i. 121-126) are at issue upon the point whether the lifting of the

fog, which revealed the purpose of the English ships to get between Brooklyn and New York, took place before the retreat was ordered, or after it was nearly over. Bancroft's witnesses seem conclusive against the claim of W. B. Reed that such a revelation induced Joseph Reed to urge the retreat upon Washington (note in Bancroft, orig. ed., ix. 106; final revision, v. 38). Joseph Reed's own account is in Sedgwick's _Livingston_, 203. Cf. Johnston, ch. 5. Col. Tallmadge (_Memoirs_, p. 11) says that Washington never received the credit which was due to him for his wise and fortunate retreat from Long Island.

[773] Dawson (_Westchester Co._, 224) puts the British army at over forty thousand men when the campaign opened. Beatson's _Naval and Mil. Memoirs_, vi.; 5 Force, i.; Bancroft, orig. ed., ix. 85-90; final revision, v. 28; Johnston, 195-201, and Docs., p. 167, 176, 180; De Lancey in Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, 600. There is a MS. on the prisoners taken noted in the _Bushnell Catal._ (1883), no. 791. Lecky (_England in the XVIIIth Century_, iv. 2, N. Y. ed.) says: "The English and American authorities are hopelessly disagreed about the exact numbers engaged, and among the Americans themselves there are very great differences. Compare Ramsay, Bancroft, Stedman, and Stanhope, [Mahon]."

There has been a controversy over the death of Gen. Woodhull, who was captured a few days later, and killed, as was alleged, while trying to escape. Cf. 5 Force, ii., iii. (index); De Lancey in Jones, ii. chap. 20, and p. 593; Johnston's _Observations on Jones_, p. 73; Luther R. Marsh's _Gen. Woodhull and his Monument_ (N. Y., 1848); _Hist. Mag._, v. 140, 172, 204, 229; Henry Onderdonk, Jr.'s _Narrative of Woodhull's Capture and death_ (1848).

[774] Mercy Warren's _Amer. Revolution_; Bancroft, ix. ch. 4 and 5; final revision, v. ch. 2; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii.; Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. ch. 20, etc.

[775] Lives of Washington by Marshall, ii. ch. 7; by Sparks, i. 190; by Irving, ii. ch. 31, 32; of Sullivan by Amory, p. 25; of Stirling by Duer; of Olney by Williams; of Burr by Parton, i. ch. 8, etc.

[776] Most elaborate of such is R. H. Stiles's _Hist. of Brooklyn_ (p. 242). Cf. Thompson's _Long Island_; Strong's _Flatbush_; Henry Onderdonk, Jr.'s _Kings County_. Letters of Onderdonk to Sparks in 1844, on the battle, are in the _Sparks MSS._, no. xlviii. There is a paper by the Rev. J. W. Chadwick, of Brooklyn, in _Harper's Mag._, liii. p. 333. Cf. Hollister's _Connecticut_, ii. ch. 11. A personal narrative of Thomas Richards, a Connecticut soldier, is in _United Service_ (Aug., 1884), xii. 216.

[777] The earliest special treatment is Samuel Ward in _Battle of Long Island_ (1839; also see _Knickerbocker Mag._, xiii. 279). Field's monograph makes vol. ii. of the _Memoirs of the Long Island Hist. Soc._, and nearly half the volume is an appendix of documents. _The Campaign of 1776 round New York and Brooklyn_ (Brooklyn, 1878), by Henry P. Johnston, makes vol. iii. of the same series, and chapter 4 is given to the subject, and his narrative is well fortified by documentary proofs. In placing the responsibility of the defeat, he takes issue (p. 192) with Bancroft, Field, and Dawson, who charge it upon Putnam. Dawson (_Battles_, i. 143) gives numerous references. Carrington's _Battles of the Amer. Rev._ (ch. 31 and 32).

[778] _Annual Reg._, xix. ch. 5; _Parliamentary Reg._, xiii.; _The Impartial Hist. of the late War_; Andrews's _Late War_, ch. 21; Stedman's _Amer. War_, ch. 6; Bissett's _Reign of George III._, i. 401, also speaks of the retreat as "masterly;" Knight's _Pop. Hist. England_, cited in Field, 447, and Mahon's.

[779] John Adams's _Works_, ix. 438; letters of Franklin and Morris to Silas Deane, Oct. 1, 1776, noted in _Calendar of Lee MSS._, p. 7; Stuart's _Jona. Trumbull_; Sedgwick's _Wm. Livingston_, 201; Donne's _Corresp. of George III. and Lord North_, vol. ii.; _Rockingham and his Contemp._, ii. 297; Russell's _Life of Fox_, and _Memorials and Corresp. of Fox_, i. 145; Walpole's _Last Journals_, ii. 70.

[780] This map of Hill's is reproduced in Valentine's _Manual_, 1857, and in Dunlap's _New York_ (vol. ii.).

[781] _Campaign of 1776_, p. 84.

[782] _Letters from America_, p. 429.

[783] Smith tells us that in 1766 a line of palisades, with block-houses, still stretched across New York Island, near the line of the present Chambers St., which had been built in the French war, at a cost of about £8,000. Crèvecœur described the town in 1772, and his description is translated in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, ii. 748. Cf. Dawson's account in his _New York during the Revolution_. There are various views of the town during the revolutionary period. One from the southeast and another from the southwest, by P. Canot, 1768, are reëngraved in Hough's translation of Pouchot (ii. 85, 88). Cf. _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, octavo, ii. 43. There are others in the travels of Sandby and Kalm. See Moore's _Diary of the Amer. Rev._, p. 311; Valentine's _Manual_, 1852, p. 176; Appleton's _Journal_, xii. 464. A view of New York as seen from the bay, found among Lord Rawdon's papers, is given in _Harper's Mag._, xlvii. p. 23. Gaine's _N. Y. Pocket Almanac_, 1772, has "Prospect of the City of N. Y." A bird's-eye view of the island, as seen from above Fort Washington in 1781, is in Valentine's _Manual_, 1854. This last publication contains various views of revolutionary landmarks, a of Hellgate (1850,—cf. _London Mag._, April, 1778); the Battery and Bowling Green (1858, p. 633); the City Hall (1856, p. 32; 1866, p. 547); the Beekman house, headquarters of Sir William Howe in Sept., 1776 (1861, p. 496,—see also Gay, _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 503); the Rutgers mansion (1858, p. 607); Lord Stirling's house (1854, p. 410); Alexander Hamilton's house (1858, p. 468). Knyphausen's quarters in Wall St. are shown in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, June, 1883, p. 409.

[784] Gordon shows this. Cf. Putnam's letter to Trumbull, Sept. 12, 1776.

[785] _Correspondence of the Provincial Congress of N. Y._; Sparks's _Washington_, iv.; _Memoirs of Chas. Lee_; Dawson's _N. Y. during the Rev._, p. 82; Booth's _New York_, p. 493; Irving's _Washington_, ii. ch. 33; Johnston's _Campaign of 1776_, ch. 5; Carrington's _Battles_, ch. 33, and his paper in _Bay State Monthly_, March, 1884. An American orderly-book, Sept. 1-13, is among the Northumberland Papers, Alnwick Castle (_Third Rept. Hist. MSS. Commission_, p. 124). A copy of George Clinton's reasons against evacuating is in the _Sparks MSS._, no. xlix., vol. i. p. 10. Bancroft (ix. 175; final revision, v. 69) shows how Stedman and W. B. Reed are in error in supposing that Lee's counsels prevailed in ordering a retreat.

[786] Cf. Washington's views, 5 Force, ii. 495, and Niles's _Principles and Acts_, etc. (1876 ed.), p. 464. "As the army now stands", said Knox in 1776, "it is only a receptacle for ragamuffins" (Drake's _Knox_, 32). Cf. Greene's _Life of Greene_, i. ch. 6. The British army was perhaps nearly double in numbers. On the extent of the opposing armies, see 5 Force, i. and ii.; Carrington's _Battles_, p. 224; Johnston's _Campaign of 1776_, ch. 3; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev. War_, i. App. 599. On Oct. 3d a committee of Congress reported on the condition of the army around New York (5 Force, ii. 1385), and _Ibid._ (iii. 449) there is a return of the entire army made Nov. 3d.

[787] Original sources: Evidence of the Court of Inquiry in 5 Force, ii, 1251; Washington to Congress in Sparks, iv. 94; Greene to Cooke, Sept. 17th, in 5 Force, ii. 370 (cf. Green's _Greene_, i. 216); Cæsar Rodney to Read, Sept. 18th, in _Life of George Read_, 191; Smallwood, Oct. 12th, in 5 Force, ii. 1013; letter of Nicholas Fish, Sept. 19th, in _Hist. Mag._, xiii. 33; letter, Sept. 24th, in _Evelyns in America_; Major Baurmeister's account, Sept. 24th, in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Jan., 1877, p. 33 (Johnston, p. 95),—a MS. owned by Bancroft; Rufus Putnam's _Memoirs_ (Johnston, p. 136); Heath's _Memoirs_, p. 60; Jas. S. Martin's _Narrative_ (Johnston, Doc., p. 81). Cf. note on the authorities in Bancroft, orig. ed., ix. p. 122; also Gordon, ii. 327. Later accounts: Johnston, pp. 92, 232; De Lancey in Jones, App. p. 604; Irving's _Washington_, ii. 333.

Captain Nathan Hale, of the Connecticut troops, had been sent over to Long Island to discover the intentions of the enemy; but, being apprehended, was hanged as a spy, Sept. 22, 1776. Cf. Hinman's _Connecticut during the Rev._, 82, and other histories of Connecticut; I. W. Stuart's _Life of N. Hale_, Hartford, 1856, and New York, 1874; _Memoir of N. Hale_, New Haven, 1844; Lossing's _Two Spies_ (N. Y., 1886); Moore's _Diary of the Rev._, p. 314; _Songs and Ballads of the Rev._, 130; _Worcester Soc. of Antiquity Proc._, 1879; H. P. Johnston in _Harper's Monthly_, June, 1880 (vol. lxi. p. 53); Greene's _Hist. View_, 338; and references in _Poole's Index_, p. 566. Congress voted him a monument. Poore's _Descriptive Catal._, etc., index, p. 1294.

[788] See the plan in Johnston's _Campaign of 1776_ (ch. vi. p. 259), with topography based on Randall's map and old surveys.

[789] There is in the N. Y. Hist. Soc. a contemporary view of Harlem from Morrisania (1765), drawn from an original in the British Museum, and this is reproduced in Valentine's _Manual_, 1863, p. 611. (Cf. _King's Maps_, Brit. Mus., i. 476.)

[790] Original sources: Washington's letter to Congress, in Dawson, i. 163, and Sparks, iv. 97; Geo. Clinton's letter in Dawson, i. 164, and in Dawson's _N. Y. City during the Rev._ (1861), 108; General Silliman's in App. of Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev. War_, p. 606; John Gooch's in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1876, p. 334; original documents in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, iv. 375; viii. 39, 627; and in 5 Force, ii.

On the British side, Gen. Howe's letter is in Dawson, i. 165; a letter (Sept. 22d) in the Lord Wrottesley MSS., noted in _Hist. MSS. Com. Second Rept._, p. 48; and Lushington's _Lord Harris_, p. 79. Later accounts: Johnston, _Campaign of 1776_; Dawson's _Battles_, i. 160, and his account in the _N. Y. City Manual_, 1868, p. 804; Carrington's _Battles_, ch. 34; Lossing's _Field-Book_; Gay, iii. 509; J. A. Stevens in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, iv. 351, vi. 260,—also see vii., viii. 39; E. C. Benedicts _Battle of Harlem Heights_ (N. Y., 1881), read before the N. Y. Hist. Soc., 1878; John Jay's _Centennial Discourse_, 1876, with App. of documents, including extracts from Stiles's diary; Smyth (_Lect. Mod. Hist._, Bohn's ed., ii. 459) on Washington's proposed Fabian policy. Cf. also Greene's _Greene_, Reed's _Joseph Reed_, i. 237; Colonel Humphrey's _Life of Putnam_; _Memoirs of Col. Tench Tilghman_ (Albany, 1876). Letters of Tilghman and others at this time, copied from the papers in the N. Y. Hist. Soc., are in the _Sparks MSS._, no. xxxix. Cf. histories of New York city. The amplest details of the movements which led to the actions at Harlem, of the various changes thereabouts, and of the later retreat to White Plains will be found in Dawson's _Westchester County_, p. 229 _et seq._, abundantly fortified with references.

[791] Cf. current accounts from the newspapers in Moore's _Diary_, p. 311. A popular colored print published in Paris not long afterwards assigned the cause to American incendiaries (Dufossé's _Americana_, 1879, no. 5,480). There is in Valentine's _Manual_, 1866, p. 766, a diagram marking the spread of the fire in 1776 compared with that of 1778. A view of Trinity Church, in New York, as ruined by the fire, is given in _Harper's Mag._, xlvii. p. 24; Valentine's _Manual_, 1861, p. 654; and Gay, iii. 510.

[792] There were reports at the time that the British troops had set the fire. Read's _George Read_, p. 196. De Lancey (Jones, i. p. 611) collates the accounts, both British and American, citing that of Henry, who had just been brought by water from Quebec, and who saw it from the transport, as one of the best descriptions (Henry's _Campaign against Quebec_). Sparks (iv. 100, 101) gives a note to Washington's account. Howe's account is in 5 Force, ii., with other documents. Cf. J. C. Hamilton's _Republic_, i. 127; Reed's _Joseph Reed_, 1, 213. Mahon (_Hist. England_, vi. 116) believes it was not set. Lecky (_England in Eighteenth Century_, iv. p. 5, with references), who is usually very considerate in his criticisms, cites Washington's desire to burn New York as a sort of justification of the British burning of Falmouth and Norfolk; but he fails to distinguish between such wanton, isolated destruction and one of strategical use.

[793] The original map is entitled _A Plan of the Operations of the king's army under the command of General Sir William Howe, K. B., in New York and East New Jersey against the American forces commanded by General Washington from the 12th of October to the 28th of Nov., 1776, wherein is particularly distinguished the engagement on the White Plains, the 28th of October, by Claude Joseph Sauthier_. _Engraved by Wm. Faden, 1777. Published Feb. 25, 1777._ The original MS. draft is among the Faden maps (library of Congress), no. 58. The engraved map is given in fac-simile in Dawson's _Westchester County_, p. 227. The direction of the American movements is indicated by arrows on the broken line (— — — —), and triple lines ≡ mark camps and positions. The British marches are shown by line and dot (—·—·—·) and their camps by □.

The American army extended from Fort Washington to Kingsbridge, when Howe began a movement to threaten their communications with the upper country. Leaving Percy to cover New York at McGowan's Pass, near Bloomingdale (A), the British embarked at Turtle Bay, Harlem, and Long Island (B) in detachments which landed at Frog's Neck (D, under cover of the "Carysfoot", man-of-war, C) on Oct. 12, 16, and 17, when the Americans (at E) on the 12th broke down the bridge in their front across the marsh, and retired part towards Kingsbridge and part towards New Rochelle. A MS. "Survey of Frog's Neck and the route of the British army to the 24th of Oct., 1776, by Charles Blaskowitz", on a scale of 2,000 feet to an inch, is among the Faden maps (no. 57) in the library of Congress. The British now proceeded farther by water to Pell's Point (F), where they landed Oct. 18, and pushing forward had the same day a skirmish with the retiring Americans (H), and still farther pursued them and occupied the lower bank at Mamaroneck (M) while the Americans held the opposite bank, Oct. 22. That same day, Knyphausen with his Germans landed at Myer's Point (G), and moving forward took ground (at K), and remained there from Oct. 22 to 28, while close by (at J) the main body from Pell's Point were already in camp (Oct. 18-21), when, on the 21st, they moved forward and encamped under Heister and Clinton (at L), where they remained till Oct. 25, and then proceeded to N, where they stayed till Oct. 28.

Meanwhile, the Americans (at Z) had passed Kingsbridge, breaking it down after their passage, and then dividing into two detachments. One of these proceeded and occupied the ridge of land from X to the White Plains, intrenching at intervals along the summit running parallel to Bronx River. The other division proceeded north through Wepperham, and both reunited Oct. 25 within the lines at White Plains (Q). The British (at N) advanced on the same day, and formed, Oct. 28, opposite the American lines (at O), while on the same day Leslie attacked the American corps of Spencer (at P), and Oct. 29 the Americans occupied the lines at R, and Nov. 1 fell back across the Croton River. During Oct. 30, a part of Percy's force from Bloomingdale had come up, leaving the road as they came north at N, and joining the left of the British line, in place of the troops which after the fight of the 28th had encamped at S. The British now marched, part direct and part by Tarrytown, to Dobbs Ferry (T), where they were in camp Nov. 6, and proceeding south they were at U, Nov. 13. Dawson, _Westchester County_, 239, points out some errors in the names in this map, which were allowed to stand in Stedman's map, and in the first edition of Lossing's _Field-Book_. On the American side there is a _Plan of the Country from Frog's Point to Croton River, showing the positions of the American and British armies from the 12th of Oct., 1776, until the engagement on the White Plains on the 28th_, drawn by S. Lewis from the original surveys made by order of Washington, and published in 1807. It has been reproduced in Dawson's _Westchester County_, from the original edition of Marshall's _Washington_. Later eclectic plans can be found in the _Life of Washington_, by Sparks; in Hamilton's _Republic of the United States_, i. 132; and in Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 820-826.

For Washington's headquarters (Miller house) see _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, vii. 108; and for a view of Chatterton's Hill, Gay, iii. 514.

[794] Documents in 5 Force, ii. (statement of the regiments, 1,319) and iii.; Sparks's _Washington_, iv. 524-526, including Harrison's letter, which is also in Dawson, i. 183, as well as a letter of Col. Haslett to Gen. Rodney (i. 183). A letter in Johnson, Docs. p. 135. A letter of James Tilton (Brunswick, N. J., Nov. 20, 1776) to Cæsar Rodney, among the Pettit papers in the Amer. Philosophical Society, and a copy in the _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. ii.). Allen's diary in Smith's _Pittsfield, Mass._, i. 252. _Memoirs_ of Heath, and the _Rev. Services_ of Gen. Hull, ch. 4. Newspaper accounts in Moore's _Diary_, 335; and the statements of De Lancey in Jones, i. App. 621.

On the English side Howe's despatch (Nov. 30), which appeared in a _Gazette_ of Dec. 30, is reprinted in Dawson, i. 184. This gave rise to _Observations upon the Conduct of Sir Wm. Howe at the White Plains_, London, 1779, known to be the work of Israel Mauduit, though published anonymously. It included Howe's despatch. In this he criticises Howe severely, as well as in his _Three Letters to Lt.-Gen. Sir William Howe_ (London, 1781), with an appendix and map. When the brothers Howe, general and admiral, were appointed, it was Hutchinson's opinion (_Diary_, ii. 40) that "no choice could have been more generally satisfactory to the kingdom." Hutchinson (_Ibid._, ii. 121) at this time speaks of a letter from Major Dilkes (Nov. 3) describing the series of actions, in which he calls White Plains the principal one, and adds, "Though the king's troops had the advantaged pursuing them, it does not appear that the loss was much different." Stedman's account is in his ch. 7, and Eelking's in ch. 2 of his _Hülfstruppen_. Lowell in his _Hessians_ uses several German accounts.

[795] Johnston, p. 262. Carrington, ch. 35. Bancroft, ix. ch. 10; final revision, v. ch. 3 and 5. Dawson, ch. 14. Lossing's _Field-Book_, vol. ii. For biographies: Washington, by Marshall, ii. ch. 8, and by Irving, ii. ch. 37. J. C. Hamilton's _Republic_, i. 132. Reed's _Jos. Reed_, i. ch. 12. Read's _George Read_, 210. _Memoirs_ of Col. Benj. Tallmadge (N. Y., 1858). Dawson is still the amplest in detail. His list of authorities on the action at White Plains is one of his longest (_Westchester County_, 256, 271).

[796] JOHNSTON'S MAP.—Percy advancing from McGowan's Pass (T), the several American outposts withdrew from Snake Hill (V), Harlem Plains (D D), and across the hollow way (U), and under Cadwallader resisted for a while the attack of Percy at W, till Lt.-Col. Stirling, dispatched from the redoubt at F F, and landing at X, threatened to intercept Cadwallader, when the Americans fell back to the lines above Fort Washington. Meanwhile, two columns of attack approached the fort from the other side. Cornwallis, embarking at Kingsbridge (B B), went down Harlem River and landed at A A, under cover of batteries at F F, and there attacked Col. Baxter at the redoubts, who retreated to the fort. Knyphausen and Rall, advancing also from Kingsbridge (B B) to Z, attacked Col. Rawling at Y, who also retreated to the fort. The immediate outworks being carried on all sides, the fort surrendered Nov. 16, 1776.

SAUTHIER-FADEN PLAN.—On the day of the fight at White Plains, Oct. 28, Knyphausen had left his camp (at K), and marching west had crossed above Kingsbridge; and had encamped, Nov. 2, at W. The Waldeck regiment stationed at New Rochelle had also marched, and Nov. 4 were at V, and then proceeded towards Wepperham. The same day a portion of the British under Grant, coming south from Dobbs Ferry, had left the main line at 4 and proceeded to 5 and 6, continuing their march next day to 7. The American outposts on Tetard's Hill withdrew to the works about Fort Washington, when Knyphausen threatened to cut them off. The siege and capture of Fort Washington now followed. This accomplished, Cornwallis embarked a part of his force at "Spiting Devil Creek" and part at 8, united them on landing, Nov. 18, at 1, and encamped that night at 2, the garrison of Fort Lee having already fled towards 3, whither Cornwallis followed them.

NOTE TO THE OPPOSITE MAP.—This sketch follows _A topographical map of the north part of New York Island, exhibiting the plan of Fort Washington, now Fort Knyphausen, with the rebel lines to the southward, which were forced by the troops under the command of the Rt. Hon^{ble} Earl Percy the 16th Nov. 1776, and surveyed immediately after by order of his lordship by Claude Joseph Sauthier, to which is added the attack made to the north by the Hessians, surveyed by order of Lieut.-Gen. Knyphausen_. London, Wm. Faden, March 1, 1777.

The broken lines (— — —) represent roads. The Hessians advanced from Westchester County by Kingsbridge, under Knyphausen, with detachments of his corps, the brigade of "Raille", and the regiment of Waldeck. They crossed the little stream L in two columns. That of Raille's [Rall, Rahl] mounted the hill, forced the battery of twelve-pounders and howitzers at H, and was joined before G by Knyphausen's column, which had followed up the stream. Both pushed on and carried the works at A. The British light infantry under Brig.-Gen. Matthews, to be supported by the grenadiers and 33d regiment under Cornwallis, landed at B under cover of batteries at E, whereupon the Americans on the hill at J retired to the main works. The 42d regiment under Lt.-Col. Stirling, with two battalions of the second brigade, crossed the river by the dot and dash line (·—·—) and landed at C as a feint, and advanced by the battery M. Earl Percy with a brigade of English and another of Hessians left the advanced posts of the British at McGowan's Pass, and following the main road (— — —) forced the successive American lines through their abatis (× × × ×) and attacked at D. Philip's or Dightman's bridge is at F. The British vessel "Pearl" at K assisted the attack at A. The buildings marked _a_ were barracks erected for winter-quarters by the Americans, but burned by them when the British landed at Frog's Neck.

Sauthier's plan is included in _The American Atlas_, no. 23, and in Stedman (i. 210). Three MS. plans of the attack on Fort Washington, one of them surveyed by Sauthier on the day of the attack by order of Lord Percy, are among the Faden maps (nos. 59, 60, 61) in the library of Congress. The engraved map is reproduced in _The Evelyns in America_ (p. 318), in Valentine's _Manual_, 1859, p. 120 (see 1861, p. 429), and in the _Calendar of Hist. MSS. relative to the War of the Revolution_ (Albany, 1868), i. 532.

There is in the _Geschichte der Kriege in und ausser Europa_, Nuremberg, 1777, _Sechster Theil_, a folding plan of the operations on New York Island in the autumn of 1776, showing the attack on Fort Washington, "nun das Fort Knyphausen genannt" (see also "Achter Theil"). A German plan belonging to Mr. J. C. Brevoort, after an original preserved in Cassel, is given in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Feb., 1877.

The leading American later accounts give eclectic plans,—Sparks's _Washington_, iv. 96, 160; Guizot's _Washington_; Carrington's _Battles_, p. 254,—but they include all the movements in the north part of the island. Cf. also Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 816, and Grant's _British Battles_, ii. 147.

A drawing found among Lord Rawdon's papers, representing the landing of the British forces under Cornwallis, Nov. 20, 1776, on the Jersey side of the Hudson, after the fall of Fort Washington, is given in _Harper's Mag._, xlvii. p. 25.

[797] Original sources: Documents in 5 Force, iii.; Washington to Congress in Sparks, iv. 178, and Dawson, i. 193; letters of Samuel Chase, Nov. 21-23, in the _Sparks MSS._, ix.; letter in _Hist. Mag._, March, 1874, p. 180; newspaper accounts in Moore's _Diary_, 345, 348; Graydon's _Memoirs_, 197; Heath's _Memoirs_, 86; Gordon's _Amer. Rev._, ii. 350; _N. Hampshire State Papers_, viii. 408. On the British side, Howe's despatch to Germain is in Dawson, i. 194; Lowell, in his _Hessians_, p. 80, uses German diaries (cf. Eelking's _Hülfstruppen_, i. 84).

Later accounts: Bancroft, orig. ed., ix. ch. 11; final revision, v. ch. 5; Johnston, 276; Carrington, ch. 37; Dawson, i. 188; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii.; Gay, iii. 517.

G. W. Greene, in his _Life of Gen. Greene_, as it was the first military mistake of that officer, is at pains to treat the history of the siege at considerable length, enlarging upon antecedent events (i. ch. 10 and 11). Greene had urgently claimed that it was advisable to attempt to hold the fort, and letters giving his reasons are in Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 297, and Drake's _Knox_, 33. G. W. Greene holds that Gen. Greene had a right to expect a better defence, and championed his ancestor in a tract against the criticisms of Bancroft (Greene's _Greene_, ii. 431, 470), who put the responsibility of the disaster upon Green's persistent refusal to evacuate the fort. This Bancroft maintains in his original edition, and in his final revision, where, however, he recognizes, but does not deem essential to the British success, the treachery of Magaw's adjutant, William Demont. There had been an intimation in Graydon's _Memoirs_ that Howe had been helped by some kind of faithlessness in the American ranks. In February, 1877, in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (i. 65, 756), Mr. E. F. De Lancey first made public a letter of Demont written in 1792, in which he acknowledged having carried the plans of the fort to Percy, "by which the fortress was taken", and this information is thought to have induced Howe to make his sudden withdrawal from Washington's front at White Plains. De Lancey's paper was published separately as _Capture of Mount Washington, 1776, the result of treason_ (New York, 1777), and he repeated the story in the notes (i. p. 626) to Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev. War._ Johnston (p. 283) doubts if this treachery was decisive of the result. Cf. further in lives of Washington by Marshall and Irving (ii. ch. 38, 40); Reed's _Joseph Reed_ (i. ch. 13); and a paper by W. H. Rawle on the part taken by Col. Lambert Cadwalader, in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, April, 1886, p. 11. There is a portrait of Cadwalader in the _Penna. Archives_, vol. x. A letter (Dec. 23, 1778) of Robert Magaw on the surrender of Fort Washington is in the _Sparks MSS._, no. xlix. vol. iii. Cf. the account of Magaw in the _Mag. of Western History_, September, 1886, p. 678.

[798] Sparks, iv. 186; Greene's _Greene_, ch. 12. Cf. on Fort Lee _Appleton's Journal_, vi. 645, 660, 673, 688. Cf. the present volume, ch. v.

[799] There is a fac-simile of it in Valentine's _Manual_, 1864, p. 668. A German map is given in the _Geschichte der Kriege in und ausser Europa_ (Nuremberg, 1776).

[800] A map was annexed to Israel Mauduit's criticism on Howe's conduct of this campaign, _Three letters to Lt.-Gen. Sir Wm. Howe_ (London, 1781). Marshall gives maps in both the large and small atlases accompanying his _Life of Washington_. A MS. plan is in the Heath Papers (i. 224) in Mass. Hist. Soc. library.

[801] The _Calendar of the Lee MSS._, p. 8, shows a letter, Dec. 20, of Robert Morris, on the campaign's misfortunes, which is printed in the _Diplomatic Corresp._, i. 225.

[802] The _Journal of Samuel Nash_, Jan. 1, 1776, to Jan. 9, 1777; diary in _Hist. Mag._, Dec., 1863, covering Aug.-Dec., 1776; N. Fish's account in _Ibid._, Jan., 1869 (iii. 33). Rufus Putnam's journal in Mary Cone's _Life of Rufus Putnam_ (Cleveland, 1886); Moravian Journals in N. Y. City, in _The Moravian_, 1876; _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, i. 133, 250; Johnston, p. 101. There is in _The Evelyns in America_ (p. 319) a "Journal of the operations of the American army under Gen. Sir William Howe from the Evacuation of Boston to the end of the Campaign of 1776", by a British officer. Cf. _Gent. Mag._, Nov. and Dec., 1776. The letters of Maj. Francis Hutcheson are in the _Haldimand Papers_ (Brit. Museum). Howe's letters to Germain are in the _Sparks MSS._, lviii.,