ii. Mahon says that the whole spirit evaporates from the reports of

Chatham's speeches in Almon. In March, 1775, Camden made a speech which Hutchinson (P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_, 408, 410) describes and imagines Camden to have made in order that Franklin might take the speech to America. Hutchinson also in the same month describes Franklin in the Commons gallery, "staring with his spectacles", and listening to the speeches against America. Two speeches of Mansfield against America were criticised in _The Plea of the Colonies on the Charges brought against them by Lord M——d and others_ (London, 1775, 1776; Philad., 1777,—Sabin, xv. 63,401-2).

Charles James Fox had been dismissed from the Tory government in 1774, and was now on the opposition side, a young and vehement debater of twenty-five (Lecky, iii. 571; Russell's _Mem. and Corresp. of Fox_, and his _Life and Times of Fox_; numerous references in _Poole's Index_, p. 472). On the relations of English parties to the American question, see Lecky (iii. 586); Campbell's _Life of Loughborough_, in his _Lord Chancellors_; _Rockingham and his Contemporaries_; Geo. W. Cooke's _Hist. of Party_ (London, 1786-87; 1837, vol. iii.,—Sabin, iv. 16,309).

[321] Cf. Franklin's letters in his _Works_, and the letters to him from Quincy, Winthrop, Cooper, and Warren in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vii. 118, etc.

[322] Parton, ii. 26.

[323] Cf. Parton's _Franklin_, ii. 41, 44; Mahon, v. 24; Niles (1876 ed.), 476, _Gent. Mag._, xlvii. Franklin left London in March, 1775, and on his voyage home he wrote out an account of his recent negotiations, which is printed in Sparks (vol. i.) and in Bigelow (ii. 256). There are different copies of this paper (Parton, ii. 71); and Stevens (_Hist. Coll._, i. p. 160 D) has an account of one given to Jefferson (Bigelow, ii. 253).

Just before leaving London, Franklin wrote some articles for the _Public Advertiser_ on _The Rise and Progress of the Difference between Great Britain and her American Colonies_, which are reprinted in Sparks, iv. 526. (Cf. _Ibid._, v. 2, 97, and Parton, ii. 72.)

[324] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, viii. 85.

[325] P. O. Hutchinson's _Gov. Hutchinson_, i. 115, 116. Percy, writing (April 17, 1774) just before he left England, said: "I fancy severity is intended. Surely the people of Boston are not mad enough to think of opposing us. Steadiness and temper will, I hope, set things in that quarter right, and Gen. Gage is the proper man to do it." Letter to Dr. Percy (Bishop of Dromore), among the Percy MSS. in Boston Public Library.

[326] Address of the Merchants of Boston in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 45. A broadside list of the addressers, as taken from the _London Gazetteer_ and _New Daily Advertiser_ of Sept. 24, 1774, was printed in Boston. There is a copy in the library of the Mass. Hist. Society.

[327] Where he had occupied the Hooper house. Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvi. 6; _Evelyns in America_, p. 267. There is a view of it in _The Century_, xxviii. p. 864. "King Hooper", as he was called, was born in 1710 and died in 1790. Cf. Perkins' _Copley_, p. 74, for a picture of him.

There is a portrait of Gage, now in the State House at Boston, which came to Gen. William H. Sumner through his marriage with Gage's niece, and which is engraved in Sumner's _Hist. of East Boston_. A contemporary engraving of Gage is reproduced in Shannon's _N. Y. Manual_, 1869, p. 766, and in Wheildon's _Siege of Boston_.

[328] Lee, in Sept., 1774, was writing of Gage: "He is now actually shut up at Boston ... and has perhaps the most able and determined men of the whole world to deal with." Chas. Lee Papers, _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1871, p. 136. Various letters of this period written from Boston are in the _Evelyns in America_ (Oxford, 1881).

[329] This is the house still standing, belonging to James Russell Lowell. _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 114.

[330] Loring's _Hundred Orators_, p. 89; _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 62; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vi. 261.

[331]

For an account of Preble, see _N. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg._, 1868, pp. 404, 421. He, as well as Ward and Pomeroy, had been in the French wars.

[332] P. O. Hutchinson, 293, 297. Percy was writing, October 27, 1774, from the camp in Boston: "Our affairs here are in the most critical situation imaginable. Nothing less than the total loss or conquest of the colonies must be the end of it.... We have got together a clever little army here." _Percy MSS._ in Boston Public Library.

[333] _Percy MSS._, Nov. 25, 1774: "I really begin now to think that it will come to blows at last, for they are most amazingly encouraged by our having done nothing as yet. The people here are the most artful, designing villains in the world."

[334] _Mem. of Quincy_, p. 216.

[335] Letters, Dec. 12 and 28, 1774. The census or estimate by congress in 1775 gave New England 800,000 souls.

[336] _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1868, p. 337; letters of Gov. Wentworth in _Ibid._, 1869, p. 274; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 450; Force's _Am. Archives_; Belknap's _New Hampshire_; T. C. Amory's _General Sullivan_, 295; _N. H. Rev. Rolls_, i. 31; _N. H. Provincial Papers_, vii. 420-423, 478; Mary P. Thompson's _Mem. of Judge Eben. Thompson_ (Concord, N. H., 1886).

[337] E. S. Riley, Jr., in _Southern Monthly_, xiv, 537.

[338] Sept. 30, 1774.

[339] Gibbes' _Doc. Hist. of the Amer. Rev._

[340] Thornton's _Pulpit of the Rev._, p. 218.

[341]

The paper which excited Patrick Henry was the "Broken Hints" of Joseph Hawley, which was first printed in Niles's _Principles and Acts of the Revolution_; and since in _John Adams'_ _Works_, ix. p. 641.

[342] See documents in _Amer. Archives_; Frank Moore's _Diary of the Revolution_, i. 15.

[343] Frothingham's _Warren_, p. 416.

[344] _Ibid._, p. 413.

[345] P. O. Hutchinson, p. 371.

[346] Frothingham's _Warren_, p. 418.

[347] Gage seems to have reported to the War Office that the information was erroneous which induced him to send out this expedition. P. O. Hutchinson's _Gov. Hutchinson_, 432. Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 348.

[348] They started April 5th. Howe's record appears in _A Journal kept by Mr. John Howe, while he was employed as a British Spy during the Revolutionary War; also while he was engaged in the smuggling business during the late war_. (Concord, N. H., 1827.) The only copy known is in the library of the New Hampshire Hist. Soc. Extracts from it are printed in the _Boston Daily Advertiser_, Apr. 20, 1886.

[349] Their reports to Gage are in Force's _Amer. Archives_.

[350] P. O. Hutchinson, p. 397.

[351] _Ibid._, p. 529; Joshua Green's diary in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 101.

[352] Rivington's _N. Y. Gazetteer_, Mar. 16, 1775, cited in Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_, 60; also Moore's _Diary of the Amer. Rev._, i. 34.

[353] The manuscript of Warren's address is preserved in the hands of Dr. John C. Warren, and a page of it is in fac-simile in the _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, 143. Frothingham enumerates the editions of the printed pamphlet in his _Warren_, p. 436.

[354] It was printed as given "at the request of a number of the inhabitants of the town of Boston." Haven in Thomas, ii. 654.

[355] _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 64.

[356] Niles's _Principles and Acts of the Revolution_ (ed. of 1876), p. 277.

[357] "Much art and pains have been employed to dismay us", wrote Samuel Cooper to Franklin, Apr. 1, 1775, "or provoke us to some rash action, but hitherto the people have behaved with astonishing calmness and resolution." _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, viii. 124.

[358] Moore's _Diary of Amer. Rev._, i. 57.

[359] On this same day, Percy, in Boston, was writing "Things now every day begin to grow more and more serious. The [rebels] are every day in great numbers evacuating this town, and have proposed in congress either to set it on fire and attack the troops before a reinforcement comes, or to endeavor to starve us. Which they mean to adopt time only can show." _Percy MSS._ in Boston Public Library.

[360] P. O. Hutchinson, pp. 428, 433.

[361] _Ibid._, 434, 475.

[362] Thomas's letter in the _Worcester Centennial Anniversary_, p. 116.

[363] They lodged in the house of the Rev. Jonas Clark, half a mile away from Lexington Common. Loring's _Orators_, 81. The house was built in 1698. See Hudson's _Lexington_. A painting of the house was owned by the late H. G. Clark, of Boston.

[364] As early as Jan. 28, instructions to Gage to apprehend the leaders of Congress had been signed. P. O. Hutchinson, p. 416.

[365] Gage had married her in 1758. She died in 1824, aged 90.

[366] _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 70.

[367] Gen. Wm. H. Sumner (_New Eng. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, viii. 188) records some recollections of the opening of the fight as narrated to him by Dorothy Quincy, later Mrs. John Hancock, who saw it begin.

[368] Hudson's _Lexington_, 200.

[369] The night had been chilly; but the day grew rapidly warm. The season was a month early. Cf. Geo. Dexter's note in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xix. 377.

[370] John Howe was sent towards Lexington to meet and hurry Percy along. _Journal of John Howe._

[371] Cf. Everett's _Orations_, i. p. 102.

[372] These were under the command of Col. Timothy Pickering, who was then and has been since charged with dilatoriness in coming up. Bancroft (_United States_) and W. V. Wells (_Sam. Adams_) so assert. Bancroft was controverted by Samuel Swett in a pamphlet in 1859, and Octavius Pickering, in his _Life of T. Pickering_ (ch. 5 and App.), makes a full defence of his father.

[373] Andrews' letters (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, July, 1865) show the rumors which reached Gage in Boston during the day. There were some among the provincials who thought the news, when received in England, would stir up civil war (_Proceedings_, vol. v. p. 3); but Washington records, respecting its influence there, that it was "far from making the impression generally expected here." Sparks' _Washington_, iii. 43.

[374] Minutes in _Mass. Archives_, vol. cxv.

[375] Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 311.

[376] Frothingham's _Warren_, 467.

[377] It was before long known what a reception these delegates had had in New York, and how the crowd were with difficulty prevented from taking the horses from Hancock's carriage and drawing it. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1865, p. 135. The journey of the delegates to Philadelphia in May, 1775, is described in the Deane Correspondence (_Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 222, etc.), and Jones (_N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 45) describes their reception.

[378] The papers of Quincy include a long message to the patriots, practically a report on his English mission, which he was too weak to write himself, but dictated to a sailor on the voyage. The only poetrait of Quincy is one painted after his death. This is engraved in the _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, vol. iii.

[379] The trouble was in part whether "effects" included merchandise as well as furniture. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiii. 58. Cf. Frothingham's _Warren_, p. 483. James Bowdoin, as representative of the Boston people, tried to make an arrangement on the basis of a surrender of arms, and the draft of an order in Bowdoin's handwriting, in the name of Gage, is given, with references, in _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 76. Cf. _Evacuation Memorial_, p. 115. A part of the agreement with Gage was that the country Tories should be allowed to move into Boston. Among those who soon found their way into Boston, but under difficulties, were Lady Frankland and Benjamin Thompson, afterwards Count Rumford. (_Evacuation Mem._, 125-130. Cf. Barry's _Mass._, iii. 5, and references.)

[380] Whittier's "Great Ipswich Fright", in his _Prose Works_, ii. 112; _Ipswich Antiq. Papers_, iv. no. 46; Crowell's _Essex_ (Mass.), 205.

[381] See Alexander Scammell's letter in Amory's _General Sullivan_, 299. New Hampshire was already sending forward her men. _Hist. Mag._, vii. 21.

[382] Niles's _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 141.

[383] Force's _Am. Archives_, ii. 433-39; Beardsley's _Life of W. S. Johnson_, 110, 210. The Massachusetts delegates meanwhile had tarried long enough in Connecticut, on their way to Philadelphia, to confirm the patriots there, and force the halting to take a decided stand. Cf. _Journals Prov. Cong._, 179, 194, 196.

[384] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 227.

[385] Cf. account of Warner in _Hist. Mag._, iv. 200, and by Gen. Walter Harriman in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1880, p. 363.

[386] De Costa's _Lake George_, p. 11; Jones, _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. p. 550. There is an account of Bernard Romans in F. M. Ruttenber's _Obstructions to the Navigation of Hudson's River_, (Albany, 1860), p. 9.

[387] Various papers respecting the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point in the spring of 1775, and movements thereabouts, are in the Mass. Archives, including letters of John Brown, Arnold, Allen, Easton, and some of these are copied in the _Sparks MSS._, vol. lx. Sparks indorses on a copy of the letter of the Mass. committee at Crown Point, June 23, 1776: "By the journal of the Mass. assembly it appears that Arnold, on his way to Ticonderoga, had engaged a company of men in Stockbridge, who marched on the 10th of May, under Captain Abraham Brown, but how far is uncertain."

On the trouble between Allen and Arnold at Crown Point (May, 1775), see the Deane Correspondence. (_Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 247.)

[388] Frothingham's _Siege_, 106.

[389] Circulated in broadside. There is one in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Cabinet, among the Elton broadsides.

[390] _Heath Papers_ (MS.), vol. i.

[391] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 352.

[392] Grape Island, May 21: Moore's _Diary of the Am. Rev._, i. 84, 85; Adams' _Familiar Letters_, 56; Frothingham's _Warren_, 492, 496; _New Jersey Archives_, x. 606.

Noddle's Island, May 27: Frothingham's _Siege_, 109; Dawson's _Battle_, i. 47; Force's _Am. Archives_, ii. 719; Gordon, ii. 24; Humphrey's _Putnam_, 69; Tarbox's _Putnam_; Sumner's _East Boston; N. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg._, April, 1857, p. 137.

[393] Frothingham's _Warren_, 490 (May 16).

[394] P. O. Hutchinson's _Gov. Hutchinson_, 457.

[395] Thornton's _Pulpit of the Revolution_, p. 277.

[396] _Life of Gerry_, i. 79.

[397] _Familiar Letters_, p. 60.

[398] P. O. Hutchinson, p. 468.

[399] Issued in pursuance of Dartmouth's instructions of April 15. Sparks' _Washington_, iii. 510. There are copies of the broadside in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library, and in the Bostonian Society's rooms.

[400] Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_, 136, with the document in the Appendix. It is also in Niles's _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 122. Moore, in his _Diary of the Amer. Rev._, i. 93, gives a sample of the fun made of it in rhyme. Cf. Wells's _Sam. Adams_, ii. 310.

[401] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 352.

[402] E. E. Hale, _One Hundred Years Ago_.

[403] Cf. John Adams's account of this choice, _Works_, ii. 417; _Familiar Letters_, 65; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, iv. 68. Also see Sparks' _Washington_, i. 138, etc.; iii. 1; Barry's _Mass._, iii. 18, and references; Irving's _Washington_, i. 411. His commission and instructions are in Sparks' _Washington_, iii. 479.

[404] Frothingham's _Warren_, 512; _Evacuation Memorial_, p. 731; Wells's _Sam. Adams_, ii. 13, 17.

[405] It was torn down in the summer of 1884. See cut and note in _Mem. Hist. Boston_, ii. p. 108.

[406] _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 83.

[407] The first boat to approach was struck by a three-pound shot from the redoubt. _Life of Josiah Quincy_, by Edmund Quincy, p. 372.

[408] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 69.

[409] This is Stedman's statement, but it seems at variance with the official report, which states that they took sixty-six rounds with their guns, and did not use over half. Denman's _Royal Artillery_, 3d ed., ii. 303.

[410] Washington, on his arrival in Cambridge, recognized the services of Col. Joseph Ward, who at this time had borne an order from General Ward across Charlestown Neck amid the cross-fire of the British batteries, by giving him a brace of pistols, now preserved; and perhaps the only written order of the battlefield now remaining is a requisition by Jos. Ward for ammunition, which is given in fac-simile in _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 86, where are also other notes on Jos. Ward. Cf. also J. V. Cheney in _Scribner's Monthly_, xi. 424. Some memoranda respecting Joseph Ward are in the _Sparks MSS._ (LII. vol. iii.)

[411] Only one or two hundred people, out of a population of from two to three thousand, were now remaining in the town.

[412] Belknap (_Papers_, ii. 164) says the wind was southwest all day, and incommoded the British but not the intrenchment. There are some verses on the burning of Charlestown, attributed to Barlow. (Moore's _Songs and Ballads of the Amer. Rev._, 95.) For a supposed painting, see _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 86.

[413] Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_, 154; C. Hudson, in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Jan., 1880. He was killed by a negro. (Livermore's _Historical Research_, etc., p. 119.) His body was taken to Boston and buried under Christ Church. There is said to have been a blunder subsequently in taking the wrong body to England. Sargent's _Dealings with the Dead_, i. 54; Drake's _Landmarks of Boston_, 207.

[414] When Elisha Hutchinson, in London, heard of the battle, he said: "If every small hill or rising ground about Boston is to be recovered in the same way, I see no prospect of an end to the war." (P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_, p. 506.) Belknap (_Papers_, published by Mass. Hist. Soc., ii. 159) says the criticism on Howe for attacking in front was general. The royalist Jones, in his _New York during the Revolutionary War_ (i. 52), charges the British general with obstinacy in this respect. Lee (_Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department_, 2d ed., p. 33) traces Howe's subsequent timidity in his conduct of campaigns to the lesson this battle taught him.

[415] Their loss was 150 killed, 270 wounded, and 30 taken prisoners,—450 in all.

[416] Their loss was 224 killed and 830 wounded,—1,054 in all, of which 157 were officers.

[417] Jones (_N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 55, 555) is characteristic upon the double-faced spirit of New York at this time.

[418] The news of Bunker Hill reached Philadelphia in a vague way, June 22. The cannonade at Boston Neck during the battle had been magnified into a second fight going on at the same time at Dorchester Point. (Adams, _Familiar Letters_, 70.)

[419] Sparks, iii. 11.

[420] The provincial congress of New York assembled on the 22d of May, and it soon became evident that some violent wrenching would be necessary to unloose the grasp which the loyalists had upon it. The Johnsons, with their Indian affiliations, were strong royalists, and the leadership of the family, by the death of Sir William in July, 1774, fell to his son-in-law and nephew, Guy Johnson. The motives which actuated the one remained with the other.

[421] This elm, now going to decay, has been often pictured: _Amer. Mag._ (1837), iii. 432; _Harper's Monthly_, xxiv. 729; Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 410; _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 110, etc.; Von Hellwald's _Amerika in Wort und Bild_, i. 73.

On the 22d. of June, 1775, Hancock had written to Ward, transmitting his commission as first major-general, and next in command after Washington. He says of the new commander-in-chief, that "he takes his departure to-morrow morning from this city [Philadelphia] in order to enter upon his command. I the rather (he adds) mention the circumstance of his departure, that you may direct your movements for his reception." (_Ward MSS._, in Mass. Hist. Society.)

The assumption of command by Washington under this tree rests, so far as the writer knows, on tradition only, and he knows of no detail of the ceremonies given by contemporary evidence, though writers have much exercised their ingenuity in giving various attendant circumstances.

[422] Cf. Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 486.

[423] He held subsequent councils during the siege, at Cambridge, Aug. 3, Sept. 11, Oct. 8, Oct. 18, Jan. 16, 1776, Jan. 18, Feb. 16, and at Roxbury, Mar. 13. Copies of their proceedings are in the _Sparks MSS._ Minutes of Gates's speech at the council of war in Cambridge, Dec., 1775, in which he advised against an assault on Boston, are among the Gates papers (copied in _Sparks MSS._, xxii., and xxxix. 446).

[424] Washington complained that vessels cleared at New York with fresh provisions for the West Indies, and, when free of the harbor, steered for Boston. (N. Y. Arch., in _Sparks MSS._, no. xxix.)

[425] Cf. John Adams' _Works_, i. 245; ix. 358. See, on the Southern view of the North at this time, _Life of Chief Justice Parsons_, p. 40.

[426] Bancroft, orig. ed., viii. 26. Cf. John Adams's opinion, _Works_, ix. 362.

[427] Lee had his headquarters at one time at the Royall house, in Medford. Cf. Drake's _Landmarks of Middlesex_, ch. vi.; Lamb's _Homes of America_; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xi. 334. A paper on Lee, Gates, Stephen, and Darke as generals from the Shenandoah Valley, by J. E. Cooke, is in _Harper's Mag._, 1858, p. 500.

[428] Cf., for the letters and comment, Niles's _Principles and Acts_, 1876, p. 118; Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 498; Moore's _Diary_, 108; _Boston Evacuation Memorial_, p. 146; Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_, 172. The correspondence was soon printed, as _Letter from General Lee to General Burgoyne, with General Lee's answer, and the letter declining an interview_ (Boston, 1775). Cf. Haven, in Thomas, ii. p. 659. The letters are given in the _Lee Papers_ (_N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1871, pp. 180, 188, 222), and were translated into German and published at Braunschweig, 1777. (Sabin, iii. no. 5,259.) When Burgoyne sailed for England, Lee says, in a letter written from the camp at Winter Hill, Dec. 15, 1775: "I have written a parting letter to Burgoyne. It is in my opinion the most tolerable of my performances." _Sparks MSS._, xxvi.

It was Burgoyne's opinion at this time that no force which Great Britain and Ireland could supply would bring the war to a speedy conclusion; while he thought that hiring foreign troops, levying Canadians, and arming blacks and Indians, might do it. (Fonblanque, 153.) By July 3, Dartmouth had become aware that almost every colony had caught the flame, and he had deduced from Gage's letters that twenty thousand men would be required to reduce New England alone. Burgoyne soon began to chafe under Gage's inaction, and urged him to transfer the army to New York. (Fonblanque, p. 190.) He writes to the ministry about "being invested on one side and asleep on the other" (_Ibid._, p. 198), and says Gage is "amiable for his virtues, but not equal to the situation."

There is in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library (Misc. MSS., 1632-1795) a printed burlesque of a supposed battle of "Roxborough, July 19, 1775", which shows the drift of public satire.

[429] W. B. Reed thinks these letters on Washington's part the production of Colonel Reed. _Life of Jos. Reed_, i. 111.

[430] Sparks' _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 12.

[431] Sullivan writes to Schuyler from Winter Hill, Aug. 5, 1775: "Our enemies fear to come out, though we endeavor in every way to aggravate them."

[432] Of the attack at Stonington, Aug. 30, 1775, see _Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 298 and references.

[433] Draper's _Gazette_, of Sept. 21, had intimated that there was to be some faithlessness in the patriot party. Barry's _Mass._, ii. 48.

[434] Being carried to Connecticut, he sunk under his confinement, and was allowed to embark for the West Indies, but the vessel on which he sailed was never heard of. For the sources and their examination, see Sparks' _Washington_, iii. 115, 502; John Adams's _Works_, ii. 414; ix. 402; Wells's _Sam. Adams_, ii. 51, 333; Greene's _Life of Greene_, i. 120; Cowell's _Spirit of Seventy-Six in Rhode Island_; Bancroft, vi. 409; Chandler's _Criminal Trials_, i. 417; Frothingham's _Siege of Boston_, 258; Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_, 37, 40; _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 111, 145; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, June, 1884, p. 15; _Sparks MSS._, xlix. vol. i.; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 622; _New Jersey Archives_, x. 671. An exculpatory letter of Church, dated American Hospital, Sept. 14, 1775, is among the Sullivan papers (_Sparks MSS._, xx.)

[435] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 353.

[436] _Sparks MSS._ xlv. There is a list of his addressers (Oct. 6) in Curwen's _Journal_, p. 474.

[437] A letter from H. Jackson to John Langdon, describing the preparations (Sept. 3, 1775) is in the _Sparks MSS._, xlix., vol. 2.

[438] Mahon, vi. 74.

[439] Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 129, 145, 520; _Correspondence of the Rev._, i. 70, 71; _Genl. Mag._, 1775; Bailey's letter, in _Me. Hist. So. Coll._, v. 437. Washington, Oct. 24, 1775, transmits a statement (Oct 16) of Pearson Jones. (N. Y. Archives in _Sparks MSS._ xxix.). A letter of William Whipple, Nov. 12, 1775, to Langdon, describing the burning, is among the Langdon Papers, and a copy in the _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. ii.). There is a rude copperplate engraving of the burning town, by Norman, in the Boston ed. of the _Impartial Hist. of the War_ (1781), vol. ii. Cf. Williamson's _Maine_, ii. 422; William Goold's _Portland in the Past_ (1886), ch. 10; Willis's _Portland_, with plans and views; Smith and Deane's _Journal of Portland_; Jos. Williamson's _Belfast_; Barry's _Mass._, ii. 56; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1873, p. 256; _Hist. Mag._, Mar., 1869 (xv. 202); _Old Times_, vi. 823; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 633, 635. Hutchinson records (_Life and Diaries_, i. 583) that when the news reached London, Lord George Germain told him that "Graves had been put in mind of his remissness, and he imagined he would run to the other extreme." Cf. Mahon's _England_, vi. 75.

[440] Lynch, Franklin, and Harrison.

[441] _Heath MSS._, p. 3.

[442] Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 288, 297; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Dec., 1877, p. 390; _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 147 and references.

[443] Fac-simile of handbill printed to send among the royal troops to induce desertion. It follows an original in a volume of _Proclamations_ in the library of the Mass. Hist. Society. Cf. _Evacuation Memorial_.

[444] P. O. Hutchinson, 123.

[445] Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 141; _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 73; Quincy's _Life of J. Quincy, Jr._, 412.

[446] Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 113. Gage had, as early as July 14, 1775, pronounced Boston a "disadvantageous place for all operations", and expressed a preference for New York as a base of operations. The government had advised (Sept. 5, 1775) Howe to abandon the town. Before Howe, perhaps, got this, Gage wrote to Dartmouth that "the possession of Boston occasions a considerable diversion of the enemy's force; but it is open to attacks on many sides, and requires a large body to defend it." In November Howe had made up his mind that he must winter, at least, in Boston. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 353, 354, 356.) The Secretary of War, as early as Nov. 12, 1774, had urged that Boston was a place where the royal troops could do little good, and might do much harm. (_Life of Barrington_, 140.)

[447] Dr. Peter Oliver wrote (Nov. 27) from Boston: "The pirates, or, as the rebels term them, the privateers, have taken a Cork vessel, Captain Robbins, of this town, with provisions, and carried her into Marblehead; and a number of wood vessels from the eastward are carried into the worthless town of Plymouth." P. O. Hutchinson, i. p. 571. Again, Dec. 7, he writes: "We have eight or ten pirate vessels out between the capes; and yet our men-of-war are chiefly in the harbor." _Ibid._, p. 581. Admiral Graves was as inactive as Gage, and, on Dec. 30, Admiral Shuldham arrived with orders to relieve him. Percy, writing from Boston of the new admiral, says: "We wanted a more active man than the last, for really the service suffered materially during his stay." (_Percy Letters_, in Boston Pub. Library.) Curwen records how matters at this time were regarded in London: "Their [the rebels'] activity and success is astonishing."

[448] She reached Cambridge Dec. 11.

[449] Adams's _Works_, ix. 270, 369. Burgoyne was soon too distant for the implied blow. He sailed for England Dec. 5.

[450] See the rolls in the State House in Boston, and _N. H. Rev. Rolls_, i. 240. Cf. _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 675-681.

[451] There is in a volume of _Misc. MSS._, 1632-1795, in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library, an agreement to release Andrew Richman, who had joined the regiment after the suppression of the rebellion,—signed by John Small, major of brigade.

[452] _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 77.

[453] It will be recollected that independence had not yet been declared.

[454] Percy wrote from Boston, January 7, 1776: "I take it for granted that the next campaign will be so active and, I hope, so decisive a one, that the rebels will be glad to sue for mercy. All, however, will depend on our having a sufficient force sent us out very early in the spring.... Brig. Gen. Grant directs our commander-in-chief and all his operations. Mr. Howe is, I think, the only one here in his army who does not perceive it. I wish from my soul that we may not feel the consequences." (_Percy Letters._) Hutchinson was writing in January, 1776, from London: "I count the days, and absurd as it is so near the close of life, I can hardly help wishing to sleep away the time between this and spring, that I may escape the succession of unfortunate events which I am always in fear of." (P. O. Hutchinson, vol. ii.)

[455] Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 223.

[456] Moore's _Diary of the Rev._, i. 193, 199.

[457] Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 230; _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 106, 112; John Adams's _Works_, ix. 370.

[458] Lee's instructions in Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 230. Cf. Duer's _Stirling_, p. 123; Johnston's _Campaign of 1776_, p. 49; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 570, 593.

[459] Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 124, 135, 139; _Life of Gouverneur Morris_, i. 74-88. Already, on Jan. 6, 1776, the provincial congress of New York had organized a company of artillery to defend the colony and guard its records; and March 14, 1776, a student in King's College was made its captain. That organization still exists as Battery F, Fourth Regiment U. S. Artillery. (Asa Bird Gardner, in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, 1881, P. 416.)

[460] Letters to and from Lee during his movements from Connecticut to Charleston (S. C.) are in the Lee Papers. (_Sparks MSS._, xxv., January, 1776-July, 1776, for copies, and _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1871 and 1872, for the print. There are letters from Lee during Jan.-March, 1776, from Connecticut and New York, in the _Sparks MSS._ xxix.) Cf. Sparks's _Gouv. Morris_, i. ch. 5.

[461] _Works_, ii. 431.

[462] Knox's instructions are in Sparks's _Washington_, iii. p. 160; Knox's letters from the Lake, in the _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 86, 94.

Knox's diary is in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1876, p. 321; and an inventory of the cannon, made Dec. 10, 1775, is in Drake's _Soc. of Cincinnati_, p. 544. Cf. Drake's _Knox_, pp. 22, 128, 129. A roll of men whom Knox enlisted in his artillery, 1775, is in _Mass. Archives; Rev. Rolls_, vol. xlix.

[463] N. Y. Archives in _Sparks MSS._, no. xxix. Curiously enough, Franklin was at this time urging a resort to bows and arrows. (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1871, p. 285.)

[464] His headquarters here were in the Roxbury parsonage, a house still standing, and delineated in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 115. On the 2d of March Washington gave notice to Ward, then commanding in Roxbury, of his intention. His letter in fac-simile is given in the _Boston Daily Advertiser_, March 17, 1876.

[465] Burgoyne had suggested the occupation of these heights by the British very soon after the battle of Bunker Hill. Fonblanque, p. 150. Clinton says (_Notes on Stedman_) that he had told Gage and Howe, in June, 1775, that if ever the royal army was forced to evacuate Boston, it would be owing to the rebels getting possession of Dorchester Heights. What is given in T. C. Simond's _South Boston_, p. 31, as "a plan of Dorchester Neck for the use of the British army", seems to be but an extract from Pelham's Map.

[466] _Heath's Papers_ (MSS.), i. 180.

[467] See Washington's letters on the occupation of Dorchester Heights and its effect, in Sparks, iii. 302, 311. Cf. _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 86; Mary Cone's _Life of Rufus Putnam_ (Cleveland, 1886) p. 45.

[468] Hutchinson says the list which reached England showed 938 souls. (P. O. Hutchinson, ii. 61.) On Nov. 20, 1775, Lieut.-Gov. Oliver wrote that there were 2,000 loyalists in Boston, men, women, and children, and that Boston had then 3,500 inhabitants, instead of the 15,000 properly belonging to it.

[469] _Mem. of Josiah Quincy, Jr._, 416.

[470] These before long were gone. Jones (_N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 54), referring to the captures after the British left Boston harbor, says: "One or two frigates stationed in the bay would have prevented all this mischief. But a fatality, a kind of absurdity, or rather stupidity, marked every action of the British commanders-in-chief during the whole of the American war."

[471] Nearly eighty armed vessels and transports were necessary to carry the army and its followers, but a large number of other vessels loaded with merchandise accompanied the fleet. Abigail Adams counted 170 sail in all, from her home in Braintree. Washington had supposed they would steer for New York, and so had warned the New York authorities as early as March 9. (N. Y. Archives, in _Sparks MSS._, no. xxix.) Cf. his letter to Stirling of March 14. (Duer's _Stirling_, p. 143.)

[472] A small number of General Ward's papers, given by Mrs. Barrell, a granddaughter, are in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society. Ward resigned April 12, 1776, and Hancock's reply to him of April 26 is among these, as are also sundry papers pertaining to his retention of the command of the Eastern department after Washington went to New York. Cf. a paper on Ward in _Scribner's Monthly_, xi. p. 712. A letter of Ward's, April 16, 1776, describing the army's condition, is in the Mass. Archives, and is copied in the _Sparks MSS._, vol. lx. There is an engraving of Ward, after an original picture in Irving's _Washington_, illus. ed., ii. Cf. also picture in A. H. Ward's _Hist. of Shrewsbury, Mass._; and _Memorial Hist. of Boston_, vol. iii.

[473] _Mem. of Josiah Quincy, Jr._, p. 417.

[474] Edmund Quincy's letter in _N. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg._, 1859, p. 233.

[475] For the Mugford affair, see Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 204; Moore's _Diary_, i. 244.

[476] _Secret Journals of Congress_, i. 19.

[477] John Adams understood these sectional difficulties. _Works_, ix. 367. Cf., on the New England distrust of Schuyler, Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 535. Bancroft says of Schuyler that he was "choleric and querulous, and was ill suited to control undisciplined levies of turbulent freemen." Schuyler, who was honest and uncompromisingly zealous, is defended in Lossing's _Life of Schuyler_, where (vol. ii. 27) Bancroft's assertion (original ed., viii. 423) that Schuyler "refused to go into Canada" is controverted on the ground that Congress declined to accept Schuyler's resignation, when ill-health prevented his leading the army. Bancroft, in his final revision (iv. 377), says of Schuyler that he owned himself unable to manage the men of Connecticut, and proposed to resign. The differences between Schuyler and Wooster have led to much championing of the two by writers of New York and Connecticut. Wooster, a man now of sixty-five years, austere in habit, could hardly be expected to commend himself to one of Schuyler's temperament. Cf. Hollister's _Connecticut_.

[478] Hinman's _Conn. in the Rev._, p. 571; Guy Johnson's despatch to Dartmouth, Oct. 12, 1775, in _Canadian Antiquarian_, iv. 25, 135.

[479] Moore's _Diary of the Rev._, i. 153, 158; Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 471; Allen's own _Narrative_; Lossing in _Harper's Monthly_, xvii. 721. Cf. Warner's letter of Sept. 27, in the _Sparks MSS._, xlix. vol. 2.

[480] On November 3, the colors taken at Chamblée were hung up in Mrs. Hancock's chamber at Philadelphia.

[481] Silas Deane seems to have comprehended something of the intractable quality of Wooster (_Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 288.)

[482] Parton's _Burr_, i. 68.

[483] Niles's _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 461; Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 92; Henry's _Journal_ (1877), p. 5.

[484] This rear division was under Colonel Enos.

[485] Parton's _Burr_, i. 71. Cf. "Burr as a Soldier", in _Hist. Mag._, xix. 385 (June, 1871).

[486] Burr was near by. Parton's _Burr_, i. 75. See the denial of the statement that Burr endeavored to carry off the body of Montgomery, in _Hist. Mag._, ii. 264. Cf. Lossing in _Ibid._, xiv. 272; and General Cullum's note in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, April, 1884, p. 294. Trumbull, in his picture of the death of Montgomery (Hinton's _United States_, i. 233, and other places), represents Burr supporting the falling hero. _Catal. of Paintings by Colonel Trumbull_ (N. Y., 1838), p. 14. The attack was premature. _N. H. State Papers_, viii. 351.

[487] Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 134.

[488] They were accompanied by the Rev. John Carroll, a Catholic priest and brother of Charles, of whom there is a _Biographical Sketch_ by Brent.

[489] Percy got the news at Halifax in this fashion (June 1, 1776): "So precipitate was their retreat that whole companies flung away even their arms. Nay, they left their pots boiling, so that the king's troops sat down and ate their dinners from them." (_Letters in Boston Public Library._)

[490] There is a likeness of Thomas, owned by Mrs. Williams, of New York, a descendant. This portrait was engraved for the illustrated edition of Irving's _Washington_, and is reproduced in Jones's _Campaign for the Conquest of Canada_, p. 52. There is a brief memoir, _Life and Services of Maj.-Gen. John Thomas, compiled by Chas. Coffin_ (New York, 1844). In July, 1775, Thomas had been justly irritated at the irresponsible action of Congress in ranking the general officers of its appointment, and had only been prevented from resigning by Washington's urging him to pause. W. B. Reed, in his _Life of Joseph Reed_ (i. 109), prints this appeal of Washington from the draft in Reed's handwriting.

[491] Greaton writes to Heath, July 31, 1776, from Ticonderoga: "We have got out of Canada very well considering the situation we were in; but happy would it have been for us if we had retreated three weeks sooner. We are fortifying as fast as we can; the men in very low spirits." (_Heath MSS._, i. 306. Cf. Adams, _Familiar Letters_, p. 195.)

[492] They are traced in Bancroft, orig. ed., viii. 373.

[493] Rives's _Madison_, i. 102.

[494] Moore's _Diary of the Rev._, i. p. 160; Niles, _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 286; Force's _Archives_, iii. 1385; Geo. Livermore's _Historical Research_, p. 134; Rives's _Madison_, i. 117.

[495] Moore's _Diary_, i. 179. Dawson, _Battles_, gives contemporary reports (i. 121, 125); Maxwell's _Virginia Register_, vol. vi. p. 1.

[496] Moore's _Diary of the Rev._, i. 189. There are in the _Sparks MSS._, no. xxxviii., various letters in 1775 and 1776 respecting Lord Dunmore's proceeding in Norfolk, and, after Aug., 1776, in New York. A letter in Nov., 1775, shows that he had given orders to raise a regiment of savages, to be called "Lord Dunmore's own regiment of Indians." On the other hand, Arthur Lee was making interest with Vergennes in Paris, to secure ammunition for Virginia. _Calendar Lee MSS._, p. 7, no. 65. An _Orderly book of that portion of the American Army near Williamsburg, Va., under Gen. Andrew Lewis, Mar. 18 to Aug. 28, 1776_ (Richmond, 1860), with notes by C. Campbell, covers some of the patriots' movements at this time.

[497] Husband of Flora Macdonald. Cf. _The Autobiography of Flora Macdonald, being the home life of a heroine, edited by her granddaughter_, Edinburgh, 1870; London,1875; _Bentley's Mag._, xix. 325; _Amer. Hist. Record_, i. 109, etc.; Mrs. Ellet's _Women of the Rev._, ii. 142.

[498] David L. Swain published a paper on "the British invasion of North Carolina in 1776" in the _University Magazine_ (Chapel Hill, N. C.), which was afterwards included in W. D. Cooke's _Rev. Hist. of North Carolina_ (1853). Cf. Dawson's _Battles_, i. 128, with the official documents; Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, ii. App.; Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 502; _Harper's Mag._, lx. 682; Gay, _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 465; Mrs. Ellet's _Women_, etc., i. 316; the Tory account in Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 95; and an _Address on the battle of Moore's Creek bridge, Feb. 27, 1857, by Joshua G. Wright_ (Wilmington, N. C., 1857).

[499] _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 161; _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1871, p. 343. It seems to have been the determination in March to send him north. Adams, _Familiar Letters_, p. 135.

[500] Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 485, etc.

[501] _Corresp. of the Rev._, ii. 501. Cf. Lee Papers in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1872, and _Sparks MSS._, no. xxv.

[502] Letter of W. A. Hyrne in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, April, 1870, p. 254; and one of Jacob Morris, June 10, noting preparations, in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1875, p. 435. Lee had at first wished to abandon the fort. _Ibid._, 1872, p. 221.

[503] It was the favorable report of a reconnoitering vessel sent from Cape Fear to Charleston that induced Clinton to attack Charleston instead of joining Howe at once. P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_, ii. 96.

[504] See an account of the effects of the fort's fire given by some Americans who had been captured at sea, and escaped. (_N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1872, p. 111.)

[505] Jones (_N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 100), without recognizing the conditions, is very severe on Clinton for his failure to coöperate. Cf. Johnston's _Observations on Jones_, p. 67.

[506] McCall's _Georgia_, p. 393.

[507] _Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill_, edited by James M. Bugbee (Boston, 1875).

[508] This was first printed in the _Essex Institute Hist. Coll._, i. p. 2. Cf. _Ibid._, xviii. 190. Gage's account to Dartmouth is in _Mass. Hist. Society Proc._, xiv. 348. Cf. further, _Memorial Services at the Centennial Anniversary of Leslie's Expedition to Salem_ (Salem, 1875), including addresses by G. B. Loring and others; O. Pickering's _Life of Timothy Pickering_, i. ch. 4; Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 379; F. Moore's _Diary of the Rev._, i. 27, etc.

[509] On Cliff Street, between Fulton Street and Maiden Lane, where several of the British troops were beaten and disarmed, but none killed, Jan. 19-20, 1770. Cf. H. B. Dawson in _Historical Mag._, iv. 202, 233, and (best account) xv. p. 1; Leake's _Gen. Lamb_, p. 57.

[510] Cf. the histories of Vermont; _Hist. Mag._, iii. 133; Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 271. See further on these preliminary acts of violence, Potter's _Amer. Monthly_, April, 1875; Seba Smith in _Godey's Mag._, xxii. 257; Moore's _Diary of the Amer. Rev._, i. 50.

[511] General Carrington has recast his narrative in his _Boston and New York, 1775 and 1776, historical papers from the Bay State Monthly_ (Boston, 1884).

[512] Gay, _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. ch. 16; Barry, _Mass._, iii. ch. 2, with notes; _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii., where the chapter on the siege is written by Edward E. Hale (cf. also his _Hundred Years Ago_); Paige, _Hist. of Cambridge_; Drake, _Hist. of Roxbury_; Clapp, _Hist. of Dorchester_; Symonds, _Hist. of South Boston_; Lossing, _Field-Book of the Revolution_, i.; A. B. Muzzey, _Reminiscences and Memorials of Men of the Revolution_ (Boston, 1883); H. E. Scudder in _Atlantic Monthly_, April, 1876.

[513] By Marshall and Irving, in particular. Something may be added by the memoirs of Putnam, Heath (with also his diary as printed in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, May, 1859), Greene, Wilkinson, Knox, John Sullivan, John Thomas, Wm. Hull, Col. John Trumbull, with lives of such civilians as Dr. John Warren and Elbridge Gerry.

[514] Reed's letters from the camp during the summer of 1775 are in the _Life of Joseph Reed_, i. 116, etc., as well as those of Washington (p. 125, etc.) to Reed during the autumn and winter, after the departure of the latter. Sparks thought these letters of Washington the most imperfect he had seen, being written in great haste and confidence. Sparks printed them in part. Reed gives them at length. Washington's letters to Reed from the Cambridge camp make 20 of the 51 letters constituting the lot of his correspondence with Reed, which, having passed from Mr. William B. Reed to Mr. Menzies, was sold at the latter's sale (no. 2,051), and was again sold in the J. J. Cooke sale ($2,250) in Dec., 1883, when they passed into the Carter-Brown library. The _Cooke Catalogue_ (pp. 340-349) describes them mainly as Mr. Reed prepared the statement, and they are commented on in the _No. Am. Rev._, July, 1852, p. 203, and in Irving's _Washington_, ii. 178. The original draft of Washington's letter to his officers, Sept. 8, 1775, asking their views respecting a boat attack on Boston, is among them (_Cooke Catal._, p. 342), while a fair copy in Washington's hand, as addressed to Ward, is among the Ward MSS. in the Mass. Hist. Society's library. It is printed in Sparks, iii. 80.

[515] There is necessarily much in the _Mass. Archives_. Cf. _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 118.

[516] Lossing's _Field-Book_, vol. i.; Lossing's _Schuyler_, i. ch. 26; Stone's introd. to Thayer's _Journal_, and the references given by that editor, p. v.

[517] On the "Canada Campaign."

[518] The manuscript is in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society. Cf. _Worcester Mag._, i. 202.

[519] The tower upon which the lanterns were hung is a matter of dispute, Revere's "North Church" being considered by some to have been the church in North Square, Boston, pulled down by the British during the siege, and by others the present Christ Church, and it is upon the latter that the tourist to-day is shown an inscription identifying that building with the event. Richard Frothingham, in a letter to the mayor of Boston, called _The alarm on the night of April 18, 1775_ (Boston, 1876, 2nd ed., 1877) protested against this act, and wrote in favor of the church in North Square. The other alternative was upheld by the Rev. John Lee Watson in a letter to the _Boston Daily Advertiser_, July 20, 1876, and this was printed separately in 1877 as _Paul Revere's Signal, with remarks by Charles Deane_, and in a second edition with an additional letter in 1880. (Cf. _Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc._, Nov., 1876.) This second letter was mainly in answer to William W. Wheildon's _History of Paul Revere's Signal Lanterns_ (Concord, 1878), in which, while accepting the Christ Church theory, it was claimed that Robert Newman was the person who showed the lanterns, and not John Pulling, as averred by Mr. Watson (cf. note in Everett's _Orations_, i. p. 101). Mr. Deane had shown that, both before and after the destruction of the church in North Square, Christ Church had been called the North Church; while the earliest use of that designation for the latter building seems to have been in one of Dr. Stiles's almanacs in 1754, where he speaks of "Dr. Cutler's _alias_ North, _alias_ Christ Church." (_Atlantic Monthly_, Aug., 1884, p. 256.) E. G. Porter's _Rambles in Old Boston, N. E._, favors Christ Church.

Among the more general histories, the fullest account of this ride can be found in S. A. Drake's _Middlesex County_, i. ch. 16.

Mr. E. H. Goss printed a paper on Revere in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Jan., 1886, p. 3, giving, among other cuts, a view of his birthplace(?) in North Square, in Boston. There is a portrait of him, with a note on other likenesses, in _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 69. Cf. also T. W. Higginson in _Harper's Monthly_, Oct., 1883, and his _Larger Hist. of the U. S._

[520] Boston, 1878,—one hundred copies privately printed.

[521] The entire series (twenty in number) is printed in Force's _American Archives_, 4th ser., ii. 490, _et seq._; Shattuck's _History of Concord_, pp. 342, _et seq._; _Journal of second continental congress_, pp. 79, _et seq._; and portions of it are given in Frothingham's _Siege of Boston_, pp. 367, _et seq._; _Remembrancer_, 1775, i. 35, _et seq._; _London Chronicle_, June 1, 1775; also in various Boston newspapers of the time. They were also printed in a tract without imprint, _Affidavits and depositions relative to the commencement of hostilities at Concord and Lexington, April 19, 1775_. They were again issued by Isaiah Thomas, at Worcester, in a _Narrative of the incursions and ravages of the King's troops on the nineteenth of April_ (Haven, in Thomas, ii. p. 661); again at Boston, in 1779 (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xiv. 204). Dawson (i. 23) prints some of the depositions, and so does Hinman in his _Connecticut during the Revolution_, App. Governor Franklin, of New Jersey, transmitted copies to Dartmouth (_N. Jersey Archives_, x. 612). Lieut. E. T. Gould, of the King's Own, captured by the provincials, testified that he "could not exactly say which fired first."

[522] Sparks says (_Sparks MSS._, no. xxxii., vol. ii.): "In the public offices in London, I saw several papers respecting [Lexington], and particularly about the arrival of Captain Derby and the intelligence he brought. He was examined by order of the ministers, and he seems to have acted a bold part in circulating the intelligence.... In the first dispatch to General Gage he was censured for not sending the particulars immediately, and ordered to keep a packet in constant readiness."

[523] P. O. Hutchinson, 436.

[524] These depositions of the combatants, thus falling among Arthur Lee's papers, were finally separated in a strange division, by the younger R. H. Lee, who gave a part to Harvard College and a part to the University of Virginia. Cf. _Calendar of the Lee MSS. in Harvard University Library_, p. 6; Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 35.

[525] _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, May, 1883, vol. ix; Mahon, vi., App. p. xxvii.

[526] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 343, 349; Hudson's _Lexington_, 249; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1857, p. 165.

[527] Sabin, viii 33,030. This money was later paid to Dr. Franklin, and by him, in October, to a committee of the Mass. assembly. Sparks's _Franklin_, iii. 134.

[528] Frothingham's _Siege of Boston_, 86; Sparks's _Washington_, iii 512. In the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, May, 1876 (vol. xiv, p. 349), is Percy's report to Gage, April 20, 1775, and Smith's, of April 22 (p. 350),—both from the Public Record Office. Cf. _Sparks MSS._, xxxii., vol. i., and the Appendix to Lord Mahon's _Hist. of England_, vol. vi. The government's bulletin, dated Whitehall, June 10, 1775, as printed in the _London Gazette_, is given in Dawson, i. 26. For the effect of the news in England, see Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 342.

[529] One of these despatches, dated Watertown, April 19, endorsed by the officers of the towns through which it had passed, is printed in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Oct., 1873, p. 434. It is pointed out in Greene's _Life of Nathanael Greene_ (i. 77), how the news affected Rhode Island. The confused statements which reached Connecticut can be seen in the Deane Correspondence in the _Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 218, and in the broadside _Letter of James Lockwood and Isaac Bears, dated Wallingford, April 24, 1775, respecting the Battle near Winter Hill, in which Lord Percy was killed_. The news reached New York, Sunday, April 23, and the response was sudden. Vessels loaded for Boston were seized; arsenals were taken in charge, and cannon planted at Kingsbridge (Dawson's _Battles_, i. 130, and his _Westchester County during the Amer. Rev._, Morrisania, 1886, p. 75; Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 328; Leake's _Lamb_, 101; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Apr., 1882, p. 283). Governor Colden describes the effects in his despatch to Dartmouth (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, viii. 571). Jones, in his _New York during the Rev. War_ (i. 39, 497), gives a curiously perverted story, saying, among other things, that the British muskets were unloaded when the Americans attacked them at Lexington, and describes the stormy meeting of the governor's council in the afternoon. From New Jersey, Governor Franklin wrote to Dartmouth May 6, and June 5 and 7. (_New Jersey Archives_, x. 590, 601, 642.) The tidings reached Philadelphia April 24, and the original endorsed despatch is in the Pennsylvania Hist. Soc. library. (_N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1864, p. 23; Hazard's _Reg. of Penna._, iii. 175, Christopher Marshall's _Diary_, p. 18.) In the second week in May the news reached Western Pennsylvania, and the resolutions which were passed at Hannastown were drawn by St. Clair (_St. Clair Papers_, i. 363). It reached Williamsburg, Va., April 29 (Moore's _Diary_, i. 75.) It came to Kentucky just as the settlers were founding a town, and they named it Lexington. (Winthrop's _Speeches_, 1878, etc., p 106.) A despatch which was written at Wallingford, Conn., April 24, embodying the reports which had reached that point, and representing that both the American commander and Lord Percy had been killed, was sent South, receiving endorsements as it passed along, and reached Charleston, S. C., May 10 6.30 P.M. It is given in R. W. Gibbs's _Doc. Hist. of the Amer. Rev._, pp. 82-91. (See broadside mentioned above.) A military company, the Fusiliers, was at once formed, and its roll and career are registered in the _Charleston Year Book_, 1885, p. 342.

For the effect of Lexington and Concord upon the other colonies, see, beside Bancroft and the other general histories, Stuart's _Jonathan Trumbull_; Moore's _Diary_, i. 77; John Dickinson's Letter in Lee's _Arthur Lee_, ii. 307; Lossing's _Philip Schuyler_, i. 307.

[530] This was reprinted in Nathaniel Low's _Astronomical Diary or Almanac_ (Boston), 1776; in George's _Cambridge Almanac_, 1776 and in Stearns's _North Amer. Almanac_ (Boston), 1776. It is substantially included with additions and abridgments in Gordon's _History of the Amer. Revolution_, and can be found in Force's _Amer. Archives_.

[531] Cf. Dawson's _Battles of the United States_, i.; Frank Moore's _Diary of the Amer. Revolution_, i. 63; Niles's _Principles and Acts of the Revolution_; L. Lyons's _Mil. Journals of two private soldiers, 1758-1775_ (Poughkeepsie, 1855), with notes by Lossing, and an App. of "official papers" (Field, _Indian Bibliog._, 963; Sabin, x. 42,860); a letter by John Andrews in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, July, 1865, p. 403; one by Dr. Foster (?) of Charleston, in _Ibid._ (April, 1870), xi. 306; and others by D. Greene in xiii. 57, and by Jos. Greene in xiii. 59. Cf. also letter of Jos. Thaxter in _Hist. Mag._, xv. 206; and one by Alex. Scammell in _Ibid._, xviii. 141. A significant handbill was issued at the time, with a row of coffins at the head, called _Bloody Butchery by the British Troops_. The narrative had before appeared in the _Salem Gazette_ for April 21, 25, and May 5, which, with an elegy and a list of the killed and wounded, constituted this broadside as printed at Salem. It was reproduced a few years since in fac-simile. The _Essex Gazette_ and the _Worcester Spy_ (May 3) also contained accounts. Thaddeus Blood, of Concord, jotted down at some later period his recollections which, found among his papers, were printed in the _Boston Daily Advertiser_, April 20, 1886.

[532] Clark's is appended to a discourse which he delivered on the first anniversary in 1776, and this was reprinted in 1875. It was also reprinted in the _Massachusetts Mag._, 1794. Emerson's, which makes three pages of an interleaved almanac (which was in the possession of his grandson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, when the fac-simile was made, which is here followed, so far as the first page goes), was first printed by R. W. Emerson in his _Historical Discourse_ in 1835 (republished in 1875), and again in the _American Historical Magazine and Literary Record_, New Haven, 1836. Other early anniversary sermons add little or nothing to our knowledge; such are Samuel Cooke's _The violent destroyed and oppressed delivered_ (Lexington, 1777, but printed in Boston, 1777), and Philip Payson's sermon, also at Lexington, in 1782. Sermons were preached at Concord from 1776 to 1783; the series is in the Mass. Hist. Society's library. A sermon preached by John Langdon, at Watertown, May 31, 1775, refers to the fight. This is reprinted in J. W. Thornton's _Pulpit of the Amer. Revolution_.

[533] _Memoirs of Maj.-Gen. William Heath, containing anecdotes, details of skirmishes, battles, and other military events during the American War, written by Himself_ (Boston, 1798). Accounts by those who knew the actors intimately are in Mercy Warren's _Hist. of the Amer. Revolution_ (1805), and in James Thacher's _Military Journal_ (1823).

[534] _Works_, ii. p. 406.

[535] We have brief records of other observers of the after-appearances in Dr. McClure's diary and in Madam Winthrop's letter. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1875, vol. xiv. p. 28; 1878, vol. xvi. p. 157.)

[536] This letter is in the _Trumbull MSS._, iv. p. 77.

[537] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 351. There are two or three copies of this broadside in the library of this society, and it is reproduced somewhat smaller in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 73, and is reprinted in the Society's _Collections_, xii.; and in Wm. Lincoln's ed. of the _Journals of the Provincial Congresses_ (Boston, 1838). There is in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library a printed broadside containing Governor Trumbull's letter to Gage, dated at Hartford, April 28, 1775, sent by a committee of the Connecticut assembly, and also Gage's reply of May 3, 1775, in which he characterizes his _Circumstantial Account_ in the language quoted in the text. He also tells Trumbull that the royal troops "disclaim with indignation the barbarous outrages of which they are accused, so contrary to their known humanity. I have taken the greatest pains (he adds) to discover if any were committed, and have found examples of their tenderness both to the young and the old, but no vestige of cruelty or barbarity."

[538] This name, probably by a typographical error, appears in some of the contemporary accounts as Berni_cre_, and this mistake has been followed by various later writers. The pamphlet is called _Instructions of 22 Feb. 1775 to Capt. Brown and Ensign de Berniere ... and an account of their doings in consequence of further orders to proceed to Concord. Also an Account of the Transactions of the British troops from their march from Boston, April 18, till their retreat back, April 19, 1775, and a return of killed and wounded_ (Boston, 1779, 20 pp.). There is a copy in the Boston Pub. Library. Cf. Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 658.

[539] There is also a table of casualties at Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill, in the _Hist. of the War in America_ (Dublin, 1779-1785). On the provincial side there is a list of casualties (forty-nine killed, thirty-nine wounded, and five missing,—ninety-three in all) of the 19th April given in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xviii.; Frothingham's _Siege of Boston_, 80; Dawson's _Battles_, etc.; Hudson's _Lexington_, p. 211; Everett's _Orations_, i. 562; Wm. Lincoln's ed. of the _Journals of the Provincial Congresses_ (Boston, 1838). The names of the men who were on duty on that day are in what are called the Lexington alarm rolls in the State Archives (_Revolutionary Rolls_, vols. xi., xii., and xiii.). The histories of towns which sent companies usually print such lists, as the _Hist. of Sutton_, p. 783, etc. The losses of property sustained by Lexington during the day, as figured in 1780, is given in the _Mass. Archives_, cxxxviii. p. 410; and the Report of the Committee of the Provincial Congress on the losses along the line of march is given in Wm. Lincoln's ed. of the _Journals of the Prov. Congresses_ (Boston, 1838). This report makes the damage done by the king's troops in Concord, £274 16_s._ 7_d._; in Lexington, £1,716 1_s._5_d._, and in Cambridge, £1,2O2 8_s._ 7_d._; total, £3,193 6_s._ 7_d._ In Oct., 1775, a committee of Congress—Silas Deane, John Adams, and George Wyeth—were addressing letters to get information respecting extent of losses inflicted by the ministerial troops. One of these, addressed to Ezra Stiles, is in _Letters and Papers_, 1761-1776 (MSS. in Mass. Hist. Soc.).

[540] Incidental British accounts are given in Donkin's _Military Collections_ (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 74); in G. D. Scull's _Memoir and letters of Capt. Evelyn of the King's Own_, 1774-76, Oxford, 1779, privately printed, 200 copies (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 56), and the later _Evelyns in America_, pp. 161, 263, 277, 299, 303; in _Detail and Conduct of the Amer. War_, p. 9; in Force's _Amer. Archives_.

Capt. George Harris, of the fifth regiment, lost half his company in covering the retreat, and describes his perils in a letter in S. R. Lushington's _Life and Services of General Lord Harris_ (London, 1840). A letter from Boston, July 5, 1775, is in _A view of the Evidence relative to the Conduct of the American War_, 1779. Cf. Duncan's _Royal Artillery_, 3d ed., ii. 302.

[541] _Siege of Boston_, 63.

[542] _Hist. of Lexington_, 225.

[543] Stedman, who was not present, and most British writers, say the Americans fired first, as did Pitcairn, whose representations, as reported by Stiles in his diary, are given by Frothingham (p. 62), and by Irving (_Life of Washington_, i. 393). One tory, on talking with the British soldiers afterwards, was satisfied that they were the aggressors. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiii. 60.) Hudson, in a paper on Pitcairn in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvii. 318, examines the question. (Cf. Frothingham's _Warren_, 488; _Evelyns in America_, 299, 303; Mahon's _England_, vi. 36.) A deposition of one Sylvanus Wood, taken in 1826, says that the stories in this country of the Americans firing first were started long after the event. Dawson (i. 22) prints this document.

[544] Reprinted in 1875 at Boston. The literary sources with interest centering in Lexington are Edward Everett's address in 1835 (_Orations_, i. 526), where he noted (p. 561) the survivors of Captain Parker's company taking part in the celebration; Everett's _Mount Vernon Papers_, no. 47; _Hudson's Hist. of Lexington_, ch. 6, and his Abstract (1876); _Harper's Magazine_, vol. xx.; R. H. Dana's Address in 1875; C. Hudson's and E. G. Porter's _Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration_, 1875; The _Centennial Souvenir of 1775_; Henry Westcott's _Lexington Centennial Sermons_ (1875); A. B. Muzzey's _Battle of Lexington_ (_New Eng. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Oct., 1877, and separately, 1877); E. S. Thomas's _Reminiscences of the last Sixty Years, commencing with the battle of Lexington_ (Hartford, 1840); William D. Howells's _Three Villages_; Poole's _Index_, under "Lexington." See Mr. R. C. Winthrop's remarks on Chas. Hudson in _Mass. Hist. Proc._, xviii. 418; cf. also _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1881, p. 395, and _Worcester Soc. of Antiq. Proc._, 1881, p. 46.

Geo. W. Curtis made the oration in 1875, and J. R. Lowell's ode is printed in _Atlantic Monthly_, June, 1875. The town of Concord printed in 1875 an account of its centennial celebration. Cf. Poole's _Index_, under "Concord."

The orations of 1875 at Concord and Lexington, with an account of the celebration, are given in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Oct., 1875; and there are additional particulars in the reports of the two towns for 1875-1876.

[545] This was reissued in 1832,—both editions at Concord, and the side of that town was again espoused by Lemuel Shattuck, in his _History of Concord_, whose views were, however, examined in the _North American Review_, vol. xlii. (Cf. notice of Shattuck in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Apr., 1860.)

Among the literary sources with their interest centering in Concord may be named Edward Everett's oration in 1825 (_Orations_, i. p. 73); Grindall Reynolds in _Unitarian Review_, April, 1875, and his chapter xvii. in Drake's _Middlesex County_; Frederic Hudson's illustrated paper in _Harper's Mag._ (May, 1875).

[546] For Acton,—the _Centennial Address_ of Josiah Adams (1835), and his _Letter_ to Shattuck (1850); James T. Woodbury's _Speech_ in the Massachusetts Legislature (1851) for a bill to erect a monument to Capt. Davis, killed at the North Bridge. Cf. a pamphlet by Rufus Hosmer, of Stowe (1833).

For Danvers,—D. P. King's _Address_ on the seven young men of Danvers slain at Lexington (Salem, 1835).

For West Cambridge,—J. A. Smith's _West Cambridge on the 19th of April, 1775_ (Boston, 1864).

For Cambridge,—Rev. Alexander Mackenzie's address in 1870, when the bodies of some "men of Cambridge", who fell Apr. 19, 1775, were reinterred in the old burying-ground, where a monument now marks the spot.

For Bedford,—notice of the flag borne by the company from this town in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Dec., 1885, and Jan., 1886. This flag, which is still preserved, bore a device very like that made in England for the Massachusetts Three County Troop, an organization which existed from 1659 to 1690. It is probable that this flag had been used in earlier wars. (Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, xxv. 138.)

Cf. also Perley's _Hist. of Boxford_, ch. x.; _Hist. of Sutton_, p. 783; S. A. Drake's _Middlesex County_; and Wheildon's _New Chapter in the History of Concord Fight_ (for Groton). The Andover men did not arrive in time (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xv. 254).

In 1850 all the participating towns celebrated the anniversary at Concord, when an oration by Robert Rantoul, Jr., was given, and was later printed.

In the general histories, the best account is in Bancroft's _United States_ (final revision), iv. ch. 10; but other accounts are in Lossing's _Field-Book_; Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 389; Elliott's _New England_, ii.; Barry's _Massachusetts_; E. E. Hale's _One Hundred Years Ago_, etc.

Dawson's _Battles of the United States_, vol. i ch. 1, has some essential errors, as where he says Smith proceeded "up Charles River to Phipps's farm in West Cambridge."

[547] He has abundantly fortified his narrative with authorities, though it is only the chief ones that he enumerates in chronological order in an appendix of his _Siege_ (p. 372; also see p. 121).

[548] The substance of this volume is also found in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. p. 53, etc. In the same year Mr. Frothingham condensed the story of the battle into a little volume,—_The Centennial: Battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1875). Mr. Frothingham's enthusiasm for his subject may be easily misjudged by the unsympathetic reader. P. O. Hutchinson says of the _Siege_: "This would be a creditable book if it were not so overloaded with boast, tall talk, and self-glorification." (_Life of Governor Hutchinson_, p. 11.)

[549] This will be quoted in the following pages as "Dawson" simply; and it is a much ampler and more critical account than that in his _Battles of the United States_, vol. i.

[550] _Bibliography of Charlestown_, etc., p. 19. Taking precedence in time is that in the _Boston Gazette_ of June 19, at this time printed at Watertown. The _Massachusetts Spy_ (Worcester, June 21st) had the next account, and this is reprinted in Frothingham's _Centennial_. The _Connecticut Journal_ printed an account the same day; and in New York a handbill was circulated, _Fresh news just arrived_, by an express from the provincial camp near Boston, giving an account by Capt. Elijah Hide, of Lebanon. See fac-simile in _Mag. of American Hist._, March, 1885, p. 282. Hide saw the battle from Winter Hill, and his account is printed by Ellis (1843), p. 142, and Dawson, p. 378. Frank Moore's _Diary of the American Revolution_ (i. pp. 97, 102), which begins Jan. 1, 1775, gives most of these contemporary press articles, and so does Dawson. Several of these newspaper accounts were reproduced in fac-simile in 1875.

[551] This was first printed by Frothingham (_Siege_, etc., p. 395), and is also in Dawson, p. 390, and in his _Battles_, i. p. 70. A paper usually called _The Prescott MS._, said to have been prepared under Colonel Prescott's supervision, in part at least, abridged in Graydon's _Memoirs_ (1846), is printed in Butler's _Groton_ (p. 337) and in Dawson. A memoir prepared by Judge Prescott, son of the colonel, derived in part from his recollection of his father's accounts, is printed in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 68, and in Frothingham's _Battle-Field_, p. 18.

[552] The MS. of this account is in the Am. Antiq. Society's Collections at Worcester, and was printed in Dawson, p. 381. Cf. _Belknap Papers_, ii. 163, 166. Frothingham (_Siege_, p. 385) gives Thacher's indorsement of the MS. This narrative and that of Gordon, mainly following it, were the basis of some elaborate papers in the _Analectic Magazine_ (Feb. and March, 1818), which, however, present some important differences of view, supported by documents.

[553] It is signed by J. Palmer, and dated July 25, 1775, and was transmitted to Arthur Lee. It is printed in the _Journal of the Third Prov. Congress; Analectic Magazine_, May, 1818, p. 261; Force's _Archives_, iv. 1,373; Ellis (1843), p. 131; Frothingham's _Siege_, 382; Dawson, 387, and his _Battles_, i. p. 68. The provincial congress had already (June 20) sent an account to the Continental Congress (Ellis, p. 140; Dawson, p. 371). There are other official accounts sent to Albany and New Hampshire (Dawson, 380; _N. H. Hist. Coll._, ii. 143.)

[554] These may be named in an approximate chronological order thus thus:—

JUNE 17. Dr. Holyoke saw the smoke at Salem, and wrote to his wife the reports which reached him. (_Essex Inst. Hist. Coll._, xiii. 212.)

JUNE 18. David Cheever wrote from Watertown to the provincial congress of New Hampshire (_N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 521). Abigail Adams, at Braintree, wrote her impressions (having heard of Warren's death) to John Adams, in Philadelphia. She supposed the battle was then (3 P. M., June 18) still unended. She wrote farther June 25 and July 5 (_Familiar Letters of John Adams and his Wife_, pp. 67, 70, 72). Josiah Bartlett, at Kingston, N. H., learned the news by express, and B. Greenleaf repeated the news (_N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 520). On this day Ezra Stiles, then at Newport, made his first entry in his diary as the news came in (Dawson, 391). Loammi Baldwin's letter (Frothingham's _Battle-Field_, P. 43). General Greene to Governor Cooke, of R. I. (copy in _Sparks MSS._, vol. xlviii.).

JUNE 19. Andrew Eliot to Isaac Smith, then in England (Ellis, 151; Dawson, 369; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1878, p. 288). Col. John Stark, from Medford to the N. H. congress (Ellis, 145; Dawson, 370; _N. H. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 144; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 322-23). Job Bradford, from Hingham to Col. B. Lincoln (_Rivington's N. Y. Gazetteer_, Dawson, 370; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 523). Bradford had come out of Boston on the 18th.

JUNE 20. Colonel Stark to the Continental Congress (Ellis, Dawson, _N. H. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii.). James Warren to John Adams (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 79). Letter from Providence (_N. Y. Gazetteer_, June 26; Dawson, 372). William Williams to the Connecticut delegates in Congress (Frothingham's _Battlefield_, 41).

JUNE 21. Professor Winthrop to John Adams (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xliv. 292). John Bromfield (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Feb., 1870, p. 226). James Warren to Sam. Adams (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 80).

JUNE 22. Isaac Lothrop to T. Burr (_Rivington's Gazetteer_, June 29; Ellis, 148; Dawson, 374). Capt. John Chester (Frothingham's _Siege_, 389). Samuel Paine (Dawson, 440). Letter from Philadelphia (Force, iv.; Dawson, 375). Gen. N. Folsom to the N. H. Committee of Safety, from Medford (_N. H. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 146; Dawson, 373; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 527).

JUNE 23. William Tudor (Dawson, 376).

JUNE 25. Peter Brown to his mother. Frothingham calls it the most noteworthy account by a common soldier (Frothingham's _Siege_, 392; Potter's _Amer. Monthly_, July, 1875, from the original). Dr. Geo. Brown to Maj.-Gen. Haldimand (_Evelyns in America_, p. 171).

JUNE 27. Letter from camp (Force, iv.; Dawson, 379). Officer (_Rivington's Gazetteer_, July 6; Dawson, 380).

JUNE 30. Isaac Smith, from Salem (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvi. 291)

JULY 3. Letter from camp (Dawson, 384).

JULY 11. Samuel B. Webb to Silas Deane, from camp at Cambridge (original MS. in Brinley, i. 1,789; printed _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 83).

JULY 12. Samuel Gray to Dyer (Frothingham's _Siege_, 393; Dawson, 385).

AUGUST 31. Governor Trumbull (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vi. 159. Cf. Stuart's _Jonathan Trumbull_, ch. vi.)

There is among the _Charles Lowell MSS._ in the Mass. Hist. Soc. a document found with the papers of Dr. Lowell's grandfather, Judge Russell, giving a list of the houses burned in Charlestown, June 17, 1775. Thaddeus Mason's account of his losses at Charlestown is in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1882, p. 397; papers on individual losses in the battle, and by the burning of Charlestown, are in _Mass. Archives_, cxxxviii. and cxxxix.

[555] DIARIES.—Lt.-Col. Storrs, June 1-28 (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 86; Frothingham's _Battlefield_, 34) Benj. Crufts, June 15, etc. (_Essex Inst. Hist. Coll._, April, 1861); Ezekiel Price, May 23, etc. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Nov., 1863, p. 185); Dr. John Warren (Frothingham's _Siege: Life of Dr. John Warren_); Thomas Boynton (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xv. 254).

ORDERLY-BOOKS.—Capt. Chester's, June 5-17 (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 87; Frothingham's _Battlefield_, 37); Henshaw's, April-Sept. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Oct., 1876); Fenno's (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Oct., 1876).

[556] References in Poole's _Index_, p. 1328.

[557] Charles Coffin, at Saco in 1831 and at Portland in 1835, published a _History of the Battle of Bunker Hill_, which was compiled from the accounts by Heath, Wilkinson, Lee, and Dearborn. Of less importance are Dr. Belknap's note-book and letters (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 92, 96, etc.); _Adventures of Israel R. Potter_ (Providence, 1824); Oliver Morsman's _Hist. of Breed's, commonly called Bunker's Hill Battle_ (Sacketts Harbor, 1830); Col. E. Bancroft's narrative (J. B. Hill's _Bicentennial of Old Dunstable_, Nashua, 1878); _Columbian Centinel_ (Dec., 1824; Jan., 1825); Needham Maynard (Boston newspaper, 1843); Timothy Dwight (_Travels in New England_, New Haven, 1821, vol. i. 468-476), who knew some of the actors, and who says that a member of the council of war held the day before told him that the representations of an old hunter, that it was better to fire a small number of shots well aimed than many carelessly, induced the council to order fifteen rounds to a man instead of sixty.

A large number of depositions of supposed survivors were made in 1818 and 1825, but they are held to be of no value by the critical student. There is a transcript in three folio volumes, made in William Sullivan's office, of some of the latter date, preserved in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society. What purported to be some of the originals were offered for sale in New York in 1877, but were bid in. C. L. Woodward, of New York, advertised in May, 1883, nearly two hundred papers, which were called Col. Swett's Collection of Affidavits, priced at $200 (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 104).

[558] For instance, Rev. Wm. Gordon's _Hist. of the Independence of the United States_ (London, 1788), vol. ii. 39, who followed closely the Committee of Safety's account; D. Ramsay's _Amer. Revolution_ (1789), i. 201, who is criticised by Charles Thomson (_N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1878, p. 216) for not allowing that military necessity justified Gage in firing Charlestown; Charles Smith's _American War from 1775 to 1783_ (N. Y., p. 97, also _Monthly Repository_, N. Y., 1796-97); Holmes' _Amer. Annals_ (1805), ii. 231; Mercy Warren's _American War_ (Boston, 1805), i. 217; Hubley's _Amer. Revolution_ (1805); Lee's _Mem. of the War in the Southern Department_ (Philad., 1812); Marshall's _Washington_, ii. 237. (See, for others, Hunnewell, p. 23.)

Colonel Scammans's court-martial is reported in the _N. E. Chronicle_, Feb. 29, 1776; _Essex Gazette_, Feb. 29, 1776; Dawson, p. 400.

[559] Charles Hudson availed himself of this in a pleasantry, _Doubts concerning the battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1857), in which he paralleled Whately's famous argument for the non-existence of Napoleon. Cf. _Christian Examiner_, vol. xl.

[560] _Hist. of the United States_, orig. ed., vol. vii. ch. 38-40; and final revision, iv. ch. 14.

[561] He ceases, however, to speak of "the age and infirmities" of Ward, as Carrington indeed does, calling him "advanced in years and feeble in body", and as many of the writers have, misled perhaps by the somewhat elderly appearance of the usual portrait of him. He was in fact but forty-eight years old!

[562] _Battles of the Amer. Revolution_, N. Y. [copyrighted 1876], ch. 15.

[563] Gen. Carrington has contributed other papers on the battle to the _Granite Monthly_, vii. 290, and _Bay State Monthly_, May, 1884. Edward E. Hale has given accounts in his _One Hundred Years Ago_ (ch. 4) and in a chapter in _Memorial Hist. Boston_, vol. iii. Dr. George E. Ellis was one of the earliest to collate carefully the sources in his _Battle of Bunker Hill_ (1843). Barry (_Massachusetts_, iii. ch. 1) gives the story with care, and fortifies it by references. Irving's account (_Washington_, i. ch. 40, 41) is of course flowingly done.

[564] See Hollister's _Connecticut_, and other histories; Stuart's _Life of Jonathan Trumbull_; lives of Putnam; Hinman's _Conn. in the Revolution; Memorial Hist. of Hartford County_, ii. 473;, and H. P. Johnston on "Yale in the Revolution", in _The Yale Book_. The news of the battle as it reached Connecticut is remarked upon in the Silas Deane Correspondence (_Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 270, etc.).

[565] Stark's letter to the N. H. congress, of June 18, has already been mentioned. Cf. memoirs of Stark by Caleb Stark and Edward Everett; "Col. Jas. Reed at Bunker Hill", in _N. H. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (1876-84), p. 111; account in _N. H. Adj.-General's Report_, 1866, vol. ii.; the rosters of her regiments in the Adj.-General's office; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vol. vii. pp. 516, 586; _N. H. Rev. Rolls_, i. 32-44; ii. 739; C. C. Coffin in _Boston Globe_, June 23, 1875; _N. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg._, xxvii. 377, and the account by E. H. Derby in the number for Jan., 1877. Evans' account of the service of New Hampshire troops, 1775-1782, is among the Meshech Weare papers (_Letters and Papers_, 1777-1824, vol. ii. p. 61, _Mass. Hist. Soc._). For the part of New Hampshire towns: HOLLIS, _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 601, by S. T. Worcester; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, xxvii. 377; xxx. 28; xxxi. 169; S. T. Worcester's _Hist. of Hollis_ (1879), p. 146. MANCHESTER, Potter's _Hist. of Manchester_.

[566] The connection of Putnam with the final stand at Prospect Hill naturally conveyed the impression of his commanding through the day, as he was known to have been by turns upon different parts of the field. Gen. Greene, who hurried up from Rhode Island that night, got this impression from the understanding of the case which he found prevailing in the Roxbury lines, when he wrote back the next day (June 18) to Gov. Cooke, of Rhode Island. "General Putnam", he says, "had taken post at Bunker's Hill, and flung up an entrenchment with a detachment of about three hundred" (_Sparks MSS._, no. xlviii. p. 67). This notion reached England, and on a print of Putnam published there Sept. 9, which is annexed, Putnam is called commander-in-chief (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Nov., 1881, p. 102). An American engraving, by Roman, which appeared shortly afterwards, represents Putnam on horseback at the redoubt, as if commanding there. Col. Trumbull gave him similar prominence when he painted his well-known picture in 1786, though he is said to have regretted it at a later day. The earliest general narrative to give the command to Prescott was Gordon's, which followed closely the account of the Committee of Safety, and this was printed in 1788. The _Life of Putnam_ by Humphreys was published in 1788, while Putnam was still living, and makes no mention of his having the command; but the Rev. Josiah Whitney, in 1790, in a note to a sermon preached upon the death of Putnam, took exception to this oversight (Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. no. 685). In 1809, Eliot, in his _Biographical Dictionary_, represents Prescott as commanding at the redoubt and Stark at the rail fence. When Gen. Wilkinson's _Memoirs_ were published, in 1816 (reviewed in the _N. Am. Rev._, Nov., 1817), the conduct of Putnam on that day was represented in no favorable light; and Gen. Henry Dearborn, who was with Stark at the rail fence, asserted that Putnam remained inactive in the rear. It is also significant that Major Thompson Maxwell, who was with Reed's regiment at the rail fence, also asserted that Prescott commanded (_Essex Inst. Hist. Coll._, vol. vii.; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Jan., 1868, p. 57). Dearborn's statement was made in a paper in the _Portfolio_ (March, 1818), which is reprinted in the _Hist. Mag._, August, 1864, and June, 1868 (Dawson, p. 402). It was printed also separately at the time in Philadelphia and Boston (1818) as _An Account of the Battle of Bunker Hill with De Bernière's map corrected by General Dearborn_ (16 pp.). Col. Daniel Putnam replied in the _Portfolio_ (May, 1818) with numerous depositions (all reprinted by Dawson, p. 407), which was issued separately as _A letter to Maj. Gen. Dearborn, repelling his unprovoked attack on the character of the late Maj. General Putnam, and containing some anecdotes relating to the Battle of Bunker Hill, not generally known_ (Philadelphia, 1818). Both tracts were reprinted as an _Account of the Battle of Bunker's Hill, by H. Dearborn, Major-General of the United States Army; with a letter to Maj. Gen. Dearborn, repelling his unprovoked attack on the character of the late Maj.-Gen. Israel Putnam, by Daniel Putnam, Esq._ (Boston: Munroe & Francis, 1818). Each document is paged separately, and the last has a separate title. Dearborn replied in the _Boston Patriot_ (June 13, 1818), with depositions, all of which are in Dawson, p. 414. See account of Gen. Dearborn by Daniel Goodwin, Jr., in the _Chicago Hist. Soc. Proc._ In July, 1818, Daniel Webster, in the _North Amer. Rev._, vindicated Putnam, but claimed for Prescott as much of a general command during the day as any one had, which claim he held to be established by Prescott's making his report to Ward at Cambridge when it was over. (Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, June, 1858.) John Lowell offered counter-depositions in the _Columbian Centinel_ (July 4 and 15, 1818), again reprinted in Dawson, p. 423. In October, 1818, Col. Samuel Swett appended an _Historical and Topographical Sketch of Bunker Hill Battle_ to a new edition of Humphrey's _Life of Putnam_. In the _Boston Patriot_, Nov. 17, 1818, D. L. Child claimed that Putnam was not in the battle, and he published separately _An Enquiry into the Conduct of Gen. Putnam_ (Boston, 1819). In 1825, Swett enlarged his text, and published it as a _History of the battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1825), followed by _Notes_ to his _Sketch_ in Dec., 1825. His history passed to a second edition as a _History of the Bunker Hill Battle, with a plan. By S. Swett. Second Edition, much enlarged with new information derived from the surviving soldiers present at the celebration on the 17th June last, and notes_ (Boston, 1826). A third appeared in 1827. (Cf. Sparks in _N. Am. Rev._, vol. xxii.)

A new advocate for Putnam appeared in Alden Bradford's _Particular Account of the Battle of Bunker or Breed's Hill, by a Citizen of Boston_ (two editions, Boston, 1825, and since reprinted); while Daniel Putnam during the same year recapitulated his views in a communication to the Bunker Hill Monument Association (_Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i.). A summary of this Putnam-Dearborn controversy is given in G. W. Warren's _Hist. of the Bunker Hill Monument Association_.

The dispute now remained dormant till 1841, when George E. Ellis delivered an oration at Charlestown, and then, and in his _Sketches of Bunker Hill Battle, with illustrative documents_ (Charlestown, 1843), he presented at fuller length than had been before done the claims of Prescott to be considered the commander. This led to a criticism and rejoinder by Swett and Ellis in the _Boston Daily Advertiser_. See Judge Prescott's letter to Dr. Ellis in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (iv. 76), and another to Col. Swett (xiv. 78. Cf. Memoir of Swett and a list of his publications in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1867, p. 374). In 1843, John Fellows, in _The Veil Removed; or reflections an David Humphrey's essay on the life of Israel Putnam; also, notices of Oliver W. B. Peabody's life of the same; S. Swett's sketch of Bunker Hill_, etc. (New York, 1843), ranged himself among the detractors of Putnam.

In 1849, the question was again elaborately examined in Frothingham's _Siege of Boston_ (p. 159, etc.), favoring Prescott, which produced Swett's _Who was the Commander at Bunker Hill?_ (Boston, 1850), and Frothingham's rejoinder, _The Command in the battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1850). Cf. also the _Report_ to the Massachusetts Legislature on a monument to Col. Prescott (1852). In 1853, Irving favored Prescott (_Washington_, vol. i.). In 1855, L. Grosvenor, in an address before the descendants of Putnam, reiterated that general's claims. In 1857, Barry (_Hist. of Mass._, iii. 39) gave to Prescott the command in the redoubt, and to Putnam a general direction outside the redoubt. In 1858, Bancroft in his _History_ (vol. vii.) took the view substantially held by the present writer. In 1859, Mr. A. C. Griswold, as "Selah", of the _Hartford Post_, had a controversy with H. B. Dawson, who exceeded others in his denunciation of Putnam, and this correspondence was printed as parts 6 and 11 of Dawson's _Gleanings from the Harvest-field of American History_ (Morrisania, 1860-63), with the distinctive title _Major General Putnam_. In 1860, the Hon. H. C. Deming published an address on the occasion of the presentation of Putnam's sword to the Conn. Hist. Society.

The question of the command was again discussed at the season of the Centennial of 1875. The chief papers in favor of Putnam were by I. N. Tarbox in the _N. Y. Herald_ (June 12 and 14), in the _New Englander_ (April, 1876), and in his _Life of Putnam_; by S. A. Drake in his _General Israel Putnam the Commander at Bunker Hill_; by W. W. Wheildon in his letters to the _N. Y. Herald_ (June 16 and 17) and in his _New History of the battle of Bunker Hill_. Gen. Charles Devens' oration in _The Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1875) did not extend Prescott's command beyond the redoubt, as was done, however, in Francis J. Parker's _Colonel Wm. Prescott the Commander in the Battle of Bunker's Hill_ (Boston, 1875), and his paper "Could General Putnam command at Bunker's Hill?" in _New Eng. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ (Oct., 1877, p. 403). During this same year, Dr. George E. Ellis recast the material of his earlier book in his _History of the Battle of Bunker's (Breed's) Hill_ (Boston, 1875, in 16mo and 8vo, the last revised).

The Centennial period produced, also, various magazine articles, the most important of which are one by H. E. Scudder in the _Atlantic Monthly_, July, 1875; one by Launce Poyntz in the _Galaxy_, July, 1875; one by Dr. Samuel Osgood in _Harper's Monthly_, July, 1875; and those which later constituted a brochure, _One Hundred Years Ago_, by Edward E. Hale.

[567] As in the accounts of Ward and Knowlton in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1851, and Jan., 1861; the _Journals of Samuel Shaw_ (Boston, 1847); _The Female Review_, being a life of Deborah Sampson, by Herman Mann (1797; also edited by J. A. Vinton in 1866); and C. W. Clarence's _Biographical Sketch of the late Ralph Farnham, of Acton, Me., now in the one hundred and fifth year of his age, and the sole survivor of the glorious battle of Bunker Hill_ (Boston, 1860). There are other accounts of this man in the _Historical Magazine_, iv. 3, 12; and in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, xvi. 183.

There is a portrait of Artemas Ward, with a memoir, in A. H. Ward's _Genealogy of the Ward family_, and another in the same writer's _Hist. of Shrewsbury_ (Boston, 1847). Cf. also _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, v. 271; and _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii.

[568] Accounts of the present obelisk on Bunker Hill can be found in G. W. Warren's _Hist. of the Bunker Hill Monument Association_; Wheildon's _Life of Solomon Willard_; Ellis's _Battle of Bunker Hill_ (1843); Frothingham's _Siege_; and in other places noted in Hunnewell's _Bibliog. of Charlestown_, p. 28.

[569] Winthrop's _Speeches_, 1878-1886, p. 253, and separately. The statue was erected by anonymous subscribers, acting through the Rev. Dr. Ellis.

[570] For anniversary memorials, see Hunnewell's _Bibliog._, 25, 26.

[571] See extracts and fac-simile from Waller's orderly-book in _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 83, 84.

[572] The earliest English accounts which we have are two dated June 18, a letter of John Randon, a soldier (Lamb's _Journal of Occurrences_, 33; Dawson, 358), and that of an officer of rank from Boston (Force, iv.; Dawson, 357; Ellis, 115). Written on June 19, is a short letter from Brig.-Gen. Jones, colonel of the fifty-second regiment (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 91; Frothingham's _Battle-Field_, 45). Henry Hulton, commissioner of his majesty's customs at Boston, wrote a long letter on June 20 (Emmons's _Sketches of Bunker Hill Battle_, 123; Dawson, 359; Ellis, 123). On the 22d, Adjutant Waller, of the Royal Marines, wrote a letter which is given in S. A. Drake's _Bunker Hill, the Story told in Letters from the Battlefield_. (Cf. P. H. Nicholas's _Historical Record of the Royal Marine Forces_, London, 1845, i. 84-89.) On the 23d we have the account of an officer on one of the king's ships (Force, iv.; Dawson, 360; Ellis, 117), and a brief letter by Dr. Grant, one of the surgeons (Dawson, 361; Ellis, 114). On the 24th, a merchant in Boston writes to his brother in Scotland (Ellis, 119).

The 25th of June must have been a letter day in Boston, in anticipation of the sailing of the despatch ship "Cerberus", for we have several letters of that date. Gage wrote then his official despatch to Lord Dartmouth, which reached London July 25, but a vessel had arrived at Waterford a week earlier (July 18), bringing rumors of the fight (P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_, 489). The news was at once published from Whitehall (Almon's _Remembrancer_, 1775, p. 132; _Analectic Mag._, 1818, p. 260; Force, iv.; Dawson, 361, and his _Battles_, 65; Ellis, 94; Frothingham's _Siege_, 385; Moore's _Ballad History_, 86, etc.). Gage wrote at the same time a private letter to Dartmouth. "The number", he says, "of killed and wounded is greater than we could afford to lose, and some extraordinary good officers have been lost. The trials we have had show that the rebels are not the despicable rabble too many have supposed them to be" (_London Gazette_, July 25; Force, iv.; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 353; Dawson, 363). Burgoyne wrote the same day (June 25) a "letter to a noble lord" (Stanley). He saw the action from Copp's Hill. We have the letter in two forms; the first in Burgoyne's letter-book, where he calls it the "substance" of the letter, and in this form it is printed by E. D. de Fonblanque in his _Political and Military Episodes derived from the life and correspondence of the Right Hon. John Burgoyne, General, Statesman, Dramatist_ (London, 1876), p. 153. In this draft he says that the fight "establishes the ascendency of the king's troops, though opposed by more than treble numbers, assisted by every circumstance that nature and art could supply to make a situation strong." This and other paragraphs, as well as other forms of expression, do not appear in the letter as historians print it, as by Mahon (vol. vi.), for instance, who, as Fonblanque supposes, had access to the letter actually received by Stanley. In this latter form the letter appeared in London in the public prints (Sept.), and in a broadside with a plan of the battle. It came back to Boston in this shape, and was printed in Hall's _New England Chronicle_ (Cambridge, Nov. 24), and in Edes's _Boston Gazette_ (Watertown), and is now frequently met with (_Analectic Mag._, 1815, p. 264; Ellis, p. 106, with comments from a London opposition journal; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, xi. 125; Dawson, p. 363, and his _Battles_, p. 66; and in the Centennial publications of David Pulsifer and Samuel A. Drake). Fonblanque adds something more of Burgoyne's view in letters (pp. 147, 193) which he wrote to Lord Rochfort, without date, and to Lord George Germain (Aug. 20). In the former he said: "The defence was well conceived and obstinately maintained; the retreat was no flight; it was even covered with bravery and military skill."

Beside the Stanley letter of Burgoyne, we find also, written on June 25, two others: the first from Boston to a gentleman in Scotland (Force, iv.; Dawson, 364); the second from an officer in Boston (Force, iv.; Dawson, 365).

On the 26th, Gage wrote to the Earl of Dunmore in Virginia (Force, iv.; Dawson, 366).

On July 5th, there is a letter from an officer in Boston (_Detail and Conduct of the American War_, 3d ed., 1780, p. 12; Dawson, p. 367; Frothingham's _Siege_, 373).

A letter of Captain Harris, describing his receiving a wound and being taken from the field, is given without date in Lushington's _Lord Harris_ (p. 54; also Dawson, 366; Drake, 37). The Bunker Hill letter is lacking in G. D. Scull's _Capt. Evelyn of the King's Own_ (Oxford, 1879), but there is new matter in his _Evelyns in America_ (pp. 166-171, 278).

[573] The book passed to a second edition the same year. It was privately printed in New York in 1868, and is included by S. A. Drake in his _Bunker Hill_, published in 1875 (Brinley, no. 1,786; Stevens, _Americana_, 1885, £3 3_s_).

[574] Particular reference may be made to the more extended accounts in Moorsom's _Fifty-Second Regiment_ (with a plate of uniforms); Lamb's _Journal of Occurrences_ with the Welsh Fusiliers; E. Duncan's _Royal Artillery_ (London, 1872, i. 302); R. G. A. Levinge's _Fifty-third Regiment Monmouthshire light infantry_ (Lond., 1868, pp. 61-64); The _Case of Edward Drewe, late Major Thirty-fifth Regiment_ (Exeter, 1782,—see Dawson, 368).

[575] In 1793, when Stedman used the plate in his _American War_, he only altered the title, as Frothingham says. In 1797 it was again reëngraved, but also with changes in the title, as _A plan of the action at Breed's Hill, etc._, and, as then reduced by D. Martin, it constitutes the earliest American engraved plan. It appeared in C. Smith's _American War from 1775 to 1783_ (New York, 1797), and Hunnewell (p. 18) gives a heliotype of it. Nathaniel Dearborn, in his _Boston Notions_, engraved it, on a very small scale, in 1848; and the next year (1849) Frothingham reproduced it in its original state in his _Siege_, and pointed out that the correspondence of Montresor's survey to a recent survey of Felton and Parker inspired one with confidence in its accuracy (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv.). It is the basis of the best plans of the action, and is reproduced also in Irving's _Washington_, illus. ed., ii. 467.

[576] Dearborn was at the time a captain in Stark's regiment, at the rail fence. Winthrop was on the field unattached. Dr. Dexter looked on from the Malden shore of the Mystick. Kettell was a common soldier, at first in the redoubt; then at the rail fence. Miller was at the rail fence.

[577] _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1858. There is a portrait of Brooks, by Stuart, owned by Mr. Francis Brooks, of Boston. It has been engraved by A. B. Durand. Cf. Usher's ed. of Brooks' _Medford_ (Boston, 1886.)

[578] The figures in the town denote the numbers of the wards. The letters signify,—A, Town Hall; B, Old meeting; C, the Chapel; D, Governor's house; E, Christ Church; F, Trinity Church; G, Faneuil Hall; H, Old North meeting; I, Old South meeting; L, Work-house; M, Prison. A map like it appeared in 1782 in a work of similar title to that published in Boston, but printed at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, being a second edition of one printed at London in 1779. (Cf. Henry Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. no. 435.) The whole design seems, however, to be taken from a map which appeared in London, Sept. 2, 1775, whose main title is _Seat of War in New England, by an American Volunteer, with the marches of the several Corps sent by the Colonies towards Boston, with the Attack on Bunker Hill_; and which has in the margin a _Plan of Boston Harbor_, and is also the prototype of the one in the _Impartial History_ (Boston, 1781). Modern reproductions are also given in Wheildon's _New History_, F. S. Drake's _Tea Leaves_, and in various other of the Centennial memorials of 1875.

[579] _Military Journal_ (Boston, 1823). Others are the following: Diary of Jeremy Belknap, Chaplain, in _Life of Belknap_ and _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, June, 1858. _Diary of David How_, ed. by H. B. Dawson (Morrisania, 1865). A journal of Solomon Nash (beginning Jan. 1, 1776) is included in the series (vol. i.) edited by C. I. Bushnell, called _Crumbs for Antiquarians_, 2 vols., 1862-66 (Sabin, iii. 9,538). Journal of David McCurlin, beginning at Cambridge, Aug. 9, 1775, and ending May, 1776, in _Papers relating to the Maryland line_, ed. by Thomas Balch (Philad., 1857). Diary of Lieut. Jonathan Burton, of Wilton, N. H., on Winter Hill, Dec., 1775, to Jan. 26, 1776, in _N. H. State Papers_ (1885), vol. xiv., and _N. H. Rev. Rolls_, i. 667-689. Diary of Aaron Wright, June 29, 1775, to March 11, 1776, in _Boston Transcript_, April 11, 1862, and _Hist. Mag._, vi. 208. He was a private in a rifle company from the South. Diary of Lieut.-Col. Experience Storrs, June 13, 1775, to Feb., 1776, in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Feb., 1882, p. 124. Journal of Crafts, June 15, etc., in _Essex Inst. Hist. Coll._, iii. Diaries in the _Hist. Mag._, Oct., 1864; Aug., 1871, p. 128; March, 1874, p. 133, by Ensign Clap. Diaries in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Nov., 1863 (by Ezekiel Price); Feb., 1872 (by Paul Lunt, May 10 to Dec. 23, 1775); March, 1876 (by Samuel Bixby); Sept., 1882 (by Paul Litchfield, at Cambridge and Scituate). A diary of Caleb Haskell, beginning May 5, 1775, was published at Newburyport in 1881. There are some rather vague reminiscences in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xv. 390; and others in Elkanah Watson's _Memoirs_.

[580] In Sparks's _Washington_; in W. B. _Reed's Life of Reed_; in the Chas. Lee Papers (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1871); in Lee's _R. H. Lee_ (vol ii.). A letter to his brother, July 20, 1775, is in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, x. 353. His appeals for powder are in the _N. H. Prov. Papers_ (vii. pp. 571, 572, 581), as in other places. Two letters (July 23 and Dec. 4) are in the _Gen. Thomas Papers_. His correspondence with Josiah Quincy about fortifying the harbor is in the _Quincy Papers_ in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Cabinet.

John Adams tells of dining with Washington and the Caghnawaga sachems (_Familiar Letters_, p. 131). From near headquarters there are letters of Charles Lee (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1871; Lee's _Life of R. H. Lee_, i. 281; _Memoirs of Charles Lee_; one of July 23 in the _Gen. Thomas Papers_); of Horatio Gates (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1871; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 281; several in the _Thomas Papers_); of Gen. Ward (many in the _Thomas Papers_); of Lewis Morris (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1875, p. 433, etc.); of Joseph Trumbull (_Hist. Mag._, vii. 22; Hinman's _Conn. in the Rev._, 554); of Asa Fitch (_Hist. Mag._, iii. p. 6); of Samuel B. Webb (_Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 284; _Sparks MSS._ no. xxv.); of Thomas Brown (_Trumbull MSS._, iv. no. 75). Other letters of more or less interest will be found in the _N. Jersey Archives_, x. 606-608; in the _Memoirs of General Heath_; _Drake's Life of Knox_; Bicknell's _Barrington, R. I._ (p. 190); and others of Richard Devens and Richard Gridley are in the _Thomas Papers_. Letters of Robert Magaw, in August, are in the _Mag. of West. Hist._, Sept., 1886, p. 674.

[581] There are others in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. p. 282 (Joseph Ward to John Adams); in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, March, 1884, p. 221 (by Stephen Johnson); and by W. T. Miller, of the Rhode Island camp, in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1857, p. 136.

[582] Amory's _Life of Sullivan_; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. pp. 275, 283; others from the Langdon papers are copied in the _Sparks MSS._ (no. lii., vol. ii.; see also _Ibid._, no. xxi.). There are also letters of Scammel (_Hist. Mag._, xviii. 129); of John Stark and others (_N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 528-29, 531, 557, 565, 581, 612, 616, 675; viii. 30; one of Aug. 23 is in the _Thomas Papers_); of Samuel Sweat (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Dec., 1879); and some in R. A. Guild's _Chaplain Smith and the Baptists_ (p. 166, etc.). Others from Medford are in _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 530, 555, 565.

[583] There is a letter of Thomas Mifflin in the _Thomas Papers_ (Aug. 26). Others of W. T. Miller in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ (1857, p. 137); and of William Thompson in the _Life of George Read of Delaware_ (pp. 112, 128).

[584] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 277, 279, 280. Various letters of Joseph Warren, James Warren, and Mercy Warren are in the _Thomas Papers_. A book of contracts for supplies for the army, 1776, kept at Watertown and in part in the handwriting of Elbridge Gerry, is in the Boston Public Library [H. 90 a, 7].

[585] Col. Ephraim Doolittle's, April 22 to Aug. 19, 1775; an anonymous one, Sept.-Oct., 1775; and another, written at Roxbury and Cambridge, July 29, 1775, to Jan. 12, 1776; Sergeant Isaac Nichols's, Sept. 5 to Dec. 11, 1775, and Col. William Henshaw's, Oct. 1, 1775, to March 12, 1776, and March 19-27,1776. A book of Henshaw's, preceding this one, and covering April 20 to Sept. 26, 1775, as edited by C. C. Smith, was printed in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Oct., 1876, and separately with additions (Boston, 1881).

[586] In the library of the Mass. Hist. Society, and unprinted, Maj. William Lee's orderly-book (Cambridge); and, in Harvard College library, that of Jeremiah Fogg (Winter Hill), Oct. 28, 1775, to Jan. 12, 1776. In the Penna. Hist. Society is one kept at Cambridge, July 3 to Sept. 11, 1775; and another, also at Cambridge, Nov. 5, 1775, to Jan. 1, 1776, is in the Boston Public Library [H. 90 a, 9]. Two were sold in F. S. Drake's sale, Boston, Nov., 1885, nos. 1,073, 1,074: one covering Feb. 1 to March 31, 1776; the other, Nov. 5 to Dec. 31, 1775. Glover's (June 29, etc.) is printed in the _Essex Inst. Hist. Coll._, V. 112. That of Col. Israel Hutchinson, Cambridge and Winter Hill, Aug. 13, 1775, to July 8, 1776, is in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, November, 1879. Baldwin's, Jan. 5 to March 28, 1776, is at the State House, Boston, with a large mass of rolls, commissary and other papers. Sullivan's brigade-book is in the library of the Mass. Hist. Soc. (_Proc._, Oct., 1884, p. 250). There are in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, iv. 67, papers on the rank of the field-officers at Cambridge, Nov., 1775; and in _Ibid._, xxviii. 259, a list of the bodies of troops near Boston in 1775. The state of affairs in and about Boston in 1774-75 is cleverly sketched in Winthrop Sargent's _Life of André_, ch. iv.,—that young British officer being there at the time.

[587] _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 130.

[588] _Evelyns in America_, 273. Some of Gage's letters, however, are preserved in the Haldimand Papers in the British Museum, and their substance is given in the _Calendar of the Haldimand Papers_ (p. 52, etc.), published by the Canadian Archivist, Brymner, in 1884. They end, however, in March, 1775. There are letters of Gage and Howe to Dartmouth and Germaine in the _Sparks MSS._ (no. lviii., Part 2).

[589] Given in synopsis by Dr. Ellis in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, March, 1876, p. 233.

[590] _Boston Evacuation Memorial_, 1876.

[591] Cf. his _Men and Manners in America one hundred years ago_ (N. Y., 1876).

[592] The liberty-tree was cut down Sept. 1, 1775 (Moore's _Diary_, i. 131). There is a picture of it in _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii. p. 159. The various houses occupied by the British generals are traced in _Ibid._, iii. 155, with references. Within our day, a cannon-ball imbedded in the tower of the Brattle Square Church has attracted attention. A ball from the American lines struck there, and was afterwards fastened in the hole it made, as a memorial. When the church was taken down, the ball was transferred to the cabinet of the Historical Society (Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_, 108; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xx. 189; _Catal. Cab. Hist. Soc._, p. 141). The house of John Hancock was rather roughly used (_Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii. 155).

[593] Newell's diary in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, xxxi.; that of "a British officer in Boston in 1775", edited by R. H. Dana, in _Atlantic Monthly_, April and May, 1877. (Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvi. 307.)

We have also the diaries of some American prisoners in the town: Peter Edes's, which was printed at Bangor in 1837; and John Leach's, June 29 to Oct. 4, printed in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1865 (see also Oct., 1865). On the imprisonment of James Lovell, see Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_, p. 33. Much of interest is found in the _Memoir and letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn, from North America, 1774-1776, ed. by G. D. Scull_, Oxford, privately printed, 1879. (Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1879, p. 289.) The letters were reprinted in Scull's _Evelyns in America_ (1881). Letters of Peter Oliver and others in P. O. Hutchinson's _Diary and letters of Thomas Hutchinson_ (vol. i., 1884; vol. ii., 1886). The letters of John Andrews, in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, July, 1865, are scant in the period from June, 1775, to April, 1776. The passing of news in and out of Boston is illustrated in letters, edited by W. P. Upham, printed in the _Essex Institute Hist. Coll._ (July, 1876), vol. xiii. 153, etc. Letters addressed to Gardiner Greene are in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, June, 1873. Samuel Paine, Oct., 1775, in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1876. _American Hist. Record_, Dec., 1872. Andrew Eliot remained for pastoral duty in the town during the siege. His letters to friends without, April, 1775, to Feb., 1776, are in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvi. 182, 288-306. Letters on the last days of the siege, in Almon's _Remembrancer_, iii. 106-8, quoted in the _Evacuation Memorial_, 175. Letters of Maj. Francis Hutcheson are in the Haldimand Papers (_Calendar_, p. 177).

A MS. orderly-book of Adjutant Waller is in Mass. Hist. Soc. Library. A fac-simile of the order for the attack at Bunker Hill is given from it in _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii.

The log-book of the British ship "Preston", lying in the harbor, April-Sept., 1775, is printed in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Aug., 1860.

[594] Sparks, iii. 319, 320, 330; Dawson, i. 96; _Life of Jos. Reed_, i. ch. 8; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, viii. 86.

[595] Force's _Amer. Archives_. A letter by Eldad Taylor, Sunday, March 18, 1776, in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, viii. 231; Edmund Quincy's, in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, April, 1858, p. 27, etc.; John Winthrop to John Adams, in _Heath Papers, etc._ (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._); Abigail Adams, in _Familiar Letters_, p. 148. See _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii., with references; and _Potter's Amer. Monthly_, vi. 166; and Chief Justice Oliver's diary, in P. O. Hutchinson's, _Thomas Hutchinson_, ii. 46.

[596] It appears from Hutchinson's _Diary_ (ii. 44) that while Dartmouth had directed the evacuation, Lord George Germain, in coming into office, had rescinded the order, but for some reason the despatch was not forwarded.

[597] There is a description of Crean Brush in a letter from Ebenezer Hazard (Feb. 18, 1775) in the _Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 201.

[598] The royal arms carried off from the old State House are now in St. John, N. B. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xx. 231).

[599] Edmund Quincy wrote at the time: "The tories, they say, have been equal plunderers with the military." _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1859, p. 231. Washington wrote to Lee, "The destruction of the stores at Dunbar's camp, after Braddock's defeat, was but a faint image of what was seen in Boston" (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1872, p. 32). For the contributions of the Friends of Philadelphia to the poor of Boston, see the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, i. 168.

[600] Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 191, 200. There is an orderly-book of Colonel Francis's regiment, at Dorchester Point, Aug.-Dec., 1776, among the _Moses Greenleaf MSS._ (Mass. Hist. Soc.) Various castle and harbor rolls, seacoast defence rolls, etc., are in the _Mass. Archives; Rev. Rolls_, vols. xxv., xxxvi., xxxvii.

[601] Similar letters are in John Adams's _Works_, ix. 381, etc. Abigail Adams constantly informed her husband of the condition of affairs (_Familiar Letters_, 78, 85, 91, 111, 124, 129, 137, 138, 141, 156). There is a diary of Chief Justice Oliver at Halifax, after the refugees had reached there, in P. O. Hutchinson's _Hutchinson_, ii. 50.

[602] It was not procured from Paris till four years after the peace (Colonel Humphrey's letter, Nov., 1787, in _Amer. Museum_, ii. 493). John Adams (_Familiar Letters_, 210) describes a device proposed for it, as early as 1776. It was purchased for the city of Boston in 1876, and is now preserved in the Boston Public Library. Its history is given in the _Boston Evacuation Memorial_. It has been described and delineated, obverse and reverse, several times, as in Sparks's _Washington_, i. 174, iii. 356; in Frothingham's _Siege_ (cover); _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii. 100; _Amer. Journal of Numismatics_ (July, 1880), xv. 1, 38; Snowden's _Medals of Washington_; Loubat's _Medallic Hist. of the United States; Nat. Port. Gallery_ (N. Y. 1834); Johnston's _Orig. portraits of Washington_, p. 235; Guizot's _Atlas to his Washington_. Baker (_Medallic Portraits of Washington_, p. 27) says the artist made in it the earliest use of Houdon's bust. See Washington's letter in Force's _Archives_, v. 977. On one side are the words "Hostibus primo fugatis", and Mahon (vi. 85) seizes upon them to show that they plainly renounce all "the idle vaunts of Lexington", that the British had there fled.

[603] There is a reduction of this issue in the _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii. p. lv.

[604] It is reproduced in Wheildon's _Siege, etc., of Boston_; in Moore's _Ballad History_, etc.

[605] Reproduced by Wheildon (p. 32).

[606] This is reproduced in the _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, vol. iii.

[607] Like those in Marshall's _Washington_ (1806); in Sparks's _Washington_ (iii. 26, also in the Boston _Evacuation Memorial_, 1875); in Frothingham's _Siege_ (1849), p. 91; and in Carrington's _Battles_, p. 154,—to say nothing of those in Guizot's _Washington_, Lossing's _Field-Book_ (p. 154), Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._ (iii. 427), etc.

[608] This is reprinted in Frothingham's _Siege_ (p. 409).

[609] There is among the Washington plans a plan of the works on Winter Hill. Cf. _Sparks's Catal._, p. 207. It is not at Cornell. It is understood that nos. 1-11 of this set of plans, as per catalogue, were not sent to the Cornell University library. They do not appear to be among the _Sparks MSS._ in Harvard College library. This aspect of the siege of Boston is particularly studied in Lossing's _Field-Book of the Revolution_ (also in _Harper's Monthly_, vol. i.), and in S. A. Drake's _Landmarks of Middlesex_, and _County of Middlesex_ (ch. 19). There are photographs of this sheet in the Boston Public Library, the Mass. Hist. Soc. library, and in the State Library of Massachusetts. Cf. map of Boston, 1750-1773, in Brit. Mus. MSS., 21,686, fol. 70, in the _Index to Brit. Mus. MSS._ (1880).

[610] The whole map was reëngraved and published at Augsburg by T. C. Lotter, and the plan of the town was reproduced in Boston in 1875 by A. O. Crane. The whole map was reëngraved in Paris (1777) by Le Rouge, and makes part of the _Atlas Ameriquain_ (1778).

[611] It is reduced in the _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii. (Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, May, 1860.)

[612] It has been reproduced in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. xvii.

[613] Sabine's _Amer. Loyalists_, i. 537.

[614] Cf. _Boston Harbor, [with] nautical remarks and observations by G. Callendar_, London, 1775. _Brit. Mus. Maps_ (1885), col. 491.

[615] Cf. the Rawdon map in _Harper's Mag._, xlvii. 20.

[616] There are photographs of it in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Library, Boston Public Library, and State Library. _Brit. Mus. Map Catal._, 1885, col. 493.

[617] _Belknap Papers_, ii. 115; _Mass. Hist. Soc Proc._, xix. 93, 94. A tracing is given in the _Boston Evacuation Memorial_ (1876), and it is reduced, but not in fac-simile, in Frank Moore's _Diary of the Revolution_, i. p. 213, and given in reduced fac-simile in S. A. Drake's _Old Landmarks of Middlesex_, and in the _Mem. Hist. of Boston_ (vol. iii.; introduction).

[618] These Faden maps are numbered, for the finished and rough drafts in E. E. Hale's _Catal. of the Faden Maps_, nos. 32-36, and include one by Lieutenant Hill, of the Welsh Fusileers.

[619] Frothingham reproduces it in his _Siege_, and it is reduced in the _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, vol. iii., introduction.

[620] _Brit. Mus. Map Catal._, 1885, col. 493.

[621] A reproduction of the harbor map was issued in Boston by W. P. Parrott, in 1851. It is also reproduced as no. 5 in the _Neptune Americo-Septentrional_, 1780.

[622] Dr. Thomas A. Emmet, of New York, owns several interesting, graphic memorials of the seat of war round Boston, one of which, a _Map of Boston and vicinity_, made during the British occupancy, is given by Benson J. Lossing in _Harper's Magazine_, July, 1873.

[623] _Labanoff Catalogue_, no. 1,576; copy in Amer. Geog. Soc. library.

[624] There are photographs of it in the Boston Public Library, Mass. State Library, and Mass. Hist. Society library.

[625] Cf. his letter to the provincial congress of Massachusetts in their journals, and various letters from him in the _Trumbull Papers_, vol. iv.

[626] Dr. Trumbull also stated the Connecticut case in the _Hartford Daily Courant_, Jan. 9, 1869, likewise printed separately. Cf. further Hollister's _Connecticut_, ii. ch. 7; Hinman's _Connecticut in the Revolution_, p. 29.

[627] Holland's _Western Mass._; Barry's _Mass._; Smith's _Pittsfield_; letters of Thomas Allen, May 4 and 9, 1775, in _Hist. Mag._, i. p. 109, etc.

[628] The original edition, _A narrative of Col. Ethan Allen's Captivity, Sept. 25, 1775, to May 6, 1778, containing his voyages and travels, with the most remarkable occurrences respecting himself, ... particularly the destruction of the prisoners at New York by Gen. Sir William Howe, in 1776 and 1777. Written by himself_ (Philad., 1779), was reprinted the same year in Philad., and also in Boston; again at Newbury, for publication in Boston, 1780; at Norwich in 1780; at Philadelphia in 1799; in the Appendix of the second volume of Ira Allen's _Particulars of the Capture of the ship Olive Branch_, etc. (Philad., 1805); with notes, at Walpole, N. H., 1807 (Stevens, _Hist. Coll._, ii. no. 6); at Albany, 1814; at Burlington, 1838; as _Ethan Allen's Captivity, being a Narrative, etc._ (Boston, 1845); as _A Narrative of Col. Ethan Allen's Captivity_ (Burlington, 1846, and, with slightly changed title, in 1849); as _Ethan Allen's Narrative of the Capture of Ticonderoga and of his Captivity_, etc. (Burlington, 1849); as _Narrative of the Captivity_, etc. (Dayton, 1849). Cf. Sabin, i. 793-800, 821. Allen's letter (May 11th) to the Massachusetts Congress is in Dawson's _Battles_, i. 38; and another (May 10th) to Seth Warner is in the _Mag. of Am. Hist._, 1885, p. 319. Various letters of Ethan Allen at this time are among the _Trumbull Papers_ (vol. iv.): to the Conn. Assembly, from Crown Point, May 26, 1775, covering a copy of his letter to the Indians (p. 96); to Governor Trumbull, July 6th and Aug. 3d. His letter from Crown Point, June 2d, to the N. Y. Congress, is in Sparks's Gouverneur Morris, i. p. 54. Cf. Lives of Allen by Sparks and by Hugh Moore; De Puy's _Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain heroes_; Williams's _Vermont_. Dr. De Costa having, in the _Galaxy_, Dec., 1868 (also in his _Fort George_, p. 10), disputed Allen's claim to the sole credit of the surprise, he was answered by Hiland Hall in a pamphlet, _The Capture of Ticonderoga_ (Montpelier, 1869; also in the _Vermont Hist. Soc. Proc._, Oct. 19, 1869). Cf. Ira Allen's _Vermont_; Goodhue's _Shoreham, Vt._

[629] Cf. Lives of Arnold by Sparks and by Isaac N. Arnold (ch. 2). The regimental memorandum-book of Benedict Arnold, written while at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, is printed in the _Penna. Mag. of History_ (Dec., 1884), viii. 363, and separately. It begins May 10th and ends June 24th, and is published from a copy made by W. H. B. Thomas before the original was lost. The _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. ii. p. 27) contain letters from Arnold between 1775 and 1780, beginning with a letter from Crown Point, May 23, 1775, and ending with a letter dated at Philadelphia, July 17, 1780, to Governor Huntington. There is a letter of Arnold from Crown Point, June 13, 1775, in the _Trumbull Papers_ (vol. iv. p. 111). Arnold was accused of countenancing the robbery of Skene's house a few days before the capture, and some papers in his defence are given in Stevens's _Bibliotheca Historica_ (1870), no. 96. The original list of trophies of Ticonderoga, in Arnold's handwriting, is in Dr. T. A. Emmet's Collection (Carrington's _Battles_). Cf. "Who took Ticonderoga?" in _Hist. Mag._, vol. xv. (Feb., 1869) p. 126. Arnold's appointment of May 3d, and his report of May 14th, are given from the original documents in the possession of Jonathan Edwards, of N. Y., in Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. pp. 546-7.

[630] Jones (p. 49) sets forth the tergiversations of Duane and other New Yorkers (who had assisted a few months before in proclaiming Allen an outlaw) as soon as the capture of Ticonderoga had made him the hero of the hour. Depositions and other documents in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iv., touch the riotous proceedings of Allen, which had caused a price to be set on his head by the New York authorities. Cf. also Jones, _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. note xx.

[631] Cf. also Schuyler's letters in Sparks's _Correspondence of the Amer. Revolution_ and Lossing's _Life of Schuyler_, i. 310. Lossing also deals with the subject in his _Field-Book of the Revolution_, and in _Harper's Monthly_, vol. xvii. p. 721. Chas. Carroll (_Journal to Canada_, 1876, p. 75) describes the ruinous condition of Ticonderoga a year later. Reference may be made to Sparks's _Gouverneur Morris_ (vol. i. ch. 4), and to the general historians: Bancroft (orig. ed., vii. 338); Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._ (iii. ch. 17); Irving's _Washington_ (i. 404); and local histories, like Watson's _Essex County_ (ch. 9); Palmer's _Lake Champlain_; Holden's _Queensbury_ (p. 405); Bourne's _Wells and Kennebunk, Me._; Van Rensselaer's _Essays_; Poole's _Index_, etc. A letter of Joseph Warren congratulating Connecticut on the event is in Frothingham's _Warren_, p. 490. Another letter of Joseph Warren (Watertown, May 17, 1775) to John Scollay, being captured by Gage, gave the British general the first intimation of the fall of Ticonderoga (_Sparks, MSS._, xxxii.). Governor Franklin communicates a diary at Ticonderoga, May 11-19, to Dartmouth (_N. Jersey Archives_, x. 608). Respecting the condition of Ticonderoga after the capture, see Eliphalet Dyer's letter, May 31, 1775, in _Hist. Mag._, vii. 22; and the letters of Governor Trumbull and the Connecticut committee to the New Hampshire authorities, in the _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 489-501.

[632] Sparks caused copies to be made of some of the most important parts, which are in the _Sparks MSS._, no. lx.

[633] The orderly-book of Sergeant Aaron Barlow, under Montgomery, June 2 to Dec. 6, 1775, was preserved in 1848, when a copy was made for the New York Historical Society (_Proc._, 1849, p. 279).

[634] Dawson, i. p. 116, who points out some errors in Leake's _Life of Lamb_ (p. 374), or _4 American Archives_, iii. p. 1343. Cf. Lossing's _Schuyler_, i. 444; Sargent's _Major André_, p. 79; Alex. Scammel's letter in _Hist. Mag._, xviii. 136; accounts in Gen. John Lacy's papers in the N. Y. State Library; Samuel Mott's letters in the _Trumbull Papers_ (iv. p. 174); and others of Timothy Bedel in _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 637, 670. There are in the Archives at Ottawa a Mémoire of Amable Berthelot, of Quebec, on the war of 1775; a journal at Three Rivers, May 18, 1775, etc.; and a journal of the siege of St. John, 1775 (Brymner's _Report on the Canadian Archives_, 1881, p. 46). These are printed in Verreau's _Invasion du Canada_ (Montreal, 1873). Carroll (_Journal to Canada_, 1876, p. 89), describing the works at St. John, says they were not injured by Montgomery's siege of them. There is a view of the works in Lossing's _Field-Book_, i. 172.

[635] Dawson, i. p. 115, etc.

[636] Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, i. 477. Montgomery's letter to the inhabitants is given in fac-simile in _4 Force's Archives_, iii. 1596, and his demand for its surrender, _Ibid._, v. 312. The articles of capitulation were printed in broadside. Sabin, xii. p. 314. Copies of Montgomery's letters are in the _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. ii.). Lareau, _Littérature Canadienne_, p. 240, says that L'Abbé Perrault intended a book, _Le Siège de Montreal en 1775_. See various documents in Verreau's _Invasion du Canada_.

[637] Dennie's _Portfolio_, xx. 75. A paper by Louise L. Hunt in _Harper's Monthly_, vol. lxx. (Feb., 1885), in which the story of the preservation of Montgomery's sword is told. Cf. _Living Age_, no. 1,017, p. 428; _Biog. Notes concerning Richard Montgomery_, by L. L. Hunt (1876); _A Sketch of Montgomery_ (1876), by General Geo. W. Cullum, and an article by him in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, April, 1884, with interesting illustrations, including (p. 277) a view of Montgomery Place, on the Hudson, which was building at the time of his death, and was afterwards the home of his widow. There are other views of this well-known estate in Lamb's Homes of America, _Harper's Mag._, lxx. 354, etc. General Cullum's paper has also a fac-simile of a letter sent by Montgomery to Colonel Bedel, Oct. 2, 1775. For the ancestry of Montgomery, see _N. Y. Geneal. and Biog. Record_, July, 1871, p. 123. The memory of Montgomery suffered for a long time in Canada from the belief that he was the officer of that name who was charged with atrocities during the siege of Quebec in 1759 (_Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans._, 1870-71, p. 63).

On his death and burial, see, beside the usual accounts, a paper among the Belknap papers in Mass. Hist. Soc. library (_Proc._, x. 323), called "A true account of Gen. Montgomery's death and burial at Quebec" (cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. p. 111), _Life of Geo. Read_, p. 140; Hilliard d'Auberteuil's _Essais_, with a stately picture of his funeral; _Niles's Register_, xiv. 371; Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 264, on the identification and burial of his remains; a picture of the house to which his body was carried in Grant's _Picturesque Canada_ (Toronto, 1882, vol. i. p. 28); the final removal of his remains to New York, when his widow, forty-three years after his death, watched the barge which bore them as it slowly floated down the Hudson in front of Montgomery Place (Dennie's _Portfolio_, xxi. 134; _Harper's Mag._, lxx. 357; _Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans._, 1870-71, p. 63; Dr. W. J. Anderson's paper was reprinted in _Hist. Mag._, xiii. 97); and a paper on the hundredth anniversary of his death in the _New Dominion Monthly_ (Montreal), xvii. 397.

The tributes of Congress to Montgomery are recorded in the _Journals of Congress_, i. 247. Public services took place before that body Feb. 19, 1776, when an address was delivered which was published as _An Oration in Memory of General Montgomery, and of the Officers and Soldiers who fell with him, December 31, 1775, before Quebec; drawn up (and delivered February 19th, 1776). At the Desire of the Honorable Continental Congress. By William Smith, D. D., Provost of the College and Academy of Philadelphia_ (Phila., 1776) It was reprinted in Norwich, Conn., and in London twice in the same year.

Franklin was commissioned to procure in France a monument to Montgomery's memory. One was finally erected in Trinity Church in New York (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, April, 1884, p. 297; _Harper's Mag._, Nov., 1876, p. 876; _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, iii. 473).

Of some interest are a contemporary tragedy by H. H. Brackenridge, _The Death of Montgomery_ (Norwich and Providence), with an engraving of the death scene by Norman (Sabin, ii. no. 7,185; _Sparks' Catal._, no. 337); and Thomas Paine's _A Dialogue between the ghost of general Montgomery just arrived from the Elysian fields; and an American delegate, in a wood near Philadelphia_. [_Anon._] [Phila.], 1776. N. Y.; privately reprinted, 100 copies, 1865.

[638] Printed in the _Maine Hist. Soc. Coll._ (i. 343), at Portland, in 1831; Sabin, xii. 50,221. Cf. _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1881, p. 117, for an account of the Montresors, father and son, and G. D. Scull's _Mem. and letters of Capt. W. G. Evelyn_ (1879), enlarged as _The Evelyns in America_ (1881). Cf. also _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Jan., 1882, p. 104.

[639] _Catal. of King's Maps_, Brit. Mus., i. 608. Cf. also the _Map of New Hampshire_, by Col. Joseph Blanchard and Rev. Samuel Langdon, engraved in Jefferys, dated Oct. 21, 1761.

[640] Lossing's _Field-Book_, i. 193.

[641] _Lives of Arnold_, by Sparks (ch. 3 and 4) and Isaac N. Arnold (ch. 3); Irving's _Washington_ (ii. ch. 5 and 8); Graham's _Morgan_ (ch. 4); Lossing's _Schuyler_ (i. ch. 26); B. Cowell's _Spirit of Seventy-Six in Rhode Island_; North's _Hist. of Augusta_; Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 441; a paper by William Howard Mills, describing the route, in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (Feb., 1885), xiii. 143; and William Allen's "Account of Arnold's Expedition" in the _Maine Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i. p. 387, derived mainly from the journals of Meigs and Henry.

The conduct of Enos in deserting Arnold has been extenuated in _General Roger Enos—a lost Chapter of Arnold's Expedition to Canada, 1775_, by Horace Edwin Hayden (1885), reprinted from _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (May, 1885). The papers of the court-martial which acquitted Enos are in the State Department at Washington, and have been printed by Force and Allen, and also in Henry's _Journal_ (ed. of 1877), p. 59.

[642] Described by G. T. Packard in the _N. Y. Independent_, 1881. Cf. _Good Literature_, 1881, p. 239.

[643] Dawson (i. 118) also gives his Quebec despatch of Dec. 31, 1775. Sparks preserved copies of various of Arnold's letters in the _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. ii.); and in _Ibid._ (no. lvii. 10) are letters of Arnold on his early trading visits to Quebec, when he acquired a knowledge of the region.

[644] _Journal of the march of a party of Provincials from Carlyle to Boston and from thence to Quebec, begun the 13th of July and ended the 31st of Dec., 1775. To which is added an account of the Attack and Engagement at Quebec, the 31st of Dec., 1775_ (Glasgow, 1775, pp. 36). It is, says Sabin (ix. no. 36,728), the journal of a company of riflemen under Captains William Hendricks and John Chambers, and it was sent from Quebec to Glasgow by a gentleman who appended the "account."

Henry Dearborn's is in the Boston Public Library, and is called _Journal of the proceedings, and particular occurrences, which happened, within my knowledge, to the troops under the command of Benedict Arnold, in 1775, which troops were detached from the American army lying before Boston for the purpose of marching to, and taking possession of Quebec_. [_From Sept. 10th, 1775, to July 16th, 1776._] It has been printed by Mellen Chamberlain in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, April, 1886, and separately.

_Caleb Haskell's diary, May 5, 1775, to May 30, 1776,—a revolutionary soldier's record before Boston and with Arnold's expedition_ (Newburyport, 1881, 8vo, pp. 23). It is edited by L. Withington. Haskell belonged to Ward's company.

John Joseph Henry's _Accurate and interesting account of the hardships and sufferings of that band of heroes, who traversed the wilderness in the Campaign against Quebec in 1775_ (Lancaster, Pa., 1812). _Campaign against Quebec, being an accurate_, etc. (Watertown, N. Y., 1844). _Account of Arnold's Campaign against Quebec, and of the hardships, etc._ (Albany, 1877). This last edition has a memoir of Judge Henry by his grandson, Aubrey H. Smith. (Cf. Brinley, ii. no. 4,026; Murphy, no. 1,192.) Mr. Smith says that the _Account_ was dictated by Henry to his daughter in his latest years, with the aid of casual notes and memoranda, and was published without any revision and proper press-reading. (Cf. Sabin, viii. 31,400-1.)

Lieut. William Heth's journal is referred to in Marshall's _Washington_, i. pp. 53, 57, and is still preserved in Richmond, Va.

A journal of Sergeant McCoy, of Hendricks's company, is referred to by Henry in his _Account_.

Major Return J. Meigs's _Journal of the expedition against Quebec under Col. Benedict Arnold in the year 1775_. (Cf. Almon's _Remembrancer_,