, 124; Perkins's _West. Annals_, 140, 148; Jacob's _Cresap_, 75-91; _Am. Archives_, 4th ser., i. 774.

[1477] Botta's _Am. War_, i. 250; Doddridge's _Notes_, (ed. 1876), 238; _Olden Time_, ii. 43.

[1478] Concerning this controversy, see Craig's _Pittsburg_, 111-128. The right of Pennsylvania to land beyond the Alleghanies is examined in a paper (1772) entitled "Thoughts on the situation of the inhabitants on the frontier", by James Tilghman, printed in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, x. 316. Cf. also Daniel Agnew's _History of the Region of Pennsylvania north of the Ohio and west of the Allegheny River, of the Indian purchases, and of the running of the southern, northern, and western State boundaries; also, an account of the division of the territory for public purposes, and of the lands, laws, titles, settlements, controversies, and litigation within this region_ (Philadelphia, 1887).—ED.

[1479] No Indian tribes had their homes in Kentucky. The territory was the common hunting and fighting ground of the Ohio Indians on the north and the Cherokees and Chickasaws on the south. See Butler's _Kentucky_, p. 8.

[1480] Brantz Meyer's _Logan and Cresap_, 1867, p. 149. Clark's letter is also printed in _The Hesperian_ (Columbus, Ohio), 1839, ii. 309; Jacob's _Life of Cresap_, pp. 154-158, and portions of it in Perkins's _Western Annals_, 143-146.

[1481] Capt. Cresap was then thirty-two years of age, was a trader, and had had no experience in a former war. His father, however,—Col. Thomas Cresap,—was a noted Indian fighter. Clark and his party evidently supposed it was the father, and not the son, they were sending for. The Cresaps were a Maryland family, and the party who wanted a leader were Virginians.

[1482] A few days before, a canoe from Pittsburg, coming down the river, was fired on by Indians, near Baker's Bottom, two white men killed and one wounded. Baker's family had been warned, and were preparing to leave for one of the forts. Baker kept tavern, sold rum, and the Indians across the river were his habitual customers. Fearing an attack, he called in his neighbors. Twenty-one of them responded, but kept out of sight. A party of Indians appeared, and all with the exception of Logan's brother became very drunk. Logan's brother was drunk enough to be insolent, and he attempted to strike one of the white men. As he was leaving the house with a coat and hat which he had stolen, the white man whom he had abused shot him. The neighbors rushed from their concealment and killed the whole Indian party, except a half-breed child whose father was Gen. John Gibson. The Indians on the opposite shore, hearing the firing, came over in canoes. They were also fired on, and twelve of them were killed. (See the statements of John Sappington and others in Jefferson's _Notes on Virginia_, App. iv., 1800, and later editions; and Withers's _Border Warfare_, p. 113.)

[1483] This comment Jefferson cancelled in his edition of 1800.

[1484] "I appeal to any white man to say if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry and he gave him not meat; if ever he came cold and naked and he clothed him not.... Col. Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not sparing even my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature", etc.

Col. Thomas Cresap, well known in the West as an Indian fighter, was the father of Capt. Michael Cresap, and it is not strange that the rank of the father should have been given to the son. Public attention was not directed to Logan's speech, or the comments of Jefferson on the character of Capt. Cresap, until 1797, when Luther Martin, an ardent Federalist and the Attorney-General of Maryland (who had married a daughter of Capt. Cresap), addressed a public letter to an elocutionist, objecting to his reciting "Logan's Speech", on the ground that it was a slander on a noble man and patriot. The speech itself, he stated, was probably never made by Logan; and the letter had sneering allusions to the claim that Jefferson was a philosopher. Martin's letter is in _Olden Time_, ii. 51. Jefferson's letter to Gov. Henry of Maryland, of Dec. 31, 1797 (_Writings_, viii. 309), shows that he attributed Martin's attack to political motives, and that his feelings were greatly disturbed. He immediately set about collecting testimony (1) to prove the genuineness of Logan's speech, and (2) to justify the charges he had made against Cresap. On the first point, it was easy for him to show that he had not invented the speech; that it was common talk in Dunmore's camp; that he took it, as he printed it, from the lips of some person in Williamsburg in 1774, and that it was printed at the time in the _Virginia Gazette_. It appears that the speech was printed in the _Gazette_ at Williamsburg, Feb. 4, 1775, and that twelve days later the speech, with important variations, was sent by Madison to his friend William Bradford, and was printed in a New York newspaper. Both versions are in _Amer. Archives_, 4th series, i. 1020. (See also Rives's _Madison_, i. 63, and Mayer's _Logan and Cresap_, p. 177.) The fact that the speech as printed was actually delivered was more difficult to prove, as it depended wholly on the statement of Gen. John Gibson, the interpreter. It will never be known what part of it was Logan's and how much of it was Gibson's. Jefferson was not successful in justifying the charges he had made against Cresap. Such of the collected evidence as answered his purpose he printed in Appendix iv. in the edition of his _Notes_ of 1800 (Philadelphia). Some copies of the appendix were printed separately, and it was first mentioned on the title-page in the edition printed at Trenton, 1803. (See _Writings_, viii. 457-476.) Such of the testimony as did not answer his purpose he suppressed. One of these suppressed statements is the letter of George Rogers Clark to Dr. Samuel Brown, already quoted. It was found among his papers purchased by the United States in 1848, and is now in the State Department at Washington. Brantz Mayer vindicated Cresap in a paper read before the Maryland Historical Society in 1851, on _Logan the Indian and Cresap the Pioneer_, and more fully in _Tah-Gah-Jute, or Logan and Cresap_ (Albany, 1867); Thomson, _Bibliog. of Ohio_, nos. 805, 806. Dr. Joseph Doddridge, in his _Notes_, 1824 (reprinted 1876, and used by Kercheval, Winchester, Va., 1833), made severe strictures on Cresap, but did not charge him with killing Logan's family. An extract from Doddridge, with other matter, called _Logan, Chief of the Cayuga Nation_, was published in Cincinnati by Wm. Dodge in 1868. Doddridge's attack on Capt. Cresap caused the Rev. John J. Jacob, who in youth had been Cresap's clerk, and had accompanied him in his Western expeditions, to write his _Life_ (Cumberland, Md., 1826; reprinted, with notes and appendix, for Wm. Dodge, Cincinnati, 1866; Field's _Ind. Bibliog._, nos. 769, 770; Thomson, _Bibliog. of Ohio_, nos. 640-1). With slight claim to literary merit, and much inaccuracy as to dates, it contains some important documents, and is an earnest vindication of Cresap's character. Charges of baseness and cruelty against Cresap were older than any publication of Logan's speech. The early accounts which came to Sir William Johnson charged the origin of the war upon him. Writing June 20, 1774, Sir William says: "I received the very disagreeable and unexpected intelligence that a certain Mr. Cressop [_sic_] had trepanned and murdered forty Indians on the Ohio, ... and that the unworthy author of this wanton act is fled.... Since the news of the murders committed by Cressop and his banditti, the Six Nations have sent me two messages", etc., and much more of the same character (_N. Y. Col. Doc._, viii. 459, 460, 461, 463, 471, 477; a biographical sketch of Cresap by Dr. O'Callaghan is on p. 459). The subject is treated in _Olden Time_, ii. 44, 49-67; Potter's _Amer. Monthly_, xi. 187; _Old and New_, x. 436; _New Eclectic_, 169; _Annual Report, 1879, of the Sec. of State_, Ohio, Columbus, 1880; Stone's _Sir William Johnson_, ii. 370; Dillon's _Indiana_ (1859), p. 97; Atwater's _Ohio_, p. 116; Monette, i. 384; Jacob's _Cresap_ (1866), 92-125; _Amer. Jour. Science_, xxxi. 11; Withers's _Border Warfare_, p. 118; _Amer. Pioneer_, i. 7-24, 64, 188, 331. The _Amer. Pioneer_, 1842-43, was the organ of the "Logan Historical Society", the object of the society being to erect a monument to Logan, on which "his speech as given by Thomas Jefferson shall be fully engraved in gilt letters." The title is a full-page woodcut, representing Logan and Gen. Gibson sitting on a log, the former making his "speech" and the latter taking it down.

Capt. Cresap, in June, 1775, enlisted a company of one hundred and thirty riflemen in Maryland, twenty-two of whom were his old companions-in-arms from the country west of the Alleghanies, and marched them to Boston in twenty-two days. Here his health gave way, and he was compelled to return. He reached New York, and there died, Oct. 18, 1775, at the age of thirty-three. His gravestone is in Trinity churchyard, New York city, opposite the door of the north transept. An accurate woodcut of his gravestone is in Mayer's _Logan and Cresap_, p. 144, and in _Harper's Mag._, Nov., 1876, p. 808. A view of his house is in _Harper's Mag._, xiv. 599.

[1485] See Withers's _Border Warfare_; Monette, i. 374; Dillon's _Indiana_, 93; _Amer. Archives_, 4th series, i. 722.

[1486] Accounts of Cornstalk by W. H. Foote are in the _Southern Literary Messenger_, xvi. 533, and by M. M. Jones in Potter's _Amer. Monthly_, v. 583. See Withers, pp. 129, 136, 156. Cornstalk's tragical death is described in Doddridge, p. 239, and Kercheval, p. 267; also in J. P. Hale's _Trans-Allegheny Pioneers_, p. 328.

[1487] See _Amer. Archives_, 4th series, i. 1016; _Olden Time_, ii. 33; Monette, i. 376-380; Perkins's _Annals_, p. 149; _Amer. Pioneers_, i. 381, by L. C. Draper; _Virginia Hist. Reg._, i. 30; v. 181; narrative of Capt. John Stuart in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, i. 668, in Virginia Hist. Coll., vol. i., and separately as _Memoirs of Indian Wars_ (Richmond, 1833); John P. Hale's _Trans-Allegheny Pioneers_ (Cincinnati, 1886), p. 174, and a paper by S. E. Lane in _Mass. Mag._, Nov., 1885, p. 277. What purports to be a contemporary account in J. L. Peyton's _Adventures of my Grandfather_ (London, 1867), p. 142, is not without suspicion.—ED.

[1488] For particulars concerning the Dunmore War, see _Amer. Archives_, 4th ser., i. 345, 435, 468, 506, 774, 1013-1020; ii. 170, 301; _N. Y. Col. Doc._, viii. 459, 461; _St. Clair Papers_, i. 296, etc.; C. W. Butterfield's _Washington-Crawford letters_ (Cinn., 1877), pp. 47, 86; Morgan's autobiographic letter in _Hist. Mag._, xix. 379; De Haas's _West. Virginia_, 142; Doddridge, pp. 229-239; Kercheval, p. 148; Withers, 104-138; Perkins's _Annals_, pp. 140-151; Hildreth's _Pioneer History_, pp. 86-94; Monette, i. pp. 368-385; Atwater's _Ohio_, pp. 110-119; Walker's _Athens Co., Ohio_, p. 8; Dillon's _Indiana_, p. 91; and Schweinitz's _Zeisberger_, p. 399. Col. Charles Whittlesey has treated the subject in his _Discourse relating to the expedition of Dunmore_ (Cleveland, 1842); in the _Olden Time_, ii. 8, 37; and in his _Fugitive Essays_ (Hudson, Ohio, 1852).—ED.

[1489] For references to the proceedings in Parliament, see _ante_,