viii. 640), and other accounts and comment of that day, in Sparks's

_Washington_, vol. v.; _Heath Papers_ (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._), p. 65. Cf. further, Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. ch. 10, etc.); _General Hull's Revolutionary Services_ (ch. 7); Dawson's _Battles_ (ch. 20); Van Rensselaer's _Essays_; Jay's _Life of Jay_ (i. 74); Sparks's _Gouverneur Morris_ (i. ch. 8); J. C. Hamilton's _Life of Hamilton_ (i. 79, 91); Hamilton's _Works_ (i. 31); Sedgwick's _Livingston_ (p. 233); Watson's _Essex County, N. Y._ (ch. 11); De Costa's _Fort George_; Smith's _Pittsfield, Mass._ (i. 282); _Hist. Mag._, Dec., 1862, July, 1867 (p. 303), Aug., 1869 (p. 84, by Hiland Hall); Lewis Kellogg's _Hist. Discourse_ (Whitehall, 1847).

[822] Cf. Palmer's _Lake Champlain_ and Watson's _Essex County, N. Y._

[823] It is also in the _St. Clair Papers_, i. 76. See _post_, p. 352.

[824] Cf. further, Wilkinson's _Memoir_ (ch. 5); Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. 223), and his _Field-Book_ (i. 145); Carrington's _Battles_ (ch. 45); Henry Clark's _Hist. Address_, July 7, 1859 (Rutland, 1859); Stone's _Beverley, Mass._ (p. 75); Amos Churchill's _Hist. of Hubbardton_ (1855); _Hadden's Journal_ (App. no. 15); W. C. Watson in _Amer. Hist. Record_ (ii. 455); beside such personal narratives as Enos Stone's Journal in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ (1861, p. 299,—he was made a prisoner), and the _Narrative of the captivity & sufferings of Ebenezer Fletcher, of New Ipswich, who was severely wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Hubbardston, Vt., in 1777, by the British and Indians_ (New Ipswich, N. H., 1813?).

There are letters of Stephen Peabody and Col. Bellows in _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 625. There is a British diary by Joshua Pell, Jr., published in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (ii. 107).

[825] There is a composite map in Carrington's _Battles_ (p. 322), and another in Lossing's _Field-Book_ (i. 145), with a view of the battlefield (p. 146).

[826] Cf. _Vermont Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. 181, 182, where much will be found from the Council of Safety's records and in letters from Schuyler and Warner. Cf. also _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 658.

[827] An earlier letter of Willet, July 28th, warning the people at German Flats, is in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (1884), p. 285. Cf. also Wm. M. Willet's _Narrative of the Military actions of Col. Marinus Willet_ (N. Y., 1831), for Willet's hasty and his more leisurely accounts, which differ somewhat in minor details.

[828] This orderly-book was originally printed in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (March and April, 1881). The appended essays are incisive expressions of individual views at variance with general beliefs (cf. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, March, 1883, p. 219), De Peyster defending Johnson, who was his great-uncle, from the charge of violating his parole, and Myers agreeing with him.

[829] It is reprinted in the _Cent. Celebrations of N. Y._ (1879, p. 55), where will be found other addresses and engraved views of the present aspect of the scene of the conflict (pp. 91, 127). These local associations are also traced in S. W. D. North's "Story of a Monument" in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (xii. 97,—Aug., 1884; cf. also vol. i. p. 641), giving views of the monuments, a suspicious portrait of Herkimer (p. 103), and a view of Herkimer's house (p. 111,—cf. Lossing, i. 260). On the various spellings of Herkimer's name, see _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Aug., 1884, p. 283. Measures for erecting a monument to him are recorded in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1845, p. 172. The later writers are H. R. Schoolcraft in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (1845, p. 132); Bancroft (ix. 378); Irving's _Washington_ (iii. ch. 15, 16, 17); Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. 273), and his _Field-Book_ (vol. i.); I. N. Arnold's _Benedict Arnold_ (ch. 8); J. W. De Peyster in _Hist. Mag._ (xv. 38) and _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (ii. 22); T. D. English in _Harper's Monthly_ (xxiii. 327); H. C. Goodwin's _Pioneer History of Cortland County_; Benton's _Herkimer County_ (ch. 5); Campbell's _Tryon County_ (ch. 4); Pomroy Jones's _Annals of Oneida County_, with some local touches; Ketchum's _Buffalo_; S. W. D. North's "Historical Significance of the Battle" in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (i. 641); the appendix of _Hadden's Journal_ (no. 17) for La Corne St. Luc; Hull's _Revolutionary Services_ (ch. 8); Dawson's _Battles_ (i. ch. 21); Carrington's _Battles_ (ch. 45). The German accounts are given in Eelking's _Die Deutschen Hülfstruppen_, with more prominence naturally from the Hessian participants than the English or American narratives afford; and in Frederick Kapp's _Die Deutschen im Staate New York_ (N. Y., 1884), equally glowing for his countrymen under Herkimer, on the other side. Cf. Lowell's _Hessians_. The story of Hanyost Schuyler's carrying a deceitful message from Arnold, which Dr. Belknap in 1796 picked up on the spot (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xix. 408), and as told in Dwight's _Travels_ (iii. 183), in Benton's _Herkimer County_ (p. 82), and other later books, is denied by Dawson (i. 247).

[830] _Gent. Mag._, Mar., 1778; Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_; App. to Roberts's _Address_; Dawson, i. 250; _Cent. Celebrations of N. Y._, p. 131, and the letter of Col. Daniel Claus, dated at Montreal, Oct. 16, 1777, (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, viii. 718; _Cent. Celebrations of N. Y._, p. 141; Roberts's _Address_, App.) The Tory account is in Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._ (i. 216, with App., p. 700). St. Leger's retreat is described in a letter, Montreal, Sept. 4, 1777, in the Stopford Sackville Papers, printed in _Ninth Report of the Hist. Mss. Commission_ (London, 1883, App. p. 87). The account of the _Annual Register_, 1777, is copied in the _Cent. Celebrations of the State of N. Y._ (p. 137), and is the basis of Andrews's _History_. Cf. Almon's _Parliamentary debates_ (vol. viii.), and Beatson's _Naval and Military Memoirs_ (vi. 69). The miniature of St. Leger, by R. Cosway, as engraved in the _European Mag._, 1795, is given in fac-simile in Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_. Cf. _Johnson's Orderly-book_ and Hubbard's _Red Jacket_.

[831] It is also given in Hough's edition of _Pouchot_, i. 207, with a plan of the modern city of Rome, superposed. A plan of Rome in 1802, showing the position of the fort, is in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iii. 687.

[832] There are other plans in Campbell's _Tryon County_; and in Lossing's _Field-Book_, i. 249,—the last also giving a view of the site of the fort (p. 231) and of the battlefield of Oriskany (p. 245).

[833] Cf. the _Memoir and official Correspondence of Stark_, by Caleb Stark (Concord, 1860), and H. W. Herrick On "Stark and Bennington", in _Harper's Monthly_ (vol. lv. 511).

[834] De Lancey (Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 685) has a note on the forces engaged.

[835] In "Mather and other papers", no. 78. There is a contemporary copy among the _Trumbull MSS._, viii. 176.

[836] Also in Stone's _Burgoyne's Campaign_, App., iii.; _Hadden's Journal_ (p. 111); Moore's _Diary of the Rev._ (p. 488); Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_; _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 664; Guild's _Chaplain Smith and the Baptist_ (differing somewhat, p. 203). Cf. Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (p. 271), and his _State of the Expedition_.

[837] "Of an affair which happened near Walloon Creek" (_Sparks MSS._, lviii., Part 2). Much on this expedition is in the English Public Record Office, "vol. 351, Quebec, xvii."

[838] Cf. Lowell's _Hessians_, p. 136; Riedesel, who in his _Memoirs_ (i. 259, 299) somewhat differs from Burgoyne; Schlözer's _Briefwechsel_; and Stedman's _Amer. War_ (i. ch. 17).

[839] Other contemporary narratives are in the Appendix of Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_ (p. 286); Wilkinson's _Memoirs_ (i. ch. 5); and _Hadden's Journal_ (p. 120). There are letters by Peter Clark in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ (April, 1860, p. 121). A letter of the Council of Safety, written during the action, is in _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 669, where is also Stark's letter, when he sent the trophies, and the communication of the news to the militia (_Ibid._ p. 623). Stark was thanked by Congress, and made a brigadier (_Ibid._ p. 702). He had felt hurt at the failure of such recognition by Congress earlier (_Ibid._ p. 662).

[840] Cf. also the _Vermont Hist. Gazetteer_, (vol. i.); A. M. Caverley's _Pittsford, Vt._; Frisbie and Ruggles's _Poultney, Vt._; the _N. H. Adj.-General's Report_, 1866 (ii. 315); C. C. Coffin's _Boscawen_, N. H. (p. 257); H. H. Saunderson's _Charlestown, N. H._ (ch. 7); O. E. Randall's _Chesterfield, N. H._; N. Bouton's _Concord, N. H._ (ch. 11); D. A. Goddard's paper on the part borne by Massachusetts in the battle, in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (xvii. 90, May, 1879); Holland's _Western Mass._ (ch. 15); Smith's _Pittsfield, Mass._ (i. 293); Hammond's _N. H. Rev. Rolls_ (ii. 139).

[841] Cf. Bancroft (ix. ch. 22); Irving's _Washington_ (iii. ch. 16); Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._ (iii. 581); Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. ch. 14), his _Field-Book_ (vol. i.), and his article in _Harper's Monthly_ (vol. v.); Dawson's _Battles_ (i. 255), and his account in the _Hist. Mag._ (xiii. 289, May, 1870); Carrington's _Battles_ (i. 334); Isaac Jenning's _Memorials of a Century_ (Boston, 1869, ch. 12; see _N. E. Hist. Geneal. Reg._, 1870, p. 94).

[842] Hiland Hall's paper on Warner's share in the battle of Bennington is reprinted from the _Vermont Quarterly Mag._ (1861, p. 156), in the _Vermont Hist. Coll._ (i. p. 209). Cf. _Hist. Mag._ (vol. iv., Sept., 1860, p. 268), and Chipman's _Life of Warner_.

[843] Albert Tyler's _Bennington: the Battles, 1777. Centennial celebration, 1877_ (Worcester, 1878).

_Centennial anniversary of the independence of the state of Vermont and the battle of Bennington, Aug. 15 and 16, 1877. Westminster—Hubbardton—Windsor_ (Rutland, 1879). This volume contains an oration by S. C. Bartlett and an historical paper by Hiland Hall, with engraved portraits of some of the chief participants.

F. W. Coburn's _Centennial Hist. of the Battle of Bennington_ (Boston, 1877).

A Bennington Historical Society was formed in 1876.

[844] The original of this, a carefully drawn MS. map of "the position of Col. Baum, 16th Aug., 1776, with the attack of the enemy at Walmscook near Bennington, by Lieut. Durnford, engineer", is among the Faden maps (no. 65). This Faden map is reproduced in Jenning's _Memorials of a Century_ (Boston, 1869), and sketches of it will be found, with views of the field, in Lossing's _Field-Book of the Revolution_ (i. 395, 396); Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._ (iii. 583); _Harper's Monthly_ (xxi. 325). Carrington says the map of Baum's march in _Harper's Mag._, October, 1877, is incorrect. Stone, _Campaign of Burgoyne_ (p. 35), gives a view of the house in which Baum died.

[845] Cf. Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. 299); Wells's _Sam. Adams_ (ii. ch. 45); Sparks's _Washington_ (iii. 535; v. p. 14), his _Correspondence of the Rev._ (i. 427), and his _Gouverneur Morris_ (i. 138).

[846] Cf. _Amer. Hist. Record_, April, 1873; Hamilton's _Repub. of the United States_ (i. 306). There is a view of the army headquarters at Troy (1777) in Weise's _Troy_, 1876, p. 17; and of the Dirck Swart house, still standing (used by Schuyler as headquarters), in the _Mag. of Amer. History_ (vii. 226, etc.). The house subsequently used by Gates has disappeared.

[847] Cf. also Kidder's _First N. H. Regiment_ (p. 35). Other narratives are in Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. ch. 19) and his _Field-Book_ (i. 51); in Graham's _Morgan_ (ch.7-9); in Arnold's _Arnold_ (ch. 9); Headley's _Washington and his Generals_; Dawson's _Battles_ (i. ch. 25); Carrington's _Battles of the Rev._ (ch. 46); Lowell's _Hessians_ (p. 151); and the memoirs of Riedesel; and on the English side Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_, and Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_. The Smith or Taylor house, in which Fraser died, is depicted in Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_ (p. 72), and as to a story about the removal of his remains, see _Ibid._, App. 6. Robert Lowell read a poem, "Burgoyne's last march", at the centennial of this action.

[848] The accounts of the day, as Marshall says, give him the command, and in his _Life of Washington_, first edition, that writer so states it. Wilkinson, who was with Gates two miles from the fight, said in his _Memoirs_ that there was no general officer on the field; and this led Marshall in his second edition to leave the question open. A letter of R. R. Livingston, Jan. 14, 1778, to Washington (_Correspondence of the Revolution_, ii. 551) is capable of counter conclusions on this point; and Mr. Bancroft (orig. ed., ix. 410) who holds that Arnold was not engaged during the day, judges that a letter of Colonel Richard Varick to General Schuyler, written on the day of battle, supports that view. Bancroft's opinion is maintained by J. A. Stevens in his paper "Benedict Arnold and his apologists", in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (March, 1880). That the victory was won largely by Arnold's personal exertions is the opinion of nearly every other writer, and they find in the letters of Livingston and Varick as much to sustain their view as Bancroft does to support his. Wilkinson writes to St. Clair: "Gen. Arnold was not out of camp during the whole action" (_St. Clair Papers_, i. 89, 443). The evidences in rebuttal of Wilkinson, who is the only positive witness on the negative side, are numerous, and have been best arrayed by Isaac N. Arnold in his _Life of Arnold_ (p. 175), and in the paper "Benedict Arnold at Saratoga" (_United Service Mag._, Sept., 1880; also printed separately), in which he added much new testimony, gathered after he had published his _Life of Arnold_. This consists of the statements in _The Revolutionary Services of General Wm. Hull_ (N. Y., 1848); in a MS. account by Ebenezer Wakefield, who was in Dearborn's light infantry, and written after Wilkinson, whom he controverts, had published his _Memoirs_; in the narratives of the Germans Von Eelking and Riedesel. Moore (_Diary of the Revolution_, p. 498) cites a letter of Enoch Poor, which seems to allow Arnold's share in the battle. Later still the diary of a chaplain of the army has been published, _Chaplain Smith and the Baptists_, and this says distinctly (p. 209) that Arnold commanded. Mr. R. A. Guild, the editor of that book, collates the evidence on this point. Washington Irving, Lossing, Sydney H. Gay, William L. Stone,—not to name others,—have contended for Arnold's participancy in the day's doings. Lecky (iv. 67) expresses himself satisfied with the proofs adduced by I. N. Arnold. Cf. Rogers in _Hadden's Journal_, p. 27.

[849] Cf. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (May, 1879, p. 310), and B. W. Throckmorton's address on Arnold in W. I. Stone's _Memoir of the Centennial Celebration of Burgoyne's Surrender_ (Albany, 1878). Col. Brooks, as reported by Gen. W. H. Sumner in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (Feb., 1858, ii. 273), gave some reminiscences of Arnold's conduct. The surgeon attending Arnold said "his peevishness would degrade the most capricious of the fair sex" (_N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1864, p. 34).

[850] Stone (_Campaign of Burgoyne_, App. 5) also gives Woodruff's and Neilson's reminiscences. See also Stone's _Life of Brant_ (i. 475). Cf. Wilkinson's _Memoirs_; Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. 365), and his _Field-Book_; Hull's _Revolutionary Services_ (ch. 10); Bowen's _Lincoln_; Irving's _Washington_ (iii. ch. 22); Creasy's _Decisive Battles of the World_; Dawson (p. 291); Carrington (ch. 47); A. B. Street in _Hist. Mag._ (March, 1858). Silliman's account of his visit to the battlefield is in the App. of Stone's _Burgoyne's Campaign_. Stone in the notes to his translation of Pausch (pp. 175-6) enumerates what remains there are at the present day on the battle-ground of Oct. 7 to enable one to identify the points of the conflict. Gen. Hoyt's description of the battlefield in 1825 is given in Hinton's _United States_, Amer. ed., i. p. 264.

[851] Cf. Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_, p. 300; Rogers's _Hadden's Journal_, p. liii.; _Hist. Mag._ (ii. 121); _Once a Week_ (xviii. 520); _Potter's Amer. Monthly_ (vii. 191); Ellet's _Women of the Amer. Rev._, vol. i. There are portraits of Lady Acland in _Burgoyne's Orderly-Book_, in Bloodgood's _Sexagenary_, and Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_. Reminiscences of her later life are given in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Aug., 1886, p. 193. The house to which the wounded Major Acland was borne is still standing, though much changed (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, vii. 226). It was the Neilson house, used as headquarters by Morgan and Poor.

[852] A naval brigade under young Pellew, afterwards Viscount Exmouth, was not allowed by Burgoyne to cut its way through the American lines, in place of surrendering (Osler's _Life of Exmouth_, London, 1835, p. 39).

A view of the field of surrender is in the _Cent. Celebrations of N. Y._ (p. 301). An old print of Burgoyne's camp is copied in Lossing's _Field-Book_ (i. 57). Cf. Anburey's _Travels_.

[853] It is also in the _Brief Examination_; Dawson (i. 305, with accompanying private letter); _Gent. Mag._ (Dec., 1777); Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (p. 313). Riedesel in his _Memoirs_ comments on Burgoyne's despatch.

In general, for American authorities on the surrender, see Wilkinson (ch. 8); Bancroft (ix. ch. 24); Irving's _Washington_ (iii. 22); Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. ch. 21); Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_; Bloodgood's _Sexagenary_, which shows the effect of Burgoyne's march on the country people; Lowell's _Hessians_ (p. 162); _Harper's Mag._ (Aug., 1876); Mrs. E. H. Walworth in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (May, 1877,—i. 273-302). Loubat, _Medallic Hist. of the U. S._, describes the medal given to Gates.

On the British side there are Jones's _New York during the Rev._ (i. 201, etc.); Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (ch. 7); Mahon's _England_ (vi. 207); G. R. Gleig in _Good Words_ (xii. 849); _Blackwood's Mag._ (lxiii. 332, cxiii. 427; or _Living Age_, xvii. 226, cxvii. 543).

[854] There is an account of prisoners and stores in _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 708.

[855] See accounts of the papers of Schuyler, Gates, Lincoln, etc., elsewhere. No. liv. of the _Sparks MSS._ is given to papers on this campaign. Cf. letters of Roger Sherman to William Williams in _Ibid._, lviii. no. 12; of General Armstrong in _Ibid._, xlix., i. 7. The correspondence of Schuyler and Gouverneur Morris is in Sparks's _Morris_, i. 141.

[856] Also _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1879. Cf. Geo. W. Schuyler's _Colonial New York_, ii. 267; _Amer. Hist. Record_, ii. 145. The jealousy, or rather dislike, of Schuyler on the part of New England men was the natural result of the contact of commander and subordinates so strongly opposed as an aristocratic Knickerbocker and the self-willed democrats of the Eastern States. Cf., on this antagonism, _John Adams's Works_, iii. 87; Graydon's _Memoirs_, passim; Gordon, ii. 331; Irving's _Washington_, iii. 128, etc. A survival of the feelings had doubtless colored some of the later estimates of Schuyler's character, and the opposing views can be seen in Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. 325, etc.) and in Bancroft's _United States_. Cf. also Geo. L. Schuyler's _Correspondence and Remarks upon Bancroft's History of the Northern Campaign of 1777 and the character of General Schuyler_. The dissatisfaction with Schuyler was not, however, confined to New England. Reference seems to be made to him as an "infamous villain" in the letters of Samuel Kennedy, a surgeon of Pennsylvania troops (_Penna. Mag. of Hist._, viii. 114, where he is presumably spoken of as "G. S ... r").

[857] Lincoln's orders, Aug. 4th, are in the _Sparks MSS._, lxvi.

[858] The following orderly-books and journals of the campaign have been noted:—

_Orderly book of lieut. gen. John Burgoyne, from his entry into the state of New York until his surrender at Saratoga, 16th Oct. 1777. From the original manuscript deposited at Washington's head quarters, Newburgh, N. Y. Edited by E. B. O'Callaghan_ (Albany, 1860), being no. 7 of _Munsell's Historical Series_. (Cf. J. T. Headley in _The Galaxy_, xxii. 604.) Gen. Horatio Rogers is satisfied that this Newburgh MS. is not an original record; and he has printed in his _Hadden's Journal_ such records as are either defectively printed by O'Callaghan or not printed at all. Burgoyne's orders to the inhabitants of Castleton are in the _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 625, 658. There was published at Albany in 1882, as no. 12 of _Munsell's Historical Series_, a book entitled _Hadden's journal and orderly books. A journal kept in Canada and upon Burgoyne's campaign in 1776 and 1777, by Lieutenant James Murray Madden. Also orders kept by him and issued by Sir Guy Carleton, Lieut. General Burgoyne and Major General William Phillips, in 1776, 1777, and 1778. With an explanatory chapter and notes by Horatio Rogers_. Respecting this publication, Mr. William L. Stone says:—

"The journal of Lieutenant Hadden is, perhaps, one of the most important manuscript documents bearing upon Burgoyne's campaign that has yet been discovered. This journal formerly belonged to William Cobbett of London. The elaborate maps with which the writer has interspersed his journal fully indicate the importance of the strategical positions taken by Schuyler previous to Gates assuming the command. Besides the journal there are several orderly-books, in which the proceedings of the British army from day to day are minutely set forth. In the manuscript book at Washington's headquarters at Newburgh, the order of the day for 19th of August, 1777, is missing. This missing link, however, is supplied by Hadden, who gives it in full, and it proves to have been an order issued by Major-General Phillips, in the absence, that day, of General Burgoyne, as follows: 'Major-General Phillips,' reads the missing order for the 19th, 'has heard with the utmost astonishment, that, notwithstanding his most serious and positive orders of the 16th instant, that no carts should be used for any purpose whatever but the transport of provisions, unless by particular orders from the commander-in-chief as expressed in the order, there are this day above thirty carts on the road laden with baggage _said to be their Lieutenant-General's_.'"

The Hadden journals and orderly-books were bought in 1875 by General Rogers, having passed through Henry Stevens's hands, and are carefully printed, with fac-similes of the MS. maps accompanying them.

Supplementing these, the following orderly-books may be mentioned:—

_Henry B. Livingston's.—Troops under Gen. Schuyler, St. Clair, &c. Ticonderoga, Stillwater, &c., June 13 to August 19, 1777._

_Gen. Philip Schuyler's.—Fort Edward, Albany, June 29 to August 18, 1777._

_Camp at Stillwater, Saratoga and Albany, &c. August 12 to November 4, 1774._

_Col. Thaddeus Cook's, of Wallingford, Conn., Stillwater, September 6 to October 6, 1777. Weekly Returns of the Regiment, September 13, 27, and October 21, 1777._

_Capt. William Gates's Company, of Col. Timo. Bigelow's Regiment, Weekly Returns, various dates from October, 1777, to September, 1778._ Also in same covers, _Orderly Book of Lieut. David Grout's Company, of Timothy Bigelow's Regiment, February 15, 1779, to June 15, 1779, and Weekly Returns of Capt. Peirce's Co., same Regiment, in 1780_.

These are all in the library of the Amer. Antiq. Soc. at Worcester, Mass. An orderly-book of James Kimball, of Croft's regiment, June, 1777, to Dec., 1778, has been published by the Essex Institute (Salem, Mass.).

The following diaries may be named:—

The journal of Henry Dearborn, Aug. 3-Dec. 3, which was in the J. W. Thornton sale, 1878, no. 501. It is now in the Boston Public Library, and is included in Dearborn's journals as printed in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1886, edited by Mellen Chamberlain, and separately as _Journals of Henry Dearborn_, 1776-1783 (Cambridge, 1887).

Chaplain Smith's diary, July and Aug., 1777, in R. A. Guild's _Chaplain Smith and the Baptists_, p. 197; Ralph Cross's journal, beginning Aug. 29, 1777, at Newburyport, and ending there on his return, Dec. 5th, in the _Hist. Mag._ (vol. xvii. pp. 8-11); diary of Ephraim Squier, Sept. 4 to Nov. 2, 1777, preserved in the Pension Office, Washington. Extracts from the diary of Capt. Benj. Warren are preserved in the _Sparks MSS._ (no. xlvii.). A copy of the journal of Samuel Harris, Jr., of Boston, during the campaign of 1777, after he joined the army at Stillwater, Sept. 20th, and describing the fight of Bemis's Heights, Oct. 7th, and the surrender of Oct. 17th, is in the _Sparks MSS._ (xxv.). Cf. McAlpine's _Memoirs_, published in 1788.

The British journals of Burgoyne's campaign by actors in it, which have been printed, are Roger Lamb's _Original and authentic journal of occurrences during the late American war_ (Dublin, 1809), and his _Memoir of his own Life_ (Dublin, 1811),—he was sergeant of the Royal Welsh Fusileers,—and Thomas Anburey's _Travels through the interior parts of America_ (London, 1789 and 1791; French versions, Paris, 1790 and 1793; German, Berlin, 1792). Anburey was attached as a volunteer to the grenadier company of the 29th foot. (Cf. Rogers's _Hadden Journals_, explanatory chapter.) There is an English diary in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (Feb., 1878).

For other personal records of the campaign, reference may be made to the brief summary of Maj. Hughes, one of Gates's aides (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Feb., 1858, iii. 279); the autobiography of Col. Philip van Cortlandt, of the second New York regiment (_N. Y. Geneal. and Biog. Rec._, July, 1874, vol. v. 123, and _Hist. Mag._, 1878).

Similar records on the British side are Maj. Edward M'Gauran's _Memoirs_, privately printed in London in 1786, in two volumes, and _The narrative of Captain Samuel Mackay, commandant of a provincial regiment in North America; by the appointment of Lieut.-Gen. Burgoyne_ (Kingston, 1778). The author gives an account of his services as a royalist in command of a company of provincials attached to General Burgoyne's army, and complains of the refusal of the British generals to recognize him as an officer.

The British Museum has recently acquired a contemporary military critique of the campaign, by one of the actors in it, Lieut. Digby, of the British army.

The diary of the Hanau artillerist, Pausch, is preserved at Cassel, and a copy is in the hands of Mr. Edw. J. Lowell, from which a second copy was made, and from this no. 14 of _Munsell's Hist. Series_ was printed as _Journal of Capt. Pausch, chief of the Hanau artillery during the Burgoyne campaign. Translated and annotated by W. L. Stone. Introduction by E. J. Lowell_ (Albany, 1886). Pausch covers the interval from the day he left Hanau, May 15, 1776, to the close of Burgoyne's last battle, Oct. 7, 1777. There is in the notes (p. 149) a letter of one John Clunes, which shows some of the perils of the attempt to keep Burgoyne's rear open at Ticonderoga. A journal of Johann Konrad Döhla, a private of the regiment of Anspach, 1777-1783, is in the _Deutsch-Amerikanisches Mag._, 1886-1887.

[859] Less important accounts are in Hildreth and Gay; in Thaddeus Allen's _Origination of the Amer. Union_, etc.

[860] Mr. Stone adds a note (p. 149) on the periodical contributions of Gen. J. Watts De Peyster to the history and criticism of the campaign, aimed in large part to vindicate Schuyler and portray the patriotism of New York State. Cf. his paper in the _United Service_, ix. 365. A paper on the campaign in the _Mag. of Amer. History_, Dec., 1881, p. 457, refers to an article on the same topic in _Graham's Magazine_ (Apr., 1847), by N. C. Brooks, mentioning original documents. A. B. Street printed a paper on Saratoga in the _Hist. Mag._, March, 1858. Cf. Lemoine's _Maple Leaves_, second series (Quebec, p. 123).

[861] Stone says it is "characterized by great fairness and liberality."

[862] Other German authorities are given in Lowell's _Hessians_, App. A.

[863] In Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_ is a "Plan of the encampment and position of the army under Gen. Burgoyne at Sword's House, on Hudson River, near Stillwater, on Sept. 17th, with the positions of that part of the army engaged on the 19th Sept., 1777. Drawn by W. C. Wilkinson, Lt. 62d Reg. Engraved by Wm. Faden", and published in London, Feb. 1, 1780. It has a portion superposed, showing later positions. There is a composite map in Carrington's _Battles_ (p. 344); and in _Hadden's Journal_ (p. 164) fac-simile of drawn plans of the order of march and order of battle on Sept. 19. There is a map of the battle of the 19th in _Pausch's Journal_, p. 163. Loosing (i. 53) gives a view of the Stillwater ground.

Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_ also contains a "Plan of the encampment and position of the army under Gen. Burgoyne at Bræmus Heights, on the 20th Sept., with the position of the detachments in the action of the 7th Oct., and the position of the army on the 8th Oct. Drawn by W. C. Wilkinson. Engraved by Wm. Faden", and published Feb. 1, 1780. This is reproduced in Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (p. 292). Carrington (p. 350) gives an excellent eclectic map.

A plan of the battles of Freeman's Farm and Bemis's Heights, made by Col. Rufus Putnam, is preserved at Marietta, Ohio, and a copy is in Col. Stone's collection at Jersey City. There is also a plan given in Charles Wilson's _Account of Burgoyne's Campaign_ (Albany, 1844), which is revised in Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_. Stedman's plan (_American War_, i. 352) traces the movements from Sept. 10th to the capitulation. Cf. Grant's _British Battles_, ii. 150.

The positions from Oct. 10th, when the investment of Burgoyne's camp began, to the 16th, when the surrender took place, are shown on the American side in a map sketched by Chapman from an original of an officer, which appeared in the _Analectic Mag._ (Philad., 1818, p. 433), and is reproduced herewith.

In Burgoyne's _State of the Expedition_ is Faden's "Plan of the position which the army under Lt.-Gen. Burgoyne took at Saratoga on the 10th of Oct., 1777, and in which it remained till the convention was signed." It is reproduced in Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (p. 302). Carrington (p. 354) gives a careful plan, and there are others in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (vol. i. 273) and Lowell's _Hessians_ (p. 163), taken from Lossing's _Field-Book_ (i. 77). Lossing also gives a view (p. 80) of the field of surrender, the signatures to the convention (p. 79), the medal given to Gates (p. 83), the house used by Gates as headquarters (p. 75), and the house occupied by the Baroness Riedesel (pp. i. 89, 557; cf. also Stone's _Campaign of Burgoyne_, p. 94).

Upon the landmarks and topography of this series of movements, see papers in the _Boston Monthly_ (i. 505) for a visit to Bemis's Heights; a paper by W. L. Stone in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (Nov., 1885, p. 510) on the remains of the works as now seen; and an examination of the localities in G. W. Schuyler's _Colonial New York_ (ii. 128). Cf. Lossing's _Field-Book_ and his _Book of the Hudson_.

[864] Cf. also _Trumbull MSS._ (vol. vi. and vii.); the _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. iii, p. 223); the lives of Putnam; and Upham's _Life of Glover_.

[865] A letter of Gen. Parsons to Gov. Trumbull, on the capture of Fort Montgomery, is in Hildreth's _Pioneer Settlers of Ohio_ (p. 534). The personal narrative of Thomas Richards is in _United Service_ (xii. 274).

[866] Cf. also Clinton's letter in _Rockingham and his Contemporaries_ (ii. 334), and his annotations on the account in Stedman (ch. 18) in Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._ (i. 704). A journal of a British officer is printed in Scull's _Evelyns in America_ (p. 345).

The journal of Capt. Scott, who was sent by Burgoyne to open communication with Clinton, is in Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (p. 287).

The later accounts are in Irving's _Washington_ (iii. ch. 21); Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. ch. 20), and his _Field-Book_ (ii. 165); Leake's _John Lamb_ (p. 179), where is controverted the opinion expressed in Hamilton's _Life of Alex. Hamilton_ (i. 321), that the defence of the forts was feeble; Carrington's _Battles_; and Sargent's _André_ (p. 102).

[867] There was also a map of the river in the _Gent. Mag._, 1778.

[868] Letters of Greene and others, May 17, 1777, respecting the obstructions in the North River at Fort Montgomery, are in the _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. iii.).

[869] _Boston Monthly Mag._, July, 1826; Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_, 174; Parton's _Franklin_, ii. 283. The brief letter sent by Gates to the Mass. Council is in the Mass. Archives, and is printed in Hale's _Franklin in France_, p. 160. The letter of the Mass. government to Franklin (Oct. 24th) covered a copy of Gates's letter (Hale, p. 155).

[870] The effect in England is seen in the _Debates in Parliament_; Curwen's _Journal_ (p. 175); P. O. Hutchinson's _Diary of Thomas Hutchinson_ (vol. ii.); Donne's _Corresp. of Geo. III. and Lord North_ (ii. 93, 111); excerpts in Moore's _Diary_, i. 525, Macknight's _Burke_ (ii. 202); Russell's _Mem. and Corresp. of Fox_ (i. 161); Fitzmaurice's _Shelburne_ (iii. 12); Bancroft's _United States_ (ix. 478); Mahon's _England_ (vi. 206, and App. p. xxxix.); Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_ (ch. 8); Madison's _Writings_ (i. 31). Walpole (_Last Journals_, ii. 170) tells us how the king received the news of Burgoyne's disaster.

[871] Fonblanque, p. 333, and _Almon's Remembrancer_, vi. 207; but they do not agree upon the name of the vessel by which he sailed.

[872] Walpole (_Last Journals_, ii. 278) describes Burgoyne's appearance in the Commons.

[873] Cf. Bancroft's character of Burgoyne, in his orig. ed., vii. 245. Fonblanque (p. 5) charges Bancroft with coarseness in speaking of alleged but unfounded statements of Burgoyne's shame of birth. A certain swagger about the man laid Burgoyne open to the stinging burlesques of the small writers of the day. Cf. _The Lamentations of Gen. Burgoyne_ (Sabin, iii. 9,262); _Calendrier de Philadelphie_, 1779 (_Ibid._ xiv. 61, 511), Moore's _Songs and Ballads of the Rev._ (176, 185, 189); Stone, _Campaign of Burgoyne_ (App. xvi.).

[874] There were six editions printed in London, and one in Dublin, in 1778 (Sabin, iii. no. 9,257; Menzies, no. 264). These speeches were in response to a motion of inquiry made by John Wilkes, whose copy of this pamphlet belongs now to Mr. Charles Deane; and, by Wilkes's annotations upon it, it seems that Wilkes recalled a good deal that Burgoyne said and did not print, and qualified other parts which he did print.

[875] Sabin, iii. no. 9,257. There were six editions the same year. Menzies, no. 266.

[876] Sabin, iii. no. 9,266,—three editions; Menzies, no. 268.

[877] Sabin, iii. no. 9,263; Menzies, no. 267.

[878] Sabin, iii. no. 9,258; Menzies, no. 265.

[879] Sabin, iii. no. 9,260; _Sparks's Catal._, no. 405. Menzies, no. 272.

[880] Sabin, iii. no. 9,261; Menzies, no. 273.

[881] It appeared in two editions, and the book is now usually priced at about £3 (Sabin, iii. no. 9,255; Sparks, no. 404; Stevens, _Bibl. Amer._ (1885), no. 58; Menzies, no. 269.)

Burgoyne's documents, as laid before Parliament, had been printed in the _Parliamentary Register_. The _Gentleman's Mag._ had chronicled the progress of the investigation. Cf. _Annual Register_ (xxi. 168) and Russell's _Memoirs and Correspondence of Fox_ (i. 176).

The principal English MS. sources for the study of the whole campaign are these: The minutes of inquiry into the causes of Burgoyne's failure in the volume "Secretary of State, 1777-1781", in the War Office, London; Quebec series, in the Public Record Office, vols. xiv., xvi. (Cf. Brymner's _Reports on Canadian Archives_, 1883, p. 77; 1885, p. xi.)

[882] The volume contains Burgoyne's speech, prefatory to his narrative; his narrative; the evidence of Carleton, Balcarras, Harrington, Major Forbes, Lieut.-Colonel Kingston, and others; a review of the evidence and conclusion. In the Appendix are Burgoyne's "Thoughts for conducting the war from the side of Canada;" various letters of Burgoyne, Carleton, etc.; Burgoyne's speech to the Indians; Baum's instructions; St. Leger's letter from Oswego, Aug. 27, 1777; Burgoyne's letter from Albany, Oct. 20th; his councils of war, Oct. 12th and 13th; the terms proposed by Gates. There are added various plans of battle, elsewhere mentioned.

[883] Sabin, iii. no. 9,256; Menzies, no. 270. Privately reprinted in New York (75 copies) in 1865. It is said to have been printed without the sanction of Burgoyne.

[884] Sabin, iii. no. 9,265.

[885] Menzies, no. 271; Sabin, iii. no. 9,264. Sabin also notes, no. 9,267, _Reponse à un des articles des Annales politiques de M. Linguet concernant la défaite du Général Burgoyne en Amérique_ (Londres, 1788). Cf. on Burgoyne's subsequent exchange, Rogers's _Hadden's Journal_.

[886] Other addresses are N. B. Sylvester's _Saratoga and Hay-ad-ros-se-ra_ (July 4, 1876); George G. Scott's Saratoga County address; J. S. L'Amoreaux at Ballston Spa (July, 1876); Edward F. Bullard's, at Schuylerviile (July 4, 1776); H. C. Maine's _Burgoyne's Campaign_. The remarks of Messrs. Edward Wemple and S. S. Cox in Congress, Dec. 4, 1884, on the Saratoga monument, have been printed.

[887] The evidence on this point is overwhelming. "Those", wrote Washington, in a letter intended only for the eye of his step-son, "who want faith to believe the accounts of the shocking wastes of Howe's army—of their ravaging, plundering, and the abuse of women—may be convinced to their sorrow ... if a check cannot be put to their progress."

[888] Cf. letter of the Secret Committee of Congress to Silas Deane in Paris, Aug. 7, 1776 (_N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1877, p. 99). Pertaining to this movement is a journal of a campaign from Philadelphia to Paulus Hook, by Algernon Roberts (_Sparks MSS._), which is printed in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, vii. 456. It covers Aug. 16-Sept. 17, 1776. Cf. orderly-book in _Hist. Mag._, ii. 353; and a journal in the _Penna. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. 223.

[889] His letters (Sparks, iv., and 5 Force, iii.) give details of this retreat. Cf. also G. W. P. Custis's _Recollections_, p. 538. Howe has been much blamed for his want of enterprise in allowing Washington to escape (Galloway's _Examination_; Gordon's _Amer. Rev._, ii. 355; Wilkinson's _Memoirs_, i. 120).

[890] Lee was wrought upon by Joseph Reed writing to him, Nov. 21st, of Washington's "indecisive mind" (C. Lee's _Memoirs_; Moore's _Treason of Lee_, p. 46), and the next day Lee wrote in the same spirit to Bowdoin (_Ibid._, p. 49), and on the 24th he wrote to Reed of Washington's "fatal indecision." Moore examines this hesitancy of Lee (pp. 48, 57). For suspicions as to Lee's conduct at this time, see Moore's _Treason of Lee_; Heath's _Memoirs_, 88; Reed's _Jos. Reed_, i. 253; Drake's _Knox_; J. C. Hamilton's _Republic_, i. ch. 6; Lee Papers (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._), ii. 337, etc.

[891] Cf. Force's _Archives_, 5th ser., vol. iii.; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 173; Wilkinson's _Memoirs_, i. 105; Sparks's _Washington_, iv. App. p. 530; Robert Morris's letter, Dec. 17th, in _Pa. Hist. Soc. Bull._, vol. i.; Moore's _Treason of Lee_, 61; Bancroft, ix. 210; Irving's _Washington_, ii. 433; Scull's _Evelyns in America_, 211; _Memoir of Mrs. E. S. M. Quincy_ (1861); Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_, p. 50.

A contemporary picture of the capture of Lee, in Barnard's _Hist. of England_, represents him in uniform at the door of his house, handing his sword to a mounted officer, whose horse prances among dead bodies, while a platoon of dragoons stands at a little distance.

Lee's exchange was rendered possible when Washington acquired a prisoner of equal rank by the exploit of Colonel Barton. This Rhode Island officer summoned a party, and in whale-boats crossed Narragansett Bay, and (July 10, 1777) surprised Gen. Richard Prescott in bed at his headquarters, a few miles north of Newport where he held command of the British who, under Clinton and Percy, had taken possession of that port in Dec., 1776 (Almon'S _Remembrancer_, iii. 261; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 639). The parole of Gen. Prescott, July 14, 1777, given at Providence, as well as a letter from Lambert Cadwalader, "being greatly indebted to his politeness and generosity while a prisoner in New York", are in the _Trumbull MSS._ (vol. vi.). The parole is printed in Arnold's _Rhode Island_, ii. 403. General Smith's letter, July 12th, to Howe is in the _Sparks MSS._, lviii. Contemporary accounts are in Moore's _Diary_, i. 468. Cf. Force's _Archives_, 4th ser., vol. iv., and Thacher's _Mil. Journal_. Barton was assisted by a negro. _Livermore's Historical Research_, 143. There was an address by Professor Diman on the centennial of the capture, which was printed as no. 1 of the _R. I. Hist. Tracts_. Cf. _Narrative of the surprise and Capture of Maj.-Gen. Richard Prescott, July 9, 1777_ (Windsor, Vt., 1821), and a tract of similar title, Philadelphia, 1817; Mrs. C. R. Williams's _Biog. of Revolutionary Heroes_ (William Barton and Stephen Olney), Providence, 1839; Andrew Sherburne's _Memoirs_, App.; Sparks's _Washington_, iv. 495; Arnold's _Rhode Island_; Scull's _Evelyns in America_, 280. Diman gives a photograph of a portrait of Barton, and a fac-simile of his orders. Cf. Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 75. Scull (p. 140) gives a likeness of Prescott. Views of the house where the capture took place are in Mason's _Newport_, p. 8; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 76, and his _Cyclo. U. S. Hist._, p. 1133.

[892] _Penna. Archives_, vi. (1853); _Colonial Records of Pa._, xi. (1852); Hazard's _Register_, iii. 40; Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg's journal in _Pa. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i.; Robert Morris's letters in _Pa. Hist. Soc. Bull._, i. 50, etc.; broadsides enumerated in Hildeburn's _Issues of Pa. Press_, ii.; the diary of Christopher Marshall (Philad., 1839, to Dec. 31, 1776; again to Dec. 31, 1777; in full, Albany, 1877).

[893] See _ante_, p. 272.

[894] Wallace's _Col. W. Bradford_, p. 140. Mr. Stone indicates the following authorities on these points: Charles Thomson's letter to Drayton (_Pa. Mag. of Hist._, ii. 411; _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1878, p. 274); Reed's _Reed_ (ii. ch. i.); Anna H. Wharton on Thomas Wharton, Jr., in _Pa. Mag. Hist._ (v. 431, 437,—also in _The Wharton Family_); _St. Clair Papers_ (i. 370, 373); _Proceedings relative to calling the Conventions of 1776 and 1780_ (Harrisburg, 1825); _Journals of the Ho. of Rep. of Penna._ (vol. i.—Philad., 1782); _Pa. Col. Rec._, xi.; and other titles in Hildeburn.

[895] For further aspects of a political nature, see Wells's _Sam. Adams_, ii.; Ellery's letter to the governor of Rhode Island (_R. I. Col. Rec._, viii.), and the _Corresp. of the Executive of New Jersey, 1776-1786_ (Newark, 1846); Read's _George Read_, 212, 216, and (Cæsar Rodney's letter) 256. The leading biographies give some original aspects: Greene's _Greene_, i. 299 (in which Bancroft's statements are controverted); Reed's _Reed_, ch. 14; Drake's _Knox_, 36; Stone's _John Howland_, who was with the troops from Lee, which reinforced Washington; Williams's _Olney_. There is a contemporary "Relation of the Engagement at Trenton and Princetown on Thursday and Friday the 2d and 3d of January, 1777, by Mr. Wood, 3d Battalion", in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, x. 263.

A journal of Sergeant William Young is in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, Oct., 1884, vol. viii. 255. A little chapbook, _Narrative of events in the Revolutionary war; with an account of the battles of Trenton, Trenton-bridge and Princeton_ (Charlestown [1833]), by Joseph White, an orderly-sergeant of artillery, gives some personal experiences.

[896] C. C. Haven's tracts: _Washington and his army in New Jersey_ (Trenton, 1856), _Thirty days in New Jersey ninety years ago_ (1867), _Annals of the City of Trenton_ (1867), and _Historic Manual concerning Trenton and Princeton_. (Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, iii. 335.) Joseph F. Tuttle's papers: _Annals of Morris County_ (187-), _Revolutionary forefathers of Morris County_ (Dover, 1876), "Washington in Morris County", in _Hist. Mag._, June, 1871. E. D. Halsey's _Hist. of Morris County_ (N. Y., 1882). W. A. Whitehead's _Perth Amboy_ (p. 329), and _Penna. Hist. Coll._, i. 223. Hatfield's _Hist. of Elizabeth_ (ch. 20). A paper, "Washington on the west bank of the Delaware", by Gen. W. W. H. Davis, giving local details, in _Penna. Mag. of Hist._ (iv. 133). _Historical Mag._, xix. 205. _Harper's Mag._, July, 1874. _Potter's Amer. Monthly_, Jan., 1877. Johnston's _Campaign of 1776_ (ch. 8).

[897] Gordon (vol. ii.); Bancroft (orig. ed. ix. ch. 12; final revision, v. ch. 6, 7, 8); Irving's _Washington_ (vol. ii.); Gay, _Pop. Hist. U. S._ (iii. 520).

[898] Bancroft, ix. 218; Reed's _Reed_, i. 270.

[899] Other contemporary American accounts are by Major Morris (_Sparks MSS._, no. liii.; Chalmers's MSS. in Thorpe's _Catal. Suppl._, 1843, no. 632); by R. H. Lee (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1878, xix. 109); by Sullivan (_N. H. State Papers_, viii. 492); in Stirling's letter (Dec. 28, 1776) (Sedgwick's _Livingston_, 211). The order of march to Trenton is in Drake's _Knox_, 113. Capt. Wm. Hull's letter, Jan. 1, 1777, is in Bonney's _Legacy of Hist. Gleanings_, 1875, i. p. 57. (Cf. Hull's _Rev. Services_, ch. 5.) See also Greene's _Greene_ (book ii. ch. 13); Reed's _Reed_ (i. 273); Wilkinson's _Memoirs_ (ch. 3); Smith's _St. Clair_; Stone's _John Howland_ (p. 72); Marshall's _Washington_ (ii. ch. 8); Drake's _Knox_ (p. 37); _Memoirs_ of Tench Tilghman (p. 148); _Journals_ of Samuel Shaw; Capt. Thomas Rodney's letter in Niles's _Principles_ (1822, p. 341); Force's _Amer. Archives_ (5th, iii.); _Freeman's Journal_ in Moore's _Diary_ (p. 364). The account in the _Penna. Evening Post_, Dec. 28, 1776, is copied in _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, July, 1886, p. 203.

Local publications are: Raum's _Trenton_ (1866); C. C. Haven's _Annals of Trenton_; Henry K. How's _Battle of Trenton_ (N. Brunswick, 1856).

Of the more general accounts, Bancroft (ix. 218) is the best. Cf. _Hist. of First Troop of Pa. Cavalry_, p. 7. Cf. also Gordon (ii. 393); Irving's _Washington_ (ii. 449); Dawson (i. 196); Carrington (ch. 39); Johnston's _Campaign of 1776_ (p. 288, with docs. pp. 151, 153). Also articles in _Godey's Mag._ (xxxii. 51) and _Harper's Mag._ (vii. 445), and details in Lossing's _Field-Book_.

[900] Cf. Lowell's _Hessians_, ch. 8; Eelking's _Hülfstruppen_, i. 113, 132. The oft-printed letter of the Prince of Hesse-Cassel to Baron Hohendorf or Hozendorf is a forgery (Kapp's _Soldatenhandel_, 2d ed. 199). A court-martial of the Hessian officers was held at Cassel in 1782, and the report of it is in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, vii. 45 (April, 1883), a paper of much use to the writer of the preceding narrative.

The battle is the subject of one of Trumbull's pictures. On a Hessian flag captured, see Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 413. Moore, _Songs and Ballads_, 150, 156, 165, gives some of the current verses.

The movements of Washington after Trenton in recrossing the Delaware, are easily followed in Washington's letters to Congress, in Reed's narrative (_Penna. Mag. Hist._, viii. 391); in Sergeant William Young's Journal (_Ibid._ viii. 255); in Reed's _Reed_ (i. 277); and in Wilkinson's _Memoirs_ (i. 133).

[901] Gordon (ii. 398); Bancroft (ix. 248); Dawson (ch. 17); Carrington (ch. 41); Irving's _Washington_ (ii. 477); Johnston's _Campaign of 1776_ (p. 293,—quoting from a Rhode Island officer's statement in Stiles's diary). G. W. P. Custis's _Recollections_ (ch. 3).

[902] The narrative of George Inman is in the _Pa. Mag. of Hist._, vii. 240; and he tempers on some points the assertions of Stedman.

Upon Howe's evacuation of New Jersey and the sluggishness of his subsequent movements, see Sparks's _Washington_ (iv.); Bancroft (ix. ch. 20); Graydon's _Memoirs_; Green's _Greene_: Graham's _Morgan_; _Life of Timothy Pickering_, i.; Irving's _Washington_, iii. ch. 8; Eelking's _Hülfstruppen_; Lecky, iv. 58. Cf. Journal of Capt. Rodney in _Campaign of 1776_, Doc. 158, and the Journal of Capt. John Montresor (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1881, p. 420; and in part in _Pa. Mag. of Hist._, v. and vi.). Howe's losses, Aug.-Dec., 1776, are tabulated in the _War in America_ (Dublin, 1779). The campaign is examined in Gen. Carrington's _Strategic Relations of New Jersey to the War of Amer. Independence_ (Newark, 1885).

[903] The principal controversial tracts upon the charges of incompetency preferred against Howe are these: The _Narrative of Lieut.-Gen. Howe relative to his Conduct during his late command in North America_ (London, 1780, several eds.). _Letters to a nobleman on the Conduct of the War in the middle Colonies_, (London, 1780, various eds.). Howe replied in _Observations_; and this led to a _Reply to the Observations_ (London, 1781). Another severe critic appeared in _Two letters from Agricolas to Sir William Howe_ (London, 1779). Galloway was sharp in his _Examination_. The loyalists felt Howe's shortcomings poignantly, as they prolonged, as was thought, their exile (_Life of Peter Van Shaack_, 167). The contemporary historians, like Murray and Gordon, did not spare him. The later ones, like Andrews (ii. ch. 26), Adolphus (ii. ch. 31), Smyth (_Lectures_, no. 34), were quite as severe. The American historians have not disputed the adverse conclusion (Marshall, Bancroft, Irving, etc.). Cf. Sargent's _André_, ch. 7, and a note in his _Stansbury and Odell_, 137. The current story that the charms of Mrs. Loring paralyzed the English general finds occasional record (John Bernard's _Recoll. of America_, N. Y., 1887, p. 60). On General Howe's lineage, as affecting his characteristics, see _General Sir William Howe's Orderly-Book, 1775-1776_, etc., _collected by B. F. Stevens, with hist. introd. by Edw. E. Hale_ (London, 1884); also Dawson's _Westchester_, p. 217.

[904] Jones, i. 187, 252, 256, 714; ii. 431.

[905] The charge of treason is also disputed (_Hist. Mag._, v. 53). Cf. G. W. Greene's _Gen. Greene_, i. 385; his _Historical View_, 62, 265; Lossing in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, July, 1879, p. 450.

[906] Cf. W. T. Read in the _Hist. Mag._, July, 1871, p. 1. Cf. Gordon; _Penna. Archives_, 1st and 2d series; Reed's _Reed_, i. ch. 15, 16; Drake's _Knox_, 43; Greene's _Greene_; Irving's _Washington_, iii. ch. 18, 19; Hamilton's _Republic_, i. ch. 10; Mahon, in the main just; histories of Pennsylvania; McSherry's _Maryland_, ch. 11; Quincy's _Shaw_, ch. 3; _Evelyns in America_, 302. For political aspects, Wells's _Sam. Adams_, ii. ch. 44; Lee's _R. H. Lee_; Adams's _John Adams_.

[907] Hutchinson, in London, seems to have thought Boston the object of the campaign (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 165; Adams's _Familiar Letters_, 286; Hutchinson's _Diaries_, ii. 152). James Lovell writes from Philadelphia, July 29, 1777, that Howe seems bound up the Delaware; but he warns his friends in New England that his present movements may be undertaken to cloak an ultimate design upon the New England coast (_Charles Lowell MSS._).

[908] J. F. Tuttle's _Washington at Morristown_, in _Harper's Mag._, xviii. 289; _Potter's Amer. Monthly_, v. 665.

[909] There are in the Persifer Frazer papers (_Sparks MSS._, xxi.) some letters from the Mount Pleasant camp, near Bound Brook and Morristown, in June and July, 1777. For the British movements at this time, cf. the journal in Scull's _Evelyns in America_, p. 328.

[910] Sparks, iv. 442, 453, 501, 505; v. 42; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xliv.; Greene's _Greene_, i. 400, 429; _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 620.

[911] _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 652, 653; Adams's _Familiar letters_, 294; Heath Papers in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, p. 71. Howe's _Narrative_ gives his reason for not going up the Delaware.

[912] Various papers relating to the raid and the inquiry are in the _Sparks MSS._, no. liv. For the inquiry, see also the _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 704. A diary of Andrew Lee is in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, iii. 167. The current American and British accounts are in Moore's _Diary_, i. 482.

[913] Hamilton's _Works_, vii. 519; _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 673; Jones's _New York_, ii. 431. His advance is followed in Futhey's Paoli address, and in his notes as printed in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._ Cf. also Montresor's journal.

[914] The orders of march are recorded in W. T. R. Saffell's _Records of the Rev. War_ (p. 333), and John Adams's account of the march through Philadelphia is in his _Familiar Letters_. A sermon preached on the eve of the battle of Brandywine, by Rev. Jacob Trout, Sept. 10th, is given in L. M. Post's _Personal Recoll. of the Amer. Rev._ (1839,—App.) _Penna. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i.; _Mag. Amer. Hist._, March, 1885, p. 281 (fac-simile). Confidence prevailed in Philadelphia that Howe could be beaten. Shippen letters in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1864, p. 32.

[915] _Washington_, vol. v. App. p. 456. Some confusion has arisen from the fact that the ford called Buffenton's at a later day was not the one so known at the time of the battle, and there are in the _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. iii.) some letters upon this point from William B. Reed (with a small pen-map) and Alfred Elwyn.

There has been some question upon the responsibility of Sullivan for the defeat; but Washington asked to be allowed to suspend the execution of the orders of Congress, withdrawing Sullivan from the army. Bancroft (ix. 395) has been the chief accuser of late, and T. C. Amory, in his _Mil. Services of Gen. Sullivan_ (pp. 45, 50), the principal defender. Sullivan's letter to Congress, Sept. 27th, which Bancroft (ix. 397) considers "essential to a correct understanding of the battle", is in _N. H. Hist. Coll._, ii. 208; Dawson, i. 279; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Dec., 1866, p. 407; his letter of vindication, Nov. 5th, is in _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 743. A copy of Sullivan's defence (Nov. 9, 1777) is among the Langdon Papers, and is copied in the _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. ii. p. 199). The counter-arguments of the case are examined in the _Penna. Hist. Soc. Bulletin_, vol. i. Read's _George Read_, 273, questions Sullivan's vigilance. Cf. Sparks's _Washington_, v. 108, 456, for the charges against Sullivan. Bancroft also criticises the conduct of Greene, and Geo. W. Greene (_Life of Greene_, i. 447, 453; ii. 460) defends that general.

[916] Cf. Reed's _Reed_, i. ch. 15; Read's _George Read_; Lee's _War in the Southern Dep't._, 16; Muhlenberg's _Muhlenberg_, ch. 3, and the _Bland Papers_. For special treatment, see Carrington, ch. 50; Dawson, ch. 24; the account by Joseph Townsend, and the sketch by J. S. Bowen and J. S. Futhey, in _Penna. Hist. Soc. Bull._, i., where various essential documents are printed; H. M. Jenkins in _Lippincott's Mag._, xxx. 329; _Potter's Amer. Monthly_, vii. 94. There are local aspects in Smith's _Delaware County_, p. 305, and Lewis's _Chester County_. The services of John Shreve, of the New Jersey line, are told in _Mag. Amer. Hist._ (1879), iii. 565. The widow of a wounded guide, Francis Jacobs, applied for a pension as late as 1858 (_Senate Repts., no. 213, 35th Cong., 1st sess._). Washington's headquarters are shown in Smith's _Del. County_, p. 304, and _Penna. Hist. Soc. Proc._, i.; and Lafayette's in _Smith_, 310. A view of the field is given in Day's _Hist. Coll. Penna._, p. 213.

Accounts more or less general are in Gordon, Irving (iii. ch. 18), Lossing, Gay (iii. 543), Thaddeus Allen's _Origination of the Amer. Union_; Hollister's _Conn._, ii. ch. 16; _Mag. Amer. Hist._, ii. 310. Washington seems to have been poorly informed about the country, and to have relied on false intelligence.

[917] The Journal of Capt. John Montresor, July 1, 1777, to July 1, 1778, edited by G. D. Scull, is in _Penna. Mag. Hist._, v. 393; vi. 34, 189, 284, 295, with corrections, 372. There are letters in Scull's _Evelyns in America_, 244; Moore's _Laurens Correspondence_, 52; and others from Gen. Fitzpatrick in _Walpole's Letters_.

[918] Cf. Eelking, ch. 6, and Du Portail in Mahon, vi. App. 27.

[919] Bisset's _George III._, ch. 19, 25; _N. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg._, April, 1879, p. 240, and July, p. 351; J. Watts de Peyster in _Scribner's Monthly_, April, 1880, p. 940.

[920] Cf. also Moore's _Diary_, 498; Pennypacker's _Phœnixville_, 101; Bell's address in Hazard's _Register_; _Laurens Correspondence_, 53; _Hist. Mag._, iii. 375; iv. 346; J. W. De Peyster in _United Service_, 1886, p. 318; and lives of Wayne by Armstrong and Moore.

[921] Howe's _Narrative_; the _Conduct of the War_; Ross's _Cornwallis_; papers on the war in _Penna. Archives_, 1st, v., and 2d, iii.; Thomas Paine's letter to Franklin (_Penna. Mag. Hist._, ii. 283); _Penna. Evening Post_; Watson's _Annals of Philad._; Drake's _Knox_; Greene's _Greene_; _Mem. of B. Tallmadge_; Bancroft, ix. ch. 23, etc. Howe's proclamations during this period are noted in the _Catalogue Philad. Library_, p. 1553; Hildeburn's _Issues of the Press_ (under 1777).

Congress fled to York, and occupied the old court-house, of which a view, in fac-simile of an old print is given in _Mag. Amer. Hist._, Dec., 1885, p. 552.

[922] _Washington_, v. 463; Dawson, 326; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Dec., 1866, p. 418; Amory's _Sullivan_, 57; and in part in _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 705.

[923] Sparks, v. 78, 86, 102; Dawson, i. 325; Heath Papers, _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xliv. 76. Other contemporary evidence is in the letters of Wayne (Dawson, i. 328; cf. lives of Wayne); Gen. Adam Stephen (Sparks, v. 467): Gen. Armstrong (Dawson, 329); Knox (Drake, 52); William Heth (Leake's _Lamb_, 183). Other contemporary statements and documents are in Moore's _Diary_, 504; _Penna. Archives_, v. 646; _Pa. Mag. of Hist._, i. 13, 399, 400, 401; ii. 283; Tilghman's _Memoirs_, 160; Davis's _Lacey_, 48; Watson's _Annals of Philad._, ii. 67; _Hist. Mag._, xi., 82, 148; Moore's _Laurens, Corresp._, 54. Accounts of participants given at a later day are by C. C. Pinckney (1820), who was on Washington's staff (_Hist. Mag._, x. 202), and Col. J. E. Howard, who addressed a letter to Pickering in 1827, a copy of which in his own hand, with a rude plan, is in the _Sparks MSS._, no. xlix. vol. i., and it is printed in Sparks, v. 468.

[924] Cf. _No. Amer. Rev._, April, 1825, p. 381; Oct., 1826, p. 414; _National Intelligencer_, Dec. 5, 1826, and Jan. 27, Feb. 24, 1827. Cf. Hazard's _Register_, i. 49. On the 21st November, 1777, James Lovell at York expressed the discontent with Washington in a letter to Joseph Whipple at Portsmouth. He complained that the naval force at Fort Mifflin was not properly seconded by the land force; and adds: "I have reason to think the battle of Germantown was _the_ day of salvation offered by Heaven to us, and that such another is not to be looked for in ten campaigns."

[925] Lives of Washington by Sparks (vol. i.), Irving (iii. ch. 23); of Greene by Johnson and Greene; Muhlenberg's _Muhlenberg_; the collated narrative in Dawson (i. 318); the military criticism in Carrington (ch. 51), and accounts in Bancroft (ix. 424,—controverted in Amory's _Sullivan_); Reed's _Reed_ (i. 319); Sargent's _André_ (p. 112); Lossing, Gay, etc. Cf. Lowell's _Hessians_ (p. 197); notes in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._, ix. 183; _Harper's Mag._ (i. 148; vii. 448); _Potter's Amer. Monthly_ (vii. 81); T. Ward on the Germantown Road, in _Penna. Mag. Hist._, v. p. 1, etc. At the centennial ceremonies in 1877 there were addresses by Judge Thayer and by A. C. Lambdin (_Penna. Mag. Hist._, i. 361).

[926] Cf. Stedman (i. ch. 15); Mahon (vi. 163); Hamilton's _Grenadier Guards_ (vol. ii.). Also see Wilkinson's _Memoirs_, i. 369, for Howe's orders; Hunter's diary in Moorsom's _Fifty-second Reg._, 20; Lord Lindsay in _Memoirs of Admiral Gambier_ (_Hist. Mag._, v. 69); Harcourt in _Evelyns in America_, 244.

[927] Wallace's _Col. Wm. Bradford, the patriot printer of 1776_ (Philad., 1884), ch. 30; Bancroft, ix. ch. 25.

[928] Local details are in Smith's _Delaware County_, p. 289. Washington was opposed to trying to match an inferior navy with the British (Wallace, p. 271), and Wallace weighs the advantages (p. 296). There are some current observations in Adams's _Familiar Letters_, p. 257. The ultimate destruction and scuttling of the American vessels is described by Wallace (p. 247), referring in connection to the _Universal Mag._, vol. lxii. Cf. _Hist. Mag._, iii. 201. The principal loss of the British fleet was the blowing up of the frigate "Augusta" (Wallace, P. 187; _United Service_, May, 1883, p. 459).

[929] For other contemporary records see 2 _Penna. Archives_, v.; Moore's _Diary_, 514; Pickering's in _Life of Pickering_, i. 174; Joseph Reed's letter, Oct. 24, to President Wharton (cf. Reed's _Reed_, i. 336); Jones (i. 193) gives the accredited British reports. The best later narrative is in Wallace's _Bradford_ (p. 183). Cf. Bancroft, ix. 430; Smith's _Delaware County_, p. 321.

[930] Varnum's and Angell's letters in Cowell's _Spirit of '76 in R. I._, 296; Col. Laurens' diary in the _Army papers of Col. John Laurens_, p. 74, and his letter to Henry Laurens in Moore's _Laurens Correspondence_ (1861), p. 63; Major Fleury's diary in Marshall and in Sparks (v. 154); Robert Morton's diary in _Penna. Mag. of Hist._ (i. 28); Bradford's letter in Force (vi. p. 11). The story as given in the _United States Mag._, May, 1779 (p. 204), used by Bancroft (ix. 434), is reprinted in the _Penna. Mag. Hist._, App. 1887, p. 82. Moore (_Diary_, i. 520) reprints the account in the _N. Jersey Gazette_. Washington's instructions and his report to Congress are in Sparks (v. 100, 112, 115, 151, 154; Dawson, i. 364).

Other details are found in Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, ii. 3, 7, 12, 18, 20, 42; _Penna. Archives_, v. and vi.; Chastellux's _Travels_, Eng. tr., i. 260; _Hist. Mag._, xxi. 77; Tuckerman's _Com. Talbot_; Hamilton's _Repub. U. S._, i. 297; _Life of Pickering_, i. 174; Greene's _Greene_, i. 501; Potter's _Amer. Monthly_, Feb., 1877.

[931] There is some confusion in the accounts of the grounds given for the defence (Arnold's _Rhode Island_, ii. 410).

[932] Pickering's Journal in his _Life_ (i. 180); Knox's letters in Drake's _Knox_, 135, and in Leake's _Lamb_, 192; the account in Williams's _Olney_; and further in Gordon, Marshall (i. 178), Henry Lee's _Memoirs_; Reed's _Reed_ (i. ch. 16); Almon, v.; Stone's _Invasion of Canada_ (p. 75); _Hist. Mag._, Feb., 1872; Dawson, i. ch. 29, 30; Carrington (ch. 52); Lossing, etc.

[933] The broadside orders of the British commanders can be found in Sabin, xv. p. 577, etc.; Hildeburn's _Issues of the press_, under 1777 and 1778; some of them are in fac-simile in Smith's _Hist. and Lit. Curios._, 2d series.

[934] Those of Christopher Marshall; James Allen (_Penna. Mag. of Hist._, Oct., 1885, p. 278; Jan., 1886, p. 424); Robert Morton (_Ibid._, i. p. 1); Miss Sally Wister (_Ibid._, 1885 and 1886; Howard Jenkins' _Hist. Coll. relating to Gwynedd_; extracts in Watson's _Annals_); Margaret Morris, _Private journal kept for the amusement of a sister_, Philadelphia, 1836, p. 31,—(also copy in _Sparks MSS._, no. xlviii.); notes in _Evelyns in America_ (also in _Penna. Mag. Hist._, 1884, p. 223). Cf. also a letter, Oct. 23, 1777, in Lady Cavendish's _Admiral Gambier_ (also in _Hist. Mag._, v. 68); the letters of Samuel Cooper in _Penna. Mag. Hist._, April, 1886; the account of a Hessian captain, Henrich, is in the _Schlözer Correspondenz_, vol. iii.,—translated in _Penna. Mag. Hist._, vol. i. 46; cf. Lowell's _Hessians_, p. 100.

[935] Scharf and Westcott's _Philadelphia_; Sargent's _André_, p. 119; _Penna. Mag. Hist._, iii. 361, by F. D. Stone; _Life of Esther Reed_, p. 278, by W. B. Reed; _United Service Journal_, 1852. The house in Market Street, occupied successively by Washington and Howe as headquarters, is depicted in Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 302; Scharf and Westcott, i. 351; Brotherhead's _Signers_ (1861), p. 3.

[936] The contemporary accounts of it are in the _Annual Register_, 1778, p. 264; _Gent. Mag._, August, 1778; Moore's _Diary_, ii. 52; _Bland Papers_, i. 90; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 242, 718. André played a conspicuous part and described it (Sargent's _André_, 168; Lossing's _Two Spies_, 46). Israel Mauduit made it the occasion of a severe condemnation of Howe in his _Strictures on the Philadelphia Mischianza, or Triumph upon leaving America unconquered_ (London, 1779,—_Sparks Catal._, no. 2,550). Later accounts will be found in the _Lady's Mag._ (Philad., 1792); Anna H. Wharton's _Wharton Genealogy_, and her paper in the _Philadelphia Weekly Times_, May 25, 1878; Watson's _Annals_, vol. iii.; Egle's _Penna._, 185; Mrs. Ellet's _Women of the Rev._, i. 182, and _Domestic Hist._, etc., ch. 12; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 303. Views of the Wharton house and other illustrations are in Smith and Watson's _Lit. and Hist. Curiosities_; Lossing; Scharf and Westcott (i. 377-380).

[937] Sparks's _Washington_, i. 276; v. 240, 522; _Corresp. of the Rev._, ii.; Custis's _Recollections_, ch. 9.

[938] Henry Dearborn's, the original of which is in the Boston Public Library, is printed in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Nov., 1886, p. 110; Surgeon Waldo's, in _Hist. Mag._, May, 1861, vol. v. p. 129; of John Clark, in _N. Jersey Hist. Soc. Coll._, vii. There is illustrative material among the John Lacey papers in the N. Y. State Library, and various letters from the camp in the _Trumbull MSS._ (vol. vi. pp. 46, 50,—from Jed. Huntington, speaking of their "shameful situation"); others in _Hist. Mag._, April, 1867; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, July, 1860 (v. 48), and Feb., 1874 (xiii. 243),—the last from Col. John Brooks. More or less of personal experience and observation of the suffering will be found in Greene's _Greene_ (i. ch. 24, 25); Reed's _Reed_ (i. ch. 17); Pickering's _Pickering_ (i. 200); Read's _Geo. Read_ (326); Hull's _Rev. Services_ (ch. 12).

General treatment will be found in Bancroft (ix. ch. 27); Egle's _Penna._, 955; Irving's _Washington_ (iii. ch. 27, 31); T. Allen's _Origination of the Amer. Union_ (vol. ii.); Lossing's _Field-Book_ (ii. 331); Mrs. Ellet's _Domest. Hist._; T. W. Bean's _Washington and Valley Forge_; Potter's _Amer. Monthly_, May, 1875, and July, 1878.

[939] Col. H. A. Dearborn's, Jan. 12-Feb. 4, in J. H. Osborne's collection at Auburn, N. Y.; of a German battalion of Continentals, Jan., 1777-June, 1781, in the Penna. Hist. Society. General Wayne's was sold in the Menzies sale, no. 2,095 ($100); it covered Feb. 26-May 27, 1778, and had been used by Sparks, Irving, and Bancroft. One covering May-June is in the Boston Athenæum, extracts from which are in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (vii. 133), which speaks of the mud being removed towards spring from the chinks of the huts, to increase the fresh air. Records of some courts-martial are in the Moses Greenleaf MSS. (Mass. Hist. Soc.). Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vii. 133.

[940] Cf. further, on this reorganization of the army, Hamilton's _Works_, ii. 138; Bancroft, ix. ch. 27. In the spring (May 5th) a new impulse was given in this direction by the appointment of Steuben as inspector-general (_Journals of Congress_, ii. 539; Sparks's _Washington_, v. 349, 526; Greene's _Hist. View_, 233; Kapp's _Steuben_; Greene's _German Element_; Wells's _Sam. Adams_, iii. 2).

[941] Cf. _Washington at Valley Forge, together with the Duché Correspondence_ (Philad., 1858?); Graydon's _Memoirs_, 429; Scharf and Westcott's _Philadelphia_; Wilson's _Memoir of Bishop White_.

[942] Cf. Simcoe's _Journal_; Reed's _Reed_, i.; Greene's _Greene_, i. ch. 24; Pickering's _Pickering_, i. 193; Graham's _Morgan_.

[943] Moore's _Songs and Ballads_, 209; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii.; _Mag. Amer. Hist._, April, 1882, p. 296; Moore's _Diary_, ii. 5.

[944] Cf. Simcoe; Stedman, ii.; Dawson, i. ch. 33, 34; Lossing, ii. 344; Johnson's _Salem, N. Jersey_.

[945] Dawson, i. 386; W. W. H. Davis's _John Lacey_, Doylestown, 1868; _Hist. Mag._, vi. 167; Moore's _Diary_, ii. 41.

[946] Sparks, v. 368, 378, 545; _Sparks MSS._, xxxii., for Lafayette's narrative given to Sparks; Wilkinson's _Memoirs_, i. 822; Irving, iii. 33.

[947] Sparks, v. 320; _Sparks MSS._, lii. vol. iii.; Muhlenberg's _Muhlenberg_, chap. 5.

[948] Wayne's letter, May 21st, in _Penna. Mag. Hist._, April, 1887, p. 115; journal by Andrew Bell, Clinton's secretary, of the march through New Jersey, in _N. Jersey Hist. Soc. Proc._, vi., and journal of Joseph Clark in _Ibid._, vii. 93; Eelking, ch. 10; _Mag. Am. Hist._, Jan., 1879, p. 58. A British orderly-book, Philad., April-June, 1778, is in the Amer. Antiq. Society. The American vessels scuttled above the city were raised (Wallace's _Bradford_, 292).

[949] Sparks, v. 422, 431; Dawson, i. 412; _Lee Papers_, N. Y., 1872, p. 441. Cf. _Recollections_ by Custis, ch. 5.

[950] _Lee Papers_, p. 467; _Pa. Mag. Hist._, ii. 139; Hamilton's _Works_, ed. Lodge, vii. 550; Hamilton's _Repub. U. S._, i. 468, 478.

[951] _Sparks MSS._, xxxii., printed in Sparks's _Washington_, v. 552, and his letter in Marshall's _Washington_, i. 255.

[952] By Col. John Laurens (_Lee Papers_, pp. 430, 449); by W. Irvine (_Penna. Mag. Hist._, ii. 139); by Colonel Richard Butler, July 23, 1778, to General Lincoln, in _Sparks MSS._, lxvi., and other light in the Lincoln papers as copied in _Ibid._, xii.; by Generals Wayne and Scott (_Sparks's Corresp. of the Rev._, ii. 150; _Lee Papers_, 438); by Wayne to his wife (_Ibid._, 448); by Knox (_Sparks MSS._, xxv.; Drake's _Knox_, 56); by Persifer Frazer (_Sparks MSS._, xxi.); the account in the _N. Jersey Gazette_, June 24, 1778 (_Lee Papers_); the narrative from the _N. Y. Journal_ (Moore's _Diary_, ii. 66); the journal of Dearborn (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Nov., 1886, p. 115); diary of John Clark (_N. Jersey Hist. Soc._, vii.). Cf. James McHenry in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, iii. 355.

[953] Other editions: Cooperstown, 1823; N. Y., private ed., 1864; Sabin, x. nos. 39,711, etc. It is reprinted in the _Lee Papers_ (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 3 vols., 1873), as is also (iii. 255) Lee's vindication, printed in the _Penna. Packet_, Dec. 3, 1778. Cf. also Langworthy's _Lee_, p. 23; Sparks's _Lee_; Davis's _Burr_; Reed's _Reed_, i. 369; and the correspondence of Washington and Lee after the battle, in Sparks, v. 552, etc.

The _Sparks MSS._ contain various papers, including the statement of John Clark, who bore Washington's orders to Lee (dated Sept. 3, 1778), and a statement of John Brooks, who had personal knowledge of Washington's treatment of Lee in the field.

Sargent (_André_, 188) is inclined to acquit Lee of blame for his retreat at Monmouth.

Colonel Laurens called Lee out for using language disrespectful to Washington, when Lee was slightly wounded (account by the seconds in Hamilton, Lodge's ed., vii. 562).

The more general accounts, early and late, are in Marshall (iii. ch. 8,—who was present); Heath's _Memoirs_ (p. 186); Hull's _Rev. Services_ (ch. 14); Reed's _Reed_ (i. ch. 17); Williams's _Olney_ (p. 243); Armstrong's _Wayne_; _Washington_, by Sparks (i. 298), and Irving (iii. ch. 34, 35); Drake's _Knox_; Kapp's _Steuben_ (p. 159); Quincy's _Shaw_ (ch. 4); Hamilton's _Hamilton_ (i. 194), and his _Repub. U. S._ (i. 471); Bancroft (ix. ch. 4); Gay (iii. 603).

Henry Armitt Brown delivered the oration in the Centennial ceremonies (_Memoir with orations, edited by J. M. Hoppin_, Philad., 1880).

Critical examinations of the battle have been made by Gen. J. W. De Peyster in the _Mag. Amer. Hist._, July and Sept., 1878; March and June, 1879; cf. 1879, p. 355 (by J. McHenry); by Dawson (ch. 37, praised by Kapp); and by Carrington (ch. 54-56).

Cf. for various details, C. King in _N. J. Hist. Soc. Proc._, iv. 125; _Amer. Hist. Rec._, June, 1874; Barker and Howe's _Hist. Coll. N. J._; Linn's _Buffalo Valley_, 159; the Moll Pitcher story in _Mag. Amer. Hist._, Sept., 1883, p. 260, and _Penna. Mag. Hist._, iii. 109. For a visit to the field a few days after the battle, _U. S. Mag._, Philad., 1779, by H. H. Brackenridge, reprinted in _Monmouth Inquirer_, June, 1879. For landmarks, Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 356, and _Harper's Mag._, vii. 449, lvii. 29.

[954] Cf. further Simcoe's _Journal_; Stedman (ii. ch. 22); Murray (ii. 448); Mahon (vi. ch. 58).

[955] Vol. v. 483-518; cf. also _Ibid._, i. 266; v. 97, 390; and his _Gouverneur Morris_, i. ch. 10.

[956] Hamilton's _Works_, i. 100; J. C. Hamilton's _Repub. U. S._, i. 339; Irving's _Washington_, iii. ch. 25.

[957] Vol. i. 311; v. 530 (App.); vi. 106, 114, 149. There are extracts from the Lafayette papers in _Sparks MSS._, no. xxxii. Cf. Marshall, iii. 568; Irving, iii. 334; Jay's _Jay_, i. 83; Stone's _Brant_, ch. 14.

There is a good account of the conspiracy in Greene's _Greene_ (ii. p. 1; also see i. 22, 34, 483). The account in the _Memoirs_ of Wilkinson (i. ch. 9) is called grossly inaccurate in Duer's _Stirling_ (ch. 7). Cf. Lossing's _Schuyler_ (ii. 390); Kapp's _De Kalb_; Hamilton's _Hamilton_ (i. 128-163); Reed's _Reed_ (i. 342); Wirt's _Patrick Henry_ (p. 208); Stone's _Howland_ (ch. 5); Marshall's _Washington_ (iii. ch. 6); Irving's _Washington_ (iii. ch. 25, 28, 29, 30); Bancroft (ix. ch. 27); Lossing's _Field-Book_ (ii. 336); the account of Col. Robert Troup, written for Sparks in 1827 (_Sparks MSS._, xlix. vol. i. no. 3); Dunlap's _New York_, ii. 131, and a note in Sargent's _Stansbury and Odell_, p. 176.

[958] Vol. x. 378.

[959] It was at this time, Feb., 1779, that a story reached Christopher Marshall, in Lancaster, Pa., that Arnold had gone over to the British. _Hist. Mag._, ii. 243.

[960] _Report to Germain._

[961] _Life and Treason of Arnold._

[962] _Life of André._

[963] Clinton says Arnold "found means to intimate to me", etc.

[964] The question of Mrs. Arnold's privity to her husband's plot has been much discussed, but most investigators acquit her. Her innocence is maintained by Irving (_Washington_, iv. 151), Isaac N. Arnold (_Arnold_ ch. 17), Sargent (_André_, p. 220), and Sabine (_Loyalists_, i. 122). The chief accusations are in Leake's _General Lamb_, 270, and in the Lives of Aaron Burr by Davis (i. 219) and Parton (p. 126). Cf. Mrs. Ellet's _Women of the Rev._, ii. 213; Stone's _Brant_, ii. 101; Reed's _Joseph Reed_, ii. 373. The scene in which she showed disorder of mind, when she accused Washington of attempting to kill her child, is held by some to have been mere acting. (Cf. Jones, _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 745.) It seems clear that she did not wish to join her husband when the authorities of Pennsylvania drove her to New York.

[965] He wrote to Gates, "By heavens! I am a villain if I seek not a brave revenge for injured honor!" Bancroft, ix. 335.

[966] Sparks's _Washington_, iv. 344, 351, 408.

[967] Irving's _Washington_, iv. 96.

[968] Sparks's _Washington_, v. 529; Austin's _Gerry_, i. 356.

[969] The writing in which Washington conveyed this reprimand is about the most adroit piece of literary composition which we have from his pen, and he contrived, while complying with the sentence of the court, to signify his estimate of the venial character of the offences, and to pronounce what some have considered a practical eulogy on a brilliant soldier. (Isaac N. Arnold's _Arnold_, Irving's _Washington_.) The former book gives a full examination of Arnold's career during his command in Philadelphia (chapters 12-14). For the trial, see Sparks's _Washington_, vi. 231, 248, 261, and App. p. 514. The trial closed Jan. 26, 1780. Congress ordered the report of the trial to be printed: _Proceedings of a general Court-Martial for the trial of Benedict Arnold_. Philadelphia, 1780. It was reprinted in a few copies for presentation, with introduction, notes, and index, by F. S. Hoffman, in New York in 1865. A letter of Arnold, transmitting the report to President Weare of New Hampshire, dated March 20, 1780, is in MS. _Miscell. Papers_, 1777-1824, vol. i. p. 156 (Mass. Hist. Soc. library).

[970] It is believed that the writer of this letter was Beverley Robinson, a loyalist in the British service. The letter is only known through the French version in Marbois' _Complot_, and it has not passed without some suspicion of its genuineness. (Cf. Arnold's _Arnold_, p. 275; Sargent's _André_, 446; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Sept., 1878, p. 756; Reed's _Jos. Reed_, ii. 54, etc.)

[971] Several attempts at invasion from Canada are supposed to have been timed in unison with Arnold's plot (Hough's _Northern Invasion_, New York, 1866; Lossing's _Schuyler_, ii. 407.)

[972] Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 2; Irving's _Washington_; Lossing's _Schuyler_, ii. 52; Arnold's _Arnold_.

[973] For views of this house, see Boynton's _West Point_; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 140; his _Hudson_, 236; his _Two Spies_, p. 95; _Harper's Mag._, iii. 827. Cf. Sargent's _André_, 263; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (Feb., 1880), iv. 109, by C. A. Campbell.

[974] Johnson says (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, viii. 731) that Varick's papers show that Arnold's letter to Anderson of Aug. 30th never reached André, though Sparks and Sargent print it as having been received. This is the letter which Sargent supposes may have been conveyed to André by Heron. This and Arnold's of Sept. 15th are the only ones of "Gustavus" preserved. Fac-similes of a part of one of these letters, with a portion of one of "Anderson's", are given in Sparks's _Arnold_; in Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 146; in the _Cyclop. of U. S. Hist._, ii. 1410, etc. Cf. _Harper's Monthly_, lii. 825. Fac-similes of Arnold's passes are in Lossing, ii. 155. These passes are printed in Dawson's _Papers_, 60; H. W. Smith's _Andreana_; McCoy's edition of the _Proceedings_, etc., and in other places.

[975] There are views of this house in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, i. 25; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 152; _Harper's Mag._, iii. 829; his _Two Spies_, 82; his _Cyclop. U. S. Hist._, ii. 1411.

[976] This view is given in Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 185.

[977] Percy Greg, in his _History of the United States_ (London, 1887), vol. i. p. 304, thinks Joshua Smith was in the pay of Washington, and persuaded André to put on a disguise in order that he might be condemned as a spy if caught! This opinion is of the character of most of the speculations in the book; of course it condemns the execution.

[978] Sargent's _André_, p. 306.

[979] These papers, having been used in André's trial, were passed over to Governor Clinton to be used in the civil trial of Smith, and from Clinton's descendant Sparks procured them when he was writing his _Life and Treason of Arnold_. Lossing also got them from the same source, and collated them with Sparks's copies before he printed them in his _Field-Book_, ii. 153. They were subsequently bought by the State of New York, and are now in the State library at Albany. They have since been printed by McCoy in his edition of the _Proceedings_ of André's examination; by Boynton in his _West Point_, ch. 7; by Dawson in his _Papers_ ("Gazette series"), 51; in the Appendix of his edition of Smith's trial, and in _Revolutionary Relics or Clinton Correspondence, comprising the celebrated papers found in André's boots, etc., published originally in the N. Y. Herald_, N. Y., 1842 (Menzies, no. 1,687); and in _Cent. Celeb. of the State of N. Y._ (1879).

[980] There is a view of his quarters in Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 188.

[981] View of the breakfast room in Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 158.

[982] Some memoranda of his aide, Colonel Varick (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, viii. 727) show that Arnold's movements were hastened by the arrival of Washington's servant at this moment, announcing the near approach of his master.

[983] They were subsequently released in New York. Dr. William Eustis's account of this flight to the "Vulture", written May 8, 1815, is in the Mass. Hist. Soc. cabinet (_Letters and Papers_, 1777-1824, vol. ii. 206), and is printed in their _Collections_, xiv. 52. Its purport is to emphasize the patriotic resistance of the boatmen to Arnold's offers for their desertion. He says some of them were sent ashore in an inferior boat, Arnold keeping the barge. Cf. Heath's _Memoirs_.

[984] The Varick memoranda (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, viii.) would seem to indicate that Varick, Franks, and Dr. Eustis had already begun to be suspicious, and Arnold's barge had been observed by some one to go down stream and not to West Point.

[985] Arnold had, before leaving, cautioned this messenger to keep quiet, and this also becoming known increased the suspicion of his aides (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, viii.).

[986] These aides were Colonel Richard Varick and Major David S. Franks. Henry P. Johnston, in a paper, "Colonel Varick and Arnold's Treason", printed in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Nov., 1882 (viii. p. 717), has thrown some new light, from papers of Colonel Varick, on the life at Robinson's house previous to the flight of Arnold, and on the evidence, both of Varick, Franks, and Dr. Eustis, brought out before a board of inquiry, Nov. 2, which acquitted these officers of any complicity in the plot. On the night when Smith had been dragged from his bed and put in confinement, Arnold's aides had been put under arrest. This paper also shows, from a deposition of General Knox, that Varick had found in one of Arnold's trunks, after his desertion, some plans and profiles of the West Point works.

[987] These orders are in Dawson's _Papers_, p. 63. Colonel Lamb had command of the immediate works at West Point at the time; but being absent, Col. Nathaniel Wade had temporary charge (_Ipswich Antiq. Papers_, ii. no. 19). Lamb's orderly-book, July-Dec., 1780, is owned by the Cayuga County Hist. Society.

St. Clair succeeded Arnold in command of the post, and his instructions from Washington are in the _St. Clair Papers_, i. 528.

[988] There are views of the De Wint house at Tappan, occupied by Washington as headquarters, in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (v. 105; cf. p. 21), with a paper by J. A. Stevens. Cf. also Irving's _Washington_, 4^o ed., vol. iv.; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 196, etc., his _Hudson_, p. 336, and his _Two Spies_, 100; Ruttenber's _Orange County_ (1875), p. 215.

The house in which André was confined, known as the "Seventy-six Stone House", is described, with a plan of its rooms and the village, and a view of the building, in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, (Dec., 1879), iii. p. 743, etc. Cf. Lossing's _Two Spies_, 97. The earliest description was written in 1818, and is cited in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, v. 57.

[989] It is only within a few years, and since the publication of Clinton's record of the secret service of headquarters, that it has been known that Gen. S. H. Parsons, of Connecticut, was at this time acting as a spy for the British general. André, who saw him in the court, may have known this.

[990] _Proceedings of a board of General Officers, by order of General Washington, ... respecting Major John André, ... Sept. 29, 1780; to which are appended the several letters which passed to and from New York on the occasion. Published by order of Congress_ (Philad., 1780). There is a copy in Harvard College library, and others are noted in Menzies (no. 63, $63); Morrell (no. 20, $26); Brinley (ii. no. 3,937); John A. Rice (no. 45, $67.50). There were editions the same year at Hartford (Brinley, ii. 3939) and at Providence (no date; Cooke, iii. 91, now in Harvard College library). Cf. also _N. Y. Gazette_, Nov. 6, 1780, and _Political Mag_., i. 749. It was reprinted in London, 1799, in conjunction with Dunlap's _Tragedy of André_. Later reprints are:—

_Proceedings, etc., A Reprint with additional matters_ (Philad., 1865; 50 copies in quarto, 100 in octavo). _Andreana: containing the trial, execution, and various matters connected with the history of Maj. John André_ (Philad., 1865), with an introduction by Horace W. Smith (Brinley, ii. 3943; Cooke, iii. 94). _Minutes of a Court of Inquiry upon the case of Maj. John André, with accompanying documents and an Appendix_ (Albany, 1865; privately printed, 100 copies, for John F. McCoy; Brinley, ii. 3941; Cooke, iii. 92).

Sargent, in printing it in his _André_, collated the original MS., which is preserved at Washington. It is also to be found in Boynton's _West Point_, 127; in Dawson's _Papers_ (Gazette series). The Cooke Catalogue (iii. 92) gives an edition, New York, 1867.

The original edition (1780) contains: Washington's letter, Sept. 26th, to the president of Congress; André's letter to Washington, Sept. 24th; Arnold's letter to Washington, Sept. 25th; B. Robinson's to Washington, Sept. 25th; Clinton to Washington, Sept. 26th; Arnold to Clinton, Sept. 26th; and the award of the court. The appendix has André's letter to Clinton, Sept. 29th; Washington to Clinton, Sept. 30th; Arnold's commission left at West Point; Arnold to Washington, Oct. 1st; André to Washington, Oct. 1st.

André's statement is not given in full, but only in substance, in this volume, but it is included as written by him in Sargent, p. 349; Boynton's _West Point_; Dawson's _Papers_. (Cf. _Amer. Bibliopolist_, 1870, p. 15.)

[991] By Clinton and Capt. Sutherland of the "Vulture", dated Oct. 4th and 5th. They are in the _Sparks MSS._, vol. lviii. Cf. Sargent, p. 385.

[992] One of these is preserved in the Trumbull gallery at New Haven. It represents André himself sitting in a chair at a table on which is an inkstand and pen. It has been engraved in fac-simile in Sparks's _Arnold_, 280; in Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 203; in George C. Hill's _Arnold_, etc. Another is a sketch of the landing by boat from the "Vulture", showing André rowed ashore. An aquatint engraving from it was published in New York in 1780, of which there is a reproduction in _Harper's Mag._, lii. p. 835, and Lossing's _Two Spies_. Cf. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, vol. xiii. (Feb., 1885), p. 173, for a paper by L. Wilson on André's landing-place at Haverstraw.

[993] An engraving of the scene is given in Barnard's _History of England_ (p. 694), which is reproduced in H. W. Smith's _Andreana_.

[994] The amount of the removal by James Buchanan, who effected it, is in the _United Service Journal_, Nov., 1833. Cf. for other details W. Sargent's _André_; Stanley's _Westminster Abbey_; _Penna. Hist. Soc. Mem._, vi. 373; _N. Y. Evangelist_, Jan. 10 and Feb. 27, 1879; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, iii. 319; L. M. Sargent's _Dealings with the Dead_, i. 58.

[995] This monument has been often represented in engravings (for the first time in _The Universal Mag._, 1782; cf. Lossing's _Field-Book_; _Cyclo. U. S. Hist._, i. 46; _Two Spies_; and guide-books to the Abbey). Germain informed Clinton, Nov. 28, 1780, that a pension had been bestowed on André's mother, and the offer of knighthood made to his brother, "in order to wipe away all stain from the family."

Col. John Trumbull, who had been Washington's aide, was arrested in London with threats of retaliatory treatment; but he was released at the intercession of Benjamin West, the painter. Trumbull tells the story in his _Autobiography_. Cf. Walpole's _Last Journal_, ii. 434, 436.

[996] View of it in Lossing's _Two Spies_, 109; his _Field-Book_, ii. 204. It was placed there in 1847.

[997] View and account in Lossing's _Two Spies_, 110.

[998] The amount received was £6,315 (Sargent's _André_, 450). He issued an address of exculpation to the inhabitants of America, dated New York, Oct. 7, 1780, which is printed by Isaac N. Arnold (p. 330) from the original MS. in a text varying slightly from other printed copies, as in the _Political Mag._, i. 734. A fortnight later (Oct. 20th) he issued a proclamation to induce defection among the officers and soldiers of the army, the original draft of which is among the Force Papers in the library of Congress. It is printed in I. N. Arnold, p. 332; in _Polit. Mag._, i. 766, etc.

Sargent thinks that a vindication of Arnold which appeared in _Remarks on the Travels of M. de Chastellux_, London, 1787, was instigated by Arnold himself.

[999] Cf. "Arnold at the Court of George III.", by I. N. Arnold, in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Nov., 1879, and in his _Life of Arnold_. Cf. Sargent's _André_, App. i.; and Walpole's _Last Journal_, ii. 493, 494, 501, 511.

[1000] _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Oct., 1883, p. 307; _Amer. Hist. Record_, iii. 495; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, xxxiv. 196.

[1001] The original records of this trial are said to have disappeared from the State archives at Albany, but they had been printed in the _New York Herald_. Dawson reprinted this Herald text in the _Historical Mag._, vol. x., July-Nov., 1866, and issued it separately as _Record of the trial of Joshua Hett Smith, Esq., for alleged complicity in the treason of Benedict Arnold, 1780, Ed. by H. B. Dawson_ (Morrisania, 1866). Sparks made use of the record; and the evidence has been examined in P. W. Chandler's _American Criminal Trials_, ii. 155, 183. The _Gentleman's Mag._, 1780, Supplement, p. 610, gave an account of the trial and printed the chief documents.

[1002] Sargent's _André_, p. 281.

[1003] Smith published in London in 1808, and there was reprinted in N. Y. in 1809, _A Narrative of the causes which led to the death of Major André_ (Cooke, iii. 101; Brinley, ii. 3,954). Sargent found that it must be used with caution. Sparks says (p. 298) that as "a work of history this volume is not worthy of the least credit, except where the statements are confirmed by other authorities."

[1004] Sargent, 266; George W. Greene, _Hist. View_. Marbois was translated by Walsh in the _Amer. Register_, vol. ii. Cf. a French view in Léon Chotteau's _Les Français en Amérique_, p. 199.

[1005] There are in the _Sparks MSS._, xlix., no. 14, various papers used by Sparks in writing his life of Arnold, including the action of Congress on the seizure of Arnold's papers, and copies of the papers; letters written in 1833-1834 to Sparks and others, by David Hosack, Benj. Tallmadge, James Thacher, Nathan Beers, Professor Woolsey, John D. Dickinson, Samuel Eddy, James Lanman, James Stedman, J. Bronson, and William Shimmin,—mainly reminiscences. Cf. for some of these letters, the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Dec., 1879. Copies of Arnold's letters from Philadelphia in 1779-1780 are in _Ibid._, lii. vol. ii. no. 3. There is a "Genuine history of Arnold by an old acquaintance" in the _Political Mag._, i. 690.

[1006] Duyckinck's _Cyclo. Am. Lit. Suppl._, p. 130.

[1007] André had been a prisoner at Lancaster, Pa., after his capture at St. John, Nov. 2, 1775, to Dec., 1776, when he was exchanged. He was paroled in Feb., 1776 (_Penna. Mag. of Hist._, i.). Afterwards he served with General Grey, and in 1780 was placed on Clinton's staff. There are contemporary accounts of him by "intimate friends" in _Political Mag._, i. 688; ii. 171. His lineage is traced by J. L. Chester in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, March, 1876 (xiv. 217). His will is in the _N. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg._, vi. 63, and in Dawson's _Papers_, 241. For bibliography, see Sabin, i. no. 1,449, and _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, viii. pp. 61, 145, 149. A daily record of his life from Sept. 20 to Oct. 2, 1780, is _Ibid._, iii. 157 (1879). On his career in general, see articles in _No. Amer. Review_, vol. xxxviii., by Bancroft and Bigelow; vol. lxxx., by Sargent; vol. xciii., by C. C. Smith; _Harper's Mag._, 1879, p. 619; _N. Y. Semi-weekly Evening Post_, March 3, 1882; Earl Stanhope's _Miscellanies_; _Atlantic Monthly_, Dec., 1860; L. M. Sargent's _Dealings with the Dead_; Sabin's _Amer. Bibliopolist_, 1869-1870; _N. Jersey Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1876; _Poole's Index_, p. 38.

The _Monody on Major André by Miss Seward, to which are added letters addressed to her by Major André in 1769_, was published at Lichfield, Eng., in 1781, and reprinted in New York in 1792; in Boston, 1798 (fourth Amer. ed.); in Smith's _Narrative_, London, 1808; in Lossing's _Two Spies_, N. Y., 1886. Cf. _The Galaxy_, Feb., 1876.

His fate has been the subject of several tragedies: by William Dunlap (1799); by W. W. Lord (1856); by George H. Calvert (1864), etc. W. G. Simms has examined the story as a subject for fiction in his _Views and Reviews_.

[1008] It passed to a second edition in 1871. A company orderly-book showing the disposition of troops at West Point on the discovery of the plot is in the Mass. Hist. Soc. (_Proc._, xix. 385).

[1009] Orig. ed., x. 395; final revision, v. 438, where, contrary to his custom, he retains a part of his note.

[1010] Isaac N. Arnold was of very remote kin to Benedict. He had access to the Shippen Papers, the papers owned by Arnold's descendants in England and in Canada, and used the letters of Arnold, his wife and sister, in the Department of State. His praise of Arnold's "patriotism" in the earlier years of the war, which he thought was evinced by his brilliant acts in the field, induced a paper by J. A. Stevens on "Arnold and his Apologist" (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, March, 1880), who contended that there was "no evidence that the heart of Arnold ever beat with one patriotic thrill." The biographer, while condemning the treason, makes the best show which he can of the provocations which led Arnold to be false. He adds considerable that is new to Arnold's story. Mr. I. N. Arnold died in 1884, and addresses upon him before the Chicago Hist. Society were printed.

Lossing has written much on the subject of Arnold's treason: _Field-Book_, ii. ch. 6, 7, and 8; _Harper's Monthly_, iii., xxiii., and liii.; _Two Spies_ (Hale and André), N. Y., 1886. Cf., on these two spies, Hull's _Rev. Services_.

Other American treatments of the subject are in the lives of Washington by Marshall (iv. 274) and Irving (iv. ch. 9-11); Greene's _Greene_ (ii. 227); Leake's _Lamb_, ch. 19 and App. D; Reed's _Reed_, ii. 252 Hamilton's _Hamilton_, i. 262; Quincy's _Shaw_, 77; Dunlap's _New York_, ii. ch. 13; E. G. Holland's "Highland Treason", in his _Essays_; Winthrop Atwill's _Treason of Arnold_, Northampton, 1837; _Niles's Register_, xx.

[1011] There remained for a long time no doubt as to the unalloyed patriotism of the three men who captured André. Washington praised their resistance to bribes, and Congress gave them a medal (figured in Loubat's _Medallic Hist. U. S._, and in Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 205). Some of those who came in close contact with André after his capture, and heard his account of the arrest, were convinced that André felt that if he could have made any considerable sum certain to them they would have let him go. This belief, on their part, of these keepers of André did not come to public notice till, in 1817, John Paulding, one of the captors, and the leader of them, petitioned Congress for an additional pension. This gave occasion to Benj. Tallmadge, who had been André's chief-keeper, and who was then in Congress, to oppose the bill on the grounds of André's statements. The _Journals_ of the House of Representatives show the debate, which is reprinted in Dawson's _Papers_, 127. A letter of Gen. Joshua King, also in André's confidence at the time, confirms Tallmadge's view, and there is also a similar statement by Bowman, one of André's guards (Sparks's _Arnold_; _Notes and Queries_, ix.; _Niles's Register_; _Hist. Mag._, i. 204, 293; iii. 229; Dawson's _Papers_, 45; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 733; _Boston Sunday Herald_, Sept. 14, 1879).

The captors did not want for friends. Judge Egbert Benson published a _Vindication of the Captors of Maj. André_, 1817 (cf. _Analectic Mag._, x. 307), which was reprinted in N. Y. in 1865, in two editions, with additional matter, one by Sabin, the other by Hoffman. John Paulding, the son of one of the captors, published a paper in their defence (_Hist. Mag._, i. 331). The three captors were then all living, and each made statements and affidavits respecting the event. These can be found, whole or in part, in Benson; in the _Hist. Mag._, ix. 177, xviii. 365; in Dawson's _Papers_, 119, 123, 182; in H. J. Raymond's _Address_ (N. Y., 1853) at Tarrytown; in _Cent. Celebrations of N. Y._ (1879); in Sabin's _Amer. Bibliopolist_, 1869, p. 335; in Simms's _Schoharie County_, 646. Sargent thinks that Paulding (of whom there is a portrait in H. W. Smith's _Andreana_) was the one of the three that most firmly resisted André's bribes.

A monument was erected at Tarrytown in 1853, when Henry J. Raymond delivered an address; it was remodelled in 1883, and capped with a statue of a captor, when Chauncey M. Depew spoke in defence of the good names of the captors; and a _Centennial Souvenir_ was prepared by Nathaniel C. Husted (N. Y., 1881). Monuments have been erected at the graves of the three captors: for Paulding's and Van Wart's, see Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 171, 192; for Williams's, erected at Old Fort Schoharie in 1876, when addresses were given by Daniel Knower and Grenville Tremain, see _Centennial Celebrations of the State of N. Y._ (Albany, 1879). For memorials of Williams, see _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Feb., 1887, p. 168.

A letter of Maj. Henry Lee describing the capture is in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._ (1880), iv. 61. Cf. _Amer. Hist. Rec._, Dec., 1873; _Potter's Amer. Monthly_, vii. 167; Bolton's _Westchester_, i. 213.

Respecting André in confinement, Major, later Colonel, Tallmadge has left several statements,—letters, Sept. 23, 1780 (_Sparks MSS._, xlix. vol. iii.); to Heath, Oct. 10, 1780 (_Heath MSS._, printed in Dawson, 194, and in Sargent, 469); his letters to Sparks in 1833-4 (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, 1879, pp. 748, 752); his _Memoir_, privately printed by his son, F. A. T., and the extracts from it (_Hist. Magazine_, Aug., 1859; and Dawson's _Papers_).

Washington gave his version of the conspiracy at a dinner-table in 1786, which is contained in Richard Rush's _Washington in Domestic Life, being letters addressed to his secretary, Lear, 1790-97_ (also in Dawson, 139). There are many references in the letters of 1780 in Sparks's _Washington_ (vii, 205, 212-222, 235, 241, 256, 260-65, 281, 296, and in the App. pp. 520-552, most of the documentary proofs), and in his _Letters to Washington_ (iii. 101-111), much of which is given in Dawson.

Several letters of Hamilton, contained in his _Correspondence_, are of interest: one to Greene; one to Miss Schuyler, usually dated Oct. 2, but Bancroft says it is without date and must have been written later, and, as usually printed, has omissions and interpolations. Of particular value is a letter of Hamilton's to Henry Laurens, in which he wished André's desire for a soldier's death could have been gratified (Lodge's ed. _Works_, viii.; Dawson; H. W. Smith's _Andreana_; McCoy's ed. _Proceedings_. Cf. _Pennsylvania Packet_, in Moore's Diary, ii. 333).

Lafayette's account is in his _Memoirs_, Eng. trans., N. Y., i. 253-56, 349, as well as letters to Luzerne and others (Dawson, 204, etc.). Sparks held various conferences with Lafayette in later life, and his notes are in the _Sparks MSS._, xxxii. J. F. Cooper, in his _Notions of the Americans picked up by a travelling Bachelor_, has an account which he says he derived from Lafayette in later years and from a British officer who had heard Arnold tell his story at a dinner.

In Dawson's _Papers_ are included various other contemporary accounts: letters of Alex. Scammell (Oct. 1st, in Mass. Hist. Soc. cabinet; _Misc. Papers_, 1777-1824, i. 192; Oct. 3d, in _Hist. Mag._, xviii. 145; and Farmer and Moore's _Hist. Coll. N. H._); of Anthony Wayne, Sept. 27 and Oct. 1, 1780 (_Amer. Bibliopolist_, 1870, p. 62); extracts from the _Bland Papers_, ii. 33-38; and Maj. Samuel Shaw to the Rev. Mr. Eliot, in Shaw's _Journals_, 77-82.

Some papers of Timothy Pickering, formerly possessed by the Hon. Arad Joy, of Ovid, N. Y., and now in the War Department, were printed in the _N. Y. Tribune_. Letters of General Greene are in Greene's _Greene_, ii. 227-40, and in the _R. I. Col. Records_, ix. 246, and in the _R. I. Hist. Coll._, vi., and one of R. R. Livingston in the _Sparks MSS._, xlix. vol. iii. Moore's _Diary_ (ii. 323, etc.) gives various contemporary newspaper reports.

The records of observers of André's last hours and execution have been precise: Dr. Thacher's _Military Journal_, 274 (Dawson, 130; McCoy; Smith's _Andreana_, 58), and his additional statements, together with Maj. Benjamin Russell's account in the _N. E. Mag._, vi. 363 (also in Dawson and _Andreana_); letter of Col. Van Dyk in 1821 (_Hist. Mag._, Aug., 1863, vol. vii. 250); Todd's _Joel Barlow_, 35; the _Military Journal of Gen. Henry Dearborn_, a MS. (J. W. Thornton's sale, no. 284, bought by Dr. T. A. Emmett); _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, 1879, p. 574; _Amer. Whig Rev._, v. 381; _Southern Lit. Messenger_, vii. 856; xi. 193; Sparks's _Arnold_ (p. 255); Irving's _Washington_ (iv. 149, 157); Sargent's _André_, 395; and others cited by Dawson.

[1012] In a letter by Clinton, Oct. 11, 1780, to Germain, he details in an accompanying narrative the rise of the correspondence with Arnold, which began eighteen months before. Sargent notes it as being in the State Paper Office, "America and West Indies, vol. cxxvi.", and says it has not been printed. The _Sparks MSS._ (no. xxxii.) has a copy, where is his next letter of the 12th, telling the story of André's execution, which is printed in the _Remembrancer_, vii. part 2, p. 343, and in Dawson, p. 240. Clinton also wrote to Lord Amherst on the 16th; and on the 30th he wrote a secret letter to Germain, in which he says that he has paid £6,315 to Arnold (_Sparks MSS._, xxxii. and xlviii.). Germain's letters to Clinton and Arnold of Nov. 28th and Dec. 7th are in _Sparks MSS._, xlviii. On a fly-leaf of Stedman's _History of the Amer. War_, Clinton, having dissented to that writer's narrative (vol. ii. p. 249,—given in Dawson, 196), wrote what he called an extract from his MS. History of the War, no other portion of which is known. This is printed in Mahon, vii. App.; Sargent's _André_; Dawson, p. 177, and Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, vol. i. App. p. 737. Washington in this extract is severely criticised, and this is also the case in a pamphlet, _The Case of Major John André, who was put to death by the Rebels, Oct. 2d, 1780, candidly represented, with remarks on said case_ (pp. 28), New York, Rivington, 1780,—a copy in proof-sheets in the Carter-Brown library, being the only one known, and it has been supposed that it was prepared under Clinton's supervision and suppressed (Sargent, 274; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Dec., 1879, iii. 739). The introduction is dated N. Y., Nov. 28, 1780.

Cf. also Simcoe's _Mil. Journal of the Queen's Rangers_, pp. 150, 292 (in Dawson, 149, 151). Simcoe offered to try to rescue André. Mahon's _England_, vii. ch. 62; journal of Gen. Matthews, cited in Balch's _Les Français en Amérique_. A long letter on the conspiracy and events attending it, varying in some ways from the American account, and possibly furnishing Arnold's story, was written by Andrew Elliott to William Eden, Oct. 4 and 5, 1780, and is among the Auckland MSS. in the Cambridge University library (England). Mr. B. F. Stevens has furnished to me a printed copy of it. The account in Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._ (i. 370) misses or perverts the story throughout, and gives that writer the occasion to abuse Clinton, which he does not fail to use. Any opinion of Jones is liable to be confused by his cynical and misplaced irony, which singularly accords with the countenance of the man as portrayed in his picture.

[1013] The questions at issue were these: Was André protected by a flag? Arnold says Yes, and André himself says No. They were the principal parties who could know the fact. If there was a flag, does such use of a flag come within the purport of the military law which defines flags? Is the question of good faith in flags one only between the giver and the receiver of a flag, and can the giver of a flag act in good faith to the receiver and with perfidy to his own principal, with that perfidy known to the receiver? Can the passport of a general engaged in treasonable correspondence with the enemy protect an officer of that enemy when clothed in a disguise and bearing papers to the enemy, such as might give that enemy an unfair advantage?

These are questions which Washington and the board of inquiry and all American writers have decided in the negative. Clinton, in his notes on Stedman already referred to, Cornwallis (_Corresp._, i. 78), Simcoe (_Mil. Journal_, pp. 152, 294), and other British military writers then, as well as historians like Adolphus (_Hist. England_, iii. ch. 39) and Mahon (both in his _History_, vii., and his _Miscellanies_), have supported the affirmative view. The most conspicuous dissent to the general English opinion at the time was Sir Samuel Romilly, in a letter to Roget, Dec. 12, 1780 (_Memoirs_, i. 140, quoted in P. W. Chandler, _Amer. Crim. Trials_). The more reasonable among the Tories, like Curwen (_Journal_, p. 323), defended the sentence. Later English military writers like Mackinnon (_Coldstream Guards_), and historians like Massey (_England_, iii. ch. 25) and Lecky (_England_,