CHAPTER IX.

THE WEST,

FROM THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH FRANCE, 1763, TO THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH ENGLAND, 1783.

BY WILLIAM FREDERICK POOLE, LL.D.

_Librarian of the Newberry Library, Chicago._

THE treaty of peace signed at Paris, February 10, 1763, marks perhaps the most important epoch in the political and social history of North America.[1422] It settled forever a question which had been in doubt for a century,—whether the rule and civilization of France or of Great Britain were to shape the destinies of the western continent. It was the culmination of a seven years' war, in which the vigorous administration of William Pitt had crushed the allied forces of France and Spain. The capture of Quebec by Wolfe, and the surrender of the French army to Amherst at Montreal, were but incidents in the general humiliation which France and Spain had experienced on the continent of Europe, in India, in the West Indies, and on the ocean. They could fight no longer, and were glad to accept any terms of peace which Great Britain might dictate.[1423]

The Treaty of Paris made a strange transformation of the political map of North America, and for the first time brought under British sway the territory which now comprises the Western States of the American Union. Great Britain in the preceding century had granted in the charters of her American colonies boundaries extending from ocean to ocean; but her actual possessions until 1763 were a fringe of country along the Atlantic coast, and extending west to the crests of the Alleghanies. Spain was in possession of Florida and Mexico, and the remainder of the continent was in the real or nominal possession of France. Her imperial domain extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean, and from the Alleghanies to undetermined limits beyond the Rocky Mountains. By the Treaty of Paris, Canada and that portion of Louisiana between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi came to Great Britain. In a secret treaty with his Bourbon ally, Carlos III. of Spain, made November 3, 1762, the day when the preliminary articles of peace were signed,[1424] Louis XV. ceded to Spain that part of Louisiana which lay west of the Mississippi, with the island on which New Orleans is situated. France therefore, in this desperate crisis, parted with all her American possessions on the main land, and her name nearly disappeared from the map of North America.[1425] Spain in the war had lost Havana, and in order to recover this key to her other West India possessions she gave up to Great Britain Florida in exchange for Havana.

Severer terms than these would have been exacted by Great Britain from both the allies, except for the recent accession of George III. to the throne, and the changes he made in his cabinet and policy. In the midst of the negotiations of the treaty, Pitt resigned in disgust, and they were concluded by his successor, the Earl of Bute, and by the Duke of Bedford. The transfers of the immense territories ceded by the treaty were not immediate, and several years elapsed before they came into possession of their new rulers.

In the discussions by the new cabinet as to the terms of the treaty, a question arose which was alarming to the American colonies. Should Canada or the Island of Guadaloupe be restored to France? The sugar trade of the latter, it was claimed, was more important to Great Britain than the Canadian for trade. It was further claimed that, if the colonies were relieved from the menace of the French and their savage allies, they would cover the continent, become a great nation, manufacture their own goods, and eventually declare themselves independent.[1426] Many pamphlets appeared in England advocating and opposing the restoration of Canada to France, but there was no abler advocate of the retention of Canada than Dr. Franklin, who was then in London.[1427]

On the 7th of October, 1763, George III. issued a proclamation,[1428] providing for four new governments or colonies, namely: Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and Grenada, and defining their boundaries. The limits of Quebec did not vary materially from those of the present province of that name, and those of East and West Florida comprised the present State of Florida and the country north of the Gulf of Mexico to the parallel of 31° latitude.

It will be seen that no provision was made for the government of nine tenths of the new territory acquired by the Treaty of Paris, and the omission was not an oversight, but was intentional. The purpose was to reserve as crown lands the Northwest territory, the region north of the great lakes, and the country between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, and to exclude them from settlement by the American colonies. They were left, for the time being, to the undisputed possession of the savage tribes.[1429] The king's "loving subjects" were forbidden making purchases of land from the Indians, or forming any settlements "westward of the sources of the rivers which fall into the sea from the West and Northwest", "and all persons who have wilfully or inadvertently seated themselves upon any lands" west of this limit were warned "forthwith to remove themselves from such settlements." Certain reasons for this policy were assigned in the proclamation, such as "preventing irregularities in the future, and that the Indians may be convinced of our justice", etc.; but the real explanation appears in the Report of the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, in 1772, on the petition of Thomas Walpole and others for a grant of land on the Ohio. The report was drawn by Lord Hillsborough, the president of the board. The report states:—

"We take leave to remind your Lordships of that principle which was adopted by this Board, and approved and confirmed by his Majesty, immediately after the Treaty of Paris, viz.: the confining the western extent of settlements to such a distance from the seacoast as that those settlements should lie within reach of the trade and commerce of this kingdom, ... and also of the exercise of that authority and jurisdiction which was conceived to be necessary for the preservation of the Colonies in a due subordination to, and dependence upon, the mother country. And these we apprehend to have been the two capital objects of his Majesty's proclamation of the 7th of October, 1763.... The great object of colonizing upon the continent of North America has been to improve and extend the commerce, navigation, and manufactures of this kingdom.... It does appear to us that the extension of the fur trade depends entirely upon the Indians being undisturbed in the possession of their hunting-grounds, and that all colonizing does in its nature, and must in its consequences, operate to the prejudice of that branch of commerce.... Let the savages enjoy their deserts in quiet. Were they driven from their forests the peltry-trade would decrease; and it is not impossible that worse savages would take refuge in them."[1430]

Such in clear and specific terms was the cold and selfish policy which the British crown and its ministers habitually pursued towards the American colonies; and in a few years it changed loyalty into hate, and brought on the American Revolution.[1431]

* * * * *

Before the royal proclamation of 1763 had been issued, or even drafted, a new and fierce Indian war, which is known in history as the Pontiac War, was raging on the frontier settlements. With the conquest of Canada and the expulsion of France as a military power from the continent, the English colonists were abounding in loyalty to the mother country, were exultant in the expectation of peace, and in the assurance of immunity from Indian wars in the future; for it did not seem possible that, with the loose system of organization and government common to the Indians, they could plan and execute a general campaign without the co-operation of the French as leaders.

This feeling of security among the English settlements was of short duration. A general discontent pervaded all the Indian tribes from the frontier settlements to the Mississippi, and from the great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The extent of this disquietude was not suspected, and hence no attempt was made to gain the good-will of the Indians. There were many real causes for this discontent. The French had been politic and sagacious in their intercourse with the Indian. They gained his friendship by treating him with respect and justice. They came to him with presents, and, as a rule, dealt with him fairly in trade. They came with missionaries, unarmed, heroic, self-denying men, who labored without pay for what they deemed the highest welfare of their dusky brethren. Many Frenchmen married Indian wives, dwelt with the native tribes, and adopted their customs. To the average Englishman, on the other hand, Indians were disgusting objects; he would show them no respect, nor treat them with justice except under compulsion. To him the only good Indians were dead Indians, and hence he shot savages as he would wild beasts.[1432] So long as the English had the French as competitors for the good-will of the Indian, they treated him with some measure of tact and justice; but when this competition was withdrawn, it was a sad day for both races. The fur trade, by which the Indians obtained their necessary supplies, had been mainly in the hands of the French; and when it was cut off, the Northern and Western Indians, as they had lost the use of bows and arrows, and needed firearms and ammunition in order to take their game, were often in distress for want of food. When the military posts in the West were in possession of the French, the Indians were habitual visitors, and they loitered about the forts. The French tolerated the custom, and treated the intruders with kindness, although their indolent and filthy habits greatly taxed the patience of the garrisons. When these posts came into possession of the English, the visitors were insulted and driven away, and they were fortunate if they were not clubbed.[1433]

The French had shown little disposition to make permanent settlements; but the English, when they appeared, came to stay, and they occupied large tracts of the best land for agricultural purposes. The French hunters and traders, who were widely dispersed among the native tribes, kept the Indians in a state of disquietude by misrepresenting the English, exaggerating their faults, and making the prediction that the French would soon recapture Canada and expel the English from the Western territories.

Pontiac, the chief of the Ottawas, was the Indian who had the motive, the ambition, and capacity for organization which enabled him to concentrate and use all these elements of discontent for his own malignant and selfish purposes. After the defeat of the French, he professed for a time to be friendly with the English, expecting that, under the acknowledged supremacy of Great Britain, he would be recognized as a mighty Indian prince, and be assigned to rule over his own, and perhaps a confederacy of other tribes.[1434] Finding that the English government had no use for him, he was indignant, and he devoted all the energies of his vigorous mind to a secret conspiracy of uniting the tribes west of the Alleghanies to engage in a general war against the English settlements. In the autumn of 1762 he sent messengers with war-belts to the tribes living north of the great lakes, to those in the Ohio and Illinois countries, and they went as far south as the mouth of the Mississippi. His scheme was to make a simultaneous attack on all the Western posts in the month of May, 1763; and each attack was assigned to the neighboring tribes. His summer home was on a small island at the entrance of Lake St. Clair; and being near Detroit, he was to conduct in person the capture of that fort.[1435]

On the 6th of May, 1763, Major Gladwin,[1436] in command at Detroit, had warning from an Indian girl that the next day an attempt would be made to capture the fort by treachery. When Pontiac, on the appointed morning, accompanied by sixty of his chiefs, with short guns concealed under their blankets, appeared at the fort, and, as usual, asked for admission, he was startled at seeing the whole garrison under arms, and that his scheme of treachery had miscarried. For two months the savages assailed the fort, and the sleepless garrison gallantly defended it, when they were relieved by the arrival of a schooner from Fort Niagara, with sixty men, provisions, and ammunition.

Fort Pitt, on the present site of Pittsburg, Pa.,[1437] was in command of Captain Ecuyer, another trained soldier, who had been warned of the Indian conspiracy by Major Gladwin in a letter written May 5th. Captain Ecuyer, having a garrison of three hundred and thirty soldiers and backwoodsmen, immediately made every preparation for defence. On May 27th, a party of Indians appeared at the fort under the pretence of wishing to trade, and were treated as spies. Active operations against Fort Pitt were postponed until the smaller forts had been taken.

Fort Sandusky was captured May 16th; Fort St. Joseph (on the St. Joseph River, Mich.), May 25th; Fort Ouatanon (now Lafayette, Ind.), May 31st; Fort Michillimackinac (now Mackinaw, Mich.), June 2d; Fort Presqu' Isle (now Erie, Pa.), June 17th; Fort Le Bœuf (Erie County, Pa.), June 18th; Fort Venango (Venango County, Pa.), June 18th; and the posts at Carlisle and Bedford, Pa., on the same day. No garrison except that at Presqu' Isle had warning of danger. The same method of capture was adopted in each instance. A small party of Indians came to the fort with the pretence of friendship, and were admitted. Others soon joined them, when the visitors rose upon the small garrisons, butchered them, or took them captive. At Presqu' Isle the Indians laid siege to the fort for two days, when they set it on fire. At Venango no one of the garrison survived to give an account of the capture.[1438]

On June 22d, a large body of Indians surrounded Fort Pitt and opened fire on all sides, but were easily repulsed. The next day they informed Captain Ecuyer[1439] that every other English fort had been taken, and that all the tribes were coming to take Fort Pitt. If he and his garrison would then leave, they would assure him a safe conduct to the English settlements; but otherwise they would be unable to protect him from the bad Indians who would soon arrive. The commander thanked them for their kind solicitude in his behalf, and informed them that he had plenty of men, provisions, and ammunition, and could hold the fort against all the Indians in the woods. He told them also that an army of six thousand English would soon arrive at Fort Pitt, and that another army of three thousand had gone up the lakes to punish the Ottawas and Ojibwas. "Therefore", he said, "take pity on your women and children, and get out of the way as soon as possible." The Indians departed the next day, and did not reappear until July 26th, when they repeated their old story of "love for the English", and grieved that "the chain of friendship had been broken." The following night they surrounded the fort, and with knives dug burrows in the river banks, from which they threw fire-arrows into the fort and shot bullets whenever they had sight of a soldier above the parapets. This sort of warfare was more dangerous to the besiegers than to the besieged. During five days and nights of ceaseless attack the losses of the Indians were more than twenty killed and wounded. In the garrison seven were slightly wounded, and none killed. The Indians then disappeared in order to intercept the expedition of Colonel Bouquet, which was approaching from the east with a convoy of provisions for the relief of Fort Pitt.

It was fortunate for the country that there was an officer stationed at Philadelphia who fully understood the meaning of the alarming reports which were coming in from the Western posts. Colonel Henry Bouquet was a gallant Swiss officer who had been trained in war from his youth, and whose personal accomplishments gave an additional charm to his bravery and heroic energy. He had served seven years in fighting American Indians, and was more cunning than they in the practice of their own artifices.[1440] General Amherst, the commander-in-chief, was slow in appreciating the importance and extent of the Western conspiracy;[1441] yet he did good service in directing Colonel Bouquet to organize an expedition for the relief of Fort Pitt.

The promptness and energy with which this duty was performed, under the most embarrassing conditions, make the expedition one of the most brilliant episodes in American warfare. The only troops available for the service were about five hundred regulars recently arrived from the siege of Havana, broken in health, and many of them better fitted for the hospital than the field.[1442] Orders for collecting supplies and means of transportation had been sent to Carlisle; but when the colonel arrived with the troops, nothing had been done towards their execution. Such, however, was his energy and sagacity that in eighteen days the horses, oxen, wagons, and provisions needed had been collected, and he was ready to march. As the long train moved out of Carlisle towards the west, where lay the bleaching bones of Braddock's army, the inhabitants looked on in anxious silence. The sight of sixty invalid soldiers conveyed in wagons did not add to the cheerfulness of the scene. Bouquet's most efficient soldiers were the 42d regiment of Highlanders, whom he used as flankers.[1443]

On the 25th of July he reached Fort Bedford, where he left his invalids to recuperate, and engaged thirty backwoodsmen as guides. All communication with Fort Pitt, one hundred and five miles distant, was cut off, and the woods were filled with prowling savages. On August 2d he reached Fort Ligonier, fifty miles from Bedford, where he left his draught-oxen and wagons, and went on with three hundred and fifty pack-horses. About a day's march further west lay the defiles of Turtle Creek, where he expected the Indians would lay an ambuscade. He therefore determined to proceed as far as a small stream called Bushy Run, rest till night, and pass Turtle Creek under cover of darkness. At one o'clock in the afternoon of August 5th, when the train was half a mile from Bushy Run, a report of rifles was heard at the front, indicating that the advanced guard was engaged. Two companies were ordered forward to support it. The woods were quickly cleared, when firing was heard in the rear, and the troops were ordered back to protect the baggage train. Forming a circle around the convoy, the troops kept up the fight gallantly until night. As they were exposed in the open field, while the Indians were under cover in the woods, their loss was heavy compared with that of the enemy. Several officers and about sixty soldiers were killed or wounded, and the situation had become desperate. They had no choice but to camp on the hill where the engagement had taken place, and without a drop of water. Sentinels and outposts were stationed to guard against a night attack, and the morrow was awaited with anxious solicitude. During the night Colonel Bouquet wrote to General Amherst: "Whatever our fate may be, I thought it necessary to give your excellency this information.... I fear insurmountable difficulties in protecting and transporting our provisions, being already so much weakened by the losses of this day in men and horses."

With the early morning light the woods rang with the exultant war-cries of the Indians. The battle was renewed, and the savages, seeing the distress of the troops, pressed closer and closer, expecting an easy victory. Colonel Bouquet, with a quick perception of the situation and full knowledge of the Indian character, saw that his only hope of escaping the fate of Braddock's army was to draw the enemy from their cover and bring them into close engagement with his regulars. This he did by a stratagem. He ordered his most advanced troops, when in action, to fall back suddenly, as if in retreat, behind a second line lying in ambush. The Indians he expected would follow, eager to seize the train.

The line in ambush would then open fire, and in the surprise and confusion of the savages the remaining troops would charge upon them. The stratagem was a complete success. As the advanced line retreated, the Indians rushed out of the woods, supposing they were victors. When the line in ambush had delivered its fire and stopped the progress of the Indians, the retreating line had changed direction and were ready to make a charge upon the flank. The ambuscading line then rose and fell upon the enemy in front, who fled, leaving sixty of their number on the field, and among them several prominent chiefs. The pursuit was continued, and the victory was complete.[1444] The next day the expedition, carrying their wounded on litters, moved on towards Fort Pitt, twenty-five miles distant, and arriving four days after the fight, to the great joy of the beleaguered garrison.

The battle of Bushy Run, both for its military conduct and its political results, deserves a place among the memorable battles in America. The Indians fought with a courage and desperation rarely seen in Indian warfare, and the English troops with a steadiness and valor which was due to their training as regulars and the direction of so able a commander. The tidings of this victory broke the spirit of the Indian conspiracy, and the reports were received with rejoicing in all the English colonies.[1445]

The ultimate purpose of Colonel Bouquet's expedition, after relieving Fort Pitt, was to invade the Ohio country, punish the Shawanese, Delawares, and other tribes, extort from them treaties of peace, and recover the English captives in their possession. On account of his losses of men, horses, and supplies at Bushy Run, he was unable to carry out this design until he was reinforced, and it was now too late in the season to expect that his wants could be supplied from the East. His Ohio expedition was therefore postponed until the next year.

* * * * *

On the 29th of July Detroit was reinforced by two hundred and eighty men under Captain Dalzell, who in June had left Fort Niagara in twenty-two barges, with several cannon and a supply of provisions and ammunition. The day after his arrival, Captain Dalzell proposed, with two hundred and fifty men, to make a night attack on Pontiac's camp and capture him. Major Gladwin discouraged the attempt, but finally, against his judgment, consented. Some Canadians obtained the secret and carried it to Pontiac, who waylaid the party in an ambuscade. Twenty of the English were killed and thirty-nine wounded. Among the killed was Captain Dalzell himself.[1446] Pontiac could make no use of this success, as the fort was strongly garrisoned and well supplied with provisions and ammunition. Elsewhere there was nothing to encourage him. The battle of Bushy Run and the arrival of Colonel Bouquet at Fort Pitt alarmed the Western tribes and ruptured the Pontiac confederation. In October some of the chiefs who beleaguered the fort at Detroit sued for peace, and in November the siege was raised. All hope of capturing Fort Pitt had vanished, and the warriors returned to their hunting-grounds. There was quietness on the frontiers during the winter of 1763-64.

In the spring of 1764 scattered war parties were again ravaging the borders. Colonel Bouquet was recruiting in Pennsylvania, and preparing an outfit for his march into the valley of the Ohio. In June, Colonel Bradstreet, with a force of twelve hundred men, was sent up the great lakes. On arriving at Fort Niagara he found assembled a large body of Indians whom Sir William Johnson had summoned into council, using threats when they did not readily respond to his summons. It was apparent that the haughty spirit of the tribes was broken. Treaties of peace were concluded, and a strip of land between the lakes Erie and Ontario, four miles wide on each side of the river Niagara, was ceded to the British government.[1447]

Bradstreet proceeded up Lake Erie, and near Presqu' Isle made, on his own authority, an absurd treaty of peace with some alleged deputies of the Ohio Indians who had made the Western settlements so much trouble; and he added to his folly by writing to his superior officer, Colonel Bouquet, that the Colonel need not march into the Ohio country, as the business of pacifying the Western Indians had been attended to. Bradstreet went on to Sandusky; and instead of punishing the Wyandots, Ottawas, and Miamis, as he was instructed to do, accepted their promise to follow him to Detroit and there make treaties. He arrived in Detroit on the 26th of August. Pontiac had departed, and sent messages of defiance from the banks of the Maumee.[1448]

Colonel Bouquet met with every obstacle in raising troops and collecting supplies for his Ohio expedition, from the stubborn Quakers in the Assembly of Pennsylvania. It was not until September 17th that his convoy arrived at Fort Pitt. Early in October he marched with fifteen hundred men and a long train of pack-horses into the valley of the Muskingum. Wherever he appeared with his strong force the Indian tribes were ready, after much talk, to make treaties of peace and deliver up their white captives, two hundred of whom, and some with reluctance, were taken back to the settlements.[1449] Colonel Bouquet marched to the forks of the Muskingum,[1450] meeting with no opposition, and, having accomplished his purposes, retraced his march, and arrived at Fort Pitt on the 28th of November. The success of the expedition and the return of the captives to their homes were the occasion of joy through the whole country. The assemblies of Pennsylvania and Virginia passed votes of thanks to Colonel Bouquet, and the king conferred on him the rank of brigadier-general. Early in the summer of 1765 he was put in command of the Southern district, and died of fever at Pensacola, September 2, ten days after his arrival.[1451] Had he lived he would have made a brilliant record in the war of the Revolution.[1452]

The Pontiac War, so far as battles and campaigns were concerned, was ended; but Pontiac was still at large and as untamed as ever. His last hope was the Illinois country, where the foot of an English soldier had never trod. Thither he went, and applying to M. Neyon, in command of Fort Chartres, for aid, was refused. He returned to his camp on the Maumee, and collecting four hundred of his own warriors, and as many of other tribes as would join him, reappeared at Fort Chartres. M. Neyon had left the country in disgust, with many French residents of the Illinois country, and M. Saint Ange de Bellerive was his successor in command of the fort. His visitors, with a mob of Illinois Indians, clamored for weapons and ammunition to fight the English. St. Ange's position was embarrassing, if not dangerous; but he acted with prudence and sagacity. He was under orders to deliver up the fort whenever a British force arrived. He refused to comply with the demands of the Indians, but pacified them with pleasant words and a few presents. The most agreeable sight to this worthy Frenchman, at that time, would have been the arrival of a regiment of British infantry.

Pontiac, again baffled, sent an embassy of warriors down the Mississippi, with an immense war-belt, and with instructions to show it at every Indian village on the river, and to procure from the French commandant at New Orleans the aid he could not get at Fort Chartres. The warriors reached New Orleans soon after the distressing news had come that Western Louisiana had been ceded to Spain by the secret treaty of November 3, 1762. The health of the governor, D'Abbadie, had given way under the intelligence that a Spanish governor and garrison might arrive any day. The governor gave the Indians one hearing, and postponed the interview until the next day. Before the hour named had arrived he was dead.[1453] M. Aubry, his successor, received the warriors, and said he could do nothing for them. Sullen and disappointed, they paddled their canoes northward, and the last hope of the conspiracy expired.[1454]

An attempt was made early in 1764 to take possession of the Illinois country by sending English troops up the Mississippi River. Major Arthur Loftus, with four hundred regulars, ascended two hundred and forty miles above New Orleans, where Indians in ambuscade fired on them, killed six men, and wounded six others.[1455] The expedition turned back, and returned to Pensacola. Captain Philip Pittman[1456] arrived at New Orleans a few months later with the same design, and ascertaining the temper of the Western Indians, did not make the attempt.[1457]

General Gage, who in November, 1763, succeeded General Amherst as commander-in-chief, saw that there would be no permanent peace with the Western Indians until Fort Chartres and the Illinois country were occupied by British troops, and he resolved to send a force by way of Fort Pitt and the Ohio River. Before executing the plan he thought it advisable to send a messenger in advance, who would visit the tribes, ascertain their dispositions, and allay their enmities if he could not secure their friendship. George Croghan was the person selected for this responsible and dangerous mission. He was deputy-superintendent of Indian affairs under Sir William Johnson. As a fur-trader he had been on friendly relations with the Western tribes, and spoke their language. Lieutenant Alexander Fraser, who spoke French, was to accompany him. They arrived at Fort Pitt in February, 1765, where Croghan was delayed for three months, holding councils with Indians.[1458]

Croghan left Fort Pitt on the 14th of May, in two bateaux, with a few soldiers and fourteen[1459] Indian deputies, Shawanese, Mingos, and Delawares, as evidence and pledge that there was peace between the English and the Western tribes.

On the 23d he arrived at the mouth of the Scioto, where the Shawanese delivered to him seven French traders. On the 6th of June he came to the mouth of the Wabash, where there were indications of the presence of hostile Indians. He dropped down the Ohio six miles further and encamped. On the morning of the 8th his party was fired into by eighty Kickapoos and Mascoutins, and two white men and three of the Shawanese deputies were killed. Croghan himself, and all the rest of the party except two white men and one Indian, were wounded. They were robbed of their outfit, and carried as prisoners to Vincennes.[1460] Here Croghan found Indian acquaintances and friends who treated him and his party with kindness, and rebuked their assailants.[1461] At Post Ouatanon[1462] Croghan found more of his Indian acquaintances; and his captivity being ended, he resumed his official character of ambassador, received deputations from the neighboring tribes, held councils, heard and made speeches, and smoked the pipe of peace. He here received a message from St. Ange, requesting him to visit Fort Chartres, and arrange matters there, which had become exceedingly annoying. He started for the Illinois country on the 18th of July, accompanied by the chiefs of the neighboring tribes. He soon met Pontiac and the deputies from the Illinois tribes on their way to visit him. Both parties returned to the fort and held a council. Pontiac and the Illinois tribes agreed to make peace with the English, as the other nations had done.[1463]

The object of his visit being accomplished, Croghan turned his face homeward, and reached Detroit on the 17th of August. Here he called the Ottawas and the other neighboring tribes into a council, which continued for several days. The Indians acknowledged that they now saw that the French were indeed conquered; that henceforth they would listen no more to the whistling of evil birds, but would lay down the hatchet, and sit quiet on their mats. Pontiac was present, and said: "Father, I declare to all nations that I had made my peace with you before I came here; and I now deliver my pipe to Sir William Johnson, that he may know that I have made peace, and taken the King of England to be my father in the presence of all the nations now assembled."[1464]

From Detroit, Croghan communicated to the commander at Fort Pitt tidings of the complete success of his Western mission; and a company of the 42d regiment of Highlanders, the veterans of Quebec, Ticonderoga, and Bushy Run, under the command of Captain Thomas Stirling, was dispatched in boats for Fort Chartres. Captain Stirling arrived early in October,[1465] and on the 10th relieved St. Ange from his embarrassing command.[1466] These were the first English troops who ever set foot in the Illinois country.[1467]

Croghan left Detroit on the 26th of November, visited Fort Niagara, and arrived at Fort Stanwix, October 21, where he prepared his report to Sir William Johnson, which Sir William transmitted to the Lords of Trade, November 16, 1765.[1468]

For the next decade, the discreet management of the native tribes by Sir William Johnson secured the Western settlements from Indian depredations. During this period there was a constant emigration from Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania into the country between the mountains and the Ohio River, and explorations were begun in Kentucky. The treaty of Fort Stanwix, made with the Six Nations and their dependants in the autumn of 1768, transferred to the British crown the Indian title to what is now the State of Kentucky east of the Tennessee (then Cherokee) River, and a large part of Western Virginia. To the province of Pennsylvania it ceded an extensive tract on its western borders, and defined the boundaries between the English settlements and the Indian territory.[1469] In making this important treaty, Sir William was acting under instructions from the crown, and was furnished with a map[1470] indicating the boundaries desired, for which concessions the crown would give money and presents. He summoned the deputies of the Six Nations and their dependent tribes to meet him in council at Fort Stanwix (now Rome, N. Y.), on the 20th of September, 1768. By the 22d, 2,200 Indians had arrived,[1471] and when the council opened on the 24th, 3,102[1472] deputies were present. For seven weeks Sir William fed[1473] and hospitably entertained this immense concourse of savages, conducting their deliberations, making speeches in their own languages, humoring and repressing their wayward dispositions, and bringing them reluctantly to accept his terms.[1474]

Open hostilities between the Indians and settlers on the Western frontier, which had been suspended since 1765, broke out anew in the spring of 1774,[1475] and raged for a few months in what has been called "Cresap's War", but is now more properly known as the "Dunmore War." Lord Dunmore was then governor of Virginia, and commander of the English forces engaged in the brief campaign. As to the specific cause of the Dunmore War there has been much controversy. The killing of Logan's family, wrongly charged upon Captain Michael Cresap, was one of the causes assigned. Another was the conduct of Dr. John Connolly, the agent of Lord Dunmore in West Virginia, who was charged with being concerned in a plot to bring on a conflict between the settlers and the Indians, in order to serve British interests in the Revolutionary War which was then coming on.[1476] Lord Dunmore was suspected at the time of being in the plot,[1477] and the charge was probably as groundless as that made against Captain Cresap. The occasion of the outbreak lay upon the surface of events,—the growing disquietude and jealousy of the Indians in view of the advancing settlements of the whites, which had reached the eastern bank of the Ohio and was moving farther west. The Shawanese and Delawares had been robbing traders and scalping settlers, whenever an opportunity occurred, ever since they had made a treaty of peace with Colonel Bouquet in 1764. Sir William Johnson's letters to the home government during these nine years are full of narratives of these outrages, and forebodings that another Indian war might break out at any time. More white persons were killed by these Indians during this period of nominal peace than in the whole campaign of the Dunmore War.

A bitter controversy between Virginia and Pennsylvania for possession of the country between the mountains and the Ohio added to the complications arising from the Indian troubles.[1478] Virginia held Fort Pitt and was in possession of the country. In 1774 the tide of emigration was setting strongly towards Kentucky, which had been explored by Daniel Boone in 1769, and later by other parties.[1479] In April, a party of eighty or ninety Virginians made a rendezvous at the mouth of the Little Kanawha, with the intention of descending the Ohio and making a settlement in Kentucky. George Rogers Clark, whose name is to appear later in more important transactions, then twenty-one years of age, was one of the party. In a letter,[1480] written some years later, to Dr. Samuel Brown, professor in Transylvania University, he gives a clear account of the manner in which the Dunmore War began. While camping at the rendezvous, "reports", says Clark, "from the Indian towns were alarming, which caused many to decline meeting. A small party of hunters below us had been fired on by the Indians, which led us to believe that the Indians were determined to make war." They resolved to surprise an Indian town on the Scioto, but had no competent leader. "We knew of Captain Cresap being on the river, about fifteen miles above us, with some hands, settling a plantation, and intending to follow us to Kentucky as soon as he had fixed his people. We also knew he had experience in a former war.[1481] It was proposed, and unanimously agreed on, to send for him to command the party." The messenger met Cresap on his way to Clark's camp. "A council was called, and to our astonishment our intended general was the person who dissuaded us from the enterprise, alleging that appearances were suspicious, but there was no certainty of a war; that if we made the attempt proposed, he had no doubt of success, but that a war would be the result, and that we should be blamed for it, and perhaps justly. He was asked what measure he would recommend to us. His answer was that we should return to Wheeling to obtain intelligence of what was going forward; that a few weeks would determine the matter; and if we should find the Indians not hostilely disposed, we should have full time to prosecute the intended settlements in Kentucky. This measure was adopted, and in two hours we were under weigh."

On arriving at Wheeling, the people, being in a state of alarm, flocked into their camp from every direction. All the hunters and men without families joined them, and they became a formidable party. From Pittsburg they received a message from Dr. Connolly requesting them to keep their position until the messengers returned who had been sent to the Indian towns. Before an answer could be received, a second message, addressed to Captain Cresap, arrived by express from Pittsburg, stating that war was inevitable. Cresap was entreated to use his influence with the party to cover the country until the inhabitants could fortify themselves. "The time of the reception of this letter", says Clark, "was the epoch of open hostilities with the Indians. The war-post was planted, a council called, the letter read, the ceremonies used by the Indians on so important an occasion acted, and war was formally declared. The same evening two scalps were brought into camp. The following day some canoes of Indians were discovered descending the river, taking advantage of an island to cover themselves from our view. They were chased by our men fifteen miles down the river. They were forced ashore, and a battle ensued. A few were wounded on both sides, and we got one scalp only."

The more important charge brought against Cresap, of killing Logan's family, George Rogers Clark disposed of in the same letter, as follows:—

"On our return to camp [from Grave Creek] a resolution was formed to march next day and attack Logan's camp on the Ohio [at Baker's Bottom, opposite the mouth of Yellow Creek], about thirty miles above Wheeling. We actually marched about five miles, and halted to take refreshment. Here the impropriety of executing the proposed enterprise was argued; the conversation was brought on by Cresap himself. It was generally agreed that those Indians had no hostile intentions, as it was a hunting party, composed of men, women, and children, with all their stuff with them.... In short, every person present, particularly Cresap, upon reflection, was opposed to the projected measure. We returned, and on the same evening decamped and took the road to Redstone. It was two days after this that Logan's family was killed; and from the manner in which it was done, it was viewed as a horrid murder by the whole country."

The killing of Logan's family was done by a party of whites living in the vicinity, under the lead of one Greathouse, who was not a member of the party of Cresap, nor, so far as appears, had he any acquaintance with Cresap.[1482] The "Speech of Logan", which Jefferson printed in his _Notes on Virginia_ (1787, p. 105), and accompanied with the comment that Cresap was "a man infamous for his many murders he had committed on these injured people",[1483] has perpetuated an unmerited stigma upon the memory of an innocent and patriotic man. The speech for a century has been regarded as a choice specimen of Indian eloquence, and the youth of the land have worn it threadbare as a declamation exercise.[1484]

The savagery and miseries of a border war now burst upon the Western frontier. The settlers left their homes and took refuge in the forts, and many new stockades were constructed. Roving bands of Indians swept over the country, pillaging the farms and murdering every white person they found. The Virginia government took prompt action in raising two armies to invade the Indian country. One assembled at Lewisburg, in Greenbriar County, under General Andrew Lewis; and the other at Fort Pitt, under Lord Dunmore. General Lewis had orders to march to the mouth of the Great Kanawha; and Lord Dunmore, descending the Ohio, promised to meet him there. Early in June, while these forces were collecting, Colonel Angus McDonald, with four hundred men, dropped down the Ohio from Wheeling, and landing at Grave Creek, marched against the Indians on the Muskingum, and found their village deserted. The Indians, expecting the whites would cross the river in pursuit, were prepared to receive them in an ambuscade; but finding that the whites were now as well skilled in woodcraft as they, came in and proposed terms of peace. Five chiefs were required of them as hostages. One of these was liberated under the promise that he would bring in the chiefs of other tribes to make peace. A second was sent out to find the first, and neither returning, Colonel McDonald burnt their town, destroyed the crops, and went back to Wheeling with the three hostage chiefs, whom he sent to Williamsburg as prisoners.[1485]

General Lewis took up his march with eleven hundred men on the 11th of September, and arriving at Point Pleasant, near the mouth of the Great Kanawha, on the 6th of October, found that Lord Dunmore was not there. On the 9th a despatch was received from his lordship, stating that he had changed his plans, and should land at the mouth of the Big Hockhocking. Lewis was ordered to cross the Ohio and meet him near the Indian towns. The Indians had this information, doubtless, before it was received by General Lewis, and resolved to attack his camp forthwith before a junction of the two armies was made. The battle came on the next morning while General Lewis was preparing to cross the river, and was fought with the highest courage and skill on both sides until evening, when the Indians were surprised by a flank movement which they supposed was a reinforcement. They gave way and retreated across the river. The Indians were commanded by the noted chief Cornstalk.[1486] The battle of Point Pleasant ranks with Bushy Run as one of the most plucky and evenly contested battles ever fought between Indians and white soldiers. The losses of the Virginians were seventy-five killed and one hundred and forty wounded. The losses of the Indians, who fought under cover, were probably about the same, but were not ascertained, as they threw their dead into the river.[1487]

Reinforced by several companies under Colonel Christian, General Lewis crossed the river, with the intention of joining Lord Dunmore near Chillicothe. At Salt Licks (now Jackson, Ohio) he had orders to halt his troops. Suspecting the motives of Lord Dunmore, he disregarded the orders and pressed on. Near Chillicothe Dunmore made a treaty with the Ohio Indians, who promised not to hunt south of the Ohio, and not to molest voyagers on the river. Lord Dunmore's conduct in changing the plan of the campaign, which left General Lewis exposed to a separate attack, and his subsequent conduct in making peace with the Indians before he had punished them for their breach of former treaties, were regarded by the soldiers engaged as premeditated treachery. This impression was confirmed by the plot he later made with Indians to ravage the settlements of Virginia, and by his hasty departure from the colony. His real motives will never be known. The initial scenes in the drama of the Revolutionary War were in progress. His position as a Tory governor was embarrassing, and naturally inspired suspicion in the minds of the colonists.[1488]

While the Dunmore War was in progress, the "Quebec Bill" was discussed and enacted by the British Parliament. The bill so enlarged the boundaries of the province of Quebec that it made the Ohio and Mississippi rivers its southern and western limits, and the whole Northwest territory a part of Canada. The bill in its passage did not escape the protest of Lord Chatham, Edmund Burke, Charles James Fox, Colonel Barré, and the corporation of the city of London.[1489] The colonies, at the time of the enactment of the Quebec Bill, made complaint concerning it "for establishing the Roman Catholic religion in the province of Quebec, abolishing the equitable system of English laws, and erecting a tyranny there, to the great danger (from so total a dissimilarity of religion, law, and government) of the neighboring colonies."[1490] Its real purpose and effect, however, of robbing the American colonies of 240,000 square miles of territory which had already been ceded to them in their charters, and establishing the Mississippi and the Ohio rivers as Canadian boundaries, in case of war and a separation of the Eastern colonies from the mother country, were not mentioned, and seem not to have been considered. The colonies then had little interest in, and scarcely a thought of, the country beyond the Alleghanies. During the war, however, they learned something of the value of the West; and in the negotiations for peace, in 1782-3, the Quebec Bill was often recurred to as one of the principal causes of the Revolution.[1491]

* * * * *

For several years after the close of the Dunmore War the Western Indians were again quiet. They heard with satisfaction of the opening battles of the Revolution, and were not in haste to take the war-path for either side. Except at the British post of Detroit, the sentiments of the settlers west of the mountains were intensely anti-English. The Eastern colonies were too much occupied in their own defence to give any attention to what was happening at the West. The hardy pioneers, left to themselves, conducted their own campaigns. They were not enrolled in the Continental army, and they knew little of, and cared less for, the Continental Congress and the great commander-in-chief of the army. They recognized only the authority of Virginia; and, as voluntary and patriotic rangers, they achieved some of the most important and brilliant victories of the war, concerning which the official proceedings of Congress, and the voluminous correspondence of Washington and of other prominent actors in the war, make scarcely a mention.

The northeastern portion of Kentucky was explored by Dr. Walker in 1747, the central portion by Daniel Boone and others in 1769, and the northwestern portion in 1773. The first log cabin in Kentucky was built by James Harrod at Harrodsburg, Mercer County, in 1774, and the first fort by Boone, at Boonesborough, Madison County, in June, 1775.[1492] About this time George Rogers Clark made an exploring tour in Kentucky, and in the autumn returned to his home in Albemarle County, Virginia.[1493] In the following spring he went back to Kentucky; and, in view of the depredations which the Ohio Indians were committing on the settlements, called a meeting of the pioneers at Harrodsburg to devise a plan of defence. His plan was to appoint delegates who should proceed to Williamsburg and petition the Assembly that Kentucky be made a county of Virginia. The meeting, however, acting before his arrival and against his judgment, elected him and Gabriel Jones to be members of the Virginia Assembly. Their journey through the trackless wilderness and across the mountains was attended with great suffering, and they arrived after the legislature had adjourned. Patrick Henry was the governor. Before him and the Council, Clark laid the claim of Kentuckians to be regarded as citizens of Virginia, and asked for five hundred pounds of powder as a gift for their protection. He was heard with attention and respect, but was told that the Council had no authority to furnish the gunpowder as a gift. It could be loaned to the Kentuckians as friends, but not as citizens. Clark refused to accept it on such conditions, and left, saying, "A country which is not worth defending is not worth claiming." He was called back, and an order on the commandant at Fort Pitt was given to him for the powder. At the autumn session of the legislature Kentucky was made a county of Virginia.[1494]

On returning to Kentucky Clark found the country more disturbed than ever. The Ohio Indians were invading it with larger parties; they lay in ambush about every fort,[1495] and murdered the luckless soldier of the garrison who ventured outside the stockade. Clark seriously pondered over this alarming state of affairs, and came to the conclusion that the strategic points for defending Kentucky were on the north side of the Ohio River. He had probably never heard of Scipio Africanus and of his policy of fighting the enemy in the enemy's country. Without disclosing his thoughts to any one, he sent, during the summer of 1777, two young hunters as spies to Kaskaskia and Vincennes, and, having received favorable reports, started in October[1496] for Williamsburg. There, on December 10th, he laid before Governor Henry his plan for the conquest of the Northwest territory from the British, whom he regarded as the instigators of the Indian raids upon Kentucky. He also consulted confidentially with George Mason, George Wythe, and Thomas Jefferson. They, with the governor, were enthusiastic for the execution of his scheme and took immediate steps to furnish him with ammunition and supplies.

The recent surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga had inspired a new energy in the conduct of the war. The necessary legislation was obtained under the pretext that the supplies were for the defence of Kentucky. Twelve hundred pounds, in the depreciated currency of Virginia, was voted him for expenses in the enemy's country. In January, 1778, Clark received from Governor Henry the rank of colonel, and two sets of instructions: one, which was public, for the defence of Kentucky; and the other, which was secret, for an "attack on the British post at Kaskaskia." He was empowered to raise seven companies, of fifty men each, in any county of the commonwealth, to act as militia under his orders.[1497] He began recruiting, under his public orders, at Fort Pitt, but with little success, owing to quarrels between Virginia and Pennsylvania, and the opposition to the policy of sending soldiers, who were needed there, to defend Kentucky.[1498] After much tribulation he raised three companies, and took them down the river to Corn Island, at the Falls of the Ohio, opposite Louisville. Several companies that had been recruited elsewhere were promised him, but they did not arrive. Some of his men deserted, but enough Kentuckians joined him to make up four companies, or nearly two hundred men.[1499] Here he divulged the secret of their destination, and read to the men his confidential instructions. They willingly accepted the situation, and the next day the expedition started. As their boats shot the falls, the sun was in total eclipse, which fixes the date as June 24, 1778. He had just received from Fort Pitt the news of the treaty of alliance between France and the United States, which he could use to advantage with the French settlers at Kaskaskia. With two relays at the oars, he ran the boats day and night, and on the 28th landed on an island at the mouth of the Cherokee (Tennessee) River. Here a party of white hunters, who had been at Kaskaskia eight days before, was brought in, and they volunteered to accompany him. Nine miles below the island, and one mile above old Fort Massac, they ran into a small creek, concealed their boats, and without a cannon,[1500] a horse, or any means of transporting baggage or supplies, took up their march of more than a hundred miles across the prairies.[1501]

On the afternoon of July 4th they arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia, the river of that name lying between them and the town. There they remained concealed until dark, when they marched to a farm-house on the east bank of the river, about a mile north of the town, captured boats, crossed the river, and found that the people of the town, who a few days before had been under arms expecting an attack, were not aware of their approach. "I immediately", writes Clark, "divided my little army into two divisions: ordered one to surround the town; with the other I broke into the fort,[1502] secured the governor, Mr. Rocheblave, [and] in fifteen minutes had every street secured; sent runners through the town, ordering the people on pain of death to keep close to their houses, which they observed; and before daylight had the whole town disarmed."[1503]

Clark had been informed by the hunters who accompanied him that the French residents of Kaskaskia regarded the Kentuckians, whom they called _Big-Knives_, as more savage than Indians; and resolving to make use of this impression, he gave them a shock which would enable them later to appreciate his lenity. The troops, therefore, kept up during the night the most hideous noises; and the residents, believing they had indeed fallen into the hands of savages, gave themselves up as lost. In the morning Clark had for them another surprise. M. Gibault, the priest, with some aged citizens, came to him and begged that the people might once more assemble in their church, hold a service, and take leave of each other, which request was readily granted. When the service was over a deputation came and said the people would submit to the fate of war and the loss of their property, but asked that they might not be separated from their wives and children. "Do you mistake us for savages?" said Clark. "My countrymen disdain to make war upon women and children. It was to prevent the horrors of Indian butchery upon our wives and children that we have taken up arms and appear in this stronghold of British and Indian barbarity. Now please inform your fellow-citizens that they are at liberty to conduct themselves as usual without the least apprehension." They were told of the treaty of alliance with France, and that if he could have surety of their attachment to the American cause they could enjoy all the privileges of its government, and their property would be secure to them. The people were transported with joy, and took the oath of allegiance to the State of Virginia. They also raised a company of volunteers, who accompanied Major Bowman to Cahokia, a French settlement sixty miles north of Kaskaskia. That town readily gave its adhesion to the American cause. Clark also put himself in friendly relations with the Spanish commandant at St. Louis.[1504]

Clark next turned his attention to the British post of Vincennes. M. Gibault, the friendly priest, in view of what had taken place at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, thought that it was unnecessary to send troops to Vincennes. The post was in his spiritual jurisdiction, and he offered to undertake the mission himself, with several persons accompanying him. The result was the same as at Cahokia. The few British soldiers at the post could make no resistance to the popular sentiment, and withdrew to Detroit. Clark, having no troops to spare, allowed the residents, after taking the oath, to garrison and to be responsible for the safety of the fort, which he put in charge of one of his own officers, Captain Leonard Helm, who retained one of his own privates. M. Gibault returned to Kaskaskia about the 1st of August; and Clark, in less than one month after his arrival, was in possession of every British post in the Illinois country, without a battle or the loss of a life.[1505]

A problem now demanded solution which was of so difficult a nature that it would challenge the sagacity and resources of a veteran commander, and Clark was not a veteran. He was twenty-five years of age, and his only military experience had been as a ranger in Kentucky, and as a captain in the short and bloodless campaign of Lord Dunmore. How was he to hold this immense territory with less than two hundred three-months militiamen, whose term of enlistment had already expired, and with no hope of receiving recruits from Kentucky or Virginia? The British commander could send down a force which would outnumber his ten to one. The savage tribes which had ravaged Kentucky could by concerted action overwhelm his scanty force. The Virginia currency which he brought to pay for supplies he found would buy nothing in the Illinois country. It was fortunate for the nation and the Western States that George Rogers Clark was equal to the emergency, and that he had the self-reliance and sagacity to solve the problem successfully.

By his personal entreaties and promises to pay his men, about one hundred of them reënlisted. The others he sent home, with despatches, and with M. Rocheblave, the late commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner, to Governor Henry at Williamsburg.[1506] His four companies he soon filled up with resident French recruits, and pretended that he could get all the American soldiers he wanted at the Falls of the Ohio.

He next undertook the pacification and control of the Indian tribes. His sudden appearance in the Illinois country and rapid capture of the Western posts was the occasion of astonishment to the Western tribes; and their chiefs from a range of five hundred miles flocked to Cahokia to see the strange warrior of the "Big Knives." Clark met them there in council with a stern and haughty dignity. Soft speeches to Indians before they were under control he regarded as bad policy. He showed no fear in their presence, and no anxiety for their friendship. He laid before them a war-belt and a peace-belt, and told them to take their choice. If they did not want to have their own women and children killed, they must stop killing the women and children of the Americans. One chief after another rose and made submissive speeches. He refused to smoke the peace-pipe with any until he had heard from every tribe represented, and treaties were concluded. All the tribes gave in their allegiance to the American cause, and he had no further trouble with the Illinois Indians. The councils at Cahokia lasted five weeks, and their influence extended to all the nations around the great lakes. Captain Helm, under Clark's instructions, made similar treaties with the Wabash Indians.

The training and discipline of his little army now received his attention, and in order to conceal his weakness in numbers he allowed no parade except of the guards. About Christmas, 1778, he heard from his spies that Governor Hamilton was preparing to send an army into the Illinois country; and later, that Hamilton with eight hundred men had descended the Wabash and recaptured Vincennes.[1507] Early in January Hamilton sent a scouting party to Kaskaskia to waylay and capture Clark, and it came near succeeding while Clark was returning from a visit to Cahokia. This party was supposed to be an advanced guard of Hamilton's army, and every preparation was made to defend the town. On the 29th of January, 1779, Colonel François Vigo,[1508] a Spanish merchant of St. Louis, arrived from Vincennes, and reported that Hamilton had sent away his Indians and most of his troops, leaving only eighty in the garrison; and that he was intending to collect them in the spring, and with five hundred Southern Indians make a campaign against Kaskaskia.

Clark now conceived the project of capturing Vincennes with his small force before Hamilton could reassemble his troops, and its execution forms one of the most daring and brilliant expeditions in American warfare. On the 4th of February he sent off a large boat called "The Willing", mounting two four-pounders and six swivels, under command of Lieutenant John Rogers, who had forty-six men and orders to sail for the Wabash, and, ten leagues below Vincennes, await further orders. On the next day Clark crossed the Kaskaskia River with one hundred and seventy men, marched three miles, and encamped. On the 7th he began his painful march across the Illinois prairies, a distance as a bird flies of one hundred and forty miles, but as he marched, of more than two hundred. The winter was breaking up, the rivers were swollen, the prairies were covered with water and ice, and the mud was such as can only be found in that rich alluvial country. On the 13th they reached the banks of the Little Wabash. Before them lay a stretch of water three miles wide and from three to four feet deep. They made a canoe, and on the 15th ferried the ammunition across and took the men over the channel, marching them the remaining distance through the water. On the 16th their provisions ran short. Major Bowman's journal says: "17th, marched early; crossed several runs very deep; came to the Embarrass River; tried to cross; found it impossible; travelled till 8 o'clock in mud and water, but could find no place to encamp on. 18th, came in sight of the swollen banks of the Wabash; made rafts for four men to cross and go up to the town and steal boats; but they spend day and night in the water to no purpose, for there is not one foot of dry land to be found. 19th, Colonel Clark sent two men in the canoe down the river to meet the bateau 'The Willing,' with orders to come on day and night, that being our last hope, and we starving; no provisions of any sort now two days." On the 20th they found some canoes and killed a deer. On the 21st the little army plunged into the water and waded for more than a league,—Clark says "breast high", Bowman says "sometimes to the neck", the boats picking up such as were likely to drown. On the 22d, says Bowman, "Clark encourages his men, which gave them great spirits; marched on in the waters; those that were weak and famished went in the canoes; no provisions yet; Lord help us." On the 23d they crossed the Wabash, wading four miles through water breast-high. "We plunged into it with courage, Colonel Clark being first, taking care to have the boats take those that were weak and numbed with the cold." Having crossed, they captured an Indian canoe with some buffalo meat, tallow and corn, which were made into a broth and fed to the famishing men, who soon recovered their strength.[1509] No tidings had come from "The Willing", for she had not yet arrived.[1510]

The town was but a few miles distant, and was unaware of his approach. Clark resolved not to delay the attack until the boat had arrived with his artillery and ammunition, but to capture the fort immediately with the men and means he had. Before moving on the town he wrote a proclamation, addressed to the inhabitants, worded in his peculiar style, and advising all "friends of the king to instantly repair to the fort, join their _hair-buying_[1511] general, and fight like men. True friends of liberty may depend on being well treated; but they must keep out of the streets, for every one I find in arms on my arrival I shall treat as an enemy." The same evening he marched, took possession of the town, and threw up earthworks in front of the fort. The firing began immediately, and was kept up all night. His men lay in rifle-pits within thirty yards of the walls, the cannon of the fort being so mounted that they could not be trained upon them. Whenever port-holes of the fort were opened to fire, the besiegers poured in a volley of musket-balls, and severely wounded seven of the garrison. Two pieces of cannon were silenced in fifteen minutes. In the morning, Clark summoned Hamilton to surrender, stating that if he were obliged to storm the fort, Hamilton would receive the treatment due to a murderer. "Beware", he added, "of destroying stores of any kind, or any papers or letters that are in your possession; for, by heavens, if you do, there will be no mercy shown you."[1512] While these negotiations were pending, Clark's men took the first full meal they had had for eight days. The summons to surrender was refused, and the firing went on.

Later in the day, Governor Hamilton asked for a truce of three days, and for a conference as to terms. Clark replied that he would consider no other terms than surrender at discretion; but that he, with Captain Helm, would meet "Mr. Hamilton at the church." At this time a party of Indians came in whom Hamilton had sent to the Ohio for scalps. Clark's men tomahawked them in front of the fort, and threw their bodies into the river.[1513] Clark's terms of capitulation were accepted; and at ten o'clock the next day (the 25th) the fort and its stores were delivered up, and the garrison of seventy-nine officers and men surrendered as prisoners of war.[1514] The only casualty to Clark's soldiers was one man slightly wounded.

Hearing that a convoy with provisions, clothing, and ammunition was on its way to Vincennes from Detroit, Clark sent fifty-three men in boats up the Wabash to intercept it.[1515] They met the convoy one hundred and twenty miles up the river, and captured it, with forty prisoners and despatches for Hamilton.[1516] The value of the goods captured was £10,000, and Clark's men, who had been suffering for clothing and supplies, were bountifully provided for. Clothing to the value of £800 was laid aside for the troops which Clark expected would soon join him in an expedition, which he was planning, for the capture of Detroit.[1517] This project had been on his mind ever since he came into the Illinois country, and all his energies were now directed to its execution. Not being able with his few troops to guard so many prisoners, he sent Governor Hamilton, his principal officers, and a few other persons who had made themselves especially obnoxious by being out with Indian parties, as prisoners of war to Virginia, and paroled the remainder.[1518]

Having met and established friendly relations with the chiefs of the neighboring tribes, he placed Captain Helm in charge of the civil affairs of Vincennes, Lieutenant Brashear in command of the fort with a garrison of forty men, and embarked, on March 20, 1779, for Kaskaskia, on board "The Willing" and seven other boats. They made the trip of three hundred and fifty miles without casualty, and on arriving at Kaskaskia, after an absence of seven weeks, were welcomed by Captain Robert George, who, with his company of forty-one men, had come up from New Orleans, and was in command of the post.

The military conquest of the Illinois country now being complete, a civil government was forthwith established. The Assembly of Virginia was prompt to act as soon as the capture of Kaskaskia was known. In October, 1778, the territory northwest of the Ohio was constituted a county of Virginia, and was named the county of Illinois.[1519] On December 12th, Colonel John Todd was appointed county lieutenant. The governor in his letter of instructions directed Colonel Todd to coöperate with Colonel Clark in his military operations, to have care for the happiness, increase, and prosperity of the county, and to see that justice was duly administered. Colonel Todd's appointment was especially pleasing to Colonel Clark, who said, in writing to George Mason: "The civil department in the Illinois had heretofore robbed me of too much of my time that ought to be spent in military reflection. I was now likely to be relieved by Colonel John Todd. I was anxious for his arrival and happy in his appointment, as the greatest intimacy and friendship had subsisted between us. I now saw myself rid of a piece of trouble that I had no delight in."[1520] Colonel Todd arrived in Kaskaskia in May, 1779. Courts of justice and militia companies were immediately organized in Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes,[1521] and, from the lack of American citizens who were qualified, nearly all the official positions were filled by French residents.[1522] A complete civil government was organized and regularly administered in the Northwest territory until the treaty of peace with Great Britain in 1783. This local government became an important factor in the negotiations for that treaty, with reference to the question of boundaries.

Colonel Clark had promises of troops from Virginia and Kentucky for his Detroit expedition, and he was to meet them at Vincennes. Arriving there in July, 1779, he found only thirty from Kentucky of the three hundred promised him. There were no tidings of recruits from Virginia; and Major Bowman, his trusty companion in former campaigns, was fighting the Shawanese on the Ohio at a disadvantage.[1523] Clark, being very impatient, sent out officers to recruit in the settlements, and for this purpose went himself to the Falls of the Ohio. Here he received a letter from Jefferson, now the governor of Virginia, giving him new assurances of Virginia troops for the Detroit expedition, and stating that it was his intention to build a fort on the Mississippi, below the mouth of the Ohio, in order to strengthen the claim of the United States to the Mississippi as its western boundary. The duty of building this fort was later committed to and performed by Colonel Clark. The fort was completed in June, 1780, and was called Fort Jefferson.[1524]

At this time twelve hundred Indians and Canadians from Detroit, with artillery, under Captain Byrd, were coming silently down the Big Miami river to invade Kentucky and help carry out a scheme of conquest soon to be explained. They went up the Licking river, captured two stockades, which were defenceless against cannon, committed the customary British and Indian barbarities, and, although meeting with no opposition, retreated as rapidly as they came. In explanation of the sudden retreat it has been said that the British commander was shocked at the brutal conduct of his Indians, and would proceed no further.[1525] In view of the habitual practice of the British commanders at Detroit of paying the Indians for American scalps,[1526]—a practice Clark alludes to in the term "hair-buying general", which he applied to Governor Hamilton,—this explanation is charitable, but it seems hardly probable. It is more likely that Captain Byrd and his Indians heard the report that Colonel Clark had suddenly returned from his defence of St. Louis and the Illinois country against Sinclair's Indians, and was likely to make it a busy summer for the invaders in Kentucky. Clark with two companions proceeded to Harrodsburg to enlist troops. He there closed the land office, and soon had a thousand men with artillery at the mouth of the Licking, ready for an expedition across the Ohio. He moved rapidly upon Chilicothe and other Indian towns, which he destroyed, with their crops, and also a British trading-post where the Indians had been supplied with arms and ammunition.

Clark's favorite scheme of organizing an expedition for the capture of Detroit was delayed, and his spirit chafed under the disappointment. Jefferson was deeply interested in the project, and, Sept. 26, 1780, wrote an earnest letter to General Washington, urging him to furnish the means. "We have long meditated the attempt, under the direction of Colonel Clark, but the expense has obliged us to decline it. We could furnish the men, provisions, and every[thing] necessary, except powder, had we the money. When I speak of furnishing the men, I mean they should be militia, for such is the popularity of Colonel Clark, and the confidence of the Western people in him, that he could raise the requisite number at any time."[1527] On Dec. 15th he writes again, in more urgent terms, and says: "The regular force Colonel Clark already has, with a proper draft from the militia beyond the Alleghany, and that of three or four of our northern counties, will be adequate for the reduction of Fort Detroit, in the opinion of Colonel Clark.... I am the more urgent for an immediate order, because Colonel Clark awaits here your Excellency's answer by the express."[1528] Washington was also impressed with the military importance of Clark's expedition, and, Dec. 29th, instructed Colonel Brodhead, in command at Fort Pitt, to furnish Clark with the artillery and stores he required, and such a detachment of Brodhead's and Gibson's regiments as could be spared.[1529]

Colonel Brodhead did not acknowledge General Washington's instructions, which were placed in Colonel Clark's hands to deliver, until the 25th of February, and they did not reach him until the 21st.[1530] During this interval of nearly two months, Benedict Arnold, with fifteen hundred British troops, sailed up the James River, and was ravaging Virginia, which, from the absence of its Continental soldiers, was almost defenceless.[1531] In this emergency, Colonel Clark tendered his services to Baron Steuben in her defence, and with a small body of militia received the enemy in Indian and Western fashion. Jefferson, writing, Jan. 18, 1781, to the Virginia delegates in Congress, says: "Baron Steuben had not reached Hood's by eight or ten miles, when they [the enemy] arrived there. They landed their whole army in the night, Arnold attending in person. Captain Clark (of Kaskaskias) had been sent forward with two hundred and forty men by Baron Steuben; and, having properly disposed of them in ambuscade, gave them a deliberate fire, which killed seventeen on the spot and wounded thirteen."[1532]

Colonel Clark's outfit at Fort Pitt went on very slowly and with many embarrassments. Writing, with the rank of brigadier-general, to Washington, on the 26th of May, 1781, he says: "The invasion of Virginia put it out of the power of the governor to furnish me with the number of men proposed for the enterprise to the West."[1533] Colonel Brodhead did not feel that he could spare the troops at the fort which were promised. Clark's only hope was now in getting Continental troops. "But I have not yet lost sight of Detroit", he says, and wishes to set out on the expedition early in June. He was doomed to disappointment. The summer and autumn wore away, and the obstacles in his path increased. The troops he expected were employed elsewhere; the Western Indians again became hostile, and there was a general apprehension among the settlements of incursions upon them from Detroit by the British and their Indian allies. The opportunity of capturing Detroit had passed. General Irvine, in command at Fort Pitt, writing to Washington, Dec. 2, 1781, says: "I presume your Excellency has been informed by the governor of Virginia, or General Clark, of the failure of his expedition." He reports General Clark at the Rapids of the Ohio with only seven hundred and fifty men, and "the buffalo meat all rotten." "The general is apprehensive of a visit from Detroit, and is not without fears the settlement will be obliged to break up unless reinforcements soon arrive from Virginia."[1534]

At this point, George Rogers Clark, at the age of twenty-nine years, ceased to be a factor in Western history. His favorite scheme had failed under circumstances which he could not control. No command was offered him in the Continental army. With a feeling that he was neglected, that his eminent services were not appreciated, and with a sense of wrong that his private property had been sacrificed to pay public debts,[1535] his mind became depressed, and he fell into social habits which tended to increase his despondency. In November, 1782, he conducted a force of ten hundred and fifty men against the Indians on the Miami, took ten scalps and seven prisoners, burned their towns, destroyed their crops and the outfit of a British trading-post;[1536] but he displayed none of the brilliancy shown in his earlier campaigns. He was discharged from the service of Virginia July 2, 1783, with a letter of thanks for his services from the governor. The financial distress of the State was assigned as the motive for his discharge.[1537]

In March, 1782, the frontier settlers, without provocation and in cold blood, butchered nearly a hundred "Christian Indians" in the Moravian mission settlements on the Muskingum. These Indians, under the instruction of their teachers, had adopted the habits and pursuits of civilized life, and were non-resistant in their principles. Their villages, Schönbrun, Gnadenhütten, and Salem, were regularly laid out, with houses and chapels built of squared logs and having shingled roofs. They had farms yielding abundant crops, and schools where the children were educated. Visitors from Western tribes far and near came to look upon the strange sight, and verify the reports which had reached them of the happiness and prosperity of the "Christian Indians." The number of converts had increased so rapidly that good Father David Zeisberger and his assistant, John Heckewelder, the missionaries, believed that the whole Delaware tribe would soon come under their influence.[1538]

With the outbreak of the American Revolution the troubles of these gentle missionaries and their converts began. They were between two raging fires. Their peace principles forbade their engaging in the conflict or favoring either side, although their sympathies, which they could not express, were with the Americans. As a natural consequence of their neutrality, they fell under the suspicion and hatred of both parties. The British at Detroit were eager to secure all the Ohio tribes in their interest, and the missionaries made the Delawares pledge themselves to remain neutral. It was also suspected, and it was doubtless true, that the Moravians gave information to the Americans as to the movements of hostile tribes. The British, therefore, were of the opinion that the Moravian settlements were in secret alliance with the enemy, and they resolved to break up the settlements and remove the inhabitants to Sandusky.[1539] On the other hand, the settlers on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia hated the "Christian Indians", first, and chiefly, because they were Indians; and secondly, because they allowed the Wyandots to come among them, and had fed and hospitably treated other hostile tribes which had made raids on the white settlements. In the autumn of 1781 Colonel David Williamson raised a company of volunteers in western Pennsylvania to visit the Moravian towns and remove the inhabitants to Fort Pitt; but in the execution of the scheme he was anticipated by the British and their Indian allies, the Shawanese,[1540] Wyandots, and Hurons, who were there before him. On August 10, 1781, one Matthew Elliott, in the service of the governor of Detroit, and Half-King, a chief of the Hurons, appeared at Gnadenhütten with three hundred whites and Indians flying the British flag. Without offering personal violence, they urged the missionaries and converts to abandon the Muskingum country, and place themselves under the protection of the British at Sandusky, on the ground that they were in constant peril from the white settlers on the border. Having declined the offer of British protection, their fears were appealed to, their cattle were shot, and their houses ravaged by the Indians. Worn out by fear and persecution, on September 11th they turned their unwilling steps from the valley of the Muskingum towards Sandusky, under the charge of their uninvited escorts.[1541] Having reached their destination, the missionaries were sent to Detroit to answer before the governor to charges made against them, and were acquitted.[1542]

During the winter the captives at Sandusky suffered from want of proper shelter and food, and a party of a hundred went back to the deserted villages to gather corn which had been left standing in the fields. A report of their return reached the white settlements, and Colonel Williamson, without any civil or military authority, again picked up a company of volunteers and started for the Muskingum country. On his former expedition he brought back several Indians whom the British party had overlooked, and after the form of a trial at Fort Pitt they were released. The colonel was blamed by the people that he had not shot the Indians at sight. Arriving at the deserted towns, he found the "Christian Indians" harvesting their corn and suspecting no danger. He told them that he had come to remove them to Fort Pitt, and ordered them to a building, where they were confined. A vote was then taken by his men, whether the prisoners should be taken to Fort Pitt or put to death. Only eighteen voted to spare their lives. The captives were informed of their fate, and were told that, "inasmuch as they were Christians, they would be given one night to prepare for death in a Christian manner." In the morning they were tomahawked and butchered in the most shocking manner. "Thus", said Loskei, the Moravian bishop, "ninety-six persons magnified the name of the Lord by patiently meeting a cruel death."[1543]

* * * * *

Another expedition, known as the "Crawford Campaign", was forthwith organized, the purpose of which was to exterminate the Wyandots and the Moravian Delawares on the Sandusky, and to give no quarter to any Indian. Colonel Williamson was again the chief organizer, and probably the same men were enlisted who had disgraced themselves on the Muskingum. Colonel William Crawford,[1544] who had seen much service in the Continental army, was put in command, much against his wishes, and Williamson was second in rank. On May 25, 1782, four hundred well equipped and mounted backwoodsmen, breathing vengeance against the red men, started out from Mingo Bottom, on the Ohio, for the Sandusky country, a journey of one hundred and fifty miles. Nineteen days later a remnant of them returned to the same spot, a defeated and demoralized rabble, with a loss of seventy killed, wounded, and missing. The Indians knew their plans, and had time to summon the neighboring tribes and to procure British soldiers and artillery from Detroit. Two battles were fought, in which they were outnumbered and outgeneralled, and it was fortunate that any of them escaped. Stragglers came in daily, reporting the sufferings and cruel tortures they had undergone, but none of them could report the fate of Colonel Crawford. He was captured, and the barbarity of the Indian mind exhausted itself in the ingenuity of the tortures with which he was put to death.[1545]

On May 26, 1780, a raid was made on the Spanish post of St. Louis by a party of fifteen hundred Indians and a hundred and forty English and Canadian traders, fitted out by Lieutenant-Governor Sinclair, of Michilimacinac, and led by a Sioux chief named Wabasha. The affair lasted only a few hours, and no assault was made on the fortified enclosure; but a considerable number of persons found on their farms or intercepted outside of the palisades were shot or captured. A portion of the party crossed the Mississippi and made a similar raid on Cahokia. They all then left for their northern homes as rapidly as they came,—some by way of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, and others by way of the Illinois River to Chicago, where Sinclair had two vessels awaiting them.

This affair has been the occasion of many conflicting statements[1546] as to the time it occurred, the number of persons killed and captured, and how it happened that so large a body of Indians in the British service came so far and did so little which was warlike. It has been often asserted, and as often denied, that George Rogers Clark, at the request of the Spanish commandant, was at St. Louis at the time of the incursion, or so near as to render efficient service. The purpose and character of this expedition, and the causes of its failure, are explained by contemporary documents[1547] recently published, which were not accessible to earlier writers. It was a part of a much larger scheme ordered, and perhaps devised, by the cabinet in London, to capture New Orleans and all the Spanish posts west of the Mississippi and the Illinois country.[1548]

On May 8, 1779, Spain declared war against Great Britain, and on July 8 authorized her American subjects to make war upon Natchez and other English posts on the east bank of the Mississippi.[1549] On June 17, Lord George Germain, secretary for the colonies, wrote to General Haldimand, informing him that Spain had declared war, and that hostilities were to begin at once; and he was ordered to attack New Orleans and reduce the Spanish posts on the Mississippi.[1550] These orders were issued in a circular letter sent to all the Western governors. Sinclair acknowledged the circular February 17, 1780, and informed the general that he had taken steps to engage the Sioux and other tribes west of the Mississippi for the expedition.[1551] De Peyster at Detroit wrote to Haldimand, March 8, that he had taken measures "to facilitate Sinclair's movements on the Mississippi, and be of use to Brigadier Campbell, if he has not already taken New Orleans. The Wabash Indians will amuse Clark at the Falls of the Ohio."[1552] The general scheme here touched upon was, that General Campbell, stationed at Pensacola, should, with a British fleet and army, come up the Mississippi to Natchez, and there meet the Indian expedition sent by Sinclair down the western bank of the river, which was under instructions to capture and destroy the Spanish posts on its way. The united forces were then to expel the Spaniards from all their settlements on the lower Mississippi. The scheme miscarried. Governor Galvez, of New Orleans, a person of great ability and energy, no sooner heard of the declaration of war against Great Britain than he raised a fleet and army to capture the British posts on the Mississippi; and in September, 1779, the forts at Manchac, Baton Rouge, and Natchez, with their garrisons, surrendered to him. He took also eight English vessels employed in transport service, and in carrying the supply of provisions to Pensacola.[1553] Galvez next turned his attention to Mobile, which he captured March 14, 1780; and then to Pensacola, which surrendered May 9, 1781. Brigadier Campbell, therefore, in May, 1780, was otherwise engaged than in executing the splendid scheme which had been assigned to him by the British cabinet and his superior officer, General Haldimand.[1554]

It does not appear that, at the time of the attack on St. Louis, Sinclair, or the party of Indians and traders engaged in the expedition, had heard of the successes of the Spaniards on the lower Mississippi, and of the collapse of the main scheme.[1555] Haldimand furnished Sinclair with the latter information in a letter written at Quebec, June 19th, twenty-four days after the fiasco at St. Louis, and supposing, apparently, that the expedition had not moved from Prairie du Chien. "I have received", he said, "your letters of the 15th and 17th of February, and much approve of the measures they advise me you have taken in the arrangement of the war parties intended to favor the operation of Brig. General Campbell, agreeably to the circular letter forwarded to you.... It is very unfortunate that the [Campbell] expedition should have been either abandoned or not undertaken so early as was intended, owing probably to the fleet having been dispersed, which, from what has happened upon the Mississippi, would appear has been the case. The intermediate attacks you have proposed the Indians should make will, however, answer a good end."[1556]

That Colonel George Rogers Clark was present on the opposite bank of the river at the time of the St. Louis attack, and was there by request of the Spanish commandant, Leyba, and for the defence of the Illinois country, can no longer be doubted.[1557] The proof is in a report of Col. John Montgomery, printed in the _Calendar of Virginia State Papers_ (iii. 443). Montgomery was one of Clark's four captains in his Kaskaskia campaign, and at the period of which he speaks was in command, under Clark, of the post of Kaskaskia. In his report he states: "In the spring of 1780 we [at Kaskaskia] were threatened with an invasion. Colonel Clark, being informed of it, hurried with a small body of troops from the Falls to the mouth of the Ohio, where he received other expresses from the Spanish commandant and myself, and luckily joined me at Cohos [Cahokia] in time enough to save the country from impending ruin, as the enemy appeared in great force within twenty-four hours after his arrival. Finding they were likely to be disappointed in their design, they retired after doing some mischief on the Spanish shore, which would have been prevented if unfortunately the high wind had not prevented the signals being heard." It is evident from this statement that the defence of his own territory was Clark's chief motive for being present on this occasion, and that the invitation of and friendship for the Spanish commandant at St. Louis were mere incidents in the transaction. "Prisoners and deserters from the enemy confirmed the report", says Montgomery, "that a body of a thousand English and Indian troops were on their march to the Kentucky country with a train of artillery;[1558] and the colonel, knowing the situation of that country, appeared to be alarmed, and resolved to get there previous to their arrival.... After giving me instructions, he left Cohos on the 4th of June, with a small escort, for the mouth of the Ohio, on his route to Kentucky." The orders he left with Col. Montgomery were to pursue the Indians retreating up the Illinois River and attack their towns about the time they were disbanding, and to proceed as far as Rock River. "I immediately", says Montgomery, "proceeded to the business I was ordered to do, and marched three hundred and fifty men to the lakeopen [?] on the Illinois River;[1559] and from thence to the Rock River, destroying the towns and crops, the enemy not daring to fight me."[1560]

How much the presence of Clark near the scene of action contributed to the demoralization of the Indian forces is not mentioned by any of the contemporary writers. It is known, however, that his name was a terror to the savage tribes; and Sinclair, in organizing his expedition, found this dread of Clark among the Sioux and other nations west of the Mississippi. He wrote to Captain Brehm, Haldimand's aide-de-camp, February 15, 1780, that there was nothing in Hamilton's disaster which ought to alarm the Sioux, and that "many of them never heard of it. The short-sighted harpies, which necessity has thrown into the service, dwell upon the stories they hear from fretful bands of Delawares, Mascoutins, and Kickapoos near where the event happened. Admit that the disaster has all the supposed consequent misfortunes, it is still more necessary for us to engage the Indians to take a part, which will at once declare their enmity to the party they are engaged to act against."[1561] "The party" Sinclair had in mind was evidently Clark himself; and with him the chief object of the expedition was to recapture the Illinois country.

The general scheme devised by Lord George Germain for the complete conquest of the West,—of bringing down a large party of northwestern Indians upon St. Louis and Ste. Geneviève; of sending an expedition from Detroit to invade Kentucky and keep Colonel Clark busy; of bringing up the Mississippi to Natchez, under General Campbell, a fleet and army, there to unite with the northern expeditions, and from thence to capture the Illinois country and all the Spanish settlements on the river—was an excellent one, and had every promise of success. St. Louis was in no condition to resist an assault, and rank cowardice marked the conduct of the governor and the few soldiers stationed at the post when the Indian raiders appeared.[1562] The Illinois country was very feebly garrisoned, and not a soldier or a shilling had ever been contributed by the Continental Congress for its conquest or defence. The scheme failed because of the promptness and exceptional activity of the Spaniards under Governor Galvez, and the watchfulness and energy of Colonel Clark. It was the last concerted effort of Great Britain to regain possession of the West; as the campaign of Clinton and Cornwallis, with its result one year later at Yorktown, was her expiring effort on the Atlantic coast.[1563] If the Western scheme had been successful, the country north of the Ohio River would have been a part of the province of Quebec, and might have remained Canadian territory to this day. In negotiating two and three years later the treaty of peace with Great Britain under such conditions, it is difficult to conceive what boundaries the United States could have secured. Spain therefore rendered an invaluable service to the United States by enabling George Rogers Clark to hold with his Virginia troops the country he had conquered from the British, until the treaty of peace confirmed to the nation the Mississippi River as its western boundary.

Notwithstanding this important service, there was nothing friendly and disinterested, at this time, in the relations of Spain to the United States. She was looking solely to her own interests, and refused to acknowledge the independence of the United States, or enter into a treaty of alliance except on the most degrading conditions. She must be allowed the exclusive right to navigate the Mississippi, the undisturbed possession of the Floridas and of the east bank of the Mississippi, which she had captured from the British. Spain asserted that the United States had no territorial rights west of the Alleghanies, and that their western boundaries were defined by the royal proclamation of October 7, 1763.[1564] The captures of Manchac, Baton Rouge, Natchez, and Mobile had awakened her military zeal, and nothing less than the possession of the entire Mississippi Valley would then satisfy her territorial ambition. French diplomacy favored some of these extraordinary claims of Spain.[1565]

For the purpose of strengthening the Spanish claim to territory east of the Mississippi, the governor of St. Louis, Don Francisco Cruvat, sent out on the 2d of January, 1781, an expedition to capture St. Joseph, an English fort situated near the present site of Niles, Michigan. Although two hundred and twenty leagues distant, this was the nearest post to St. Louis which raised the British flag. The expedition was in command of Captain Eugenio Pourré, and comprised sixty-five militiamen (of whom thirty were Spaniards) and sixty Indians. The journey, made in the depth of winter across a trackless country, each man on foot carrying his provisions and equipments, was a daring exploit, and it was successful in accomplishing its immediate purpose. They took the fort in the name of his most Catholic Majesty, made prisoners of the few English soldiers found in it, divided the provisions and stores among their own Indians and those living near, and returned to St. Louis early in March, with the English flag, which Captain Pourré delivered with due ceremony to Governor Cruvat.[1566] The treaty of peace, which it is not the purpose of this chapter to discuss, brought this and other shallow pretensions on the part of the Spaniards to territorial rights east of the Mississippi River to an end.[1567]

THE CLOSING SCENES OF THE WAR.

BY THE EDITOR.

THE campaign of Yorktown over, Rochambeau made his headquarters at Williamsburg (Parton's _Jefferson_, ch. 29), while Washington, having dispatched two thousand men south under St. Clair (instructions in Sparks's _Washington_, viii. 198) to reinforce Greene, moved with the rest of the army, by land and water, to the neighborhood of the Hudson (Sparks's _Washington_, viii. 199, 200; Irving's _Washington_, iv. ch. 29, 30; Kapp's _Steuben_, ch. 23; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. ch. 5). Washington at once acted in conjunction with Congress to prevent the country lapsing into a neglect of the war establishment through over-confidence in the effects of the capture of Cornwallis. In April, 1782, Washington left Philadelphia and joined the army, establishing his headquarters at Newburgh, in a house which is still standing. (Views of it are in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, 1883, p. 357 (taken in 1834); Irving's _Washington_, quarto ed., iv. 434; W. H. Bartlett's _Hist. of U. S._; with a paper by C. D. Deshler on "A Glimpse of Seventy-Six", in _Harper's Mag._, xlix. 231; with Lossing's "Romance of the Hudson", in _Ibid._, liii. p. 32; also in his _Field-Book_, ii. 99, his _Hudson_, 199, and his _Mary and Martha Washington_, 215; Gay's _Pop. Hist. of U. S._, iv. 84.)

There are several special accounts of this latest camp of the army. (Cf. Asa Bird Gardiner on "The Last Cantonment of the Main Continental Army" _Mag. Amer. Hist._, 1883, vol. x. 355), which is accompanied by a plan of the camp near New Windsor. Simeon De Witt's maps of the locality and the camp are in the N. Y. Hist. Soc. library. De Witt was the geographer of the American army, succeeding Erskine, who had died in 1780. Various orderly-books of this time are in the American Antiquarian Society library. Other papers on the camp are in _Mag. Amer. Hist._, Jan., 1884, p. 81; by J. T. Headley in _Harper's Mag._, lxiv. 651, and _Galaxy_, xxii. 7. Cf. also Ruttenber's _Newburgh_ (1859) and the account of the first annual meeting of the Hist. Soc. of Newburgh Bay and the Highlands, Feb. 22, 1884,—Newburgh, 1884.

Washington and Congress were soon perplexed with the case of Capt. Joshua Huddy, and with a project of retaliation for that officer's execution. Huddy, an officer of the New Jersey line, commanded a block-house at Tom's River, New Jersey, and was there captured with his men by a band of refugee loyalists (W. S. Stryker's _Capture of the Block-House at Tom's River_). Huddy was taken by Capt. Richard Lippincott, a New Jersey loyalist, to Sandy Hook, where he was hanged on the pretence that he had been engaged in causing the death of Philip White, a Tory, who had been killed while endeavoring to escape from his guard. Congress ordered retaliation, and a young British officer, then a prisoner, Capt. Charles Asgill, was drawn by lot to suffer death unless Clinton should surrender Lippincott. Clinton condemned the action of Lippincott, who was, however, acquitted on trial, on the ground that his action was in accordance with instructions from the board of Associated Loyalists (Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, vol. ii. note xxix. p. 481). The execution of Asgill was postponed by Washington in the hope of some compensating arrangement, and at the instance of Lady Asgill, the young man's mother, the French monarch interceded with such effect that Congress, in November, 1782, ordered Washington to set Asgill at liberty. (References: Sparks's _Washington_, i. 378; viii. 262, 265, 301-310, 336, 361; ix. 197; _Sparks MSS._, vols. lxxii., xlviii., lviii.; Niles's _Principles and Acts_ 1876 ed.), p. 509; _Remembrancer_, xiv. 144, 155; xv. 127, 191; _Political Mag._, iii. 468, 472; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, ii. 232, 483, and Johnston's _Observations on Jones, 77_; Thomas Paine's _American Crisis, and a Letter to Sir Guy Carleton on the Murder of Captain Huddy, and the Intended Retaliation on Captain Asgill, of the Guards_ (London, 1788); _Memoir of Gen. Samuel Graham, edited by his son, Col. J. J Graham_ (Edinburgh, privately printed, 1862,—extract in _Hist. Mag._, ix. 329). Washington caused all the papers on the subject to be printed in the _Columbian Mag._, Jan. and Feb., 1787. This young officer of twenty died as Gen. Sir Charles Asgill in July, 1823. Cf. _Diplomatic Corresp._, xi. 105, 128, 140; Irving's _Washington_, iv. ch. 29; Sparks's _Corresp. of the Rev._, iii.; Heath's _Memoirs_, 335; Sparks's _Franklin_, ix. 376; Hamilton's _Republic_, ii. 282. The English view is given in Adolphus's _England_, iii. ch. 46.

Early in May the news from England made it evident that the war was approaching an end, and the promised release from further campaigning left the public mind in a better condition to comprehend how weak a stay Congress had proved itself, and how insufficient was the power lodged in that body to compel the States to do any and all acts necessary for the common good. The natural distrust which was created of the form of government, whose success in carrying on the war had been largely fortuitous, was still more increased by the difficulties yet to be encountered in disbanding an army, in satisfying its well-earned demands, and in organizing a stable control for the future (Bancroft, final revision, vi. 59, etc.) It was not, then, surprising that notions of counteraction should in any minds take the form of a monarchical solution of the problem, and this sentiment found expression in a letter, written by Col. Nicola, of the army, to Washington, in which it was somewhat adroitly suggested that Washington should consent to be the head of a royal government. Washington met the suggestion with an indignant and stern reply, and we hear nothing more of the subject (Sparks, viii. 300, etc.; Irving, iv. 370).

Sir Guy Carleton was sent to relieve Sir Henry Clinton in New York, and he arrived early in May. His instructions (April 4, 1782,—_Sparks MSS._, lviii.; cf. Sparks's _Washington_, viii. 294-298) were to avoid hostilities except for defence. He failed to open communication with Congress to treat for peace (Madison's _Debates_, vol. i.; Rives's _Madison_, i. 331, 333). An account of the cantonments of the British about New York just before this (Feb., 1782) is in the _Sparks MSS._ (xlix. vol. iii.). Clinton's account of his being relieved is in Mahon, vii. App., p. xvii. It was not till August that Carleton's communications to Washington rendered it certain that the concession of independence was a preliminary of the negotiations then going on for peace. Active hostilities accordingly ceased on both sides, though a posture of caution and vigilance was still maintained by each commander. The French, who had remained in Virginia, now joined (September) the Americans on the Hudson. There is among the Rochambeau maps an excellent colored plan (no. 33), measuring twenty inches wide by thirty high, showing the country from White Plains north, and called _Position des Armées Amer. et Française à King's Ferry, Peak's Hill, et Hunt's Taverne, 17 Sept. et 20 Oct., 1782_. In October the French under the Baron de Viomenil marched to Boston and embarked, while Rochambeau and Chastellux sailed from Baltimore. On the final departure of the French see a paper by J. A. Stevens in the _Mag. Amer. Hist._, vii. p. 1. The report on their departure, made to Congress, is dated Jan. 1, 1783,—_Secret Journals_, iii. 267.

In Dec., 1782, the army had set forth in representations to Congress the sufferings which it had experienced from the want of pay (_Journals of Congress_, iv. 206; Madison's _Debates_, etc., i. 256; Rives's _Madison_, i. 383; Morse's _Hamilton_, i. 114). Nothing satisfactory came of this appeal, and a movement of uncertain extent, but seemingly having the countenance of officers of high rank, was aimed at producing action on the part of the army, which might easily, if allowed to proceed, have passed beyond prudent control, till a claim for redress of grievances might instigate an act of mutiny. Its chief manifestations were in two successive anonymous addresses, circulated through the camp at Newburgh, which were written, as was later acknowledged, by Major John Armstrong, a member of Gen. Gates's staff. Washington interposed at a meeting of the officers (March 15, 1783), and by a timely address turned the current. The original autograph of his address belongs to the Mass. Hist. Society, and that body issued a fac-simile edition of it (Boston, 1876), with letters of Col. Pickering, Gov. John Brooks, Judge Dudley A. Tyng, and William A. Hayes, authenticating the document, and describing the scene when Washington read it. Copies of the addresses made by Armstrong himself are in the _Sparks MSS._, xlix. 1, 8, and they are given in Sparks's _Washington_, viii. 551; and in a _Collection of papers, relative to half-pay and commutation of half-pay, granted by Congress to officers of the army. Compiled by the permission of General Washington from the original papers in his possession_ (Fishkill, 1783). Cf. Sabin, iv. 14, 379. Washington at a later day, Feb. 23, 1797, wrote to Armstrong, exonerating him from having intended any evil to the country (_Sparks MSS._, no. xxiv.). The genuineness of this letter having been assailed, Armstrong (Nov. 27, 1830) wrote a letter asserting its truth, and this autograph letter is in Harvard College library. More or less extended accounts of the incidents accompanying this attempt to organize a coercion of the civil by the military power will be found in the lives of Washington by Marshall (iv. 587); Sparks (viii. 369, 393); and Irving (iv. ch. 31); in Pickering's _Pickering_ (i. ch. 29, 30, 31; including Montgar's, _i. e._ Armstrong's, letter in 1820); Drake's _Knox_, 77; Rives's _Madison_ (i. 392); J. C. Hamilton's _Republic_ (ii. 365, 385), and _Alexander Hamilton_ (ii. 68); Morse's _Hamilton_, i. 119; Quincy's _Shaw_ (p. 101); Hildreth's _United States_ (iii. ch. 45); Dunlap's _New York_ (ii. 230); Lossing's _Field-Book_ (ii. 106, 315); _Journals of Congress_ (iv. 213); Bancroft, final rev., vi. 71.

A letter from Lafayette, who had gone to France, shortly afterwards arrived, announcing the signing of the preliminary articles of peace; and the news being confirmed by a letter from Carleton, Washington, on April 19, the eighth anniversary of the day of Lexington, issued a proclamation announcing cessation of hostilities. Sparks's _Washington_ (viii. 425; App. 13); Heath's _Memoirs_; Madison's _Debates_ (i. 437); _Diplom. Correspondence_ (ii. 319-329; x. 121; xi. 320); _Secret Journals of Cong._ (iii. 323, under date of April 11, 1783).

Knox had suggested (Drake's _Knox_), and in April, 1783, the Society of the Cincinnati had been formed from the officers of the army, with a plan of transmitting membership to descendants. It was intended as an organization to perpetuate a brotherhood formed in arms, and to offer an organization which might conveniently deliberate as occasion required upon the condition of the country. As a rule the principal civil leaders of the Revolution looked upon the combination with disapproval (Wells's _Sam. Adams_, iii. 202; Austin's _Gerry_, ch. 25; Sparks's _Franklin_, x. 58; Bigelow's _Franklin_, iii. 247; John Adams, _Works_, ix. 524, called it "the first step taken to deface our temple of liberty"), and even with dread, lest it might lend itself to the creation of castes and the furtherance of schemes against the liberties of the country. There was a widespread dissatisfaction among the people generally, not always temperately expressed, and years were required to remove the apprehension so incontinently formed. The society was organized in the Verplanck house (view in _Appleton's Journal_, xiv. 353); the fac-similes of the signatures to the original subscription are given in the _Penna. Archives_, vol. xi., and a representation of a certificate signed by Washington is in Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 128. The bibliography of the society and its branches, by States, is given by Lloyd P. Smith in the _Bulletin of the Philadelphia Library_, July, 1885. Particular reference may he made to the accounts and expositions given in the _Penna. Hist. Soc. Memoirs_ (1858), vi. pp. 15-55, by Alexander Johnston; _North Amer. Review_, v. lxxvii. 267, by W. Sargent; _St. Clair Papers_, i. 590; Kapp's _Steuben_, ch. 26; E. M. Stone's _Our French Allies_, p. xix; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 127; J. B. McMaster's _People of the U. S._, i. 167; R. C. Winthrop's _Speeches, etc._ (1852, etc.), P. 345; and the account of the centennial of the order in _Mag. Amer. Hist._, Sept., 1883, pp. 171, 235, 253.

On the 18th June, 1783, Washington from Newburgh, whither he had removed his headquarters from Verplanck's after the departure of the French, issued his last circular letter to the States (Sparks, viii. 439; Irving, iv. 394), full of counsel and warning.[1568]

The troops were in large part dismissed on furlough, and finally, Congress (Oct. 18) by proclamation, directed the disbandment of the army, to take effect Nov. 2 (_Secret Journals_, iii. 406). A small body was, however, still kept together under Knox, to await the definitive form of the treaty. Washington now occupied a brief space in making a journey with Gov. Clinton over the battlefields of Burgoyne's campaign. He then, at the request of Congress, proceeded to Princeton, and was domiciled for a while at Rocky Hill, in order to be at hand for conferences with that body. From this place, Nov. 2, 1783, he issued a farewell address to the army. (Sparks, viii. 491; Irving, iv. 402; Pickering's _Pickering_, i. 488.)

The last surviving pensioner of the Revolution is called one Lemuel Cook in the _Amer. Hist. Record_, ii. 357. In 1864, what purported to be the record of the latest survivors of the war appeared in Elias B. Hillard's _Last Men of the Revolution_ (Hartford, 1864). An account of John Gray as the last soldier of the Revolution, by J. M. Dalzell, was printed at Washington in 1868. B. P. Poore's _Descriptive Catal. of Gov't Publications_ will enable one to trace many of those soldiers whose claims came before Congress.

Carleton giving notice of his readiness to evacuate New York, Washington now returned to West Point, and prepared to enter the city with Gov. Clinton on the appointed day. The general and the governor entered the upper end of the town on Nov. 25, while the British embarked at the lower end. Valentine's _N. Y. City Manual_ for 1861 gives various documentary records, some in fac-simile. On Dec. 1 there were fireworks, a broadside programme of which is in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society. Trumbull painted a picture of the scene of the evacuation, which is given in the _Mag. Amer. Hist._, 1883, p. 387. The histories of New York city commemorate the event, and there are illustrated papers on it in _Harper's Mag._, Nov., 1883 (vol. lxvii. 609), and _Manhattan Mag._, Dec., 1883. Cf. _Hist. Mag._, xi. 42; Lieut.-Col. Smith's letter in _N. Y. City during the Rev._ (N. Y., 1861); Irving's _Washington_, iv. ch. 33; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._ (ii. 504). Some days after the British had gone, Washington met his principal officers (Dec. 4) in Fraunce's Tavern, and bade them farewell.

This building stood on the corner of Pearl and Broad streets, N. Y., and was occupied by Washington as headquarters when he entered the city after the British evacuated in 1783. The cut follows a view given in Valentine's _N. Y. City Manual_, 1854, p. 547, accompanied by a paper by W. J. Davis. Cf. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, iii. 144, 151, 152; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 839; Gay's _Pict. Hist. U. S._, iv. 90; Dawson's _Westchester_. The opening chapter of McMaster's _History of the People of the United States_, (N. Y., 1883) describes the appearance of New York city at this time, and indeed of the other principal American towns, and the habits of living through the country. An account of New York at this time is also in the _Manhattan Mag._, ii. 561.

Immediately leaving New York, Washington journeyed to Annapolis, where Congress was then assembled. Here, on Dec. 23, he met Congress in the State House (view in _Columbian Mag._, Jan., 1789; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 402), where he resigned his commission in an address. (Sparks, viii. 504, and App., xiv.; Marshall, iv. 622. A fac-simile of the manuscript is given in the _Mag. Amer. Hist._, 1881, vol. vii. 106. Cf. _Journals of Congress_, iv. 318; Ridgeley's _Hist. of Annapolis_.) On Christmas Eve, Washington reached Mount Vernon, once more a private gentleman.

Congress on the 14th Jan., 1784, sitting at Philadelphia, finally ratified the definitive treaty of peace.

INDEX.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book, if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are made when additional information about the book is conveyed.]

Abercrombie, Lt.-Col., at Yorktown, 504.

Acland, Lady, 357; portrait, 358.

Acland, Major, 294, 308, 357, 358.

Acton, Mass., men at Concord, 184.

Acts of trade, 2, 6, 63; evaded, 10; enforced, 11.

Adams, Abigail, 205; on Bunker Hill, 187.

Adams, Brooks, _Emancipation of Mass._, 255.

Adams, C. F., on John Hancock, 271.

Adams, H. B., _Maryland's influence upon land cessions_, 708.

Adams, John, on Acts of Trade, 7, 9; on Otis's argument on Writs of Assistance, 11; report of Otis's argument, 13; demands reopening of courts, closed by want of stamps, 32; his political philosophy, 35; on _Canon and Feudal Law_, 35, 83; likeness, 36; Dutch edition of his acc. of the troubles with Great Britain, 36; his personal appearance, 36; painted by Copley, 36; by Stuart, 36; by Trumbull, 36; by Winstanley, 36; engravings of, 36; of his wife, 36; his homestead, 36; his writing in fac-simile, 37; his part against Great Britain, 37; defends Capt. Preston, 49; autog., 51; leads in impeachment of Oliver, 57; in Congress (1774), 59; presides at Port Act meeting, 60; and the navigation laws, 64; in the Congress of 1765, 74; brief at trial of Preston, 86; helps Sam. Adams in the replies to Hutchinson (1773), 90; on the tea-ship commotions, 91; controversy with Brattle on the payment of judges, 95; _Familiar letters_, 95; in the Congress of 1774, 99; notes of debates in Congress of 1774, 100; drafts part of the Declaration of Rights, 100; notes on debates in Congress of 1775, 107; controversy with Daniel Leonard, 108; as _Novanglus_, 110; _Hist. of the dispute_, 110; considered Jonathan Sewall his adversary, 110; attracts attention (1774), 117; uneasy over Washington's inaction at Cambridge, 152; visits Lexington, 180; on independence, 238; on com. to draft Declaration of Independence, 239; in debate, 239; his intercepted letters, 249; his belief in independence, 249; outspoken for independence, 255; on the growing spirit of independence, 257; owned portrait of Jefferson, 258; leading advocate of the Decl. of Indep., 261; autog. 263; life of Hancock, 265; life by E. Ingersoll, 266; on Hancock, 271; on Paine's _Common Sense_, 272; his _Thoughts on Government_, 272; preceded by letter to R. H. Lee, 272; letter to John Penn, 272; on observing the anniversary of the Decl. of Indep., 274; drafts the Mass. Constitution, 274; _Defence of the Constitutions_, 274; lives in New York, 276; weary of Washington's Fabian policy, 392; proposes to elect generals annually, 446; his interest in naval matters, 567; goes to France with Com. Tucker, 567; on employing Indians, 673.

Adams, Josiah, _Address_, 184.

Adams, Samuel, portraits, 40, 41; autograph, 40; painted by Copley, 40; by John Johnson, 41; statue, 41; in the Mass. legislature, 42; his political writings, 42, 83; compared with Lord Mansfield's speeches, 43; demands that the troops in Boston be removed to the Castle (1770), 49; moves for a com. of correspondence, 54; in Congress (1774), 59; would prevent reconciliation, 60; wrote the answers of the legislature to Gov. Hutchinson, 67, 90; _Vindication of the Town of Boston_, 67; first mover against taxation, 68; wrote the replies to Bernard, 73; _Appeal to the World_, 84; _Letter to Hillsborough_, 84; on "Vindex", 86; writes Hancock's massacre oration, 88; and com. of correspondence, 89; _Rights of the Colonies_, 90; proposes Congress, 99; proposes Duché for chaplain of Congress (1774), 99; in the Congress of 1774, 99; had a hand in the Declaration of Rights (1774), 100; the tribune of the Mass. yeomanry, 113; returns from the Congress of 1774, 116; repute in London, 117; at Lexington (1775), 122, 179; excepted from pardon, 132; urges independence, 231, 257; in the Cont. Congress, 236; his character, 236; alienated from Hancock, 238; the earliest to avow independence, 248; Galloway on, 254, 255; autog., 263; life by H. D. Gilpin, 266; a spurious _Oration_, 274; and the Conway cabal, 446.

Admiralty courts, 4, 6, 10; first held in N. E., 65; instituted, 567.

Adolphus, _England_, 112.

Agnew, Daniel, _Region of Penna. north of the Ohio_, 709.

Agnew, General, 427; killed, 386.

Agnew, J. L., _Savannah_, 519.

Ainslee, Capt. Thomas, _Journal_, 222.

Aitkins, _Plan of Boston_, 207.

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty, 14.

Alamance, battle of, 81.

Albach, James R., _Annals of the West_, 648.

Albany, 609; Indian treaty at (Aug., 1775), 623; plan of (1770), 298.

Alden, Col. Ichabod, at Cherry Valley, 636; killed, 638.

Alden, Fort (Cherry Valley), 666.

Alexander, Capt. James, 534.

Allaire, Anthony, diary, 525, 535.

Allan, Col. John, 657; correspondence with Haldimand, 657.

Alleghany River, 609.

Allen, _Battles of the British navy_, 589.

Allen, Ethan, 160; autog., 128; would lead an invasion of Canada, 160; at Ticonderoga, 161, 213; captured at Montreal, 162; statue, 214; _Narrative_, 214; letters, 214; lives of, 214; a price on his head offered in N. Y., 214; seeks to enlist Canadian Indians, 614; Indians with, 660.

Allen, Ira, _Ship Olive Branch_, 214; letters (1776), 227; on the evacuation of Ticonderoga, 350.

Allen, James, poem on the Boston Massacre, 88.

Allen, James (Philad., 1777), diary, 260, 436.

Allen, Jolley, 205.

Allen, Paul, _Amer. Rev._, 664.

Allen, Wm., _Arnold's Expedition_, 1775, 217.

Allen, William, Jr., 395.

Allenstown, N. J., 410.

"Alliance", ship, 576, 577, 584, 586.

Allyn, Chas., 562.

Almon, _Seat of War in N. Y._, etc., 416.

Almon's _Remembrancer_, important documents in, 653.

Alsop, John, 108.

Amboy, 340, 404, 408; map of, 342.

_American and British Chronicle of War_, 672.

American Revolution, causes of, 5, 62; ecclesiasticism as a cause, 62; authorities on the causes, 62, 255; earliest outbreaks, 173. _See_ names of heroes and battles of the war.

Ames, Nathaniel, _Astron. diary_, 82; _Almanac_, 118.

Amherst, Gen., and the Pontiac conspiracy, 692.

Amory, T. C., _Old and New Cambridge_, 142; defends Gen. Sullivan, 598; _Gen. Sullivan_, 666; papers on Sullivan, 667; _James Sullivan_, 83.

_Analectic Magazine_, 187.

Anayea, 669.

Anburey, Thomas, _Travels_, 360.

Anderson, Col. Robt., 677.

Anderson, W. J., 216.

André, Maj. John, at Boston, 204; in Philadelphia, 395; in the Mischianza, 436; his letters to Mrs. Arnold, 449; as "John Anderson", 449; profile likeness, 452; autographs, 452, 453; other portraits, 453, 454; one by Reynolds, 454; sketch by himself, 454, 461; Adj.-General, 453; his instructions from Clinton, 454; on the "Vulture", 454; lands at the Clove, 454; meets Arnold, 454; goes to Smith's house, 455; receives papers from Arnold, 455; disguises himself, 456; goes by land towards New York, 456; captured, 457; papers found on him, 457; their history, 457; carried to Jameson, 458; writes a letter to Washington, 458; at West Point, 460; confined at Tappan, 460; before a military board, 460; condemned, 460; proceedings of the board printed, 460; various editions, 460; subject of tragedy, 460, 464; Clinton endeavors to save him, 461; requests to be shot, 461; his conduct, 461; his sketches, 461; hanged, 461; his remains taken to England, 461; his statement, 461; his monument, 463; his mother pensioned, 463; _Life_ by W. Sargent, 464; _Papers_ on, ed. by Dawson, 464; captured at St. John, 464; a prisoner, 464; served with Gen. Grey, 464; his lineage, 464; his will, 464; bibliography, 464; various papers on, 464; his captors honored, 466; their patriotism questioned, 466; his confinement, 466; justice of his execution, 322, 467; his character, 467; his last hours, 467; _Case of Maj. André_, 467; was he a spy at Charleston? (1780), 468; his _Cow Chace_, 560; tragedy of, 560.

André, _Mémoire de Paul Jones_, 590.

Andrews, John, letters from Boston, 90, 178, 205.

Annapolis, Md., Washington at, 747.

_Annual Register_, 516.

Antell, E., his plan of siege of Quebec, 226; express from Quebec, 222.

Anthony, H. B., on Ternay's tomb, 499; address on Greene, 510.

Anthony's Nose (Hudson River), 324.

Appleton, W. S., 110.

Appletown, N. Y., 669.

Appoquinimink Creek, 421.

Apthorpe, _Considerations on the conduct_, etc., 70; _Review_, 70.

Arbuthnot, Admiral Mariot, attacks Charlestown, S. C., 472, 526, 527; blockades Newport, 560; controversy with Clinton, 517; succeeded Graves, 517.

Armand, Col., 533; with Gates, 477.

Armstrong, Gen., on Burgoyne's campaign, 358; on Germantown, 421; Newburgh addresses, 745.

Armstrong, J., _Richard Montgomery_, 216.

Armstrong, John, _Life of Wayne_, 514.

Armstrong, M., 209.

Armstrong commands the Penna. militia, 381.

Arnell, Dr., _Address_, 662.

Arnold, Benedict, in Cambridge (1775), 128; shares command with Allen at Ticonderoga, 129; surprised St. John's (1775), 130; trouble with Ethan Allen, 130; at Ticonderoga, 161; commences Kennebec expedition, 162; before Quebec, 163; wounded, 165; his post at Cedar Rapids attacked, 166; interest in Gen. Warren's children, 194; commissioned by Mass. to take Ticonderoga, 213; Dawson's view of his connection with Ticonderoga, 214; his regimental book, 214; letters, 214; part in the Canada expedition, 216; instructions for the Kennebec route, 217 (_see_ Kennebec expedition); his journal, 218; his letters, 218, 219, 220; intercepted, 222; portraits, 223; autog., 223; letters during the retreat, 226; in command on Lake Champlain, 292, 346; at Valcour's Island, 292; escapes, 293; joins Schuyler, 298; advances toward Fort Stanwix, 300, 350, 632; under Gates, 304; at Freeman's Farm, 305; quarrel with Gates, 306; in fight of Oct. 7, 1777, 308; was he at Freeman's Farm? 315, 357; wounded (Oct. 7, 1777), 357; at Trenton, 379; marries, 402; did he suggest the attack on Trenton? 407; his treason, 447; portraits, 447, 448, 449; the beginning of his treasonable correspondence, 447, 448; his birthplace, 448; his house, 448; his marriage, 449; as "Gustavus", 449; gives Clinton information, 449; not trusted by Congress, 450; at Danbury, 450; made major-general, 450; fac-simile of his commission, 450; his wife at Robinson house, 458; in command in Philad., 367, 400, 402, 450, 451; charges against him by the Council of Penna., 450; court-martial, 402, 450, 451; his accounts of the Canada expedition questioned, 450; reprimanded by Washington, 403, 451; at the Robinson house, 452; his treasonable letters preserved, 452; efforts to meet André, 453; his passes, 453; his price, 454, 463; meets André, 454; receives Jameson's letter, 458; his flight, 458; his aides grow suspicious, 460; attempts to intercept him, 460; sends letter to Washington, 460; his aides, 460; has plans of West Point, 460; threats if André is executed, 461; his life in England, 463; in New Brunswick, 463; his descendants, 463; his address of exculpation, 463; his proclamation to induce desertion, 463; his vindication in _Remarks on Travels of Chastellux_, 463; authorities on his treason, 463; _Life_ by Sparks, 464; _Life_ by I. N. Arnold, 464; his own telling of the story, 466; attempt to seize him, 468; in Virginia, 495, 546, 732; distrusted by Clinton, 546; invades Connecticut, 562; had Indians with him on the Kennebec exped., 614; his treason and the northern invasions, 672; his capture attempted, 732.

Arnold, S. G., in the Rhode Island campaign, 595.

Arnold, Isaac N., on Benedict Arnold at Freeman's Farm, 357; "Arnold at the court of George III", 463; _Life of Benedict Arnold_, 464; his family, 464; controverted by J. A. Stevens, 464; his death, 464.

Asgill, Capt. Chas., case of, 744; portrait, 745.

Ashe, Gen., 470; at Briar Creek, 520; his career, 520.

Ashley, John, 63.

Assanpink Creek, 375.

Atkinson, _Newark,_ 560.

_Atlas Amériquaine_, 341.

Atlee, Col. S. J., 327.

Attenbocum, Capt., 411.

Attucks, Crispus, 85.

Atwill, Winthrop, _Treason of Arnold_, 466.

Aubry, Gov., at N. Orleans, 701.

Auchmuty, Judge, 119.

Auckland MSS., 467.

"Augusta", frigate, blown up, 387, 428; picture of, 388.

Augusta, Georgia, its defences, 490; siege of, 535, 544.

Austin, Jonathan Loring, carries news of Burgoyne's surrender to Europe, 364, 571; journals of his trip, 586.

Austin, Jona. W., 88.

Avery, Joseph, 521.

Avery, Rufus, 562.

Avery, Samuel, 662.

Babson, _Gloucester_, 568.

Bacon, Leonard W., on the invasion of Conn., 557; address on Groton Heights, 562.

Badeaux, J. B., _Invasion du Canada_, 223.

Bailey, J. T., _Brooklyn_, 329.

Baker, W. S., _American Engravers_, 81, 185; _William Sharp_, 492.

Balcarras, Earl, 366; with Burgoyne, 294.

Balch, Thomas, 101; _Maryland Line_, 202; edits Blanchard's Journal, 554; _Les français en Amérique_, 560.

Baldwin, C. C., on Vigo and G. R. Clark, 725.

Baldwin, Loammi, 187.

Baldwin, Samuel, _Diary_, 525.

Balfour, Capt., 118.

Balfour, Col., commands in Charleston, 517, 538, 541.

Ballston, N. Y., destroyed, 645.

Baltimore, Lord, 673.

Bancroft, Col. E., 189.

Bancroft, Geo., on the navigation acts, 64; on the siege of Boston, 173; his account of the Long Island battle criticised, 330; on Arnold's treason, 464; on Oriskany, 665; on Wyoming, 665.

Bangs, Lieut., 326.

Banker, Gerard, 409.

Banks, James, _Hist. Address_, 676.

Barber, Col. Francis, 668; order-book, 670.

Barber, Geo. C., 670.

Barber, J. W., _Hist Coll. N. Y._, 666.

Barber, _New Haven_, 185.

Barclay, S., _Personal Recollections_, 329.

Barlow, Aaron, 216.

Barlow, Joel, on Thomas Paine, 253; life by Burr, 253.

Barlow, S. L. M., owns Arnold's journal, 218.

Barnard, _Hist. England_, 461.

Barney, Joshua, Com. Acc. of, 575; autog., 575.

Barney, Mary, _Com. Joshua Barney_, 575.

Barras, autog., 500; succeeds Ternay, 499.

Barré, Isaac, accounts of, 72; his speeches on the Stamp Act, 29, 72; originates the phrase "Sons of Liberty", 72; his portrait ordered by Boston, 74; predicts loss of colonies, 85.

Barren Hill, Lafayette at, 396, 442; map, 443.

Barrett, Col., 124.

Barrette, Lieut., 545.

Barretts, Samuel, 109.

Barrow, Sir John, _Lord Howe_, 594.

Barry, Henry, _Strictures Examined_, 106.

Barry, Com. John, his autog., 581; on the "Raleigh", 581; accounts of, 581; in the "America", 583.

Bartlet, W. S., _Frontier Missionary_, 657.

Bartlett, Josiah, 186; on Bunker Hill, 194; autog., 263; life of, 265; on privateering, 591.

Bartlett, J. R., _Hist. of destruction of the Gaspee_, 90; dies, 90; account of, by Gammell, 90.

Bartlett, S. C., on Bennington, 356.

Barton, Col., place of capturing Gen. Prescott, 602; the capture, 403; accounts of, 404; his diary, 643.

Baton Rouge, 739.

Battle, K. P., 519.

Baum, Colonel, at Bennington, 300, 354; death of, 356; his instructions, 366.

Bauman, Sebastian, map of Yorktown, 551.

Baurmeister, Major, 333.

Bayley, Col., and the Indians, 614.

Bayley, Col. J., at Lake George, 346.

Beach, Allen C., _Centennial Celebrations_, 308.

Beach, W. W., _Indian Miscellany_, 657.

Beaman on Ticonderoga, 214.

Bean, T. W., _Washington at Valley Forge_, 416, 439.

Beardsley, _Life of W. S. Johnson_, 85.

Bears, Isaac, 178.

Beatson, Robert, _Naval and Mil. Memoirs_, 518, 589.

Beatty, Erkuries, 667; his journal, 671.

Beatty, Capt. William, 418.

Beaulieu, Georgia, 470.

Beaurain, _Carte de la Guerre_, 416; map of Boston and harbor, 213.

Becket, publishes _Authentic Papers from America_, 100.

Beckford, Alderman, 83.

Beckwith, H. W., _Historic Notes_, 718; on Vigo, 725.

Bedell, Col. Timothy, 216; at the Cedars, 616.

Bedford, Col. Gunning, 327.

Bedford, Duke of, 21.

Bedford (Long Island), 328.

Bedford (Mass.) men at Lexington, 184; their flag, 184.

Bedford, Pa., taken, 691.

Beers, Nathan, 464.

Belisle, _Independence Hall_, 259.

Belknap, Dr. Jeremy, note-books, 189; diary, 202; life, 202.

Belknap, Jeremy, uncle of historian, 85.

Belknap, Jos., 85.

Bell, Andrew, 445.

Bell, Charles H., on the privateer "Gen. Sullivan", 591.

Bell, Robt., publishes Paine's _Common Sense_, 269.

Bellefeuille, Mr., 729.

Bellomont, Lord, 564.

Bellows, Col., 350.

Bemis Heights, Gates occupies, 304; battle, 356. _See_ Saratoga.

Benedict, E. C., _Battle of Harlem_, 334.

Bennett, C. P., 545.

Bennington, Vt., authorities on the battle, 354; loss at, 354; Indians at, 627; fight at, 300; maps of the fight, 356.

Benson, Egbert, _Vindication of the Captors of André_, 466.

Bentalou, Paul, _Pulaski Vindicated_, 522, 524; _Reply to Johnson_, 522.

Benton, N. S., _Herkimer County_, 351, 657.

Bergen Point, 343, 404.

Berkeley, Bishop, his house in Rhode Island, 602.

Bernard, Edward, view of Bunker Hill, 198; _Hist. of England_, 273.

Bernard, Francis, Gov. of Mass., 12, 22; his letters sent back to Boston, 83; _Causes of the present distractions_, 106; _Select letters_, 106; his rebukes of the legislature, 34; on the seizure of the "Liberty", 43; and the Stamp Act, 73; replies to him by the legislature, 73; leaves Mass., 47, 84; made baronet, 49; his _Letters_, 67; _Letters to Hillsborough_, etc., 84; _Letters to the Ministry_, 84; instructed to enforce the navigation laws, 32; _Third extraordinary Budget of epistles_, 84; _Copies of letters_, 84; enforces laws of trade, 84; his character, 84.

Bernard, John, _Retrospections of America_, 407.

Berniere. _See_ Bernière.

Bernière, Henry de, 182; plan of Bunker Hill battle, 199, 202; criticised, 202.

Berthelot, Amable, 216.

Besom, Capt. Philip, narrative, 592.

Bethlehem, Pa., Moravian Sisters, 524.

Bickerstaff's _Boston Almanac_, 86.

Bickham, George, 372.

Bicknell, _Barrington, R. I._, 203.

Biddle, Chas. J., defends the execution of André, 468.

Biddle, James, 74.

Biddle, Capt. Nicholas, in the "Andrea Doria", 570; portrait, 570; in the "Randolph", 571; engages the "Yarmouth", 571.

Bigelow, Col. Timothy, orderly-books (1779, 1780), 359.

Big-Knives (Kentuckians), 722.

Bilbao, prizes taken to, 592.

Billingsport, N. J., 386, 425; attacked, 387.

Billon, _Annals of St. Louis_, 737.

Bishop, _Hist. Amer. Manufactures_, 108.

Bishops, their introduction opposed in N. E., 243.

Bisset, _George III_, 223.

Bixby, Samuel, 203.

Blackbird, Pa., 421.

Blackstocks, affair at, 480, 536.

Blanchard, Claude, _Journal_, 554.

Blanchard, Col., _Map of N. Hampshire_, 217.

Bland, Col. Theodoric, commands Convention troops in Virginia, 321; his papers, 321; _Bland Papers_, 321.

Bland, Richard, _Enquiry_, 85.

Blaskowitz, Charles, plan of Frog's Neck, 337; chart of Narragansett Bay, 593, 601; map of Newport, 597.

Bleecker, Capt. Leonard, order-book, 670.

Bliss, E. F., 736.

Blood, Thaddeus, 178.

Bloodgood, _Sexagenary_, 358.

Blowers, Sampson S., autog., 51.

Blue Licks, battle at, 730.

Board of War, 392, 437.

Boardman, S. W., _Privateer Cromwell_, 592.

Boardman, Timothy, _Log-book_, 591.

Bollan, William, _Coloniæ Anglicanæ illustratæ_, 70; transmits Gage's letters to Boston, 83.

Bolton, Dr. Thomas, 120.

Bond, Col., 227.

Bonner, map of Boston, 207.

Bonneville, picture of D'Estaing, 594.

Boone, Daniel, portrait, 707; his adventures, 708; his biographers, 708; in Kentucky, 710, 715; defends his fort (1778), 716.

Boonesborough, Ky., 715.

Bordenton, 408, 410.

Border life, literature of, 248.

Border warfare, 605; literature of, 248; in the South, scant material for accounts of, 678.

Boston inflamed by the Grenville Act, 27; arrival of troops (1766), 38; threats to take her patriots to England for trial, 46; troops sent to (1768), 43, 45; (1769), 47; Brazen Head, sign of, 47; non-importation agreements, 49, 78; Col. Dalrymple gets key of the Castle, 53; tea-ships at, 57, 91; Port Act meeting, 60; affected by navigation laws, 64; _Observations of the merchants upon several Acts of Parliament_, 64, 83; _Records_, 67; (1768) Revere's picture, 81; convention to consider the coming of troops, 81; agitation over the quartering of troops in Boston, 82; _Appeal to the world_, 84; petition to the king (1772), 89; _The American Alarm_, 90; the "Mohawks" and the tea-party, 91; _Votes and Proceedings_ respecting the tea-ships, 91; warning broadside, 92; accounts reach London, 92; condition during the Port Bill, 95; title of Port Bill Act, 95; news arrives, 97; broadside, 97; records of this time in Boston City Hall, 95; gifts to, 95; effect of Port Bill, references, 96; newspapers of 1775, 110; blockade of, 113; Gage shut up in, 114; fortifies the Neck, 115; Gage's force (Jan., 1775), 118; meetings at the Green Dragon, 120; maps of roads about, 120, 121; after Lexington, families leaving the town, 125; conditions of leaving, 128; country Tories enter Boston, 128; army besieging, 134; British in, 134; reinforcements under Burgoyne, Clinton, and Howe, 134; Gates advises against an assault, 142; want of provisions during the siege, 144; contemporary views from Beacon Hill, 148-151; British encampments on the Common, 149; Howe advised by the ministry to abandon the town, 152; the siege pressed, 152; to be destroyed if necessary, 153; plays acted, 153; _Boston Blockade_, 153; songs from, 154; _Tragedy of Zara_, 155; view of (1776), 157; view of the Castle, 157; the town evacuated, 158; population, 158; authorities on the siege, 172; Washington proposed boat attack, 172; _Antique views_, 185; plan by Norman, 201; siege of, 202; account of the American camps, 202; diaries, 202; letters, 203; orderly-books, 204; the British camp, 204; _Newsletter printed_, 204; Liberty-tree cut down, 204; houses occupied by British generals, 204; British works, 204; selectmen correspond with Gen. Thomas, 204; diaries, letters, etc., during the siege, 204; American prisoners in the town, 204; evacuated, 205, 568; _Evacuation Memorial_, 205; property destroyed, 205; Ward left in command, 205; the Quakers of Philadelphia help the poor, 205; fears of an attack, 205; medal given to Washington to commemorate the siege, 206, 207; maps of the siege, 207; from Marshall's _Washington_, 206; maps of the town of the Rev. period, 207, 209; landmarks of the siege, 207; English plans, 207; that in _Almon's Remembrancer_, 208; one in the library of Congress, 209, 210; Pelham's map, 209; Rawdon map, 209; surveys of Wm. Page, 210; map of lines on the Neck, 211; Brown's house, 211; Trumbull's plan of the Neck lines, 211; plan indorsed by Mifflin, 212; other plans, 212; British plan of American lines, 212; plan of Boston and vicinity, 212; French maps of the siege, 212; Latin map, 213; German maps, 213; feared Howe in 1777 was coming there, 416; congress at, in 1780, 560; _Proceedings_ ed. by F. B. Hough, 560; her privateers, 587; fleets of Howe and Byron off the harbor (1778), 603; D'Estaing in, 603; riot in, 603; fear of British advancing from Rhode Island, 603; siege of, Indians employed, 613; killing of sentries, 657; "Boston", frigate, given to Captain Tucker, 566; lost at Charleston, 583.

_Boston Gazette_, 110.

Boston harbor, forays in (1775), 131; plans of, 202, 207, 209, 212, 213.

Boston massacre, 49, 85; plan of the ground, 47, 48; picture of, 47; news of, in England, 52; causes, 85; authorities, 85; _Short Narrative_, 85; sent to England, 85; _Additional Observations_, 85; _Letter to C. Lucas_, 85; other accounts, 85; Kidder's _Boston Massacre_, 86; Preston's trial, 86; trial of soldiers, 49, 86; printed _Report_, 86; _Fair Account_, 86; did the soldiers fire before being assaulted? 88; its effect in producing the Rev., 88; its anniversary observed, 88; ovations, 88; commemorated (1775), 119; burlesqued, 120.

Boston Neck (R. I.), 600.

_Boston Newsletter_, 110, 204.

Boston Port Bill, 58. _See_ Boston.

Botetourt, Gov., 46.

Boucher, Jona., _Views of the Amer. Rev._, 98.

Boudinot, Elias, _Star in the West_, 652.

Bound Brook, 408, 409.

Bounties offered to Indians, 674; for scalps, 681.

Bouquet, Col. Henry, his portrait, 692; his character, 692; account of, 692, 693; _Hist. Acc. of Expedition_, 651, 699; marches to relieve Fort Pitt, 694; fight at Bushy Run, 696; map of his campaign, 696; at Fort Pitt, 697; marches into the Ohio Valley, 698; returns, 699; dies, 699; captives retaken by him, 699; West's picture of them, 699; West's picture of his Council with the Indians, 694; Papers, 690, 693.

Bourgoin, _Thèâtre de la Guerre_, 416.

Bowdoin, James, 128; in Congress (1774), 59; taking the lead, 83; his autog., 83; his character, 83; _Letter to Hillsborough_, 84; on the desire for independence, 255.

Bowen, Ephraim, on the destruction of the "Gaspee", 90.

Bowen, Francis, his _Otis_, 70; _Benj. Lincoln_, 513; _Steuben_, 515.

Bowen, J. S., on Brandywine, 419.

Bowen, Nathan, 318.

Bowman, Capt. Joseph, 718.

Bowman, Capt. Josiah, 682.

Bowman, Major, fighting the Shawanese, 730.

Bowring, _Jeremy Bentham_, 95.

Bowyer, Adj., on Waxhaws, 527.

Boyd, Lieut. Thomas, 640, 671.

Boyle, _Marylanders_, 227.

Boylston, E. D., _Hillsborough County Congress_, 108.

Boynton, Edw. C., _West Point_, 464.

Boynton, Thomas, 188.

Brackenborough, Judge, life of Braxton, 265.

Brackenridge, H. H., drama on Bunker Hill, 198; _Death of Montgomery_, 216; on the Monmouth field, 446.

Brackenridge, H. M., _Views of Louisiana_, 652.

Brackinridge, H., on the Indians, 736.

Bradford, Alden, _Jonathan Mayhew_, 71; edits _Mass. State Papers_, 73; _Bunker Hill_, 191; life of R. T. Paine, 265.

Bradford, Job, 187.

Bradford Club, 219.

Bradford's _Collection_, 73.

Bradstreet, Col., goes up the lakes (1764), 698; at Detroit, 698; orderly-book, 698.

Brainerd, W. F., 562.

Brandywine, battle of, 381; map of battle, 414; view of the field, 419; Galloway's plan of, 415; sources, 418; Washington's map of the campaign, 420, 421; Hessian map, 422; other plans, 422, 423.

Brant, Joseph, at Montreal, 619; made Guy Johnson's secretary, 623; portraits, 623, 625; autograph, 625; at the Cedars, 625, 626; his early life, 625; invades New York (1777), 626; at siege of Fort Stanwix, 299, 628, 661; to operate in New York (1778), 633; his ravages, 633; burns Andrustown, 636; attacks German Flats, 636; at Cherry Valley, 636, 665; denied responsibility for massacre at Cherry Valley, 638; accounts of, 657; descendants, 657; letters, 657; meets Herkimer, 627; attacks the Minisink settlements, 639; his report, 672; at Canajoharie, 644; not at Wyoming, 663.

Brashear, Lieut., 729.

Brassier, Wm., surveyed Lake Champlain, 347.

Brattle, Gen., his letter to Gage in fac-simile, 98.

Braxton, Carter, life, 265; autog., 266; _Address to the Convention_, 272.

Breechloaders used at Brandywine, 419.

Brehm, Capt., 738.

Brent, _Archbishop Carroll_, 229.

Brevoort, J. C., has some of Paul Jones's papers, 590.

Breyman, Col., at Bennington, 300, 354.

Briar Creek, 520.

Bridgdens, of Boston, 47.

Bridgetown, Pa., 421.

Briggs, C. A., _American Presbyterianism_, 244.

Bristol (Pa.), 409, 410.

Bristol (R. I.), 600.

British army, brutality of, 372.

British Constitution, spirit of, 5.

British regiments, historical records of, 198.

Brock, R. A., on the Nelson house, 506.

Brodhead, Col., attacks the Indians of the Alleghany, 642, 671; his route, 642; at Fort Pitt, 731; acc. of his exped., 653.

Bromfield, John, 187.

Bronson, J., 464.

Bronx River, 337.

Brookline, Mass., fort at, 206, 210; view of, 150.

Brooklyn, maps of, 329; battle of, 277; risks of the British, 290; maps, 344, 404; accounts of, 344; roads of approach, 277; British plans, 278. _See_ Long Island.

Brooklyn Heights, 275; defences of, 275.

Brooks, Chas., _Medford_, ed. by Usher, 202.

Brooks, Erastus, 665; on Indian history, 681.

Brooks, Col. John, at Bemis's Heights, 357; on Valley Forge, 436; on Monmouth, 446; autog., 136; portrait, 202; on Bunker Hill plans, 202.

Brooks, N. C., on the Burgoyne campaign, 361.

Broom, J., surveyor, 421.

Brotherhead, _Signers_, 259.

Brougham, Henry, 9, 10, 63.

Broughton, Capt. Nicholas, 565.

Brown, Capt. Abraham, 130.

Brown, Dr. Buckminster, 194.

Brown, Dr. Geo., 187.

Brown, H. A., _Oration on the Congress of 1774_, 99; _Mem. and Orations_, 439; on Monmouth, 446.

Brown, H. K., statue of Gen. Greene, 510.

Brown, Col. John, and Ticonderoga, 213; killed at Stone Arabia, 644; in Canada, 161, 613, 615, 674; his letters from Canada, 215.

Brown, Mrs. J. B., _Stories of Warren_, 194.

Brown, J. M., _Schoharie County_, 660.

Brown, Peter, 187.

Brown, Dr. Samuel, 710.

Brown, Thomas, 203.

Brunswick (N. C.), 542.

Brush, Crean, 205.

Bryan, Alexander, Gates's scout (1777), 358.

Bryan, Geo., 401.

Bryd, Col., 730, 731.

Brymner, Douglas, 693; edits Haldimand calendar, 653; Report on Canadian Archives, 733.

Buchanan, James, _No. American Indians_, 651; on removing André's remains, 461.

Buck, W. J., _Washington on the Neshaminy_, 418.

Buck Island, 661.

Buckingham, J. T., _Specimens of newspaper lit._, 110.

Buffalo, N. Y., history of, 648.

Buffenton's Ford, 418.

Buford, Col., defeated at Waxhaws, 475, 527.

Bugbee, J. M., _Centennial of Bunker Hill_, 172.

Bull, Col., 679.

Bull, Gen., 519.

Bull, surveys of Georgia, 538.

Bullard, E. F., address, 366.

Bullock, Alex. H., on the Constitution of Mass., 274.

Bull's Ferry, affair at, 560.

Bunker Hill, occupied, 135; order for it, 135; battle of, 136; forces engaged, 140; Howe criticised, 140; losses, 140; news of it spread, 140; authorities, 184; earliest accounts, 186; contemporary letters, diaries, and orderly-books, 187, 188; losses of property at Charlestown, 187; depositions of survivors, 189; early historians, 189; who commanded? 190; officers engaged, 191; monument, 194; anniversary discourses, 194; British accounts, 194; letters, 194; fac-simile of the Tory broadside account, 196; Rawdon drawing of the battle, 197; other pictures, 197; general histories, 198; ballads, 198; dramas, 198; British plan of the battle, 199; _America invincible_, 200; novels and poems, 200; plans, 200, 202; plan from the _Impartial History_, 201; plan of the redoubt, 212; of the works built by the British, 212.

Burch, 39.

Burdge, Franklin, 270.

Burgoyne, Gen. John, writes Gage's proclamations, 131; correspondence with Chas. Lee, 144; his opinion, 1775, on subduing the colonies, 145; feared the occupation of Dorchester Heights, 156; reaches Quebec (1776), 167, 225; follows Sullivan, 167; on Bunker Hill, 195; life by Fonblanque, 195; portraits of, 292, 293; autog., 292; suggests the use of mercenaries, 293; his army, 294; his character, 294; orders from Germain, 295; at St. Johns, 295; his bombastic proclamation, 295; at Crown Point, 296; at Ticonderoga, 299; refused troops by Carleton, 299; at Fort Edward, 299; losses at Stanwix and Bennington, 301; moved towards Saratoga, 304; at Freeman's Farm, 305; awaits succor from Clinton, 307; makes reconnoissance (Oct. 7), 307; his losses, 309; retreats to Saratoga, 309; surrounded, 309; sends flag of truce, 309; terms gained, 309, 317; fac-simile of letter to Gates about the British wounded, 310; at Gates's headquarters, 310; his losses in the campaign, 311; his army marched to Boston, 311, 318; the plan of his campaign criticised, 312; his difficulties of supply, 313; his slow movements, 313; authorities on his campaign, 315; charges against Henley, 318; examination of the observance of the convention, 318; breaks the provisions of the convention, 318; neither side scrupulous, 319; flags concealed, 319; plan for the campaign of 1777, 348; preparations, 348; issues a proclamation, 349; reprints, 349; burlesqued, 349; maps of the entire campaign, 349; captures Ticonderoga, 349; Hubbardton, 350; proclamation, 350; _Campaign of_, by W. L. Stone, 351; worsted at Bennington, 354; instructions to Baum, 354; his report to Germain, 354; discouraged, 356; Freeman's Farm, 356; battle of Oct. 7, 357; surrenders, 358; view of field, 358; view of camp, 358; his letter to Germain, 358; strength of his army, 358; authorities on the campaign in general, 358, 360, 361; orderly-books and journals, 359, 360; his own orders, 359; life by De Fonblanque, 361; maps of the final battles, 361; fac-simile of map in _Analectic Mag._, 362; view of the field of surrender, 361; signatures of the convention, 361; Gates's headquarters, 361; landmarks of the campaign, 361; effects of the surrender in Europe, 364; sails for England, 364; in Parliament, 364; his birth, 364; satires upon, 364; his defences in Parliament, 365; _Substance of Speeches_, 365; John Wilkes' comments, 365; resigns his commission, 365; _Letter to his Constituents_, 365; _Reply_, 365; _Letter to Burgoyne_, 366; _A brief examination_, 366; _Enquiry into the conduct of Burgoyne_, 366; _Supplement to the State of the Expedition_, 366; attacked in _Remarks_, 366; _Letter to Lieut.-Gen. Burgoyne_, 366; reply by Rev. Sam. Peters, 366; _Essay on modern martyrs_, 366; his _State of the Expedition_, 366; his documents laid before Parliament, 366; documents in the War Office, 366; his speech to the Indians, 366; his letter from Albany, 366; councils of war, 366; exchanged, 366; news of his surrender sent to Europe by Massachusetts, 571, 586; his opinion of the use of Indians, 621, 627; charged with buying scalps, 683; Washington visits the scene of his campaign, 746.

Burk, John, _Virginia,_ 515.

Burke, Ardanus, _Address_, 527.

Burke, Edmund, 31; his first speech, 32; in Parliament (1770), 52; _European Settlements_, 64; on the debates of 1765, 72; _Observations_ on Tickle's tract, 85; _Thoughts on the Causes of the present Discontents_, 88; on the Quebec Bill, 102; on American taxation, 112; his _Works_, 112; speeches on conciliation, 112; conversation with North, 112; his character, 112; lives of, 112; as a speaker, 112; on Bunker Hill, 195; ridicules Burgoyne's proclamations, 295; in the _Annual Register_, 687.

Burke, J. W., 258.

Burr, Aaron, on the Kennebec exped., 162; as a soldier, 163; in the assault on Quebec, 165; his house in N. York, 276.

Burton, Jonathan, 202, 227; his diary, 346.

Bury, Viscount, _Exodus of the Western Nations_, 232.

Bushnell, C. I., _Crumbs for Antiquarians_, 202, 219.

Bushnell, David, invents the "American Turtle", 567.

Bushy Run, battle of, 694; losses, 669; plan, 692; described by Burke, 697; by Wm. Smith, 697.

Bute, Earl of, 21; his ministry, 23.

Butler, James D., on Bennington, 356.

Butler, Col. John, at Niagara (Sept., 1776), 626; to invade the Susquehanna country (1778), 633; at Wyoming, 634, 636, 663; his report, 664.

Butler, Mann, 718.

Butler, Col. Richard, at Monmouth, 446; _Diary of Yorktown_, 554.

Butler, Walter N., at Cherry Valley, 636, 665; on the Mohawk (1781), 646; killed, 646.

Butler, Col. Wm., 346; burns Oquaga, 636; route of, in 1778, 681.

Butler, Zebulon, report on Wyoming, 634, 664; acc. of, 664; and the Tuscaroras, 619; escapes, 635.

Butler's Rangers, 661; their badge, 631.

Butterfield, C. W., edits Leith's _Narrative_, 682; _Washington-Crawford letters_, 714; _Exped. against Sandusky_, 737; _Washington-Irvine Corresp._, 737.

Butt's Hill (R. I.), 602.

Byrd, Capt., 739, 741.

Byron, Admiral, on the American coast, 580; off Boston harbor, 603.

Cadwalader, Col. Lambert, 288, 341; at Fort Washington, 338; and Gen. Prescott, 403.

Cahokia, 730; Indian council at, 719; surrenders, 722; raid upon, 737, 739.

Caldwell, Charles, _Life of Gen. Greene_, 510.

Caldwell, David, his life, 514.

Caldwell, Col. Henry, 222.

Caldwell on Ticonderoga, 214.

Calef, John, _Siege of Penobscot_, 604.

Callendar, George, 209.

Calvé, 739.

Calvert, Geo. H., play on André, 464.

Cambell, David, 535.

Cambridge (Mass.) fortified (1775), 130; Holmes House, 135; Tory Row, 142; Vassall or Craigie House, 142; Brattle House, 142; Riedesel House, 142; Oliver House, 142; Bishop's Palace, 142; Christ Church, 142; _Centennial Memorial_, 142; Washington Elm, 142; councils of war in, 142; accounts of the camp, 202, 203; letters from the camp, 203; orderly-books, 204; works at, 206; legislature at (1769), 47; men at Lexington, 184; roads near, 121, 122.

Camden, Lord, on the Decl. of Indep., 269; speeches, 112, 529.

Camden (Carolina), campaign of, 514; battle of (Gates), 477, 478, 529; and the militia, 478; number of forces, 529; losses, 530; Faden's plan, 531; other plans, 531; Senff's plan, 533. For the second battle at, _see_ Hobkirk's Hill.

Campbell, Archibald, map of Georgia, 675; at Savannah, 469.

Campbell, Brigadier, at Pensacola, 739, 740.

Campbell, Col. Arthur, of Virginia, 677; raid on the Indians, 680.

Campbell, C., edits Lewis's _Order-book_, 168; edits _Bland Papers_, 321.

Campbell, C. A., on the Robinson House, 452; on the Odell House, 561.

Campbell, Donald, succeeds to the command before Quebec, 165; despatch about the siege of Quebec, 221.

Campbell, Douglass, on Cherry Valley, 666; on the Iroquois and N. Y.'s Indian policy, 681.

Campbell, J. W., _Biog. Sketches_, 219.

Campbell, Robert, on King's Mountain, 535.

Campbell, Thomas, his letter to Brant, 663; _Gertrude of Wyoming_, 665.

Campbell, Col. Wm., 478; on King's Mountain, 535.

Campbell, W. W., on Gen. James Clinton, 659, 670; _Tryon County or Border Warfare_, 351, 659; _Border Warfare_, 655; on Indians in the Rev. War, 655; on Cherry Valley, 666.

Campbell, _Life of Loughborough_, 112.

Campfield, Jabez, diary, 668.

Canada, campaign in (1775-1776), 162; authorities, 174, 215; Schuyler in command, 215; address of Congress to the inhabitants, 215; maps of the campaign, 215; maps of the region, 216; Arnold's share in it (_see_ Kennebec expedition, Quebec); retreat from Canada, 226; local aspects, 227; commissioners of Congress in, 227; their instructions, 227; new commissioners sent, 227; their letters, 227, 229; D'Estaing's proclamation to the inhabitants, 603; Franklin's advocacy of its retention by England (1763), 686; Indians of, visited by Maj. Brown, 613; sought by Ethan Allen, 614; invasion from, threatened, 615; messengers sent to, by Adams and Warren, 119.

Canadea, N. Y., 669.

Canajoharie Castle, 608; destroyed, 644.

Canandaigua, 669.

Caner, Henry, _Candid Examination_, 70.

Canot, P., 331.

Cantwell's Bridge, 421.

Cape Fear River, 485; map, 542.

Cardinal, Nic., 726.

Carleton, General Guy, refuses troops to Burgoyne, 299; opposes the use of Indians, 613, 618, 655; thought to be intending an invasion, 615; charged with coercing the Indians to take sides, 615; uses them for defence, 618, 621; instructed by Germain (1777), 348; disappointed in not conducting the campaign (1777), 348; his commissions, 653, 654, 673; his orders (1776-1777), 359; correspondence from Quebec, 222; at Crown Point, 293; reaches Quebec (1776), 164; portrait, 164; autog., 164; arrives in N. Y. (1782), 745.

Carlisle, Pa., taken, 691.

Carmichael-Smyth, Sir James, _Précis of the War in Canada_, 223.

Carolinas, map of, by Henry Monson, 675.

Carpenter, J. C., 227.

Carr, Dabney, 56.

Carr, Lucien, on women's rights among the Indians, 607.

Carrington, Gen. H. B., _Boston and New York_, 173; plan of Bunker Hill, 189, 202; _Strategic relations of New Jersey_, 413; on Lafayette in Virginia, 547.

Carroll, Chas., autog., 227, 265; letters from Canada, 229; in Canada, 166, 227; last survivor of the signers of the Decl. of Indep., 264; his _Journal_, 227; references, 227; his wealth, 227; his house, 227; medal, 227; portrait, 227; life, 266.

Carroll, John, in Canada, 166, 227.

Carter, William, _Genuine Detail_, 195.

Carter's Valley, 678.

Cartwright, John, 244.

Caruthers, E. W., _Interesting Rev. Incidents_, 514, 539; _Life of David Caldwell_, 81, 514.

Carver, Jonathan, map of province of Quebec, 226.

Cary, Archibald, 259.

_Case of Great Britain and America_, 85.

Castiglione, _Viaggio_, 529.

Castine, 604; British at (1779), 603.

Castle William (Boston), view, 157; blown up, 158.

Castleton, Vt., 297; Burgoyne's orders to people of, 359.

Caswell and the North Carolina militia, 476.

Catawba Indians, 611; in the war, 525, 677; friendly to the Americans, 620.

Catawba River, 475.

Catharine's town, N. Y., 669.

Caughnawagas, 613, 655; at Montreal, 624; offer aid, 673.

Caulkins, F. M., _New London_, 591.

Cavendish, Lady Georgiana, _Admiral Gambier_, 230, 326, 436.

_Cavendish Debates_, 102.

Caverley, A. M., _Pittsford, Vt._, 355.

Cayugas, their country, 609.

Caziare, Lieut., his surveys of Yorktown, 553.

Cedars, affair at, 166, 225, 616; _Authentic Narrative_, 225.

Ceracchi, bust of Hamilton, 384.

Chad's Ford, 381, 421.

Chadwick, J. W., 331.

Chalmers, Geo., _Polit. Annals_, 64; _Revolt of the Colonies_, 64, 232, 255; _Opinions of Eminent Lawyers_, 255; _Plain Truth_, 270; on the growth of Amer. independence, 232.

Chamberlain, Mellen, "The Revolution impending", 1; edits Dearborn's journal, 219, 360; his _John Adams_, 261; _Authentication of the Decl. of Indep._, 269.

Chambers, Col., _Chambersburg_, 327.

Chambers, John, 219.

Chamblée on the Sorel, 215; Sullivan at, 167; fort captured, 162; its colors in Philad., 162.

Champe, Sergeant, and Arnold, 468; _Champe's Adventures_, 468.

Champlain, Lake, armed vessels on (1776), 346; Arnold on, 346; surveyed by Brassier, 347; maps, 348.

Champney, L. W., "Memories of New London", 562.

Chandler Ford, Pa., 421.

Chandler, P. W., _Amer. Criminal Trials_, 86, 463.

Chandler, Thomas B., his controversy with Chauncey, 71; _What think ye of Congress now?_ 101; _Strictures examined_, 106.

Channing, Edw., "War in the Southern Dept.", 469.

Channing, Wm. H., edits J. H. Perkins' _Memoirs_, 648.

Chapin, C. W. E., 650.

Chapman, Isaac A., 199, 362; _Wyoming,_ 664.

Chapman, T. J., on the siege of Fort Pitt, 697; on C. F. Post, 736.

Charleston, S. C., view, 171; (1776), 229; (1777), 471; defences (1776), 169; map of its harbor, 170, 471; news of Lexington in, 178; capitulation at, 322; evacuated, 507; Lincoln at, 474, 513; attacked by Prevost, 520; _Address to Clinton_, 527; tea-ships at, 57; siege (1780), 471, 524; forces engaged, 525; losses, 525; plans of the siege, 526, 528; American prisoners at, 534; plan of, 538; repossessed, 546; ships taken at (1780), 582, 583.

Charlestown, Mass., views of, 197; plan of, 198, 201, 202, 206, 210; survey of, 200; works made by the British (1775-1776), 202; deserted, 138; burned, 138.

Charters amended or revoked by the crown, 3; Franklin's opinion, 3.

Chartres, Fort, surrendered, 705; acc. of, 706; abandoned, 720. _See_ Fort.

Chase, Samuel, in Canada, 166, 227; autog., 265; life, 266; letters, 341.

Chase, Thomas, _Sketches of Paul Jones_, 590.

Chastellux, autog., 500; on Cowpens, 538; _Remarks on his Travels,_ 463, 560; sails from Baltimore, 745.

Chatham resigned, 46; _Appeal_, 109 (_see_ Pitt); common popular portrait, 109; portrait for R. H. Lee, 110; Hoare's picture of, 110; bust by Wilton, 110; statue at Charleston, 110; medals, 110; lives of, 112; his speeches, 112; his speeches against using Indians, 617, 621.

Chatterton's Hill, 286.

Chaudiere River, 224.

Chauncey, Chas., his autog., 71; controversy with Chandler, 71; _Discourse on Mayhew_, 71; sermon, the Stamp Act repeal, 74; on the Penobscot exped., 603; _Letter to a friend_, 76, 95.

Chauvignerie, report on the Indians, 652.

Cheever, David, 187.

Chemung, 669; ambuscade at, 681; destroyed, 639.

Cheney, J. V., 138.

Cheraws, camp at, 483.

Cherokees, 611; in the war, 523, 675; their territory, 610; ready to fight, 620; map of campaign against, 675; country invaded, 676; treaties with, 677, 679; their houses, 678.

Cherry Valley, 609; accounts of massacre, 665; attacked, 636, 638; fortified (1778), 636.

Chesapeake Bay, charts of, 548; French map, 553; map of entrance, 550.

Chesney, Alex., acc. of war in So. Carolina, 535.

Chesney, Col., _Essays in modern military biography_, 536.

Chester, John, 187.

Chester, J. L., on André's lineage, 464.

Chester (Pa.), 429; Washington at, 382, 415.

Chestnut Hill (Pa.), 425, 428; skirmish at, 389.

Chevalier, M., _La Marine Française_, 598.

Chew, Benj., his house, 385, 426.

Chew, Joseph, 658.

Chickamaugas, 678.

Child, D. L., _Inquiry into conduct of Gen. Putnam_, 191.

Child, Sir Josiah, 63.

Chilicothe destroyed, 731.

Chipman, _Life of Warner_, 356.

Chittenden, L. E., _Address_, 214.

Choctaws, 611.

Choiseul, Duc de, 686; sends a messenger to the English colonies, 244; understood American affairs, 60; watching the colonies, 16.

Choisy, autog., 500.

Chotteau, Léon, _Les Français en Amérique_, 463, 560.

Chouteau, Col. P., 705.

Christian, Col. Wm., 676, 679, 714.

Christiana Bridge (Pa.), 421; creek, 381; river, 421.

Church, Dr. Benj., his traitorous correspondence, 118, 145; confined in Cambridge, 142; _Elegy on Dr. Mayhew_, 71; _The Times_, 73; oration on Boston Massacre, 88.

Churchill, Amos, _Hubbardton_, 350.

Cincinnati Society, 746.

Circular letter of Mass., 42; in England, 44, 46; responses, 44.

Cist, Lewis J., 264.

Clap, Ensign, 203.

Clapham, Mrs., 47.

Clapp, _Dorchester_, 173.

Clarence, C. W., _Ralph Farnham_, 192.

Clark, Abraham, 407; autog., 264; life, 265.

Clark, Geo. Rogers, on the origin of the Dunmore war, 710; on Cresap, 712; his tour in Kentucky, 716; sent to Va. Assembly, 716; plans the conquest of the Northwest, 716; made a colonel, 717; raises troops, 717; his own accounts of his Illinois campaign, 718; his papers owned by L. C. Draper, 718; his journal at Vincennes, 718; his despatches captured, 718; captures Kaskaskia, 719; captures Vincennes, 718, 722; his youth, 723; holds council with the Indians, 724; marches to retake Vincennes, 725; transactions with Vigo, 725; summons Hamilton, 726, 727; on Hamilton, 682; fac-simile of autog., 727; captures stores, 728; plans of capturing Detroit, 728; builds Fort Jefferson, 730; intercepted letters 730, 733; estimate of him by Washington, 731; fights Arnold in Va., 732; made brig.-general, 732; urged to capture B. Arnold in Va., 732; disappears from Western history, 733; on the Miami, 733; discharged, 733; social habits, 733; in French service (1793), 733; references, 734; death, 734; portrait, 734; at St. Louis, 737, 740.

Clark, Henry, on Hubbardton, 350.

Clark, John, _Battle fought 17th June_, 195.

Clark, John, diary, 436, 446.

Clark, Rev. Jonas, 122, 180.

Clark, Joseph, 445.

Clark, Gen. J. S., map of the Newtown battle, 681; on the Sullivan campaign (1779), 671.

Clark, Major, spy of Washington, 439.

Clark, Peter, on Bennington, 354.

Clark, Thomas, _Naval Hist. of U. S._, 589.

Claus, Col. Daniel, 247, 351, 661; has charge of St. Leger's Indians, 628; manuscript anecdotes of Brant, 663:

Cleveland, Col., and North Carolinians, 478.

Clinch Valley, 676.

Clinton, De Witt, life of Philip Livingston, 265.

Clinton, George, house in N. Y., 276; portraits, 197, 308; memoir by W. L. Stone, 308; opposes evacuation of N. Y., 333; autog., 364.

Clinton, Sir Henry, at Bunker Hill, 138; proclamations in S. Carolina, 229, 322, 513, 526; attacks Fort Moultrie, 153, 170, 230; in the battle of Brooklyn, 279; attack on Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 306; plan, 363; despatches, 364; in Philadelphia, 396; succeeds Howe, 443; on Monmouth, 446; on the Southern campaign (1778), 520; endeavors to save André, 461; his MS. _Hist. of the War_, 467; his accounts of Arnold and André, 467; in the South, 469; attacks Charlestown, S. C., 471, 526; captures it, 474; his report, 525; deceived by Washington's seeming intention of attacking New York, 498, 501, 561; _Narrative_, 516; _Observations on Cornwallis's Answer_, 516; his notes on the correspondence, 156; controversy with Arbuthnot, 517; _Letter to Com. on Public Accounts_, 517; _Observations on Stedman_, 517; _Memorandum on plundering_, 517; forged despatch about siege of Charleston, 527; his controversy with Cornwallis, 547; orders him to occupy Old Point Comfort, 548; ordered by Germain to continue the war in the South, 548; seeks to succor Cornwallis, 549; in New Jersey, 559; on the revolt of the Penn. line, 561; in Rhode Island (1776), 593; (1778), 603; sends naval force to Penobscot (1779), 603; portraits, 306, 307; relieved by Carleton, 745.

Clinton, Gen. James, his expedition against the Indians, 638; acc. of, 659; in the Sullivan exped. (1779), 667, 670; portraits, 670, 681; _Revolutionary Relics_, 457.

Clunes, John, 360.

Cluny, Alex., _Amer. Traveller_, 85.

Clymer, Geo., autog., 265; life, 265.

Cobb, David, diary at Yorktown, 554.

Cobbett, Wm., 359.

Cobleskill, Brant at, 633; confused accounts of, 633; destroyed, 660.

Coburn, F. W., _Bennington_, 356.

Cockings, Geo., _The American War_, 197, 200.

Coffin, Chas., _Bunker Hill_, 189; _Mem. of Gen. Thomas_, 167.

Coffin, C. C., _Boscawen_, 355; on Bunker Hill, 190.

Coffin, Shubael, 33.

Cohoes, 609.

Colden, lieut.-gov. of New York, 30.

Coleman, C. W., on Greene, 537.

Coleman, E. C., on Simon Kenton, 708.

Colerain, Lord, 517 (_see_ Hanger, Geo.), _Life of Hanger_, 517.

Coles, Edward, 258.

Collet, O. W., 730, 740.

Collet, surveys of No. Carolina, 538.

Colleville, Vicomte de, _Les missions secretes du Baron de Kalb_, 244.

Collier, Sir Geo., 326; in N. Y. harbor, 330; relieves Penobscot, 582; in the "Rainbow", 589.

Colman, R. F., 734.

Colonies, English, their independence of England, 232; their relations to the crown, 3, 5.

Colonization, English idea of, 687.

Colucci, Giuseppe, _Guerra per l'Independenza_, 523.

_Columbian Magazine_, 510.

Combahee Ferry, 507.

Committees of correspondence, origin of, 89; of correspondence, inspection, and safety, 90.

Conanicut Island, map of, 596, 600, 602.

Concord (Mass.), fight at, 124; roads about, 121; visited by Brown and Bernière, 119; authorities on the fight, 175; depositions, 175; fac-simile of Col. James Barrett's, 177; plan of, 180; centennial celebration, 184; histories, 184; view of, 185 (_see_ Lexington); military stores at, 123; Prov. Congress at, 120.

Cone, Mary, 729; _Rufus Putnam_, 158.

Conestogoes, massacred by Paxton Boys, 606, 682; their lands, 606.

"Confederacy", captured, 584.

Confederation of the United States (1776), 240, 274; articles, 174; debates on, 274; Franklin's proposed plan, 654.

Congaree River, 475.

Congress of 1754, 63, 65; various plans at, 66; Rhode Island and, 66, 67.

Congress of 1774, proposed, 59, 60; who originated?, 98; sessions, 99; legal aspects of, 99; the delegates, how chosen 99; feelings in N. Y. towards, 99; Delaware members, 99; Virginia members, 99; tracts about, 99; New England in, 99; Sunday sessions opposed, 99; Middle States in, 99; Virginia in, 99; Carolina in, 99; its _Journal_, 100; its device, 100; copy owned by Thomas Cushing, 100; _The whole proceedings_, 100; _Extracts from its Journal_, 100; documents in Force, 100; notes of the debates, 100; _Declaration of Rights_, 100; _Petition to the King_, 100; MS. copies in existence, 100; printed copies, 100; _Address to the people of Great Britain_, 100; a _Letter_ in response, 100; _Memorial to the Colonies_, 100; _Suffolk Resolves_, read, 100; the approval of them drove out the loyalists, 101; effect in England, 101; Galloway's plan of adjustment, 101; relations of loyalists, 101; _Articles of Association,_ 101; fac-similes of signatures, 102; address to inhabitants of Quebec, 104; every step known in London, 104; its views challenged in New York, 104; the Seabury-Wilkins tracts on, 104; letter to the king, 237; declaration, 237.

Congress of 1775, 107; _Journal_, 107; different eds., 107; debates, 107; its _Declaration_, 108; _Address to the inhabitants of Great Britain_, 108; _Address to Ireland_, 108; _Address to New England_, 108; _Petition to the King_, 108, 255; chooses Washington commander-in-chief, 108; articles of confederation, 108; approves the form of government adopted in Mass., 108; articles for the government of the troops, 108; plan for organizing militia, 108; proceedings, secret, 108; com. of secret correspondence, 108; general references, 108; lives of members, 108; effect in England, 109; Dr. Samuel Johnson's _Taxation no Tyranny_, 109; tender of Canada, 160; parties in, 255.

Congress, Continental, sends a commission to Canada, 166; Declaration of Independence, 228 (_see_ Declaration); and independence, 231; its character, 233; New Hampshire in, 234; Massachusetts in, 234; Connecticut in, 234; Pennsylvania in, 234; journals, 252, 261, 268; leaves Philadelphia (1776), 373, 383; its lessening character, 391; distrust of Washington in, 391; inefficiency of, 556, 744; creates inspector-general, 556; seeks to regulate prices, 556; naval committee, 567; appoints Hopkins commander-in-chief of navy, 568; arranges the rank of captains, 570; gives commissioners in Europe power to commission naval officers, 573; authorizes privateers, 591; _Extracts from Journals on prizes and privateers_, 591; prize claims, 591; and the use of Indians, 615, 616, 622, 632, 654; creates Indian departments, 616; addresses the Six Nations, 616; plan of confederation, 616; address to Ireland, 617.

Connecticut claims the credit of capturing Ticonderoga (1775), 160, 213; claim to land in Pennsylvania, 605, 665, 680; creates a navy, 565; equips troops (1775), 122; her seamen, 587; invaded by Tryon, 557; men at Bunker Hill, 189; naval officers, 568; organizes a militia, 116; issues paper money, 116; privateers, 591; whale-boat warfare, 591; _Queries and Answers_ as to her commerce, 64; retains her original charter, 274; sends a message to Gage (1775), 128; Mass. delegates in, 128; Stamp Act in, 73; troops in Long Island battle, 329; trouble with the Mohawks, 605.

Connecticut Valley invaded (1780), 645.

Conner, Timothy, journal, 575.

Connolly, Dr. John, 709.

Connolly's arrest, 653.

Conover, Geo. S., edits journals of Sullivan expedition, 681; _Sayengueraghta_, 663.

Conrad, R. T., edited Sanderson's _Signers_, 266.

Constitution Island in the Hudson, 323, 462, 465; plan, 325.

Constitutional Society in London, 175.

Constitutions of the several United States, 268, 272.

Continental army reorganized, 437; distresses of, 560; number of men in, year by year, 588; including militia, 588; not paid, 745; disbanded, 746.

Continental Congress. _See_ Congress.

Continental navy, general accounts of, 589; forming of, 567; naval committee, 567; names of first-built ships, 567; officers commissioned in Europe, 573; its captures, 576, 589; losses, 576; force in 1780, 583; total number engaged in service, 584, 587; compared with land forces, 588; vessels sunk in the Delaware, 428; raised, 445. _See_ Navy.

Convention troops (Burgoyne's army), 317; at Rutland, 321; in Virginia, 321.

Conway Cabal, 392; who shared in it?, 446; references, 446, 447.

Conway, Gen. H. S., 31, 238; his portrait ordered by Boston, 74; likenesses, 74.

Conway, Gen. Thomas, at Brandywine, 382; and the Conway Cabal, 392.

Conyngham, Gustavus, commands the "Surprise", 573; takes prizes into Dunkirk, 573; imprisoned in France, 573; demanded of France by England, 574; in the "Revenge", 574.

Cook, Frederick, 681.

Cook, James, map of So. Carolina, 537.

Cook, Col. John, 668.

Cook, Lemuel, 746.

Cook, Col. Thaddeus, orderly-book (1777), 359.

Cooke, Geo. W., _Hist. of Party_, 112.

Cooke, J. E., on Chas. Lee, Gates, etc., 144; on Jefferson, 259; on the Virginia Declaration of Independence, 259; on the Virginia Constitution, 272; "Historic houses in the Shenandoah", 407; on the British in Virginia, 546.

Cooke, Samuel, _The Violent destroyed_, 180.

Cooke, W. D., _Rev. Hist. of N. Carolina_, 256.

Coolidge, G. A., _Brochure of Bunker Hill_, 132.

Coolidge, T. Jefferson, 258.

Cooper, J. F., _Lionel Lincoln_, 185, 200; _Travelling Bachelor_, 466; _Naval Hist. U. S._, 589; editions, 589; _Lives of Distinguished Naval Officers_, 589; _Pilot_, 590.

Cooper, Dr. Myles, _Friendly Address_, 106; drew out other tracts, 106; _American Querist_, 106; _What think ye of Congress now?_ 101.

Cooper, Dr. Samuel, defends D'Estaing, 580, 601; corresponding with Wm. Livingston, 83; on Preston's trial, 86; letters, 203.

Cooper, Samuel (Penna.), 436.

Cooper, Wm., 84; town clerk of Boston, autog., 87, 115.

Copley, J. S., paints Hancock, 270; John Adams, 36; Sam. Adams, 40; Chief Justice Oliver, 95.

Copp, J. J., 562.

Cornplanter, chief of the Senecas, 644.

Cornstalk, at battle of Point Pleasant, 714; accounts of, 714.

Cornwallis, Lord, attacks Fort Washington, 289; crosses the Hudson (1776), and occupies Fort Lee, 338, 367; in New Jersey, 376; at Brandywine, 381, 422; in Philadelphia, 384; at Germantown, 427; at Gloucester, 430; headquarters in Savannah, 471; at Charlestown, S. C. (1780), 473; portraits, 474, 475; contemp. acc. of, 474; in command in the South, 475; attacks Gates at Camden, 477; weakened by the loss at King's Mountain, 480; destroys his train, 483; pursues Greene, 484; at Hillsborough, 484; at Guilford, 485; pursued, 487; at Wilmington, N. C., 494; moves to Virginia, 495; in command, 496; tries to intercept Lafayette, 497; at Portsmouth, Va., 498; ordered to fortify a post, 498; seizes Yorktown, 498; surrenders, 504; autog., 505; his headquarters in Yorktown, 506; his cave, 506; his headquarters at Williamsburg, 506; _Correspondence_, 516; controversy with Clinton, 516; _Reply to Clinton_, 516; _Answer to Clinton's Narrative_, 516; and Arbuthnot, 517; on Tarleton, 518; at siege of Charleston (1780), 526; at Camden, 529; his proclamation, 532; his opinion of rebels, 534; affected by Ferguson's defeat, 536; maps of his Southern campaigns, 537, 538; map of his campaign with Lafayette, 538; on the Cowpens 538; his order-book, 539; pursuit of Greene to the Dan, 539; at Guilford, 539, 541; his order-book, 541; at Wilmington, N. C., 547; disagrees with Clinton about moving into Virginia, 547; Germain approved, 548; fortifies Yorktown, 549.

Correspondence, committees of, 54, 56. _See_ Committees.

Cortelyou House, 329.

Cortland Manor, 340.

Cortlandt, Col. Philip, autobiography, 360; portrait, 681.

Coryell's Ferry, 369.

Courts of vice-admiralty, 71.

Coventry Forge, 415.

Cowan's Ford, 539.

Cowboys, 456.

Cowley, R., _Harbor of Charleston_, 529.

Cowpens, battle of, 481, 482, 538; its importance, 482; forces at, 539; losses, 539; plan of fight, 539; medals given, 539.

Cox, Daniel, 372.

Cox, S. S., 366.

Craft, Rev. David, on Sullivan's campaign, 670, 681.

Crafts, Wm., 230.

Craigie, Andrew, 142.

Cramahé commands in Quebec, 163.

Cranberry, N. J., 408, 410.

Crawford, Col. Wm., killed, 736.

Crawford, James, 684.

Creasy, _Decisive Battles_, 357.

Creek Indians, 611, 679.

Cresap, Capt. Michael, advises against a war with the Indians, 710; acc. of, 710; unjustly charged with killing Logan's family, 711, 712; accounts of, 712; dies, 713; grave, 713.

Cresap, Col. Thomas, 710, 712; treaty with the Indians, 607.

Cresap's War, 707.

Criminals enlisted by the British, 112, 705.

Croghan, Geo., on the Indian lands, 650; his estimate of Indian population, 650; sent among the Western Indians (1765), 702; at Vincennes, 703; meets Pontiac, 704; journals of his Western journey, 704.

Croghan, Major William, journal at Charleston, 525.

Cromot-Dubourg, _Journal_, 553, 554.

Crooked Billet (Pa.), 442.

Cross, Ralph, journal, 360.

Crosscup, B. S., _Heart of the Alleghanies_, 536.

Crosswicks, 408, 410.

Crown's right to unoccupied lands, 2, 6, 15; can administer justice, 4.

Crufts, Benj., 188.

Cruger, J. H., 522.

Cruger, Lewis, 74.

Cruvat, Don Francisco, 743.

Cullum, General G. W., on Richard Montgomery, 216; "The Struggle for the Hudson", 275; _Defences of Narragansett Bay_, 593.

Currietown, N. Y., destroyed, 645.

Curry, J. L. M., address on Yorktown, 555.

Curtis, G. W., _Concord Oration_, 184; on Burgoyne's surrender, 361.

Cushing, Caleb, on Brant at Wyoming, 663.

Cushing, John, autog., 50.

Cushing, Thomas, in Congress (1774), 59, 93; autog., 99; report on building of armed ships, 591.

Custis, G. W. P., on John Laurens, 545.

Cutler, Manasseh, diary in R. I. (1778), 601.

D'Abbadie, gov. at N. Orleans, 701.

Daggett, John, Jr., 85.

Dale, Richard, on the "Bon Homme Richard", 590; revised the acc. in Cooper's _Naval Hist._, 590.

Dallas, A. J., _Laws of Penna._, 649.

Dalrymple, Sir John, _Reply to Burgoyne_, 365; _Rights of Great Britain asserted_, 109, 269; _Address_, 109.

Dalton, Capt., 652.

Dalzell, Capt., at Detroit, 697; killed, 697.

Dalzell, J. M., 746.

Damer, G., his letters, 549.

Dana, Francis, 437; on independence, 256.

Dana, Richard, autog., 87.

Dana, R. H., Jr., edits diary of a British officer in Boston, 204; address at Lexington, 184.

Danbury (Conn.), 340, 348.

Danvers (Mass.) men at Lexington, 184.

Darke, Gen., 144.

Dartmouth, Earl of, autog., 111; orders the employment of Indians, 620; on the ministry, 53; _Dartmouth Papers_, 106.

Daughters of Liberty, 79, 80.

Davenant, Chas., 63.

Davie, Col., at Hobkirk's Hill, 543.

Davie, W. R., accounts of, 537.

Davis, A. McF., edits McKendry's journal, 666; "The Indians and the Border Warfare", 605.

Davis, Capt., of Acton, 184.

Davis, Capt. John (Penna.), journal, 546, 554.

Davis, Nathan, 668.

Davis, Thomas W., 202.

Davis, Wm., 439.

Davis, W. J., 219, 747.

Davis, W. W. H., _John Lacey_, 442; "Washington on the west bank of the Delaware", 407.

Dawes, Thomas, 88.

Dawes, Wm., sent to Concord, 123.

Dawson, H. B., "_Sons of Liberty in N. Y._", 72; on Golden Hill, 172; _Bunker Hill_, 185, 189; controversy with "Selah", 191; _Gleanings_, 191; _Major-Gen. Putnam_, 191; edits How's journal, 202; on Ticonderoga (1775), 214; _Decl. of Indep. by Mass._, 257; _Westchester County_, 325; edits _N. Y. City during the Rev._, 346; edits _Trial of J. H. Smith_, 463; edits _Yonkers Gazette_, 464; _Gazette Series_, 464; _Papers Concerning Major John André_, 464; edits _Conduct of Graves_, 549; _Assault on Stony Point_, 558; on Jones's fight in the "Bon Homme Richard", 590.

Dawson, S. E., 225.

Dayton, Col., at Fort Stanwix, 626.

Dayton, _Siege of Yorktown_, 554.

De Berdt, Dennis, agent of Mass., 45; dies, 53; portrait, 88.

De Brahm, _Journal of Siege of Charleston_, 525.

De Costa, B. F., on Ethan Allen, 214; _Fort George_, 214; on Diamond Island, 357; _Lake George_, 129.

D'Estaing. _See_ Estaing.

De Kalb, Baron, in America (1768), 244; joins the army, 380; in the South, 475; commands regulars, 476; killed, 477; lives, 530; monument, 530.

De Lancey, E. F., on Bennington, 354; on Demont's treason, 287, 341.

De la Touche, 500.

De Leyba, 730.

De Peyster, Col. A. S., _Miscellanies_, 733.

De Peyster, Gen. J. Watts, on Burgoyne's campaign, 313, 315; on Monmouth, 446; on Wayne, 385.

De Peyster, Major, 720.

Deane, Charles, on history of slave trade in Mass., 9; on John Russell Bartlett, 90; on R. Frothingham, 186; owns a MS. map of the siege of Boston, 209; on the _Report of a Constitution_ (Mass.), 274; on the convention of Burgoyne and Gates, 319; owns Vaughan's journal, 506.

Deane, James, acc. of, 674.

Deane, Silas, letters, 99, 108; his instructions, 256; fits out the "Surprise", 573; and privateers, 592.

Dearborn, Gen. Henry, on plans of Bunker Hill, 202; his MS. journal, 467; on the Bunker Hill controversy, 190; journal of Quebec expedition (1775-1776), 219; journal of Saratoga campaign, 360; his journal, edited by Chamberlain, 360; diary at Valley Forge, 436; at Monmouth, 446; diary at Yorktown, 554; journal of Sullivan campaign (1779), 671.

Dearborn, H. A., 437.

Dearborn, Nath., _Boston Notions_, 200.

_Debrett's Debates_, 516.

Debt of Great Britain, 16.

Declaration of Amer. Independence, who drafted it, 239 (_see_ Congress of 1776); its character, 239; fac-simile of original draft, 260; debates on, 261; paragraphs omitted from the paper as passed, 261; changes made in the wording, 261; early drafts, 261; essence in earlier tracts of Otis and Sam. Adams, 261; its literary character, 261; the original text, 261; Trumbull's picture, 261; medals, 261; autographs of signers, 263-266; sets of the autographs, 264; birthplaces of the signers, 264; their occupations, 264; college graduates, 264; their ages at death, 264; average age at signing, 264; their lives, 265; fac-similes of, 266; fac-simile of an early broadside edition, 267; other broadside editions, 268; contemporary reprints, 268; earliest authorized edition, 268; when signed by the members, 268; the authentication, 269; effect of, 269; comments on, at the time, 269; an _Answer_, 240, 269; read in Philadelphia, 273; in New York, 273; in Boston, 273; the day to be commemorated, 274; _Strictures_ on, 240; relations to religious sects, 241; separated the patriots and the loyal, 247. _See_ Independence.

Declaratory Act, 32; (1766), 74.

Dejean, 728, 729.

Delaplaine's _Repository_, 40.

Delaware, Stamp Act in, 73; effect of Boston Port Bill in, 96; non-importation, 79; northern bounds, 421; militia, 380; troops, 545.

Delaware Bay, map, 437.

"Delaware" frigate taken, 384.

Delaware Indians, 610, 674, 709; make treaty, 703; neutral, 734.

Delaware River, the struggle for, 367; its defences, 386; operations on (1777), 429; map by Faden, 429; maps, 437; obstructed (1777), 437; first naval conflict on, 565.

Deming, H. C., 191.

Demont, Wm., his treachery at Fort Washington, 287, 341.

Denison, J., 602.

Deniston, Col., surrenders to Major John Butler, 635; his report, 635.

Dennie, _Portfolio_, 222.

Dennison, Col., 664.

Denny, Major Ebenezer, _Diary_, 546, 554.

Depew, Chauncey M., on André's captors, 466.

Derby, E. H., 190; fits out privateers, 591.

Derby, Capt. John, carries news of Lexington to England, 175.

Des Barres, _Siege of Charleston_, 528; charts of Boston harbor, 209; _Atlantic Neptune_, 212, 315; _Coasts and harbors of N. England_, 212; map of the campaign around New York, 342; _Port Royal in South Carolina_, 519; _Map of coasts of Georgia_, 521; _map of Narragansett Bay_, 601.

Desaussure, W. G., 527; on General Moultrie, 172.

Deshler, C. D., 744.

Deshon, John, autog., 566.

Destouche's fleet beaten, 496.

Detroit, council at (1764), 698; its fort, 690; besieged, 690; headquarters of the British northwestern government, 690; Indians near, 610; reinforced, 697; raising of siege, 698; siege of, references, 701; G. R. Clark's scheme for capturing, 730, 731; papers about, 733; plan of the river, 733.

_Deutsch-Amerikanisches Magazin_, 360.

Deux-Ponts, Count, 504; his _Campaign_, 554.

Devens, Chas., _Bunker Hill Oration_, 191, 194.

Devens, Richard, 136; letters, 203; on Lexington, 174.

Dewitt, Simon, 744.

Dewitt's Corner, treaty at, 679.

Dexter, Dr. A., 202.

Dexter, George, 123.

Dexter, Henry, 194.

Dexter, Samuel, on com. on the Stamp Act, 73; his portrait, 73.

Diamond Island, fight at, 357.

Dickinson, John, 68, 238; _Late Regulations respecting. Brit. Colonies_, 64, 75; his _Speech_ (1764), 68; _Reply to Galloway_, 68; _Denunciation of the Stamp Act_, 75; portrait, 268; rude portrait and autog., 82; Peale's portrait, 82; his character, 82; references, 82; _Farmers' letters_, 39, 67, 83; bibliog. of, 83; _Polit. writings_, 83; controverted in the _Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies_, 83; on the Boston massacre, 85; _Liberty Song_, 86; wrote petition of Congress of 1774 to the king, 100; _Essay on the constitutional power_, 106; on Lexington, 178; and independence, 249, 257; Galloway on, 255; speech against the Declar. of Independence, 261; plan of confederation, 274; and the Penna. militia, 398.

Dickinson, John D., 464.

Dickson, Col., 739.

Digby, Lieut., 360.

Dillon, _Indiana_, 729.

Diman, Prof., on Prescott's capture, 404.

Dobbs Ferry, 336, 337.

Dodd, Robt., picture of the fight of the "Bon Homme Richard", 590.

Dodd, Stephen, _Revolutionary Memorials_, 627.

Doddridge, Jos., on Cresap, 712; Logan, _Chief of the Cayuga Nation_, 712; _Notes on Settlements_, etc., 248.

Dodge, John, captured, 683.

Döhla, J. K., 360.

Donkin's _Military Collections_, 183.

Donop, Count, 427; at Fort Mercer, 428, 430; killed at Red Bank, 387; at Bordentown, 374; at Brooklyn, 279; at Long Island, 329.

Doolittle, Amos, engraver, 185.

Doolittle, Eph., 204.

Dorchester Heights (near Boston), 148, 206, 210; occupied, 156.

Douglas, Col. Wm., 326.

Dowdswell, 21.

Downer, Silas, _Discourse on dedicating Liberty Tree_, 72.

Downing, Sir George, 7.

Downman, Col., 435.

Drake, F. S., _Roxbury_, 173; _Tea-leaves_, 91.

Drake, S. A., _Bunker Hill,_ 194; _Gen. Putnam_, 191; _Middlesex County_, 175; _Hist. Fields of Middlesex_, 175; _Old Landmarks of Middlesex_, 175; _New England Coast_, 560.

Drake, S. G., _Book of the Indians_, 648; on Brant, 657.

Draper, L. C., acc. of, 535, 727; on battle of Point Pleasant, 714; his collections on Brant, 657; has the Geo. R. Clark papers, 718; _King's Mountain_, 535; on Montgomery's exped. (1780), 741.

Drayton, Judge W. H., 79; his famous charge, 119; _Memoirs_, 678.

Dreer, Ferdinand J., 217.

Drewe, Edw., _Case_, 198.

Drisko, G. W., _Hannah Weston_, 564, 657.

Drowne, H. T., 592.

Drowne, Solomon, _Journal_, 592.

Du Buysson, 530.

Ducharme, J. M., 739.

Du Chesnoy, _Théâtre de la Guerre_, 416.

Du Portail, autog., 500; on Brandywine, 419; on the siege of Charleston, 525.

Du Simitière, his portrait of Arnold, 447; _Thirteen Portraits_, 268, 405.

Duane, Wm., 554; _Canada and the Continental Congress_, 227; edits Marshall's diary, 273.

Duché, Jacob, his letter to Washington, 437; in Congress of 1774, 99.

Dufey, P. J. S., _Histoire des Rev. de l'Amérique_, 520.

Dufresne, M. M., 723.

Dulaney, Daniel, _Considerations on the propriety of imposing taxes_, 65, 75; _The Right to the Tonnage_, 65.

Dumas, Alex., _Capitaine Paul_, 590.

Dumas, C. G. F., acc. of Bouquet, 692, 699.

Dumas, C. W. F., letters, 108.

Dumas, autog., 500.

Dummer, _Defence of the N. E. Charters_, 255.

Duncan, E., _Royal Artillery_, 183, 198, 559.

Dunkirk, American cruisers at, 573; privateers at, 592.

Dunlap, John, printer, 372.

Dunlap, Wm., _Tragedy of André_, 460, 560.

Dunmore, Lord, 238; negotiates a peace, 611; incites the Indians, 618; leads exped. against Indians, 713; makes treaty with Ohio Indians, 714; his seal, 167; in Virginia (1776), 122, 167; his proclamation, 168; organizes an Indian regiment, 168.

Dunmore War, 708; causes of, 709; references, 714.

Dupuy, _Ethan Allen_, 214.

Durand, A. B., 227.

Durnford, Lieut., 356.

Durrett, R. T., _John Filson,_ 708.

Dwight, Theodore, _Connecticut_, 663.

Dwight, T. F., on Washington's journal, 553.

Dwight, Timothy, 189; on fights near Fort Stanwix, 351.

Dyer, Eliphalet, 215.

Eager, Samuel W., _Orange County_, 662.

Earl, pictures of Lexington fight, 185.

Earle, J. E., _English Premiers_, 75.

East India Co. send tea to America, 57.

Eastburn, map of Philad., 442.

Eastern Indians, addressed by Washington 674; visit Cambridge, 674. _See_ Indians.

Eaton, Amos, 679.

Ebeling on Steuben, 515.

Ebenezer (Georgia), 523.

Ecuyer, Simeon, 690, 691.

Eddy, Samuel, 464.

Edes, Peter, 204.

Edes and Gill, _No. Amer. Almanac_, 81.

Edisto inlet, 526.

Edson, Obed., on Brodhead's exped., 671.

Edwards, N. W., _Illinois_, 729.

Eelking, Max von, _Die Deutschen Hülfstruppen_, 361; _Leben von Riedesel_, 361; _Generalin von Riedesel_, 361.

Egle, _Notes and Queries_, 554.

Eld, Lieut., 517; his journal, 559.

Eliot, Andrew, 205; on Bunker Hill, 187.

Elizabethtown, N. J., 404.

Elk Ferry, 379, 414.

Ellery, Wm., 265; autog., 263; life, 266.

Ellet, Mrs. E. F., _Domest. Hist. Am. Rev._, 527, 665; _Women of the Rev._, 665.

Ellicott, Andrew, _Map of the Mississippi River_, 702.

Elliot, H. F., 72.

Elliott, Andrew, on Arnold's treason, 467.

Elliott, Matthew, 735.

Ellis, Arthur B., _American patriotism on the sea_, 591.

Ellis, E. S., _Daniel Boone_, 708.

Ellis, Geo. E., Address on siege of Boston, 173; on Bunker Hill, 189, 191, 194; on Burgoyne, 204; "Chronicles of the siege of Boston", 204; the Prescott statue, 194; "The sentiment of independence", 231.

Elmer, Eben, 221

Elmer, L. Q. C., _Constitution of N. Jersey_, 272.

Elmira, N. Y., 640.

Elonis, Henry, 385.

Elwyn, Alfred, on Brandywine, 418.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, _Hist. Discourse on Concord_, 180.

Emerson, Rev. Wm., at Lexington, 180; fac-simile of his diary, 181.

Emmet, Dr. T. A., 197, 264, 467, 532; owns memorials of the siege of Boston, 212.

Emmons, G. F., _Navy of the U. S._, 589.

Endicott, C. M., _Leslie's expedition_, 172.

England, its constitution effected by the Amer. Revolution, 1; rights of the crown to lands, 2; parties in, on the American question, 112; her naval losses, 589; _Rept. from Com. on the disturbances in Mass._, 67; her trade with the colonies, 64; proceedings in Parliament (1774), 106; Hutchinson's diary, 106; war with Spain, 19.

English, T. D., 230; on Oriskany, 351.

Englishtown, N. J., 445.

Engraving, earliest, by a native artist in British America, 198, 199.

Enlistments, long, 333.

Enos, Col. Roger, deserts Arnold, 163, 217; court martial, 217.

Episcopacy for America urged on the ministry, 19, 38.

Episcopalians and the Declar. of Independence, 241.

Erskine, Robert, map of N. Y. harbor, 326; map of the Hudson, 459; topographical engineer of the Amer. army, 459; map of Newport, 560; map of country round N. Y., 561; his map of the New Jersey campaign, 409.

Escomaligo, 507.

Esopus burned, 307.

_Essex Gazette_, 110.

Estaing, Comte d', sails from France, 579; off New York harbor, 580; at Newport, 580; engages the English fleet, 580; sails for Boston, 580; off N. Y. harbor, 593; goes to Newport, 593; confronts Howe's fleet, 594; portraits, 594, 595; sails for Boston, 595; autog., 595; the French view of his conduct, 598; his journal, 598; defended by Dr. Cooper, 601; causes the destruction of English ships in Narragansett Bay, 601; in Boston (1778), 603; issues proclamation to Canadians, 603; sails to the West Indies, 603; at Savannah (1779), 470, 471, 524; on the siege of Savannah, 522.

Ethier, Marcel, 225.

Etting, Col. F. M., books on Independence Hall, 259.

Euchee Indians, 679.

Eustis, Dr. Wm., on Arnold's flight, 458.

Eutaw Springs, battle at, 493, 545; plans, 545.

Evans, A. W. W., on Kosciusko, 492, 557.

Evans, Chaplain, 554.

Evans, S., 734.

Everett, A. H., _Bunker Hill address_, 194; _Jos. Warren_, 194.

Everett, Edw., _Bunker Hill oration_, 194; _Concord Oration_, 184; on Lexington, 184; life of Roger Sherman, 265.

Ewald, _Beyspiele grosser Helden_, 419.

Ewing, Dr. John, 329; on the Lancaster massacre, 606.

Exmouth, Viscount, life by Osler, 347.

Faden, Wm., map of New Jersey, 409; _Bay of Narragansett_, 601; map of the campaigns of Cornwallis, 537; of So. Carolina, 538; map of Delaware River, 429; _Map of Guildford_, 540; _Map of Newport_, 547; map of the N. Y. Campaign (1776), 337, 338; his maps of N. Y. province, 349; of Philad., 442; _of Quebec_, 226; of Trenton and Princeton, 410; _Northern Frontiers of Georgia_, 519.

Fairfax County resolutions, 98.

Fairfield, Conn., burned, 557.

Falmouth (Portland) burned, 237; Norman's engraving, 146.

Family Compact, 19.

Fanning, Col. David, _Narrative_, 541.

Fanning, Capt. Nath., _Memoir_, 590.

Fantinekill, 639.

Farlow, R. L., 91.

Farmar, Major, at Mobile, 704.

Farmer, Robert, 705.

Farmer, Silas, _Detroit_, 733.

Farnham, Ralph, 192.

Farrier, Geo. H., _Cent. Paulus Hook_, 559.

Farwell, Josiah, 681.

Fassoux, Dr. P., 533.

Featherstonhaugh, G. W., 704; _Monthly Amer. Journ. of Geology_, 704.

Febiger, Col. Christian, 547; acc. of, 220; at Stony Point, 558.

Fellows, John, _Veil Removed_, 191.

Feltman, Lieut. Wm., _Journal_, 554.

Fergus, Henry, _United States_, 665.

Fergusson, Adam, _Memoir of Patrick Fergusson_, 535.

Fergusson, Col. Patrick, 473; defeated at King's Mountain, 478; killed, 479, 535; his headquarters at King's Mountain, 535; sketch of, 535.

Fermois, Gen. de, 297, 326.

Fersen, Count, letters, 554; at Newport, 560.

Few, James, 81.

Field, T. W., _Battle of Long Island_, 329.

Filson, John, _Kentucky_, 708.

Filson Club, 708.

Finch on the remains of the Boston lines, 207.

Finlay, Hugh, 222.

Finotti, J. M., 227.

Fish, Capt. J., journal, 591.

Fish, Nicholas, 333, 346.

Fishdam Ford, 518, 532, 536.

Fisher, George H., on Bouquet, 693.

Fisher, J. B., 85.

Fisher, Joshua, 437.

Fisheries, as a school for the navy, 568, 587; value to Massachusetts, 25.

Fishkill, 340.

Fiske, John, on the political consequences of Yorktown, 549.

Fitch, Asa, 203, 627.

Fitch, gov. of Conn., 73.

Fitzpatrick, Gen., on Brandywine, 419.

Flag, the federal flag (1776), 153; with Liberty Tree, 570; with serpent, "Don't Tread on Me", 570; that displayed by Paul Jones, 571; by Johnston, 575; pine-tree, 213; of the United States, first fought under at Fort Stanwix, 300.

Flanders, _Life of Rutledge_, 73.

Flatbush, 328.

Flathe, Theodor, _Geschichte der neuesten Zeit_, 492.

Flatland, 328.

Flaxman, his statue of Lord Howe, 380.

_Fleet's Evening Post_, 110.

Fletcher, Ebenezer, _Narrative_, 350.

Fleury, Major Louis, at Germantown, 385; his diary, 431; his plan of Fort Mifflin, 433; his plan of the attack, 435; wounded at Fort Mifflin, 389.

Flint, _West. Mo. Review_, 92.

Florida, acquired by Great Britain (1763), 686; bounds of (1763), 687.

Floyd, Augustus, life of Wm. Floyd, 265.

Floyd, Wm., autog., 264; life, 265.

Flucker, Thomas, 59.

Flying Camp in New Jersey, 326, 403.

Fogg, Jeremiah, 204.

Folsom, Gen. M., 187.

Fonblanque, E. B. de, _Burgoyne_, 204, 361.

Fontleroy in America, 244.

Foote, W. H., 714.

Forbes, Major (1777), 366.

Force, Col. Peter, _Amer. Archives_, 653; their bad indexes, 567; on the signing of the Decl. of Indep., 269.

Ford, Paul L., _Hamiltoniana_, 104.

Forman and the Penna. militia, 398.

Forrest, Capt. Thomas, 375.

Fort Anne burned, 297.

Fort Arnold (West Point), 462, 463.

Fort Bedford, 694.

Fort Box (Brooklyn), 329.

Fort Brewerton, 609.

Fort Chartres, map of its vicinity, 700; ruins of magazine, 703. _See_ Chartres.

Fort Clark, 720.

Fort Clinton, 324; attached plan, 363. _See_ Forts.

Fort Clinton (West Point), 465.

Fort Constitution (Hudson River), 455.

Fort Cornwallis (Augusta), 490.

Fort Dayton (German Flats), 630.

Fort Defiance (Long Island), 328.

Fort Edward, 609; Burgoyne at, 299; Schuyler at, 297, 298.

Fort Erie, 609.

Fort Frederick, Convention troops at, 321.

Fort Gage, 719.

Fort Galphin, 544.

Fort George (N. Y.), 333, 609.

Fort Granby, 490, 544.

Fort Grierson, 490.

Fort Griswold (Conn.), 562.

Fort Hardy, ruins of, 362.

Fort Henry (Wheeling, Va.), 716.

Fort Hunter, 609.

Fort Independence (Hudson River), 456.

Fort Independence (N. Y.), 287.

Fort Jefferson (Mississippi River), 730.

Fort Johnson, 609.

Fort Johnson (James Island), 528.

Fort Johnson (N. C.), 542.

Fort Knyphausen, formerly Fort Washington, 338.

Fort Le Bœuf, 691.

Fort Lee, 288, 339; evacuated, 338, 341, 367.

Fort Ligonier, 694.

Fort Logan attacked (1777), 716.

Fort Massac, 718.

Fort Mercer, 429; (Red Bank), 386; attacked, 387.

Fort Michillimackinac, 691.

Fort Mifflin, 386, 429; attacked, 388; Plans, 431, 432, 435.

Fort Miller, 298.

Fort Montgomery, 323; attacked, 363; plan, 324; chain, 324. _See_ Forts.

Fort Motte, 489, 544; captured, 490.

Fort Moultrie surrendered (1780), 526.

Fort Niagara, 609.

Fort Ontario, 609.

Fort Ouatanon taken, 691.

Fort Pitt, 690, 733; attacked, 691; Bouquet at, 697.

Fort Presqu' Isle taken, 691.

Fort Putnam (West Point), 462, 465.

Fort Rutledge, 675, 676.

Fort Sandusky taken, 691.

Fort Schlosser, 609.

Fort St. Joseph taken, 691.

Fort Stanwix (Schuyler) built, 299; under Gansevoort, 299, 628; attacked by St. Leger, 299, 628; siege raised, 632; conference at, for establishing bounds, 605, 610; maps of bounds, 608, 609; abandoned, 645; map by Fleury, 351, 354, 355; other maps, 351; occupied (1775), 624; its site, 626; called Fort Schuyler, 626.

Fort Stirling (Long Island), 328, 335.

Fort Sullivan (Tioga River), 641.

Fort Trumbull (Conn.), 562.

Fort Tryon, 287.

Fort Venango, 691.

Fort Washington, attacked, 287; commanded by Magaw, 287; plans of it carried to Percy, 287; its position, 287; its armament, 287; discretionary orders to Greene, 288; surrendered, 289; map of, 339; fall of, 338; named Fort Knyphausen, 338; garrisoned, 285; treachery of Demont, 341.

Fort Watson, 544.

Fort. _See_ names of forts.

Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 455, 456, 465; plan of attack, 365; captured by Gen. H. Clinton, 306. _See_ Fort.

Forton, prison at, 575.

Foster, W. E., _Stephen Hopkins_, 70, 567.

Foucher, Antoine, _Fort St. Jean_, 223.

Fowler, R. L., 91.

Fox, C. J., on the battle of Guilford, 487; on the side of the opposition, 112; lives of, 112.

Fox, Ebenezer, _Revolutionary Adventures_, 582.

France driven from North America, 686; her No. American possessions before 1763, 685; her treaty obligations with England, 272.

Francis, J. W., _Old New York_, 269.

Frankland, Lady, 128.

Frankland, Sir Henry, 12.

Franklin, B., "Rules for reducing a Great Empire", 11; examination as to the Stamp Act, 32, 74; agent of Massachusetts, 53, 89; agent of Penna., 74; on the Stamp Act, 74; correspondence with Dean Tucker, 74; _Familiar Letters_, 85; defamed for his connection with the Hutchinson letters, 56, 93; blamed by Mahon, 93; vindicates himself, 93; acknowledged his agency in the Hutchinson letters to prevent a duel, 93; attacked by Wedderburn, 95; _Franklin before the Privy Council_, 93, 95; his clothes then worn, 95; _Appeal_, 109; in Canada, 166, 227; on com. to draft Decla. of Indep., 239; and the Revolution, 252; views of independence, 255; autog., 264; the oldest signer of the Decl. of Independence, 264; proposes a confederation, 274, 654; _Narrative of Massacre in Lancaster County_, 606; proposes an alliance with the Six Nations, 616; his interest in Western lands, 649; _Political Pieces_, etc., 653; and the Vandalia Company, 708; goes to Europe with Lambert Wickes, 571; replies to Hillsborough's report, 688; and the Wilkes turmoils, 28; removed as postmaster of the colonies, 56; on the union of the colonies, 65; his plan of union (1754), 65; _Proceedings in Mass._, 67; _Some special Transactions in London_, 68; letters on the feelings in England during the Stamp Act times, 75; his annotations on pamphlets (1769), 84; in London (1769), 85; correspondence with Wm. Strahan, 85; writes preface to Sam. Adams's _Rights of the Colonies_, 90; corresponds with Cushing about a congress (1773), 99; in London watched by Quincy, 105; _A true State of the Proceedings_, 106; his conferences with Chatham, 112; with the Howes, 112; writing in the _Public Advertiser_ (London), 112; returns (1775) from England, 122; in Cambridge (1775), 146; urging a resort to bows and arrows, 156; and Paul Jones, 590; and privateers, 592; his _Supplement to the Boston Independent Chronicle_ a hoax, 659, 684; advocates the retention of Canada (1763), 686.

Franklin, Gov. W., seized, 325; on Galloway's plan, 101.

Franklin, Wm., letter, 73.

Franklin Club, 219.

Franks, Maj. D. S., aide to Arnold, 460.

Fraser, Gen., with Burgoyne, 294; wounded, 308; at Hubbardton, 350; death, 357; removal of remains, 357.

Fraser, Lt. Andrew, 702; at Fort Chartres, 702; escapes, 702.

Frazer, Capt., at Fort Chartres, 706.

Frazer, Persifer, 325; on Monmouth, 446; his papers, 346, 417.

Frederic, H., on the Mohawk Valley 672.

Free trade, 6.

Freehold, N. J., 400, 408.

Freeland's Fort, 639.

Freeman's Farm, battle, 305, 336.

Fremont, J. C., _Memoirs_, 258.

French, their treatment of the Indian, 688; their army moves from Va., 745; near King's Ferry, 745; march to Boston, 745.

Friedenshütten, 734.

Frisbie and Ruggles, _Poultney, Vt._, 355.

Frog's Neck (N. Y.), 337; English works at, 561.

Frontiers, 248; literature of, 248; lawlessness on the, 608, 611; bands of rangers, 608. _See_ Border life and warfare.

Frost, John, _Pict.-book of the Commodores_, 592.

Frothingham, R., _Rise of the Republic_, 3, 252; "Sam. Adams' Regiments", 78; _Alarm on the night of Apr. 18, 1775_, 174; _Siege of Boston_, 184; _Joseph Warren_, 184, 194; _Battlefield of Bunker Hill_, 184; _The Centennial_, 184; portrait, 186; notices of, 186; on Bunker Hill, 189; on the command at Bunker Hill, 191.

Fry and Jefferson, map of Virginia, 538.

Fuller, O. P., _Warwick, R. I._, 90.

Funerals, use of gloves, 77.

Fur trade disturbed by colonization, 687.

Futhey, J. S., on Brandywine, 419; on Paoli, 419.

Futhey and Cope, _Chester County_, 385.

Gadsden, Christopher, 79, 238, 269; in the Congress of 1774, 99; favors the Articles of Association, 101.

Gage, Gen. Thomas, his letters sent back to Boston, 83; _Letters to the ministry_, 84; in Boston, 95, 113; removes from Danvers, 114; his wife, 123; his report of Lexington, etc., 178; instructions to Brown and Bernière, 182; on Bunker Hill, 195; his papers stolen, 204; his letters, 204; sends troops to Philad. to protect Indians, 606; proclamation against intrusions on the Indian lands, 611; complains of the Indians in the rebel army, 656; succeeds Amherst in command in America, 702; commands in N. Y., 30; succeeds Hutchinson, 57; caricature of, 59; portrait, 114; his spies make plans of the roads around Boston, 120; autog., 145; obstructed by Com. of Correspondence, 115; awake to the magnitude of the revolt, 116; his military reputation ruined at Bunker Hill, 136; goes to England, 146; loyalists address him, 146; dissatisfied with Boston as a military post, 152.

Gaine, _N. Y. Pocket Almanac_, 331.

Gale, George, _Upper Mississippi_, 648.

Gallatin, Albert, _Synopsis of Indian tribes_, 651.

Galloway, Jos., 68; his plan of adjustment, 101; _Candid Examination_, etc., 101; a reply in an _Address_, 101; and in response, _A Reply_, 101; _Hist. and Polit. Reflections_, 101; _Examination before the House of Commons_, 101; Lecky's opinion of him, 101; his character, 235; in Cont. Congress, 235; and the patriot leaders, 247; _Hist. and Polit. Reflections_, 254; joins the British, 370; made superintendent of police in Philad., 395; on Indian lands, 650; his _Speech in answer to Dickinson_, 68; conveyed information to Dartmouth through W. Franklin, 101, 104, 111; _Arguments on both sides_, 101; his map of the 1777 campaign, 415; _Letters to a Nobleman_, 415; and the campaign of 1777, 416.

Galvez, Gov., at New Orleans, 739; captures British posts on the Mississippi, 739; takes Mobile, 739.

Gambier, Admiral, 436; life by Cavendish, 326.

Gambrall, _Church life in Colonial Maryland_, 71.

Gammell, Wm., on John Russell Bartlett, 90; _Samuel Ward_, 565.

Gansevoort, Col., holds Fort Stanwix, 299, 628; portrait, 629, 681; refuses to surrender, 632; in Sullivan's expedition, 641; papers, 350, 670.

Gardiner, Asa Bird, 156, 744.

Gardiner, D., engraving of Cornwallis, 474.

Gardiner and Mullinger, _Eng. Hist. for Students_, 75.

Garth on the Stamp Act debates, 74.

"Gaspee" burned, 46, 53, 90; references, 90.

Gates, Gen. Horatio, advises against an assault on Boston, 142; paper on, by J. E. Cooke, 144; letters from Cambridge, 203; his character, 291; at Ticonderoga, 291; portraits, 302, 303, 310, 476; autog., 303; supersedes Schuyler, 303; his estate in the Shenandoah Valley, 303; in N. Y., 303; headquarters at Saratoga, 303, 356, 361; on the surrender of Burgoyne, 358; medal given to him, 358; strength of his army, 358; joins Washington in the Jerseys, 378; refuses to reinforce Washington (1777), 447; sent South, 476; deceived as to the size of his army, 476; defeated at Camden, 477, 529; at Charlotte, 477; at Hillsborough, 477; superseded by Greene, 480; never tried, 480; his papers, 532; letters after Camden, 532; defended by Greene and others, 532; map of his Southern campaign, 537; declines command of exped. against the Indians, 638; commands in Canada (1776), 346; differences with Schuyler, 346; remonstrates at Schuyler's being confirmed, 349; supersedes Schuyler, 356; adj.-general at Cambridge, 655; and the Board of War, 392; quarrels with Arnold, 306, 315; not on the field in the battles about Saratoga, 309; agrees to Burgoyne's terms, 309; aspires to supplant Washington, 312; his military character, 314.

Gates, Capt. Wm., orderly-book (1777), 359.

Gay, S. H., on Cornwallis in Virginia, 549.

Gee, Joshua, 63.

Gee, Thomas, order-book, 670.

General officers, first of the war, 143.

_General View of the Amer. navy_, 589.

General warrants, 11.

Genet and the Western exped., 733.

George II. died, 12.

George III., portrait, 20, 76; by Walpole, 75; supported by his people, 111; his determination to crush the revolt, 111; his proclamation, 111; his responsibility for the Amer. Rev., 244, 245; justification by Mahon, 244; his hatred of Chatham, 246; his statue in N. Y., 325; his proclamation of 1763, 687.

George, Capt. Robert, 729.

George, Fort (N. Y.), 275. _See_ Fort.

George, Lake, surveys of, 348.

George's _Cambridge Almanac_, 178.

Georgia, address to the king (1769), 83; not represented in the Congress of 1774, 99; movements (1775), 131; in the Cont. Congress, 238; Constitution of, 274; occupied by the British (1779), 470; war in, 513; map of northern frontiers, 519; map of A. Campbell, 675; Indian war in, 676.

Gérard in Philadelphia, 101.

Gerlach, P., 350.

Germain, Lord Geo., his orders to Burgoyne, 295; portrait, 295; fails to instruct Howe, 295; and Gen. Howe, 329; _Reply to Burgoyne_, 365; _Correspondance avec Clinton_, etc., 516; his instructions to reduce South Carolina, 526, 527; family papers, 719; to Clinton on Arnold and André, 467; _The Rights of Great Britain_, 269; scheme to conquer the West, 742.

German Flats, 350.

Germantown, battle of, sources, 385, 421; map of approaches, 424; Montresor's map, 426, 427; other maps, 414, 426, 428; Chew House, 426; British camp at, 442.

Gerry, Elbridge, 238; on Washington as commander-in-chief, 131; book of contracts, 203; autog., 263; life, 266; draws law for admiralty cases in Mass., 591.

Getty, Gen. G. W., his plan of Yorktown, 553.

Gibault, a priest, 722.

Gibbes, W. R., _Doc. Hist. Amer. Rev._, 512.

Gibbs, Major, diary, 601.

Gibson, Gen. John, 711, 712.

Gibson, Thomas, 421.

Gillett, E. H., 71.

Gilman, Arthur, _Cambridge of 1776_, 142.

Gilman, Caroline, edits _Wilkinson Letters_, 520.

Gilmor Papers, 73.

Gilmore, Jas. R., on the Cherokee wars, 679; _Rear Guard of the Revolution_, 536.

Gilpin, H. D., life of Jefferson, 265; of Thomas Nelson, 266; of Elbridge Gerry, 266; of Cæsar Rodney, 266; of Benj. Harrison, 266; of Geo. Ross, 266; life of Geo. Taylor, 266; of William Ellery, 266; of Sam. Adams, 266.

Gilpin, Rev. Wm., _Memoirs of Josias Rogers_, 527.

Giradin, L. H., _Virginia_, 515.

Gist, Gen. Mordecai, 477, 533, 534.

Gist, Col. Nath., and Indian recruits, 633, 677.

Gladwin, Maj. Henry, at Detroit, 690; acc. of, 690.

Gleig, G. R., _British Commanders_, 516; on Burgoyne's surrender, 358.

Glick, on Bennington, 354.

Gloucester, N. J., 425; British at, 442; map of Lafayette's victory at, 430.

Glover, C. _Appeal_, 109.

Glover, John, orderly-books, 204, 601; conducts Convention troops to Boston, 317; life, by Upham, 325; his letters, etc., on the Saratoga campaign 356.

Gnadenhütten, 606, 734, 736.

Goddard, D. A., on Mass. men in Bennington fight, 355.

Goddard, May Katharine, 268.

Godefroy, Fr., _Recueil_, 185.

Golden Hill, N. Y. city, 172.

Goldsborough, Chas. W., _U. S. Naval Chronicle_, 589.

Gooch, John, on Harlem, 334.

_Good Literature_, 218.

Goodell, A. C., Jr., 96, 108.

Goodhue, _Shoreham, l't._, 214.

Goodrich, Chas. A., _Lives of the Signers_, 266.

Goodrich, Chauncy, 557.

Goodrich, Capt. Wm., 613.

Goodwin, Daniel, Jr., on Dearborn, 190; _Provincial Pictures_, 73.

Goodwin, H. C., _Cortland County_, 351, 666.

Gookin, Daniel, 668.

Goold, Wm., _Portland in the Past_, 146, 603.

Gordon, Col Cosmo, his court-martial, 560.

Gordon, Capt. Harry, 709.

Gordon, Wm., _Acc. of the Commencement of Hostilities_, 178; _Amer. Rev._, 518; map of siege of Boston, 207, 212; on battle of Camden, 532; his maps of the Southern campaigns, 547; on Sullivan's exped., 666.

Goshen, Pa., skirmish, 416.

Goss, E. H., on Revere, 47, 175.

Gould, E. T., 175.

Gould, Jay, _Delaware County_, 670.

Goussencourt, Chev. de, 502.

Gowanus Creek, 328.

Grafton, Duke of, 21; ministry, 46.

Graham, James, Life of Morgan, 511, 539.

Graham, Gen. Joseph, 514, 529; on King's Mountain, 535; on the Carolina campaign, 539.

Graham, J. J., on Gen. Graham, 518.

Graham, Gen. Samuel, _Memoir_, 518, 744.

Graham, W. A., _British Invasion of N. Carolina_, 514, 539; _Mecklenburg Centennial_, 257.

Grant, Col., attacked by the Cherokees (1761), 675.

Grant, Gen., 153, 427; in command in New Jersey (1776), 374; at Barren Hill, 443.

Grant, George, 668; his journal, 671.

Grant, Thomas, his journal, 671.

Grant, _Picturesque Canada_, 216.

Grantham, Lord, 592.

Grape Island, 131.

Grasse, Comte de, sails for America, 499; on the Chesapeake, 501; engages Graves, 501; plans of fight, 548; portraits, 502, 503; autog., 502; accounts of, 502.

Grasshoppers, so called, 482.

Graves, Adm. Samuel, relieved by Shuldham, 114, 152; engages De Grasse near the Chesapeake, 501, 548; succeeds Arbuthnot, 517; autog., 114.

Graves, Wm., _Two letters_, 549.

Gravesend, 326, 327.

Gray, Horace, on the writs of assistance question, 13.

Gray, John, 746.

Gray, Col. Robt., 514.

Gray, Samuel, 187.

Gray, Capt. Wm., map of Butler's route (1778), 681.

Greathouse, murderer of Logan's family, 711.

Greely, Mary W., 142.

Green, Ashbel, life of Witherspoon, 265.

Green, Dr. Ezra, _Journal_, 119, 590.

Green, S. A., prints the records of the Tea-ships Meeting, 91; owns map of the siege of Savannah, 521; edits Deuxpont's journal, 554; on Paulus Hook, 559.

Green Mountain Boys, 161.

Greene, Colonel Christopher, defends Fort Mercer, 387.

Greene, Gardiner, 205.

Greene, G. W., _Life of N. Greene_, 511; _Biog. Discourse_, 511; _German Element_, 530; on battle of Long Island, 330.

Greene, Gen. Nathanael, at Roxbury, 134; on Bunker Hill, 187; in Brooklyn, 275; too ill to command, 278; builds the Brooklyn lines, 326; his conduct at Brooklyn criticised, 330; his mistake at Fort Washington, 341; evacuates Fort Lee, 367; at Trenton, 375; at Brandywine, 381, 419; at Germantown, 385; quartermaster of the army, 391, 436; at Monmouth, 400, 444; interview with Gen. Robertson about André, 461; supersedes Gates in the South, 480; as a soldier, 481; confronts Cornwallis, 483; crosses the Dan, 484; at Guilford, 485; at Ramsey's Mill, 487; on Hobkirk's Hill, 487; at Rugeley's Mill, 488; relations with Sumter and Marion, 490; besieges Ninety-Six, 491; at High Hills of Santee, 493; at Eutaw Springs, 493; at Round O, 506; engraved portraits, 508, 509, 512, 513; accounts of them, 509; notice of his life, 510; lives of, 510, 511; his statue, 510; medal, 510; his monument, 510, 511; dies, 510; lives of, by Geo. W. Greene, 511; eulogy by Hamilton, 511; grant for his services, 511; burial-place, 511; autog., 514; on Gates's defeat at Camden, 532; defends Gates, 532; and the case of Isaac Hayne, 534; his Southern campaign, 537; his influence over his officers, 537; letters, 537; instructions, 537; maps of his campaigns, 537, 538; corrects maps for Gordon, 537; at Cowpens, 538; his letters, 538; acc. of his retreat to the Dan, 539; at Guilford, 539; at Hobkirk's Hill, 541; at Ninety-Six, 544; his medal for Eutaw, 545; at Morristown, 559; at Springfield, 559; under Sullivan in Rhode Island, 593; makes treaty with Cherokees, 677.

Greene, Jos., 178.

Greenleaf, B., 156.

Greenleaf, Moses, MSS., 437; in the Northern campaign (1776), 346; orderly-book, 557.

Greg, Percy, _United States_, 456.

Gregg, Alexander, _Old Cheraws_, 676.

Greive, George, 560.

Grenadier Guards at Cowan's Ford, 539.

Grenell, John, 323.

Grenville, George, in power, 21, 23, 49; and the Hutchinson letters, 56; _Regulations lately made_, 75; _Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies_, 83; speech on the Tea-ship's commotions, 92; Stamp Act, 29.

Grenville Act (1764), 7, 27, 63; characterized by Bancroft, 27; in Boston, 27.

Grey, Gen., 426, 427; at Fairhaven, 603; at Paoli, 383, 423; portrait, 383.

Gridlestone, Thomas, on Chas. Lee as Junius, 406.

Gridley, A. D., _Town of Kirkland_, 659.

Gridley, Jeremy, 13, 83.

Gridley, Richard, made chief engineer (1775), 134; marks out redoubt on Bunker Hill, 135; Washington's opinion of, 159; letters, 203.

Grierson, Col., shot, 534.

Griffin, Col., 374.

Grigsby, H. B., _Virginia Convention of 1776_, 107, 257.

Grimke, Cpl., 520.

Grindall's Ford, 481.

Griswold, A. C., 191.

Grosvenor, L., 191.

Groton, Conn., attacked (1781), 562.

Grout, Lieut. David, orderly-book (1779), 359.

Groveland, ambuscade at, 642, 681; map of ambuscade, 671.

Guadaloupe, 686.

Guernsey, A. H., 665.

Guess, Col. Nath., 677.

Guild, R. A., _Chaplin Smith and the Baptists_, 354, 357.

Guilford, battle of, 485, 540; losses, 487; Faden's map, 540.

Gummersall, Thomas, 683.

Gunby, at Hobkirk's Hill, 488.

Gunpowder, making of, 108, 118.

Gwinnett, Button, 264; life of, 265; autog., 266.

Habersham, Major John, 677.

Hackensack, 340, 343, 367.

Hadden, James Murray, _Journal_, 359.

Haddonfield, 430, 442.

Hageman, J. F., _Princeton_, 412.

Haldane, Lieut., 545.

Haldimand, Gen., deceived as to Sullivan's purpose (1779), 642, 667; his relations with the Indians, 653; Papers, calendar of, 653, 690; ordered to attack New Orleans, 738.

Hale, Benj., 326.

Hale, E. E., on siege of Boston, 173; _Hundred years ago_, 173; on Bunker Hill, 189; _Faden maps_, 210; edits _Howe's Orderly Book_, 415; on Cornwallis, 516; on Yorktown, 555; "Naval History of the American Revolution", 563; on Paul Jones, 590; _Franklin in France_, 591.

Hale, J. P., _Trans-Alleghany Pioneers_, 714.

Hale, Capt. Nathan, hanged, 333.

Half-King, a Huron, 735.

Halifax, refugees from Boston at, 206.

Hall, Capt., _Civil war in America_, 342.

Hall, Hiland, _Ticonderoga_, 214; on Bennington, 356; on Warner at Bennington, 356.

Hall, Lyman, 264; life by H. McCall, 265; autog., 266.

Hall, _The Dutch and the Iroquois_, 689.

Hallet,. Capt. J. A., 582; in the "Tyrannicide", 582; his log, 582.

Hallowell, Robt., 80.

Halsey, E. D., _Morris County_, 407.

Hamilton, Alex. his appeal (1774), 98; _A full vindication_, 104; _The Farmer refuted_, 104; at Chatterton Hill, 286; his house, 331, 384; portraits of, 384; bust of, 384; aid to Washington, 416; at Monmouth, 445; his letters about Arnold and André, 466; receives the news of Arnold's treason, 459; at Yorktown, 504, 555; _Eulogy on Gen. Greene_, 511; his plan of operations with Rochambeau, 561.

Hamilton, E., _Reynolds_, 517.

Hamilton, F. W., _Grenadier Guards_, 518.

Hamilton, Gov., his case, 653; charged with paying for scalps, 682, 726; his report on the capture of Vincennes, 719; defends his character, 719; invades the Illinois country, 724; recaptures Vincennes, 724; letters from Detroit, 733; his report of his surrender to Clark, 726; sent to Virginia, 728; sent to N. Y., 729.

Hamilton, Jas., _Life of Thomas Heyward_, 265; _Thomas Lynch_, 265.

Hamilton, _Engraved Works of Reynolds_, 474.

Hammond, Col. Samuel, portrait, 535; on Blackstocks, 536; on Cowpens, 538; his plan, 539.

Hancock, John, his brig "Harrison", 33; and S. Adams' portrait, 40; in the legislature, 42; his sloop "Liberty" seized, 43, 80; his "Rising Liberty", 80; his letters, 107; presides over Provincial Congress, 116; at Lexington (1775), 122, 179; excepted from pardon, 132; letter to Ward, in fac-simile, 143; his house, 207; in Congress, 236; autog., 263, 450; life by John Adams, 265; portraits, 270, 271; his character, 107, 271; estimate of him by John Adams, 271; sketch by C. F. Adams, 271; by G. Mountfort, 271; other accounts, 271; naval instructions, 565; commands Mass. militia in R. I., 603; entertains D'Estaing in Boston, 603; oration on Boston Massacre, 88; suggests a Congress (1774), 99; President of Congress, 107; on his way to Congress, received with enthusiasm in N. Y., 125; his house, 149; abused, 204.

Hancock's Bridge (Pa.), 442.

Hand, Col., 278.

Hanger, Geo., _Address to the Army_, 517 (_see_ Colerain).

Hanging Rock, 475.

Harcourt, Lt.-Col., 369.

Hardenburgh, John L., in Sullivan's campaign (1779), 671.

Harding, Chester, 227, 707.

Harding, Seth, 568; in the "Confederacy", 583.

Harlem Heights, 335; Americans occupy, 284; Washington's headquarters, 284; fight at, 285; evacuated, 285; lines at, 334, 339; Washington at, 334; maps of, 334; references, 334; view, 334.

Harpersfield, N. Y., 643.

Harriman, Walter, 129.

Harrington, Daniel, 179.

Harrington, Jona., 179, 185.

Harris, Capt. (Lord), 183; wounded at Bunker Hill, 195.

Harris, Moses, the spy of Schuyler, 356.

Harris, Samuel, Jr., journal of Saratoga campaign, 360.

Harris, W. W., _Groton Heights_, 562.

Harris and Allyn, _Groton Heights_, 448.

Harrison, Benj., 259; his house, 259; autog., 266; life, 266.

Harrison, R. H., aide to Washington, 327, 390, 418.

Harrod, James, in Kentucky, 715.

Harrodsburg, Ky., 715.

Hart, John, autog., 264.

Hart, Thomas, 570.

Hartford, convention at (1780), 560; Washington meets Rochambeau at, 561.

Hartley, Cecil B., _Heroes and patriots_, 680.

Hartley, Col., attacks Tioga, 636.

Hartley, Thomas, 346.

Hartley, _Heroes of the South_, 508.

Haskell, Caleb, 203; diary, 219.

Hass, Wells de, _Indian Wars_, 649.

Hastings, Marquis of, 197.

Haswell, Anthony, _Memoirs and Adventures_, 709.

Hatfield, _Hist. of Elizabeth_, 407, 560.

Hathorn, Col., defeated by Brant, 639.

Hatton, Lieut., 534, 544.

Hawthorne, Nath., his "Old Manse" house, 180; _Septimius Felton_, 185.

Haven, C. C., _Washington in N. Jersey_, 407; _Thirty days in N. Jersey_, 407; _Annals of Trenton_, 407; _Hist. Manual_, 407.

Haw River, 485.

Hawkins, Benj., 651.

Hawks, F. L., on the Regulators, 81.

Hawley, James, 42.

Hawley, Gen. Jos., on Stony Point, 558.

Hawley, Joseph, 34; urges fighting, 117; "Broken Hints", 118; autog., 118; tries to assuage passions, 118; on independence, 258.

Hay, Major, 728.

Hay, P. D., _The Swamp Fox_, 512.

Hayden, H. E., bibliog. of Wyoming, 665; _General Enos_, 217.

Hayes, W. A., 746.

Hayne, Isaac, his career and execution, 534.

Hayne, Paul H., poem on King's Mountain, 536.

Hayward, E. L., 522.

Haywood, John, _Hist. Tennessee_, 676, 678.

Hazard, Eben, on the Penobscot exped., 604.

Hazard, Samuel, _Penna. Register_, 650.

Hazlewood, Com. John, 386; on the Delaware, 430, 431.

Head of Elk, 379.

Headley, J. T., on Burgoyne's campaign, 359; on the camp at Newburgh, 744; _Miscellanies_, 590; on Bouquet, 693.

Heath, Gen., account of the fight at Menotomy, 126; portraits, 127, 128; autog., 127; his service, 128; his papers, 128; at Lexington, 125, 180; _Memoirs_, 180; commands Eastern department, 318; at Peekskill, 403; on the Hudson, 500, 557; plan of Stony Point, 557; in Boston (1778), 603; made general, 119; autog., 203.

Heckewelder, John, the missionary, 651, 734.

Heister, Gen. de, 277, 345; at Brooklyn, 279, 327.

Hele, Lieut., 449.

Hellwald, Von, _America_, 129.

Helm, Capt., at Vincennes, 723, 728, 729.

Hempstead, Stephen, 562.

Hendricks, Capt. Wm., 219.

Henley, Capt. David, 318.

Hennequin, _Biographie Maritime_, 595.

Henry, Capt. John, 520, 522.

Henry, J. J., _Campaign against Quebec_, 219.

Henry, Moses, 724.

Henry, Patrick, 238; questions the prerogative, 24; and the Stamp Act, 29, 73; supports com. of corresp., 56; character, 107; memoir by W. W. Henry, 107; by M. C. Tyler, 107, 723; portraits, 107, 259; prepared (1774) to fight, 117; "We must fight", 121; commands Virginia militia, 167; on independence, 257; his house, 259; and Western lands, 649; gov. of Va., 716; corresponds with Spanish governor of New Orleans, 738; his letter on Clark's conquests, 723.

Henry, W. W., memoir on Patrick Henry, 107; on G. R. Clark, 734.

Henshaw, Joshua, 73.

Henshaw, Col. Wm., 204.

Herbert, Chas., _Relics of Amer. Prisoners_, 575; _The Prisoners of 1776_, 575.

Hering, J. H., 348.

Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas, at Oriskany, 299, 630; goes to Unadilla, 626; conference with Brant, 627; his force, 630; wounded, 631; dies, 300, 632; suspicious portrait, 351; view of house, 351; his name, 351.

Herrick, H. W., on Stark and Bennington, 354.

_Hesperian, The_, 710.

Hesse, Mr., 738.

Hesse-Cassel, Prince of, his letter to Baron Hohendorf a forgery, 411.

Hessians in the Long Island battle, 329; their maps, 327, 345, 409; at Oriskany, 351; their jealousy of the English, 354; taken at Trenton, marched through Philadelphia, 376; at Brandywine, 419; in the South, 482; at Savannah (1779), 524; at Guilford, 541; in the R. I. campaign (1778), 595, 601.

Heth, Lieut. Wm., 219, 421.

Hewes, G. R. T., _Traits of the Tea Party_, 91; _Retrospect of the Tea Party_, 91.

Hewes, Joseph, life and autog., 266.

Heyward, Thomas, life, 265; autog., 266.

Hichborn, Benj., 88.

Hickey, Thomas, 326.

Hickey Plot, 326.

Hide, Elijah, 186.

Higginson, T. W., on Paul Revere, 175; on Salem privateers, 591.

Hildreth, S. P., _Pioneer Settlers of Ohio_, 219, 567, 708.

Hill, Geo. C., _Arnold_, 461; _Daniel Boone,_ 708.

Hill, J. B., _Old Dunstable_, 189.

Hill, John, his plan of N. York, 331; map of Philad., 442.

Hill, N. N., Jr., 736.

Hillard, E. B., _Last Men of the Rev._, 746.

Hills, John, 426; _Map of Springfield_, N. J., 560; map of Stony Point, 558; plan of attack on Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 363.

Hillsborough, Earl of, 21, 43; leaves the ministry, 53; requires Massachusetts to rescind its circular letter, 44; she refuses, 45.

Hinman, _Connecticut during the Rev._, 663.

Hite, Col. John, 718.

Hobkirk's Hill (second battle of Camden), battle of, 488, 541; plans of battle, 543, 544; forces and losses, 544.

Hodge, Wm., 573, 574, 575.

Hodgkin, Col. Joseph, 325.

Hodgkinson, Samuel, 222, 225.

Hodgson, John, 86.

Hoffman, F. S., 451.

Holden, _Queensbury_, 214.

Holland, E. G., "Highland Treason", 466.

Holland, Sam., chart of Boston harbor, 209; his plan of N. Y., 333; his maps of the English colonies, 341; surveys of Fort Clinton, etc., 364.

Hollis, Thomas, 68; prints _The True Sentiments of America_, 83.

Hollister, H., _Lackawanna Valley_, 665.

Holmes, O. W., _Grandmother's Story_, 200.

Holmes, _Missions_, 736.

Holyoke, Dr., 187.

Home, John, 269.

Hood, Admiral, 83; _Letters_, 84; on the American coast, 501.

Hooper, Archibald M., acc. of Robert Howe, 519.

Hooper, J. C., life of Wm. Hooper, 265.

Hooper, "King", 114.

Hooper, Wm., life, 265; autog., 266.

Hopkins, Esek, made chief naval officer, 568; portraits, 569; attacks New Providence, 570; attacks the "Glasgow", 570; court-martial, 570; accounts of, 570; retires, 570.

Hopkins, John B., capt. in the navy, 570.

Hopkins, Stephen, 53; answered in a _Letter from a gentleman at Halifax_, 70; and in _Defence of a Letter_, 70; and _Brief Remarks_, 70; _Rights of the Colonies_, 70; _Grievances of the American Colonies_, 70; autog., 263; life, 265; and the Congress of 1754, 66.

Hopkinson, Francis, autog., 264; life, by R. P. Smith, 265; letter to Duché, 438; _Battle of the Kegs_, 442.

Hoppin, J. M., 439; edits H. A. Brown's _Orations_, 446.

Hoppin, Nicholas, 142.

Horry, P., _Life of Marion_, 512.

Horry, quarrels with Mahem, 545.

Hosack, David, 464.

Hosmer, Rufus, 189.

Hotham, Com., 364.

Houdon, his bust of Paul Jones, 592.

Hough, F. B., _Order-book of Captain Bleecker_, 670; edits the _Cow-Chace_, 560; _Proc. of Congress at Boston_, 560; _Northern Invasions_, 452, 672; _Savannah_, 522; _Siege of Charleston_, 525; edits _Siege of Detroit_, 701.

Houghton, G. F., on Colonel Warner, 356.

How, David, 202.

How, Henry K., _Trenton_, 407.

Howard, Col. J. E., 421, 481.

Howe, Henry, _Hist. Coll. N. Y._, 666.

Howe, John, _Journal_, 119.

Howe, Richard, Admiral Lord, 380; portrait, 277, 380; confronts D'Estaing off Newport, 594; _Candid and Impartial Narrative_, 594; arrives at New York, 326; statue, 380; attempts to force the Delaware defences, 387; cruised off Boston to lure out D'Estaing, 603.

Howe, Gen. Robt., on defences of Charleston, 230; at West Point, 456; at Savannah, 469; his _Court-Martial Proceedings_, 519; acc. of, 519.

Howe, Gen. Wm., autog., 136; his army on Staten Island (1776), 275; lands on Long Island, 276; his portrait, 197, 278, 383, 417, 418; his blunders in the N. Y. campaign (1776), 291; his lineage, 291, 415; in Philadelphia, 384; his army attacked at Germantown, 385; criticised in _Letters to a nobleman_, 415; his Observations, 415; Reply to Observations, 415; Letters from Agricolas, 415; generally criticised, 415; connection with Mrs. Loring, 415; leaves Philadelphia, 396; Mischianza, 396; attacks Lafayette at Barren Hill, 396; his reputation ruined by the campaign of 1777, 414; tracts on his incompetency, 414; his _Narrative_, 329, 414; his _Orderly-book, 1775-1776_, 194, 415; his H. Q. at Brandywine, 415; sails from N. Y., 417; at Head of Elk, 418; his character, 418; enters Philad., 419; his proclamations, 419; his acc. of Germantown, 426; tries to lure Washington to battle, 439; H. Q. at Stenton, 429; orders in Philadelphia, 436; H. Q. in Philad., 436; relieved by Clinton, 443; hopes to use the Indians, 621; criticised for his attack at Bunker Hill, 140; his fleet, 158; evacuates Boston, 158, 205; his conduct of the siege criticised in _A View of the Evidence_, etc., 205; knighted, 281; occupies N. Y., 283; dallies at Mrs. Murray's, 284; attacks to outflank Washington by way of Throg's Neck, 285; at White Plains, 286; at Dobbs's Ferry, 287; attacks Fort Washington, 287, 288; crosses into Jersey, 290; his letters during the Long Island campaign, 329; criticised by Mauduit, 329, 337; his quarters in N. Y., 331; his movements above New York (1776), 337; going to Philadelphia, defeated Germain's plans, 348; sends expedition to Danbury, 348; takes Philadelphia, 367; invades the Jerseys, 368; evacuates New Jersey, 379; sails south, and lands at Head of Elk, 379; at Brandywine, 381; criticised (1776), 331.

Howells, W. D., _Three Villages_, 184; on Gnadenhütten, 736.

Howland, John, of Rhode Island, 405.

Hoyt, A. H., 95.

Hoyt, Epaphras, 627.

Hoyt, Gen., on the Saratoga battlefield, 357.

Hubbard, Frances M., _Wm. Richardson Davie_, 537.

Hubbard, John, _Maj. Moses Van Campen_, 669.

Hubbard, J. N., _Sa-go-ye-wat-ha_, 625, 662; _Red Jacket_, 351, 625; _Life of Van Campen_, 665.

Hubbardton, affair at, 297, 350; map, 350.

Huberton. _See_ Hubbardton.

Hubley, Col. Adam, 668; _American Revolution_, 650.

Huddy, Capt. Joshua, case of, 744.

Hudson, Chas., 184; _Lexington_, 180; on Pitcairn, 183; _Doubts concerning Bunker Hill_, 189.

Hudson, C., and Porter, E. E., _Centennial of Lexington_, 184.

Hudson, F., _Amer. Journalism_, 110; on Lexington, 184.

Hudson River, the campaigns about, 275; maps of, 323, 340, 364, 455, 456, 465, 556, 557; the British to secure its line, 323; British ships in (1776), 326; obstructions in, 364; frozen at New York, 559; highlands of, 340.

Huger, Gen., 483; the Virginia brigade, 485.

Hughes, Major, aide to Gen. Gates, 360.

Hull, Capt. Wm., on Trenton, 407.

Hulton, Henry, 39, 194.

Humphreys, _Life of Putnam_, 190.

Hunnewell, J. F., _Bibliog. of Charlestown_, 185.

Hunt, Louise L., on Gen. Montgomery, 216.

Hunter, C. L., _Western No. Carolina_, 256, 536, 678.

Huntington, Jed., letters during siege of Boston, 203; on Valley Forge, 436.

Huntington, Samuel, autog., 263; life, 265.

Hurd, John, 227.

Husband, Herman, 81; _A Fan for Fanning_, 81; _Impartial Relation_, 82.

Huske, _Present State_, etc., 650.

Husted, N. C., _Centennial Souvenir_, 466.

Hutcheson, Maj. Francis, his diary, 205, 346.

Hutchins, Thomas, 693, 699; _Louisiana_, 651; his maps of Bouquet's exped., 699; map of Illinois country, 700; _Louisiana and West Florida_, 700; _Virginia_, etc., 700.

Hutchinson, Col. Israel, 204.

Hutchinson, Gov. Thomas, 89; on Boston Massacre, 85; his _Strictures on the Declaration of Congress_, 240; chief justice of Mass., 12; his house sacked, 19, 30, 72; lieut.-gov. of Mass., 22; on feelings in England, 111; his coach used by Washington, 146; his character, 26; draws up petition to the Commons, 28; succeeds Bernard (1769), 49; made gov. of Mass. (1771), 53; his letters returned to Boston by Franklin, 56, 93; sails for England, 57; death, 58; plan of union in 1754, 66; disapproval of the Stamp Act, 72; his speech after the mob, 73; his controversy with his Assembly, 88; threatened, 88; _Copies of letters_, etc., 93; _Letters of Gov. Hutchinson_, etc., 93; _The Representations of Gov. Hutchinson_, 93; R. C. Winthrop's views of the return of his letters, 93; George Bancroft's, 93; Grenville's connection, 94; interview with the king (1774), 97; opposes the Boston Port Bill, 97; addressed on leaving Boston, 113.

Hyrne, W. A., 169.

Hyslop, Robt., has Paul Jones's papers, 589.

ILLINOIS, county of Va., 729.

Illinois country, 708; map of, by Hutchins, 700; Clark's campaign in, 718; to be invaded by the British (1780), 737; attacked, 739, 741.

Illman, Thomas, 194.

Imlay, Gilbert, _Western Territory_, 652, 708.

Importers in Boston proscribed, 79, 80; list of them, 79.

Indeberg (N. Y. city), 284.

Independence, of the United States, growth of the sentiment, 231, 256.

Indians, taken prisoners and made slaves, 676; threaten the Southern colonies (1763), 17; _Indian Treaties_, etc., 247; their part in the Rev. War, 605; their grants of lands, 607; rights of their women, 607; private persons forbidden to buy their lands, 608; spare woman's chastity, 610, 652; their numbers, 610, 611, 650; proportion of warriors, 611; names of tribes, 699; enlisted as minute-men at Cambridge, 612; of more use to the British, 612; counter-movements to employ them, 613, 614, 615, 616, 618; in battle of Long Island, 613; used as scouts, 613; at White Plains, 613; on the Kennebec exped., 614; commissions given to them, 617; and the British ministry, 617; the British government announce their intention of using them, 621; entice them by gifts, 621; books about, 648; as allies in war, 649; their lands encroached upon, 649; number in the British service, 652; with St. Leger, 661; commissioned by Congress, 672; employment of, in war, opinions as regards, 673; counter-statements of English and French, 688, 689; bounties offered to engage in the war, 674; enlisted, 677; join the Americans in the South, 679; _Laws relating to Indians_, 682; civilized by the Moravians, 736.

Ingersoll, E., life of L. Morris, 266; of Thomas Stone, 266; of Samuel Chase, 266; of James Smith, 266; of Jos. Hewes, 266; of Wm. Paca, 266; of John Adams, 266.

Ingersoll, Jared., to be stamp distributor, 72; his _Letters_, 73.

Inglis, Chas., _Plain Truth_, 270; on the Iroquois, 608.

Inman, George, on Princeton, 412.

Innes, Col. Jas., 718.

Insurance, maritime, rates of, during the Rev. War, 563, 573.

Ipswich dreads a raid from Boston (1775), 128.

Iredell, James, 532.

Ireland, address of Congress to, 617.

Irenæus, Father, 710.

Iroquois, histories of, 247; Inglis' memorial about, 608.

Irvine, Col., attack at Three Rivers, 225.

Irvine, Gen., diary, 222.

Irvine, Gen. James, wounded at Chestnut Hill, 389.

Irvine, William, at Monmouth, 446; at Fort Pitt, 732; letters and papers, 737.

JACK, MAJOR, in Georgia, 676, 678, 679.

Jackson, Helen Hunt, _Century of Dishonor_, 681,

Jackson, Wm., 80, 268.

Jackson, survey of Lake George, 348.

Jacob, John J., _Life of Cresap_, 712.

Jacobs, Francis, 419.

Jamaica Bay, 327.

James, John, _Life of Marion_, 512.

James, Thomas, 170, 228.

James, Wm. D., _Life of Marion_, 512.

James Island (near Charleston, S. C.), 526.

Jameson, Col., receives André, 458.

Jameson, _Constitutional Conventions_, 72.

Jarvis, J. W., 734.

Jasper, Sergeant William, 172, 230; killed, 524.

Jay, John, address to the people of Great Britain, 100; an Episcopalian, 241; on Harlem fight, 334; on the desire for independence, 255.

Jefferson, Thomas, _Summary View_, 98, 99; the Decl. of Indep., 239; Stuart's profile likeness of, 258; portraits of, 258; his house, Monticello, 259; fac-simile of his orig. draft of the Decl. of Independence, 260; why at the head of the com. for drafting the Decl. of Indep., 261; his autog., 261, 266; the house where he wrote the Decl. of Indep. 261; the desk, 261; life of George Wythe, 265; life by Gilpin, 265; escapes from Tarleton, 497; during the invasion of Va., 515, 547; controversy with H. Lee, 515; _Notes on Virginia_, 650, 711, 712; on Cresap, 711.

Jefferys, _Gen. Topog. of No. Amer._, 696; plan of Boston, 209; _Province of Quebec_, 215; charts of the St. Lawrence, river and gulf, 215.

Jeffries, Dr. John, on Gen. Warren's death, 194.

Jemison, Mary, 648, 662.

Jening, Levi, 47.

Jenkins, Howard, _Gwynedd_, 436.

Jenkins, H. M., on Brandywine, 419.

Jenkins, Steuben, on Wyoming, 665.

Jenkinson, C., 76.

Jennings, Edmund, 109.

Jennings, Isaac, _Memorials of a Century_, 355.

Jennys, Richard, 71.

Jenyns, Soame, his _Objections to Taxation_, 75.

Jephson, Mrs., 276.

Jesse, _Etonians_, 516.

Jesuits in Kaskaskia, 717, 720.

Johnson, Crisfield, _Erie County_, 670.

Johnson, Col. Guy, 142; succeeds Sir Wm. Johnson, 612; favors use of Indians, 613; the object of suspicion, 618; fortified his house, 619; confers with the Indians at Fort Stanwix and Oswego, 619; at Ontario, 619; at Montreal, 619, 624; instructed to have the Indians prepared for service, 620; his war-belt, 624; goes to Connecticut, 605; his map of the country of the Six Nations (1771), 609; correspondence with Haldimand, 654; persuading Indians to join the British, 655.

Johnson, Jeremiah, 329.

Johnson, Sir John, urging the Indians to take sides, 615; his position, 624; arrested, 625; flies to Canada, 625; _Life of_, 625; _Orderly-book_, 351, 625, 660; at Oriskany, 630; raids in the Mohawk Valley, 634, 644; in the Schoharie Valley, 644; exped. into N. Y. 672; in St. Leger's campaign, 299; life of, by J. W. de Peyster, 351.

Johnson, Jos., _Traditions of Amer. Rev._, 514.

Johnson, R. M., 707.

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, his appearance, 109; _Taxation no Tyranny_, 109; _Hypocrisy unmasked_, 102.

Johnson, Stephen, 203.

Johnson, Wesley, 665.

Johnson, Sir Wm., life by Stone, 247; his tact, 605; labors to prevent outbreaks, 607, 608; dies, 612; acc. of, 648; his estimate of Indian warriors, 651; makes a treaty (1764) at Niagara, 698; letters to Lords of Trade, 704; the Western Indians, 706, 707.

Johnson, Wm., _Sketches of life of Gen. Greene_, 510, 511; reviews of, 511.

Johnson, W. S., and the Wilkes turmoils, 28; in the Congress of 1765, 74; on feelings in England during the Stamp Act times, 75; describes debates in Parliament, 85; predicts independence, 85; a patriot, 241.

Johnston, Alexander, _Representative Amer. Orations_, 107; on the Cincinnati, 746.

Johnston, Capt., in the navy, 575; in the "Lexington", 575; surrenders to the "Alert", 575.

Johnston, Henry P., "Yale in the Revolution", 189; on R. J. Meigs, 219; his map of Long Island, 328; _Campaign of 1776_, 331; plan of New York Island, 331, 335; on Nathan Hale, 334; on Col. Varick, 460; on De Kalb, 530; his plan of battle of Camden, 531; on De Kalb, Gates, and the Camden campaign, 532; _Yorktown Campaign_, 555; on Stony Point, 558.

Johnston, _Bristol and Bremen_, 567.

Johnstown, Gen. Schuyler at, 624; fight at, 646.

Jones, Brig.-Gen., 194.

Jones, C. C., _Georgia_, 679; _Last Days of Lee_, 509, 510; _Serg. Wm. Jasper_, 230, 524; _Sepulture of Greene and Pulaski_, 510, 524; _Siege of Savannah in 1779_, 522.

Jones, Ch. H., _Campaign for the Conquest of Canada_, 174.

Jones, Dr., of Boston, 47.

Jones, Gabriel, 716.

Jones, J. S., _Defence of No. Carolina_, 257.

Jones, John Paul, made lieutenant, 568; cruising in the "Providence", 570; made captain, 570, 571; in the "Alfred", 571; captures the "Mellish", 571; in the "Ranger", 571, 576; displays the national flag, 571; acc. of him, 576; takes the "Drake", 577; descent on the Scotch coast, 577; his letter-books, 577; in the "Bon Homme Richard", 577, 590; her log-book, 590; her flag, 590; engages the "Serapis", 578, 590; goes into the Texel, 578; effect in England, 590; seeks the French service, 579; in the "Alliance", 583; life by J. F. Cooper, 589; other lives, 589; his papers, 589, 590; life purporting to be by himself, issued in French, 590; figures in Cooper's _Pilot_ and Dumas' _Capitaine Paul_, 590; in the "Ranger", 590; her log, 590; his letters, 590; claims on the U. S., 591; causes diplomatic embarrassments, 591; portraits, 592; medals, 592; Houdon's bust, 592.

Jones, Lieut., 627.

Jones, M. M., on Cornstalk, 714.

Jones, Pearson, 146.

Jones, Pomroy, _Oneida County_, 351.

Jones, Skelton, _Virginia_, 515.

Jones, Thomas, the loyalist, his cynical character, 467.

Jordan, S., 227.

Joy, Arad, of Ovid, N. Y., 467.

Judges paid by the king, 54; tenure of office in England, 4; in America, 4.

Judson, L. C., on the signers of Decl. of Indep., 266.

Jumel, Madam, 284.

Kalb. _See_ De Kalb.

Kalm predicts the Amer. revolt, 686.

Kanadalauga, 669.

Kapp, Frederick, _Die Deutschen im Staate New York_, 351; _Life of John Kalb_, 530; _Leben des Generals Kalb_, 530; _Life of Steuben_, 515.

Kaskaskia 730, 738; Jesuits at, 720; captured, 720; references, 722; maps, 700, 702, 717.

Kaye, G. W., _Indian Officers_, 516.

Kearney, Maj., surveys of Yorktown, 553.

Kemble, Peter, 123.

Kennebec expedition (1775), led by Arnold, 217; used surveys by Montresor, 217; Indians join, 655; maps of the route, 217; references, 217; letters, 218; Arnold's journal, 218; other journals, 219; orderly-books, 220; list of officers, 220; lists of men and of the losses, 220. _See_ Quebec, siege of (1755).

Kennedy, Patrick, _Journal_, 701.

Kennedy, Samuel, surgeon, 325, 359.

Kennett Square, Pa., 381, 415.

Kent, Benj., 47.

Kenton, Simon, 708.

Kentucky, explored, 710, 715; first log cabin, 715; made a county of Virginia, 716; forts in, 739.

Ketchum, Silas, edits Mrs. Walker's _Events in Canada_, 222.

Ketchum, Wm., _Buffalo_, 648.

Kettell, John, at Bunker Hill, 202.

Kettle Creek, 520.

Kickapoos, 703,

Kidder, Frederick, _Military operations in Eastern Maine_, 564, 657; acc. of him, 657.

Kimball, James, orderly-book (1777-1778), 360.

King, C., on Monmouth, 446.

King, David, 219.

King, D. P., 184.

King, Gen. Joshua, on André's captors, 466.

King's Bridge, 336, 337; affair at (1781), 561.

King's Ferry (Hudson River), 456.

King's Mountain, battle, 479, 535, 536, 677; forces and losses, 535; no good plan, 536; view, 536; diagrams, 536.

Kingsley, J. L., _Hist. address_, 93; on Ezra Stiles, 187.

Kingston, Duchess of, 112.

Kingston, Fort, 664.

Kingston, Lt. Col. (1777), 366.

Kingston, N. Y., senate house, 274; burned (1777), 364.

Kingstown, N. J., 408, 410.

Kinnison, David, 91.

Kip's Bay, 283, 333, 335.

Kirke, Edmund, _pseud._ for J. R. Gilmore.

Kirkland, J. T., 672; sketch of Gen. Lincoln, 513.

Kirkland, Samuel, 612, 659; acc. of, 674; life by S. K. Lothrop, 274, 659; his account of siege of Fort Stanwix, 351.

Kirkwood, Capt., his journal, 545.

Kitanning, 609.

Kitchin, Thomas, map of N. Y., 333, 349; map of Philad., 442.

Kloster-Zeven, convention of, 322.

Knight, Dr. (with Slover), _Narrative_, 736.

Knight, Lieut. John, 364.

Knower, Daniel, 466.

Knowlton, Col., 135, 191; attacks at Harlem, 285; his scouts in Charlestown Mass. (1776), 153.

Knox, Gen. Henry, his acc. of Brandywine, 419; his report on the Continental army, 588; misconceived later, 588; brings cannon from Ticonderoga, 156; his letters, 156; autog., 156; on Germantown, 421; headquarters in N. Y., 276; last general officer of the army, 746; suggests the Cincinnati Soc., 746.

Knox, Wm., _Claim of the Colonies_, 75; _Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies_, 83; _The justice and policy of the late act_, 104.

Knyphausen, Gen., at Fort Washington, 289, 338, 345; autog., 289; at Brandywine, 381; in command in N. Y., 559; at Germantown, 385, 428; on the Delaware, 430; at Haddenfield, 442; at New Rochelle, 286; at King's Bridge, 286; his quarters in N. Y., 331; at Trenton, 411.

Kosciusko, Thaddeus, fortifies Bemis Heights, 304; at Ninety-six, 491; portraits, 492; memoir by Evans, 492; his claims, 492.

_Kriegstheater in Amerika_, 341.

Kulp, Geo. B., _Families of the Wyoming Valley_, 664.

L'Amoreaux, J. S., address, 366.

La Chesnais, edits Blanchard's journal, 554.

La Corne, St. Luc, with Burgoyne, 294.

La Mothe, Capt., 729.

La Tour, Brionde, _Théâtre de la Guerre_, 416.

Lacy, Gen. John, 393; Papers, 216; at Valley Forge, 436.

Lafayette, his view of the English observance of the Saratoga convention, 321; joins the army, 380; wounded at Brandywine, 382, 418; headquarters, 419; his attack at Gloucester, N. Jersey 389, 430; proposed for command of an expedition to Canada, 392, 447; at Barren Hill, 396, 442; first sits at council of war, 417; at Monmouth, 444, 445; account of Arnold and André, 466; marches south, 496; in Richmond, 496; map of his fight with Cornwallis, 538; in Virginia, 547; his _Mèmoires_, 547; at Yorktown, 555; plans an invasion of England, 577; in R. I. campaign (1778), 593, 601; his letters, 593; visits Boston, 595; his plan of Narragansett Bay, 600; his plan of Rhode Island, 602.

Lake Pontchartrain, map, 702.

Lake. _See_ names of lakes.

Lally, Thomas, 227.

Lamb, Col. John, 670; at West Point, 460; his artillery company at Quebec, 220.

Lamb, Roger, _Journal of Occurrences_, 198, 360, 518, 532; _Memoirs_, 360.

Lambdin, A. C., 423.

Lamoth, Capt., 728. _See_ La Mothe.

Lancaster, Pa., Congress at, 383.

Lancaster County, Pa., massacre in, 606.

Land companies, 649, 650.

Land grants, fraudulently obtained from the Indians, 607, 608.

Landaff, Bishop, his sermon (1767), 76; answered by Livingston, 76; a _Vindication_, 76.

Landais, Capt., in the "Alliance", 577, 578; insane, 579; his _Memorial_, 590; _Charges and Proofs_, 591; acc. by E. E. Hale, 591; his claims, 591.

Lane, Capt. John, 614.

Lane, S. E., 714.

Langdon, John, in Canada, 227.

Langdon, Rev. John, sermon on Lexington, 180.

Langdon, Samuel, election sermon, 131; _Map of N. Hampshire_, 217.

Langworthy, Edward, _Chas. Lee_, 407.

Lanman, James, 464, 597.

Lareau, _Litt. Canadienne_, 216.

Larned, Miss, _Windham County_, 193.

Lathrop, John, sermon on Boston Massacre, 88.

Latrobe, H. B., life of Chas. Carroll, 266.

Laurens, John, Lt.-Col., at Germantown, 385; on the Delaware, 431; killed, 507, 545; at Monmouth, 446; challenges Lee, 446; at Charleston (1780), 525.

Lauzun, Duc de, _Mémoires_, 560.

Lawrence, Eugene, 559.

Leach, John, 204.

Learned, Gen., at Bemis Heights, 304; at Freeman's Farm, 316.

Leboucher, _La Guerre de l'Indépendance_, 560.

Lecky, on Bunker Hill, 198; on siege of Boston, 173; _England, etc._, 68.

Ledyard, Col., his career, etc., 562; killed, 562.

Lee, Andrew, diary, 417.

Lee, Arthur, _A True State of the Proceedings_, 106; _An Appeal to the People of Great Britain_, 106, 109; on the news of Lexington, 175; helps in writing the _Liberty Song_, 86; _Political Detection_, 88; trying to secure powder for Virginia, 168.

Lee, Chas., _Strictures on a Friendly Address_, 106; at Cambridge, 144; correspondence with Burgoyne, 144; his headquarters in Medford, 144; sent to New York (1776), 156; goes south, 156, 168; his letters at this time, 156; in Virginia, 168; in South Carolina, 168; letters during siege of Boston, 203; report on defence of Sullivan's Island, 229; in New York, 275; on the fortifications of New York, 325; refuses to follow Washington into the Jerseys, 368, 403; captured, 369, 403; likenesses, 369, 406; autograph, 370; following Clinton, 398; at Monmouth, 399, 444; court-martial of, 400, 446; dismissed from the army, 400; exchanged, 403; his criticism of Washington, 403, 446; his conduct suspicious, 403; as "Junius", 406; his house in Virginia, 407; lives of, 407; _Papers_, 407; the campaign of 1777, 416; his treason, 416; his vindication, 446; corresponds with Washington, 446; duel with Col. Laurens, 446.

Lee, C. C., 515.

Lee, F. D., _Hist. Rec. of Savannah_, 519.

Lee, Francis Lightfoot, autog., 266; life, 266.

Lee, Capt. John, 592.

Lee, Gen. Henry, 222, 509; and his legion, 484; on Rawdon's communications, 487; joins Marion, 487; at Augusta, 490; at Ninety-Six, 491; at the Eutaws, 545; retires, 545; _War in the Southern Dept._, 509; edited by H. Lee, 509; by R. E. Lee, 509; called "Legion Harry", and "Light Horse Harry", 509; portraits, 509; severe on Jefferson, 515; controversy, 515; at Yorktown, 555; (son of "Legion Harry") his _Campaign of 1781_, 511; _Observations on Jefferson_, 515; on the capture of André, 466; attacks Paulus Hook, 559.

Lee, R. H., 236, 259; and the Stamp Act, 29; supports com. of correspondence, 56; address to people of Great Britain, 100; drafts address of Congress of 1775, 108; moves for independence, 238; not on the committee to draft the Declar. of Independence, 239; his resolutions of June 7th preserved, 261; references, 261; autog., 265; life, 266; on Trenton, 407.

Lee, Major Wm., 204; _Legal adviser_, 729.

Leiste, C., on the British colonies, 341.

Leitch, Col. Thomas, 171, 285.

Leith, John, _Narrative_, 682.

Le Marchant, _Walpole's George III._, 75.

Lemoine, _Maple leaves_, 223; _Picturesque Quebec_, 223.

Leney, W. S., 107.

Leonard, Daniel, _The present political state_, etc., 110; _The Origin of the Amer. Contest_, 110; _Massachusettensis, or a series of letters_, 110; references, 112.

Leslie, Col., at Salem, 119, 172.

Leslie, Gen., attacks Chatterton Hill, 286; at Charleston, S. C., 507; proposes a truce, 545; marches to the Carolinas, 536; at Princeton, 378; in Virginia, 495, 546.

Lesperance, J., _Bastonnais_, 223.

Levasseur, A., _Lafayette en Amérique_, 194.

Levinge, R. G. A., _Monmouthshire Light Infantry_, 198.

Lewis, Gen. Andrew, leads exped. against Indians, 713; at Point Pleasant, 713; in Virginia, 168; his _Order-book_, 168.

Lewis, Col., of Virginia, 679.

Lewis, Francis, autog., 264; life, 265.

Lewis, Morgan, life of Francis Lewis, 265.

Lewis, S., 338.

Lewis, _Chester Co._, 419.

Lexington, Ky., 708; named in commemoration of the fight in 1775, 178.

Lexington, Mass., march to, 123; Percy's reinforcements, 123; effect of the news in England, 125; authorities, 174; depositions, 175; fac-simile of John Parker's, 176; which fired first? 175, 183; news of the fight in London, 175; its effect, 178; the news sent South, 178; _Bloody Butchery_, 178; plan of Lexington, 179; Clarke house, 179; British accounts, 180; _Circumstantial Account_, 180; losses, 182; alarm rolls, 182; loss of property, 182; disputes with Concord, 183; depositions of survivors, 184; _Centennial Souvenir_, 184; view of Lexington Green, 185; the fight in fiction, 185; relics, 185. _See_ Concord.

"Liberty" sloop seized, 43.

Liberty Song, 86; Tree in Boston, 72; in other places, 72.

Lincoln, Benjamin, at Charleston (1779), 469; his order-books, 469, 522, 554; at Savannah, 470, 519, 522, 523; withdraws, 471; autograph, 473; portrait, 473; lives, 513; his papers, 359, 513; his letters, 513; coöperates with D'Estaing, 513; surrenders Charleston, 474, 513; defends his conduct, 524; drove off the last ship from Boston, 160; in Burgoyne's campaign, 299, 359; acting on Burgoyne's communications, 304; on New York Island (1781), 499; account of Bennington, 354; attack on Stono, 520; with Gates (1777), 307.

Lincoln, Wm., ed. _Journals of Mass. Prov. Cong._, 180.

Lind, John, _Answer to the Decl. of Indep._, 269.

Lindsay, Lord, on Germantown, 423.

Lindsay, W., _Invasion of Canada_, 223.

Linn, _Buffalo Valley_, 446.

Linquet, 366.

Lippincott, Capt. Richard, 744.

Litchfield, Paul, 203.

Little, Moses, 326.

Livermore, Daniel, 668.

Livermore, Geo., _Hist. Research_, 85.

Liverpool, Eng., 563.

Livesey, R., 575.

Livingston, Col., at Freeman's Farm, 316.

Livingston, Henry B., 359; orderly-book (1777), 359.

Livingston, Col. James, before Quebec, 165.

Livingston, Philip, _The other side of the question_, 106, 108; autog., 264; life of, 265.

Livingston, R. R., intercedes for Arnold, 452; in Canada, 227; on com. to draft Declar. of Indep., 239; on Stamp Act, 73.

Livingston, Gov. Wm., his papers, 359; _Collection of Tracts_, 83; corresponding with Sam Cooper, 83; _Letter to Bishop of Landaff_, 76; his silhouette, 84.

Lloyd, Charles, 49; sec. to Grenville, 75; _Conduct of the late administration examined_, 76.

Locke, Col., 475.

Lockwood, David, 472.

Lockwood, James, 178.

Lodge, Lieut. Benj., map of Sullivan's route (1779), 681.

Lodge, John, 212.

Loftus, Maj. Arthur, on the Mississippi, 701.

Logan, Col., at Blue Licks, 730.

Logan, James, his house, 429.

Logan, J. H. _Upper country of So. Carolina_, 536.

Logan Historical Soc., 713; _American Pioneer_, 713.

Logan (Indian), his speech, 711, 712.

Logtown, N. C., 543.

_London Gazette_, 516.

Long, J., _Indian interpreter_, 649.

Long, _Voyages_, 741.

Long Island, battle of, 326; sources, 328, 329; movements of, 329; British strength at, 330; bibliography of, 329; the British land on, 326; Hessian map of battle, 327; other maps, 327, 328, 340. _See_ Brooklyn.

Long Island Sound, whale boat warfare in, 591.

Longchamps. _Histoire impartiale_, 555.

Longfellow, H. W., occupies Craigie House, 142; _Paul Revere's Ride_, 173.

Longfellow, Samuel, _Life of H. W. Longfellow_, 142.

Lord, W. W., play on André, 464.

Loring, Geo. B., on Leslie's expedition, 172.

Loring, J. S., _Hundred Boston Orators_, 107.

Lossing, B. J., 197; on Arnold, 220; on Daniel Boone, 708; _Field-book of the Rev._, 659; edits Lyon's _Mil. Journal_, 178; on the signers of the Decl. of Indep., 266; on Putnam, 193; on the Revolutionary navy, 589; _Two Spies_, 464; on Arnold's treason, 464; _United States_, 659; _Seventeen hundred and seventy-six_, 659; on Quebec, 223.

Lothrop, Isaac, 187.

Lothrop, S. K., _Samuel Kirkland_, 659, 674.

Louisiana, ceded (1762) to Spain, 686; Ulloa in, 737; a republic tried, 737; French forts in, 699.

Lovell, James, 88; imprisoned, 204; on Burgoyne's advance, 348; the Conway Cabal, 392; on Howe's movements, 416; on Washington, 421.

Lovell, Gen. Solomon, in Penobscot expedition, 582; autog., 603; quarrels with Saltonstall, 603; his _Journal_, 603; life by Nash, 603; acquitted court of inquiry, 604.

Lovewell, John, 681.

Low, Nath., _Astron. Diary_, 178; map from, 342.

Lowell, E. J., 411; introduction to Pausch's journal, 360.

Lowell, Jas. Russell, _Concord Ode_, 184; his house, 115.

Lowell, John, on the Bunker Hill controversy, 191.

Lowell, Robert, "Burgoyne's last march", 357.

Lownes, C., 207.

Loyalists in Boston, organized into battalions, 153; leave Boston with Howe, 158; leave Charleston and Savannah, 546; discouraged by Trenton, 407; military organizations in Philad., 395. _See_ Tories.

Lunt, Paul, 203.

Lushington, S. R., _Lord Harris_, 183.

Lynch, Thomas, 264; life, 265; autog., 266.

Lynch's Creek, 476.

Lynde, Judge Benj., portrait, 86; _Diary_, 86; autog., 50.

Lyons, L., _Mil. Journals_, 178.

Lyttelton, Lord, _A letter to Chatham_, 104.

M'Gauran, Major Edward, 360.

Macaulay, Catharine, _Observations_, 88; on Chatham, 685.

Macdonald, Flora, 168.

Machias, Me., affair of the "Margaretta", 564.

Machigwawish, 738.

Machin, Thomas, map of the Hudson River, 455.

Mackay, Capt. Samuel, _Narrative_, 360.

Mackenzie, Alex. S., _Life of Paul Jones_, 590.

Mackenzie, John, 79.

Mackenzie, Roderick, _Strictures on Tarleton_, 517; answered, 517; on Cowpens, 538; wounded at Cowpens, 541.

Macpherson, James, _Rights of Great Britain Asserted_, 109, 269.

Madison, James, 259.

Magaw, Robert, on Fort Washington, 341; letter (Cambridge), 203.

_Magnolia_, a Georgia periodical, 519.

Mahem, Marion's lieutenant, 545.

Mahem towers, 491.

Mahon, Lord (Earl Stanhope), on Bunker Hill, 198; condemns André's execution, 467; on the Decl. of Indep., 269.

Mahoning, 643.

Maidenhead, N. J., 409, 410.

Maine, H. C., _Burgoyne's Campaign_, 366.

Maine created as the province of New Ireland, 604.

Maisonville, Francis, 729.

Maitland, Col., at Savannah, 470, 520; dies, 524.

Majabigwaduce, 604.

Malcolm, Daniel, his house assailed, 68.

Malmedy, autog., 500; fortifies Narragansett Bay, 593.

Mamaroneck, 337.

Manchac, 739.

Manchester, N. H., 190.

Manly, Capt. John, captures Crean Brush, 205; takes prizes, 565; the first to show a Continental flag, 565; driven into Plymouth, 565; second captain in rank, 570; captures the "Fox", 579; loses the "Hancock", 579; cruises in the West Indies in "The Hague", 584.

Mann, Herman, _Female Review_, or _Life of Deborah Sampson_, 191.

Manors in N. Y., 340.

Mansfield, his speeches, 112; _Plea of the Colonies on the charges of Mansfield and others_, 112.

Manufactures prohibited in the colonies, 6; encouraged, 77, 78.

Manwaring, Edw., 86.

Marblehead (Mass.), Glover's regiment, 375, 565.

Marbois, _Complot d'Arnold et Clinton_, 463; translated in _American Register_, 463.

Marbury, Col. Leonard, 676.

Marcus Hook, 415.

"Margaretta", affair of, 564.

Marion, Francis, 511; lives, 512; portraits, 512; his relations with Greene, 490; at Fort Watson, 544; discouraged, 544; pursued by Tarleton, 480.

"Marion's men", 490.

Marsh, Luther R., _Gen. Woodhull_, 330.

Marshall, Christopher, diary, 260, 273, 404, 436, 447; his acc. of the reading of the Decl. of Indep. in Philad., 273.

Marshall, Col., of Boston, 47.

Marshall, John, at Brandywine, 418; at Germantown, 422; his account of Wyoming, 663.

Marshall, O. H., _Niagara Frontier_, 658.

Marshfield, Mass., garrisoned, 118.

Martin, D., engraved the earliest American plan of Bunker Hill, 200.

Martin, gov. of No. Carolina, 168.

Martin, Joseph, 677.

Martin, J. S., _Revolutionary Soldier_, 329.

Martin, Luther, 712.

Martin, _Gazetteer of Va._, 554.

Martin, _No. Carolina_, 678.

Martler's Rock, 323.

Maryland, in the Continental Congress, 234; effect of Boston Port Bill in, 96; militia in (1774), 117; movements (1774), 98; Stamp Act in, 73; troops, 485; at Hobkirk's Hill, 488; at Camden, 533; at Guildford, 541.

Mascoutins, 703, 741.

Masères, Francis, _Essays_, 90; _Account of the proceedings_, 104; _Additional Papers_, 104; _Canadian Freeholder_, 104.

Mason, Col. David, 119.

Mason, Edw. G., _Todd's Record Book_, 730; Spaniards in Illinois, 743; _Kaskaskia_, 723; on Fort Chartres, 706.

Mason, Geo., 259, 716; his house, 259; Virginia Decl. of Rights, 272; references, 272.

Mason, G. C., on the English fleet in Newport, 593; on war vessels in Narragansett Bay, 90.

Mason, Jonathan, 88.

Mason, Thaddeus, 187.

Massachusetts, circular letter (1768), 2, 42, 79; causes of the Revolution in, 18; character of her governors, 22; its fisheries, 25; trade with the West Indies, 26; the Stamp Act, 29; refuses to rescind the circular letter, 44; calls a convention (1768), 45; protests against the military occupation of Boston (1769), 47; legislature moved to Cambridge, 47; adopts intercolonial com. of correspondence, 56; bill for regulating the government, 58; legislature at Salem, 58; _Answer of the major part of the Council_, 67; _Speeches of the governors, 1765-1775, and the answers of the House of Rep._, 67; _Journals of the House_, 67; _State Papers_, 67, 73; her letter to Rockingham, 83; _Song of Liberty_, 86, 87; _Reply to Hutchinson_ (1773), 90; petition to the king for the removal of Hutchinson, 95; Americans in London oppose the Regulating Act, 97; debate in Parliament, 97; _Bill for the impartial administration of justice_, 97; _Solemn League and Covenant_, 97, 98; action taken for a Congress (1774), 99; her assembly becomes a provincial congress, 116; _Journals of the Provincial Congress_, 106; articles of war, 108; form of her government (1775) approved by Congress, 108; ceases to be called province, 108; provincial congress chooses general officers, 116, 243; militia, 116; second provincial congress, 118; empowers Com. of Safety to gather the militia, 119; provincial congress, 120; meets (May, 1775), 131; warns (June 17, 1775) the militia, 133; the doings of the provincial congress, approved by the Continental Congress, 134; Com. of Safety send acc. of Bunker Hill to England and elsewhere, 187; in the Cont. Congress, 234; sets up its autonomy, 237, 257; _Centennial of the Constitution_, 274; frames a constitution, 274; _Report on a Constitution_, 274; other publications, 274; sends mast timber to Charles II, 564; ships owned in, 564; commissions a naval force (1775), 565; their captures, 568, 582; her force in 1779, 579; sends expedition against Penobscot, 582; privateers of, 585, 587, 591; commissioned in France, 587; her navy, 585, 586; her losses at Penobscot, 586; her number of men at sea, 587; her legislation about privateers, 591; their captures, 591; troops in R. I. (1778), 601; issues bills to defray cost of Penobscot expedition, 603; military rolls of the exped., 603; Stockbridge Indians enlisted by, 612; their plea of justification, 612, 613; seek to enlist the Nova Scotia Indians, 614; treaty with them, 614; _Journals_ of its provincial congresses, 656.

_Massachusetts Gazette_, 110.

_Massachusetts Spy_, 110, 122.

Massey, _England_, 112.

Masts, timber for, 564.

Mathew, Geo., 560.

Matson's Ford, 425.

Matthewman, Luke, 581.

Matthews, David, 326.

Matthews, Gen., invades New Jersey, 559; in Virginia, 546.

Matthis, Samuel, _Hobkirk's Hill_, 542.

Mattoon, Gen. Ebenezer, on Burgoyne's surrender, 358.

Mauduit, Israel, 83; _Short View_, etc., 85; edits the Hutchinson letters, 93; on Bunker Hill, 195; on Gen. Howe, 329; _Howe at White Plains_, 337; _Three Letters to Howe_, 195, 337, 344; on the Mischianza, 436; agent of Mass., 28.

Maverick, Peter, 266.

Mawhood, Col., 378.

Maxwell, Gen., 380; at Morristown, 373; his brigade, 670.

Maxwell, Major Thompson, 190.

Maxwell, Thomas, 663.

Maxwell on Arnold's fight on Lake Champlain, 346.

May, Thomas E., _Const. Hist. England_, 75.

Mayer, Brantz, edits Carroll's journal, 227; _Logan and Cresap_, 712; _Tah-Gah-Jute_, 712.

Mayhew, Jonathan, his controversy with Apthorpe, 70; his _Unlimited submission to the higher powers_, 70; _Observations_, in reply to Apthorpe, 70; _Defence of Observations_, 70; _Remarks_, 70; his portraits, 71; references on his career, 71; suggests union of colonies, 89; view of his meeting-house, 151, 197; controversy with Secker, 243; sermon on the Stamp Act, 77.

Maynard, Needham, 189.

McAlpine, _Memoirs_, 360.

McBury, Col. Leonard, 676, 678.

McCall, Hugh, lives of Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett, 265; George Walton, 265; _Hist. of Georgia_, 513, 570.

McCall, Capt. James, 679.

McClean, Capt., 443.

McClellan, Capt. Jos., journal, 561.

McClure, diary, 180.

McConkey, Mrs., _Hero of Cowpens_, 511.

McCoy, John F., publishes ed. of proceedings of the André examination, 461.

McCoy, Sergeant, 219.

McCrea, Miss Jane, murder of, 627; her _Life_, 627.

McCurlin, David, 202.

McDonald, Capt. Angus, goes against the Indians, 713.

McDougall, Gen., at Chatterton Hill, 286; at Germantown, 385; at West Point, 557.

McDowell, Col. Chas., 478.

McDowell, Jos., portrait, 535.

McGill, Maj., on Camden, 530.

McGowan's Pass (N. Y.), 338, 339.

McHenry, James, 446.

McKean, Thomas, on the Congress of 1765, 74; life, 265; signed the Decl. of Indep., 168; autog., 265.

McKendry, Wm., _Journal_, 666.

McKenney and Hall, _Indian Tribes_, 625.

McKenzie, Alex., on Cambridge, 142; on Lexington, 184.

McLane, Capt. Allen, 385, 393, 398.

McNiel, Capt., in the navy, 570.

McNeill, Gen., commands at Penobscot, 603.

McRae, Sherwin, 515.

McRae, _Life of James Iredell_, 532, 537.

McReath, Dr., 729.

McVeagh, Wayne, on Paoli, 419.

Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, 256; autographs of the committee, 256; disputed questions, 256.

Medcalfe, map of Burgoyne's campaign, 349.

Meigs, Return J., _Expedition against Quebec_, 219; accounts of, 219; expedition to Sag Harbor, 591; his character, 591.

Mein, John, Boston, 83; proscribed, 78; _State of the importation_, etc., 78.

Mellish and Tanner, _Seat of War_, 416.

Melville, Herman, _Israel Potter_, 590.

Melvin, J., _Expedition to Quebec_, 219.

Mendon (Mass.), resolves of independence, 257.

Ménonville, M. de, journal at Yorktown, 554.

Mercantile system, 5, 7.

Mercer, Charles Fenton, 707.

Mercer, Gen. Hugh, commands Flying Camp, 326, 403; death of, 378, 412; action of Congress, 412; portraits, 412.

Merchants in England, and navigation laws, 64; monopolies of, 7.

Meredith, Sir Wm., _A letter to Chatham_, 104.

Metcalfe, S. L., _Indian Warfare_, 708.

Meyer, E. L., _Map of Elizabethport_, 560.

Meyrick, Surgeon, 358.

Meyrick, S. J., 227.

Miamis, 610.

Micmacs, 614.

Middle colonies, maps of, 341.

Middlebrook, camp at, 556; Washington at, 579.

Middleton, Arthur, life, 265; life of Rutledge, 265; autog., 266.

Mifflin, Gen. Thomas, 117, 203; the Conway Cabal, 392; leads militia into New Jersey, 376; on the British lines at Boston Neck, 212.

Mifflin, Fort, abandoned, 447. _See_ Fort.

Miles, Samuel, 327.

Militia, in battle, 541; organized, 108; in Mass., 116; in the Rev. War, 588.

Miller, Thomas, at Bunker Hill, 202.

Miller, W. T., 203.

Miller House, 338.

Mills, W. H., on the Kennebec route, 217.

Mills, _Statistics of So. Carolina_, 527.

Milltown, Pa., 381.

Miner, Charles, _Wyoming_, 664.

Mingo Bottom, 736.

Mingo Indians, 610, 671.

Minisink massacre, 639, 653, 662; loss, 662.

Minomines, 738.

Minot, Geo. R., 88.

Mischianza, 396, 436.

Misère (Ste. Geneviève), 738.

Mississippi River as western boundary of the U. S., 730; plan by Pittman, 702.

Mobile, Pittman's plan, 702; captured, 739.

Moffat, of R. I., on Stamp Act debates, 74.

Mohawk River, 609; map of the neighborhood, 351; valley, 610; Indian incursion, 672; warfare in, 657.

Mohawks in Canada, 656; irritated by the Conn. Co., 605; their lands east of the boundary line, 610; solicited, 120; would protect Guy Johnson, 624.

Mohegans, 622.

Molasses Act, 25, 26, 72.

Monckton, Lt.-Col., at Monmouth, 400.

Moncrieff, Col., 521; at Savannah (1779), 524.

Monette, _Valley of the Mississippi_, 686.

Monk's Corner, 473.

Monmouth, battle, 399; plans of, 408, 444, 445; accounts of, 445, 446.

Monotomy, roads about, 121.

Monroe, James, at Trenton, 376.

Monson, Henry, map of Carolina, 675.

Montague, Admiral, 90.

Montague, Lord, letter to Moultrie, 534.

Montgar (Armstrong), 746.

Montgomery, Col. John, attacked by the Cherokees (1760), 675; at Kaskaskia, 740.

Montgomery, Gen. Richard, urges advance into Canada, 161; made brigadier, 161; advances on St. Johns, 161; before St. Johns, 162; captures Fort Chamblée, 162; takes St. Johns, 162; has Indians, 656; takes Montreal, 163; at Pont-aux-Trembles, 164; attacks Quebec, 165; in the Canada campaign, authorities, 216; despatches, 216; lives, 216; his sword, 216; his house, 216; ancestry, 216; death and burial, 165, 216, 226; remains removed to New York, 216; tributes of Congress, 216; his monument, 216; tragedy by H. H. Brackenridge, 216; autograph note on capitulation of St. Johns, 217; signatures of his will, 218; portraits, 220, 221; Trumbull's "Death of Montgomery", 220.

_Monthly Military Repository_, 510.

Montreal, Guy Johnson's conference at, 624; position of, 215; taken by Montgomery, 163, 216.

Montresor, Capt. John, plan of Boston, 210; maps of the English colonies, 341; account of, 341; plan of Charlestown, Mass., 198; survey of Bunker Hill field, 200; plans of New York, 326, 331, 333, 561; map of the northern region of N. Y., 349; his journal ed. by Scull, 413, 419; map of defences of Philad. (1777), 441; accounts of his family, 217; map of Kennebec route, 217, 224; journal on the Kennebec, 217; _Map of N. Y. and Penna._, 416; map of Newport, 560.

Moore, F., _Diary of the Amer. Rev._, 654.

Moore, Geo. H., _Treason of Chas. Lee_, 407, 416.

Moore, Hugh, _Ethan Allen_, 214.

Moore, Sir Henry, 38.

Moore, Thomas, _Life of Sheridan_, 109.

Moore, T. W., aide to Prevost, 522.

Moore's Creek Bridge, action at, 168; references, 168.

Moorsom, _Fifty-second Reg._, 198.

Moravian Indians, 606; sent to New York, 607; protected by Gen. Gage, 607; missions among, 734; attacked by British, 734; removed to Sandusky, 735; at Detroit, 735; lands in Michigan, 735; general references, 736. _See_ Indians.

Morgan, Gen. Daniel, on the Kennebec exped., 162; captured at Quebec, 165; his account of the attack, 222; at Freeman's Farm, 305; headquarters at Saratoga, 358, 360; threatens Cornwallis' flank in Carolina, 481; pursued by Tarleton, 481; at Cowpens, 481, 538; his differences with Sumter, 537; his correspondence, 538; _The Hero of Cowpens_, 360; medal, 539; in New Jersey, 398; his lives, 511; his grave, 511; portraits, 511; statue, 511; his house, 511.

Morgan, Col. George, 704.

Morgan, Dr. John, 203.

Morgan, L. H., _League of the Iroquois_, 659.

Morgann, _Life of Price_, 110.

Morley, Henry, edits Burke's _Speeches_, 112; _Edmund Burke_, 269.

Morris, Gouverneur, _Observations on the Amer. Rev._, 556.

Morris, Jacob, 169.

Morris, Lewis, letters from Cambridge, 203; autog., 264; life, 266; on Greene, 537.

Morris, Margaret, diary, 436.

Morris, Robert, autog., 264; life, 265; on the campaign of 1776, 344; (in 1776), 376; on Charles Lee's capture, 403; letters, 404; his privateers, 591.

Morris, Col. Roger, his house, 288, 339.

Morris, Capt. Thomas, sent to Pontiac, 698; his _Miscellanies_, 698; his journal, 698.

Morrisania, 344; English works at, 561.

Morristown, orderly-books, 559; Washington at, 417.

Morsman, Oliver, _Bunker Hill_, 189.

Mortier House in N. Y., 276, 335.

Morton, John, autog., 264; life, 265.

Morton, Perez, on Gen. Warren, 194.

Morton, Robt., his diary, 431, 436.

Mott, Edw., journal, 213.

Mott, Samuel, letters, 216.

Moultrie, Gen. Wm., his acc. of the defence of Fort Moultrie, 229; at Sullivan Island, 168; portrait, 171, 172; _Memoirs_, 171; references, 172; defends Charleston (1779), 470; his campaign (1778), 520; fac-simile of his order to Tucker, 471; his affair near Beaufort, 519; his career, 508; sketches of, 508; _Memoirs of Amer. Rev._, 508; on the siege of Charleston, 525; refused command of a Tory regiment, 534; correspondence with Lord Montague, 534.

Moultrie, Fort (1776), plans, 169, 170; abandoned (1780), 472. _See_ Fort, Sullivan's Island.

Mountfort, G., on John Hancock, 271.

Mouzon, H., map. of Carolinas, 538.

Mowatt, Capt., with British vessels at Penobscot, 603.

Mud Island in the Delaware, 432, 435; plans, 437, 438.

Mugford, Capt., 567; killed, 160.

Muhheakunuks, 613.

Muhlenberg, Gen. Peter, 376; at Brandywine, 382; his life, 546; at Yorktown, 555.

Muhlenberg, Rev. Dr., his journal, 404.

Muhlenberg, H. A., _General Muhlenberg_, 546.

Mukerck, Capt. Chas., journal, 681.

Mulgrave, Col., 426.

Mun, Thomas, 63.

Munroe, Nathan, 179.

Munsee towns, 606.

Munsell, Hezekiah, 329.

Munsey Indians, 671.

Mure, Capt. Wm., at Yorktown, 555.

Murray, James, _Impartial History of the present war_, much the same, in parts as _The Impartial History of the War in America_, 663.

Murray, Lindley, 284.

Murray House (N. Y.), 335.

Musgrave, Col., at Germantown, 385.

Musgrove Mills, 475, 529.

Muskingum, forks of, 699.

Mutiny Act, 20, 38; practically annulled in Mass., 46.

Muzzey, A. B., _Lexington_, 184; _Reminiscences_, 173.

Myers, Col. T. B., 264, 538; on the Tories, 351.

Naaman's Creek, Pa., 421.

Napier, Geo., 590.

Narragansett Bay, fortified, 593, 596; chart by Blaskowitz, 593; Lafayette's plan, 600; English maps, 601.

Nash, Gen., of N. C., killed, 386.

Nash, Gilbert, _Life of Gen. Lovell_, 603.

Nash, Gov., on Camden, 532.

Nash, Samuel, diary of, 346.

Nash, Solomon, 202.

Natchez, captured, 738, 740.

_National Portrait Gallery_, 510.

Naval Hist. of the American Revolution, 563. _See_ Navy.

Navigation laws, 2, 4, 6, 63; aimed at the Dutch, 6; history of, 7; authorities, 64; and writs of assistance, 19; enforced by the Bute ministry, 23; influence in producing the Revolution, 64; and the Revolution of 1689 in N. E., 65.

Navy of United States, commissioned by Washington, 152; vessels destroyed in the Delaware, 389. _See_ Naval.

Navy of England, men engaged in 1776, 588; in 1777, 585; in 1779, 587.

Nazro, John, 47.

_Nederlandsche Mercurius_, 570.

Neilson, Charles, _Burgoyne's Campaign_, 357, 360.

Nelson, Thomas, life, 266; autog., 266.

Nelson, Thomas, Jr., 259; _Letters_, 575.

Nelson, gov. of Va., on Yorktown, 544.

Neshaminy, 418.

Neutral Ground (Hudson River), 456.

Neversink, 340.

New Bedford, naval exploits of her people, 564.

New Brunswick, N. J., 408, 409.

New Castle, Del., 421.

_New Dominion Monthly_, 216.

New England, her great staples, 8; her export trade, 9; grows rich, 10; trade with West Indies broken up, 25; staples, 25; imports molasses, 25; jealousy of, in the Congress of 1774, 99; population (1775), 117; armed alliance (1775), 122; Sam. Adams proposed her independence, 231; Puritanism and the Am. Rev., 242; opposition to bishop, 243; a maritime country, 563; her cruisers, 563; ship-building, 563; enriched by privateering, 584; large numbers in the business, 584.

New Hampshire, Stamp Act in, 73; change in its government (1775), 108; people of the Grants aroused, 108, 121; men at Bunker Hill, 190; troops in the Canada exped., 220; in the Continental Congress, 234; constitution of, 272; furnishes masts to England, 564; her seamen, 587; privateers of, 591; "General Sullivan", 591; troops in R. I. (1778), 601.

New Haven attacked, 557.

New Ireland (Maine), 604.

New Jersey, Stamp Act in, 73; address to king (1769), 83; her constitution, 272; invaded (Jan., 1776), 323; surveys by Sauthier and Ratzer, 341; invaded and evacuated by Howe, 368, 379; campaign in (1776), authorities, 405; maps of, 409; revolt of her soldiers, 561; troops in Sullivan's campaign, 670.

New London, Conn., attacked by Arnold, 562; privateers in, 585.

New Orleans, Pittman's plan, 702; to be captured, 737; letters from, 738.

New Providence attacked, 570.

New Rochelle, the British at, 286.

New Salem, N. Y., 458.

New Windsor, N. Y., 556; camp, 744.

New York _city_, Stamp Act in, 73; coffee-houses in, 73; Burn's Coffee-House, 73; "Sons of Liberty" in, 73; old City Hall, 74; com. of correspondence, 90; effect of Boston Port Bill in, 96; apathy in (1774), 98; British navy at (1776), 153; Lee sent to possess the town, 156; artillery company formed, 156; news of Lexington in, 178; Lee in (1775), 275; Washington arrives, 275; Putnam in command, 275; defences of (1776), 275; army in, 275; Washington's headquarters, 276; spared by Howe, 283; Americans leave it, 283; Howe occupies it, 283; partly burned, 285; campaign round N. Y. (1776), criticism on, 290; campaign about, 323; condition of the town (1775), 323; plans in the Revolution, 331; appearance of the town, 331; Johnston's map, 331, 335; Randall's, 331; descriptions of the town, 331; views, 331; localities, 331; Beekman House, 331; Rutger's mansion, 331; Ratzer's smaller map, 332; evacuated by Washington, 333; occupied by Howe, 333; various maps, 333; extent of the armies about (1776), 333; fire in, 334; Johnston's map, 335, 338; Mortier House, 335; map of city and bay, 342; maps of the campaign near (1776), 342, 343, 345; accounts of, 341-346; _N. Y. City during the Amer. Rev._, 346; map of campaign about, 404; Knyphausen in command, 559; Washington's feint of attacking (1781), 501; British in, 556; British cantonments near, 745; entered by Washington at the close of the war, 746; evacuated, 746; Fraunce's Tavern, 747; its appearance at the end of the war, 747; commerce of, 747.

New York _harbor_, maps of, in the Revolutionary time, 326.

New York _province_, maps of, 349; Indians of, 611.

New York _State_, Assembly (1775), 106; its character, 106; proceedings, 106; provincial congress, 106; its records, 106; constitutional convention, 272; debates of, 272; centennial of its constitution, 274; _Centennial Addresses_, 366; privateers of, 591; _Centennial Celebrations_, 666; Continental line organized, 220; documentary publications, 247; _Journals of Provincial Congress_, 247.

_New York Magazine_, 510.

Newark, Pa., 421.

Newburgh, N. Y., 340, 465; addresses, 745; Washington at, 744; his headquarters, 744.

Newburgh Bay Historical Soc., 744.

Newell, Thomas, 95.

Newell, Timothy, 95.

Newman, Robert, 175.

Newport, R. I., blockaded by the English (1780), 560; the French in, 560; maps, 560; diaries in (1778), 601; maps of, and surroundings, 596, 597, 598, 600, 602; memorial to Congress (1775), 108; occupied by the British (Dec., 1776), 403; occupied by Sir Henry Clinton (1776), 593; seamen in the Revolutionary navy, 591.

Newport, Pa., 421.

Newspapers in the Revolution, 110.

Newton, _Panhandle_, 716.

Newtown (Elmira, N. Y.), battle at, 640, 668, 670; accounts, 653; Butler's report, 672; map of battlefield, 642, 671, 681.

Newtown, Pa., 410.

Neyon, M., in Illinois, 700.

Niagara, not to be attacked by Sullivan, 669; Indians at (1779-80), 643.

Nicholas, P. H., _Royal Marine Forces_, 194.

Nichols, Isaac, 204.

Nicholson, James, capt. in navy, 570; in the "Trumbull", 583; surrenders, 584.

Nicholson, Samuel, in the "Deane", 583.

Nicola, Col. Lewis, 440; his letter to Washington, 745.

Nicoll, Isaac, 323.

Nicollet, J. N., 705.

Ninety-six, 478; besieged, 491, 544; plans of, 545.

Ninham, Capt. Daniel, 613.

Noailles, autog., 500.

Noddle's Island, 206, 210; fight, 131.

Non-importation agreements, 23, 29, 31, 47, 49, 50, 51, 76, 77, 78, 79, 99, 106.

Nook's Hill (near Boston), 158.

Norfolk, Va., destroyed, 168.

Norman, J., engraver, 40, 41; engraving of Montgomery, 221; engraving of Gates, 302; engraving of burning of Falmouth, 146; engraves Gen. Greene, 509; Gen. Lincoln, 473; _Death of Montgomery_, 217; _Death of Warren_, 198; plan of Bunker Hill, 201, 202; plan of Boston, 201.

North, Lord, premier, 21; portrait, 21, 107; autog., 21; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 46; conversations with Burke, 112.

North, S. W. D., "Story of a Monument", 351; on Oriskany, 351.

North, Wm., acc. of Steuben, 515.

North, _Augusta, Me._, 217.

_North American Pilot_, 212.

North Carolina, in the Cont. Congress, 235; defended by Iredell, 537; effect of Boston Port Bill, 96; the English fleet on the coast (1776), 168; maps, 537, 538; militia at Camden, 533; militia fled at Guildford, 541; movements (1774), 98; (1776), 168; non-importation, 47; Stamp Act in, 73; war of the Regulators, 80; disputes about, 81.

_North Carolina University Magazine_, 514, 519.

North Castle, N. Y., 458.

Northwest territory reserved as crown lands (1763), 687; government of, 730. _See_ Ohio country.

Norton, A. T., _Sullivan's Campaign_, 670.

Norton, J. N., _Pioneer Missionaries_, 657.

Norwalk, Conn., 340; burnt, 557.

Nova Scotia Indians, 614.

Nunn, Lieut., 175.

O'Brien, Jeremiah, naval officer, 564.

O'Callaghan, E. B., edits _Burgoyne's Order-book_, 358, 359; on George Croghan, 705; on Stirling, 706; on Cresap, 712.

O'Dane, 523.

O'Hara, Gen., follows the march of Greene, 484.

O'Key, Samuel, 40.

O'Reilly, Henry, Sullivan's Campaign, 671.

Ochs, Baron von, _Betrachtungen über die neuere Kriegskunst_, 446.

Ogeechee, attack at, 653.

Ogletown, Pa., 421.

Ohio Company, 707.

Ohio country, effect of the Quebec Bill, 715. _See_ Northwest Territory.

Ohio Indians, 610; their towns, 699.

Ohio River, early settlers on, 708; plan of rapids, 701.

Oliver, Andrew, deposition on Boston Massacre, 88; his letters, 56; hanged in effigy, 30, 72; stamp distributor, 72; resigns, 73, 115; makes oath, 73; portrait, 73.

Oliver, Peter, autog., 50; letter from Boston, 205; impeachment, 57, 95; portrait, 95; account of, 95; diary, 205.

Ollier, Edmund, _Cassell's United States_, 665.

Olney, Stephen, 404.

Onderdonk, Henry, Jr., on the battle of Long Island, 330; _Woodhull's capture_, 330.

Oneidas, their country, 609; their lands, 610; at White Plains, 613; mostly took the American side, 623, 624, 659; offer to become scouts, 626; convey warning of St. Leger's coming, 628; join Herkimer, 630; their village burnt, 632, 658; threatened by Haldimand, 639; at Schenectady, 643; failed to help Sullivan (1779), 667; removed from their castles, 672; proposed attack on, by Sir John Johnson, 672. _See_ Six Nations, Iroquois.

Onondagas, destruction of their villages, 639, 653; their country, 609.

Ontario identified with Oswego, 619, 658.

Oquaga burned, 636.

Orangetown, 404.

Orcutt, coll. of newspaper scraps, 522.

_Orion_, a Georgia periodical, 519.

Oriskany, battle of, 631; authorities, 351; the first accounts, 660; view of field, 354; Indian loss at, 662.

Osborn, Sir Danvers, 673.

Osborn, J. H., 437.

Osgood, Samuel, 191; address at Fairfield, 55.

Osler, _Life of Exmouth_, 347.

Ossabaw Sound, 470.

Oswego, attempted surprise by Col. Willett, 646; known sometimes as Ontario, 658.

Otis, James, 84; on writs of assistance, 9, 13, 68; John Adams on, 68; made member of the General Court, 13; assumed the right to independence, 24; in Stamp Act Congress, 30; in the legislature, 42; praises Oliver Cromwell, 44; _Vindication of the British Colonies_, 70; _Considerations on behalf of the Eng. Colonies_, 75; speaking in the legislature (1768), 83; at Bunker Hill, 137; _Rights of the British Colonies_, 28, 68; his passionate appeals, 35; probably draws address to Bernard, 43; presides at meeting (1768), 45; _Vindication of the conduct of the Ho. of Rep._, 68; Crawford's statue, 69; likeness by Blackburn, 70; his house, 70; killed by lightning, 70; Tudor's _Life of Otis_, 70; Bowen's _Life_, 70; his character, 70; assaulted, 70.

Otsego Lake, Clinton at, 639.

Ottawa confederacy, 610.

Ouabache. _See_ Wabash.

Ouatanon, 703.

Paca, Wm., autog., 265; life, 266.

Packard, G. T., 218.

Page, Capt., journal, 557.

Page, Edw., map of Rhode Island, 601.

Page, Wm., surveys of Boston, 210, 211; plans of Bunker Hill, 200.

Paige, _Cambridge_, 173.

Paine, Robt. Treat, autog., 51, 263; in Congress (1774), 59; in Canada, 227; life by Alden Bradford, 265.

Paine, Samuel, 187, 205.

Paine, Thomas, 419, _Liberty Tree Ballad_, 72; _Dialogue with Montgomery_, 217; _Common Sense_, 252, 269; _American Crisis_, 744; Barlow on, 253; portrait, 269; bibliog. of, 269; references on him, 269; _Writings_, 269; French ed., 269; "The times that try men's souls", 367.

Palfrey, J. G., on the navigation acts, 64.

Palfrey, Wm., 85.

"Pallas" takes the "Countess of Scarborough", 578.

Palmer, Wm. P., _Calendar of Va. State Papers_, 515.

Palmer, _Lake Champlain_, 214, 347.

Pamphlet literature of the Revolution, 110.

Paoli, fight at, 383; sources, 419; Hessian map of attack, 423; Faden's map, 424; other maps, 425; monument, 425.

Paper money, first, of the war, 116.

Paris, treaty of (1763), 14, 685; printed, 685.

Parker, Capt. Hyde, his report on Savannah, 519; portrait, 519.

Parker, Capt. John, at Lexington, 176.

Parker, Com. F. H., 564.

Parker, Francis J., _Col. Wm. Prescott_, 191.

Parker, J. M. _Rochester, N. Y._, 670.

Parker, Sir Peter, 279; on the coast with a fleet, 168; attacks Fort Moultrie, 170, 229; in Narragansett Bay, 593.

Parker, Theodore, 185.

Parkman, Francis, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_, 690; his MS. collections, 690; prefaces Smith's _Acc. of Bouquet's exped._, 699.

Parliament, invades the royal prerogative, 15; colonial representation in, 28; of 1766, 32.

_Parliamentary Register, or Debates_, 516, 653.

Parsons, Gen. S. H., on the capture of Fort Clinton, etc., 364; a spy for the British, 460; on the board examining André, 460; his letters, 557; in Long Island battle, 279, 328.

Parsons, Theophilus, life of, by T. Parsons, 274.

Parsons Case, in Virginia, 24.

Parton, James, _Jefferson_, 515.

Partridge, Oliver, 30.

Paterson, Col. John, 613.

Patison, T. H., 106.

Patterson, D. W., 665.

Patterson, W. A., 364.

Pattison, Gen., on N. Y., 557; on Paulus Hook, 559.

Patton, J. H., _Yorktown_, 555.

Patty, Sir Wm., 63.

Paulding, John, 456; petitions for increase of pension, 466; his son defends him, 466; his portrait, 466.

Paulus Hook, 326, 335, 343, 403; plans, 559; attacked, 559; medal, 559.

Pausch, Capt., _Journal_, 360; at Valcour Island, 346.

Pawling, Col., 667.

Paxton, Charles, 10, 12.

Paxton, Pa., 606; its "Boys", 606; _Narrative of the late Massacre_, 606; threaten the Moravian Indians, 607.

Payson, Philip, 180.

Peabody, Stephen, 350.

Peabody, S. H., _Amer. Patriotism_, 70.

Peabody Museum of Archæology, 607.

Peale, C. W., portrait of Dickinson, 82; of Thomas Paine, 269; of St. Clair, 297; of Gen. Greene, 510; of Morgan, 511; of Sumter, 532; of Paul Jones, 592; of Chatham, 110; of Joseph Reed, 405.

Peale, R., painted portrait of Gen. Greene, 510.

Pearce, Stuart, _Luzerne County_, 665.

Pearson, Capt. Richard, his acc. of the loss of the "Serapis", 577, 590; portrait, 593.

Pearson, _Schenectady Patent_, 608.

Peck, Geo., _Wyoming_, 664.

Peck, J. M., 649; _Daniel Boone_, 708.

Peck, L. W., 665.

Peekskill, 455, 465.

Peet, S. D., on the Delawares, 708.

Peirce, John, 219.

Pelham, Henry, map of Boston, 209.

Pell, Joshua, Jr., 227, 350.

Pell's Point, 285, 337.

Pellew, Viscount Exmouth, 358. _See_ Exmouth.

Pencour (St. Louis), 737, 738.

Pendleton, Edmund, 259; writes resolutions of Va., 261.

Penn, John, life, 265; autog., 266.

Penn, Richard, 237.

Pennington, N. J., 410.

Pennsylvania, controversy over its form of government, 68; Stamp Act in, 73; Muhlenberg's journal, 73; com. of corresp., 90; effect of Boston Port Bill in, 96; feeling in 1774, 98; Thomas Mifflin advocating non-intercourse, 117; its share in the Canada campaign (1776), 174; in the Continental Congress, 234, 235; her Assembly (1776) still loyal, 245; records of, 247; timidity in, respecting independence, 257; constitutional agitation, 272; convention of 1776, 272; anarchical state of, in 1776, 373; navy of, 386, 565; new constitution of, 401, 405; Council of Safety, 405; _Hist. of First Troop of Cavalry_, 407; revolt of her troops, 561; forts in, 643; prohibits settlements on land not bought of Indians, 649; _Laws_ (1797), 649; _Register_, 650; Connecticut settlers in, 680; controversies, 680; embarrass Bouquet, 698; controversy with Va. over Ohio lands, 709.

_Pennsylvania Evening Post_, 436.

Pennytown, 372.

Penobscot, expedition against (1779), 582, 603, 604; the troops retreat through the woods, 604; maps of, 604; court of inquiry, 604; Eben Hazard questions its decision, 604.

Penobscot Indians, 617, 656; enlistment of, 674.

Pensacola captured, 739.

Pensioner, last, of the Rev., 746.

Pequaket Indians, 614, 655.

Percy, Earl, marches out of Boston, 121; to Lexington, 123; joins Smith, 124; his train captured, 124; his report on Lexington, 178; reported killed, 178; portraits, 182, 183; his family, 182; papers, 183; at Brooklyn, 279, 330; attacks the Harlem lines, 285, 289; at N. Y., 337, 338; at Fort Washington, 345.

Perkins' Jas. Handasyd, 657; _Memoir and Writings_, 648; "Pioneers of Kentucky", 708.

Perley, _Bedford, Mass._, 184.

Perrault, Abbé, 216.

Perrin du Lac, _Voyage_, 652.

Perry, W. S., _Amer. Episc. Church_, 242.

Perth Amboy, 409.

Peters, Richard, on Steuben, 515; on the massacre of Conestogoes, 606.

Peters, Rev. Samuel, reply to Burgoyne, 366.

Peyster, J. Watts de, on Sir John Johnson, 351, 660; on Oriskany, 351; on Schuyler's campaign (1777), 356; on the Burgoyne campaign, 361; on Brandywine, 419; on Paoli, 419; on the siege of Savannah, 523; on King's Mountain, 536; on Eutaw, 45; on Stony Point, 558; on the Penobscot exped., 603; _Sir John Johnson_, 625; edits _Johnson's Orderly-book_, 660; on Sullivan's campaign, 670.

Peyton, J. L., _Adventures of my Grandfather_, 714.

Phelippeaux, his map, 416.

Phelps, Matthew, journal, 709.

Phelps, _Rights of the Colonies_, 85.

Philadelphia, non-importation in, 79; corresp. of merchants (1769), 83; feeling in, during the Congress of, 1774, 99; Carpenters' Hall, 99; news of Lexington in, 178; life in, during the American Rev., 259; Old State House, view of, 259; Independence Hall, 259; trepidation in, 370, 380; Washington's army marches through, 380; guns of Brandywine heard in, 383; occupied by Cornwallis and Howe, 384; fortified by the British, 384; the British fleet reaches the town, 389; the winter of 1777-78, 393; the Quakers, 393; theatre in, during British occupancy, 394, 395; Clinton arrives, 396; "Mischianza", 396, 436; evacuated, 397, 445; Arnold in command, 400; condition of the town, 401; Congress reassembled, 401; Tories executed, 401; Quaker element, 405; map of the campaign of 1777, 414, 416; seaward defences, 423; map of vicinity (1777), 425; life in, during the British occupation, 436; map of defences (1777-78), 440, 441; Hessian map of the vicinity, 442; maps of, during the Rev., 442; _Hist. First Troop City Cavalry_, 561.

Philbrook, Thomas, 603.

Philipsbourg Patent, 340.

Phillips, G. C., 47.

Phillips, Gen., with Burgoyne, 294; in command of convention troops, 318; at siege of Ticonderoga (1777), 354; his orders, 359; in Virginia, 496, 546; dies, 496, 546.

Phillipse Patent, 340.

Phillopson, Col., 319. Phinney, Elias, _Battle of Lexington_, 183.

Pickens, Gen. Andrew, 513, 677; with Carolina militia, 485; letters, 513; his raid on the Indians, 680.

Pickering, Col., writes the report of Brandywine, 418; of Germantown, 421; charged with dilatoriness on Lexington day, 124; papers, 467; _Rules for the militia_, 108.

Pierce, Maj. Wm., at Hobkirk's Hill, 542.

Pigot, Gen., his account of the campaign in Rhode Island, 598; in Newport, 593; at Bunker Hill, 137; autog., 137.

Pinckney, C. C., on Washington's staff, 418; on Germantown, 421; deserts Fort Moultrie, 472.

Pinckney, Maj. Thos., _Siege of Savannah_, 522; on Camden, 530.

Pine, Robt., paints Burgoyne, 293.

Pinto, Isaac, _Lettre_ and _Seconde Lettre_, 109; _Letters_, 109; _Nouvelles Observations_, 109; _Rèponse_, 109.

Pirtle, Henry, on G. R. Clark, 718.

Pitcairn, Maj., at Lexington, 123; killed at Bunker Hill, 139; his remains, 139; on the firing at Lexington, 183; paper on, 183; likeness by Trumbull, 197.

Pitcher, Moll, at Monmouth, 446.

Pitt, William, his influence in English affairs, 18, 19; would seize Spanish bullion ships, 19; in ministry, 20; his speeches, 32; made Earl of Chatham, 35; in power, 35; his character, 35; thanked by Mass. for the repeal of the Stamp Act, 74.

Pittman, Capt. Philip, 702; _European Settlements_, 702; _Present State_, 717.

_Plain Truth_, 270.

Plessis, Mauduit du, his battery at Monmouth, 444.

Plumb, J. B., 663.

Point Pleasant, Va., affair at, 611, 714.

Pollock, Oliver, at New Orleans, 738.

Pomeroy, Seth, made general, 116; at Bunker Hill, 137.

Pontiac, his ability, 689; besieges Detroit, 690; still at large, 700; sends messengers to New Orleans, 701; meets Croghan, 704; agrees to a peace, 704; his submission, 705; murdered, 705.

Pontiac War, 688; references, 701.

Poole, Wm. F., "The West", 685.

Poor, Gen. Enoch, 357; headquarters at Saratoga, 358; with Gates (1777), 308; at Newtown, 640.

Porcher, address, 230.

Port Royal, S. C., map, 519.

Porter, E. G., 182; _Four Drawings_, 185; _Rambles in Old Boston_, 175.

Porter, L. H., _Outlines Const. Hist. U. S._, 108, 274.

Portraits of Revolutionary characters engraved in England and Germany, 270.

Portsmouth, N. H., Fort William and Mary taken, 117.

Portsmouth, Va., maps, 553.

Post, C. F., 736.

Post, L. M., _Recol. of Am. Rev._, 418.

Post, Vincent, 703.

Potsgrove, Washington at, 419.

Potter, Col. Asa, 346.

Potter, Israel R., _Adventures_, 189.

Potter, _Manchester_, 190.

Potter, Gen., 393.

Potts Grove, 383.

Pouchet, _War in N. America_, 660.

Poundridge, affair at, 557.

Pourré, Eugenio, 743.

Powder, scarce during siege of Boston, 203; seized at Bermuda, 567.

Pownall, Gov. Thomas, 22; in Parliament, 51, 52, 90; on the union of the colonies, 66; his _Administration of the Colonies_, 66, 90; his character, 90; corresp. with James Bowdoin, 90; furnishes materials to Holland for his maps, 341; _Memorials to the Sovereigns of Europe_, 91; _Memorials to the Sovereigns of America_, 91; portrait, 91; talk on the American question, 112.

Poyntz, L., 191.

Prairie du Chien, 738.

Pratt, G. W., 364.

Prattent, T., 474.

Preble, Admiral Geo. H., _American flag_, 80; "Ships in the 18th Century", 564; acc. of Hopkins, 570; on Com. Barry, 581; on the flag of the "Bon Homme Richard", 590; edits Ezra Greene's journal, 590; privateers of Mass., 591.

Preble, Jedediah, autog., 116; made general, 116.

Prerogative of the king, 2, 3; opposed, 3, 4; and the Long Parliament, 4; detected by Franklin, 4; a cause of the Revolution, 5; questioned by Patrick Henry, 24.

Presbyterians and the Amer. Rev., 244.

Prescott, Gen. Richard, captured, 403; autog., 403.

Prescott, Col. Wm., commands the detachment sent to Bunker Hill, 135; autog., 135; letter on Bunker Hill, 186; at Bunker Hill, 190; his monument and statue, 191, 194.

Prescott, Judge, 191.

_Present State of Liberty_, 85.

Preston, Capt., trial of, 49, 86; autographs of court and counsel, 50, 51.

Preston, H. W., _Documents_, etc., 268.

Preston, John C., _Address on King's Mountain_, 535.

"Preston", ship at Boston, 205.

Prevost, Gen. Augustine, 519, 699; on the siege of Savannah (1779), 469, 522; attacks Charleston, 520; dies, 524.

Price, Ezekiel, 188, 203; diary, 318.

Price, Dr. Richard, _Letter to_, 109; _Observations, etc._, 110; portrait and autog., 111.

Price publishes ed. of Bonner's map of Boston, 207.

Prime, Temple, _Temple Family_, 93.

Primm, Wilson, _Hist. Address_, 737.

Prince, Ezekiel, 47.

Princeton, attacked, 377; maps of the attack, 408, 409, 410, 413.

Pringle, Capt., 292; on the fight at Valcour Island, 346.

Prisoners of war, the first taken, 123; treatment of, 145; disputes over those taken at the Cedars, 225; captured at sea, 568; naval, in England, 575; exchanged, 575.

Privateers, before the Revolution, 19; commissioned, 567, 579; the service preferred by seamen, 568; under the Treaty of Utrecht, 572; their captures, 581, 584; history of, 583, 584; enrich New England, 584; of Salem, 585; in New London, 585; commissioned in Massachusetts, 585, 586, 591; total number in all the States, 585; of Salem, 586, 587, 591; of Boston, 587; commissioned in France, 587; their prize crews, 587; bibliography, 591; legislation on, in Mass., 591; captures by those of Mass., 591; of New Hampshire, 591; of Rhode Island, 591; of Connecticut, 591; of New York, 591; great losses inflicted on the British, 591; narratives of their cruises, 591; diplomatic complications, 592.

Proctor, Gen., at Brandywine, 382.

Property-line, so called, 650.

Prospect Hill, 206; camp near Boston, 203.

Protective system, 5, 7.

"Protector", a Massachusetts frigate, 586.

Providence, R. I., _Providence Plantations_, 90; tea burned at, 121; defences, 593.

Province Island, Pa., 438.

Provoost, Bishop, 242.

Pulaski joins the army, 380; his monument, 510; defended by Bentalou, 522; killed, 524; acc. of, 524; burial, 524; his banner, 524; portrait, 524; recompense of the government, 524.

Pulling, John, 175.

Puplopens Kill, 324.

Pulsifer, David, 195.

Puritanism and the Declaration of Indep., 241, 242.

Purkitt, Henry, 91.

Putnam, Col. Daniel, in the Bunker Hill controversy, 190.

Putnam, Gen. Israel, 271; at Bunker Hill, 137, 190; lives of, 190, 193; his sword, 191; portraits, 192, 193; autog., 192; in New York, 275, 325; in command on Long Island, 278; a bad general, 314; accused of treachery, 314; opposes Clinton on the Hudson (1777), 361, 362; drives sheep into Boston, 114; reaches Cambridge, 134; likeness by Trumbull, 197.

Putnam, Col. Rufus, builds Fort Washington, 287; in campaign of 1776, 346; plans of the Saratoga battles, 361; diary on the Mississippi, 709.

Putnam, Lt.-Col., 601.

Quaker Hill (R. I.), 596, 602; view of the fight, 600.

Quakers, arming in Philadelphia, 131; in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War, 393; implicated in hostile movements, 417.

Quebec, besieged (1775-76), 163; plan by Jefferys, 215; _Lit. and Hist. Soc. bibliography_, 222; siege of (1775-1776), authorities, 220; diaries, etc., 221; American contemporary accounts, 221; general accounts, 222; accounts as received in Cambridge and N. Y., 222; British official accounts, 222; journals, etc., 222; Wooster in command before the town, 222; local associations, 223; French accounts, 223; _Centenaire de l'Assault de Québec_, 223; Arnold's map of the siege, 226; engraved maps of the town, 226; views of, 226; plains of Abraham, 226.

Quebec, _province_, maps of (1776), 226.

Quebec Bill, 58, 101, 714, 715; debates in Parliament, 102; "virtual representation", 103; _Doctor Marriot_, 102; _Hypocrisy Unmasked_, 102; _Letter to Lord Chatham_, 102; other tracts, 104.

Queen's Rangers, 395, 518.

Quibbletown, 379.

Quincy, Dorothy, 123.

Quincy, Eliza Susan, 96.

Quincy, Edmund, on the evacuation of Boston, 205.

Quincy, Josiah (_senior_, 1775), 152.

Quincy, Josiah (_junior_), his report of Otis's argument, 13; defends Capt. Preston, 49; dies, 125; portrait, 96, 126; autog., 51; speech on the tea ships, 57, 91; _Reports of Cases_, 68; drafts instructions (1770), 87; _Observations on the Boston Port Bill_, 67, 94; fac-simile of his dedication, 94; autog., 94; fac-simile of diary in London, 105; interview with Lord North, 105; goes to Europe, 105; his report, 106; his notes of debates in Parliament, 112.

Quincy, Josiah (_President_), _Life of Josiah Quincy, Jr._, 94.

Quincy, Samuel, autog., 51.

Quincy, Samuel M., edits _Reports of Cases, by Josiah Quincy, Jr._, 68.

Quincy mansion at Quincy, Mass., 96.

Quinton's Bridge, 442.

Rahl, Col., at Trenton, 374; killed, 375; attacks Fort Washington, 289, 338.

Rainer, G. S., 330.

"Raleigh", Continental vessel, 576.

Rall. _See_ Rahl.

Ramapo, 379.

Ramsay, Allen, _Hist. Essay on the English Constitution_, 89; _Thoughts on the Origin of Government_, 85.

Ramsay, David, a prisoner, 533; map of Southern campaigns, 537; _Revolution in South Carolina_, 507; his career, 508; _Amer. Revolution_, 67; his acc. of Wyoming, 663.

Ramsey, J. G. M., _Annals of Tennessee_, 536, 678, 708.

Ramsour's Mill, fight at, 475, 510, 529.

Randall, O. E., _Chesterfield, N. H._, 355.

Randolph, Edmund, 259.

Randolph, Col. T. J., 258.

"Randolph", blown up, 571.

Randon, John, 194.

"Ranger." _See_ Jones, Paul.

Rangers on the frontiers, 608.

Rankin, E. E., address at Fairfield, 557.

Rantoul, Robt., Jr., oration at Concord, 184.

Rariton Bay, 327.

Rathbourne, I., in the "Queen of France", 583.

Rathbun, Jonathan, _Narrative_, 562.

Ratzer, Bernard, his different maps of N. Y., 328, 332, 333; surveys of New Jersey, 409; his surveys, 341.

Raum, _Trenton_, 407.

Ravenal, Daniel, 528.

Rawdon, Lord, drawing of Bunker Hill battle made for him, 197; in the South, 476; at Hobkirk's Hill, 488, 541; captured, 534; case of Hayne, 534; retreats to Monk's Corner, 489; portraits, 489; made Marquis of Hastings, 489; at Camden, 530; his letters to Rugely, 532; relieves Ninety-six, 493, 544.

Rawle, W. H., on Lambert Cadwalader, 341.

Rawlings, Col., 288.

Raymond, H. J., address at Tarrytown, 466.

Read, Geo., autog., 265; life of, 265.

Read, Thos., assigned to the "Bourbon", 583.

Read, W. T., 416.

Read, Dr. Wm., _Reminiscences_, 537.

Reading, Pa., 383.

Red Bank, 386, 425, 435, 437.

Red Clay Creek, Pa., 381, 421.

Red Jacket, 662.

Red Lion, Pa., 421.

Redman, Rebecca, 452.

Reed, Esther, life of, 436.

Reed, Col. James, at Bunker Hill, 190.

Reed, John, _City and Liberties of Philad._, 442.

Reed, Joseph, writes to Dartmouth during the Congress of 1774, 90, 104; letters to Josiah Quincy, 106; autog., 141; letter on the siege of Boston, 173; on Washington's indecision, 403; portrait, 405; on the campaign of 1776 in Jersey, 405.

Reed, W. B., on Thomas Paine, 269; on the retreat from Long Island, 330; oration on reinterment of Mercer, 412; on Brandywine, 418; _Esther Reed_, 436.

Reed-Cadwalader controversy, 407.

Regulators, war of, 80. _See_ North Carolina.

Renault, J. F., map of Yorktown, 553.

Renwick, _Benj. Thompson_, 546.

Revenue to be obtained from the colonies, 15, 24; cases tried, 23; seizures, 28.

Revere, Paul, engraves likeness of Sam. Adams, 40; makes plan of State Street, 47; engraves view of massacre, 47; his views of Boston, 81; as an engraver, 81; at Portsmouth, 117; his signal, 123; his ride, 123, 173, 174; where were his lanterns shown? 174; paper by E. H. Goss, 47, 175; portraits, 175; commands artillery in the Penobscot expedition, 603; re-engraves West picture of Bouquet's Indian council, 695.

Reynolds, Gov., _My own Times_, 721.

Reynolds, Grindall, 184.

Reynolds, John, 729, 734; _Illinois_, 708.

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, paints Burgoyne, 293; paints Cornwallis, 474; his _Engraved Works_, 474; portrait of Tarleton, 517; _Catalogue_ by Hamilton, 517.

Rhode Island, illicit trade in, 26; com. of correspondence, 90; cannon concealed (1774), 117; equips troops (1775), 122; renounces allegiance to England, 257; retained her original charter, 274; creates a navy (1775), 565, 567; Esek Hopkins, 568; her seamen, 587; privateers, 591; the "Gen. Washington", 591; English fleet in (1776), 593; fire-ships proposed, 593; campaign (1778), 592; maps of, 596, 598, 600, 602.

Rich, Obadiah, 608.

Rich, _Truro_, 568.

Richards, Thomas, 331; account of attack on Fort Clinton, etc., 364.

Richardson, Ebenezer, shot Snider, 89.

Richman, Andrew, 153.

Richmond, old Raleigh Tavern, 259.

Rider, S. S., on the R. I. campaign of 1778, 595.

Ridgeley, _Annapolis_, 327.

Riedesel, Baron, in Cambridge, 142; with Burgoyne, 294; his comments on Burgoyne, 358; life by Eelking, 361; his wife conceals Hessian flags, 319; on Bennington, 354.

Riley, E. S., Jr., 117.

Rising Sun Tavern, Pa., 421.

Rittenhouse, David, 371.

Ritzema, Rudolphus, 222.

Rivington's _Gazette_, or _Gazetteer_, 98, 110; his press destroyed, 323.

Robbin, Rev. Ammi R., his journal, 346.

Robbins, Jonathan, 681.

Roberts, Algernon, 326, 403.

Roberts, Dr., of Boston, 47.

Roberts, Ellis H., _Oriskany_, 351.

Roberts, George, 398.

Robertson, Col. Charles, 677.

Robertson, Gen., 461; in N. Y., 284.

Robin, Abbé, _Travels_, 560.

Robinson, Beverly, his supposed letter to Arnold, 452; his house, 452, 458, 462, 465; endeavors to save André, 461.

Robinson, J. DeLancey, 535.

Robinson, M. M., 198.

Rochambeau, Le Comte de, his maps, 345; _Mèmoires_, 516, 560; in Soulé's _Troubles_, 516; portraits, 498; autog., 498; sails from Brest, 498; at Newport, 499; meets Washington at Weathersfield, 499, 560; leaves Newport, 499; reaches the Hudson, 500, 561; map of route, 561; marches to Virginia, 500; his maps of Yorktown, 553; march of his army to Yorktown, 551; alleged journal, 554; corresp. with the R. I. authorities, 560; arrives in America, 560; his instructions, 560; letters, 560; blockaded in Newport, 560; maps of his camps, etc., about N. Y. (1781), 561; at Odell House in Westchester, 561; meets Washington at New Windsor, 561; at Williamsburg, 744; sails for France, 745.

Rocheblave, Gov., at Vincennes, 719; sent to Williamsburg, 723; account of him, 723.

Rochefoucault-Liancourt, _Travels_, 658.

Rock River, 741.

Rockingham, ministry, 21, 31, 74; attacked, 76; portrait, 31.

Rockwell, E. F., 98, 678.

Rocky Hill, N. J., 408; Washington at, 746.

Rocky Mount, 475.

Rodney, Admiral Sir George, relations with Sir Henry Clinton, 501; at N. Y., 454, 458.

Rodney, Cæsar, 405; autog., 265; life, 266; on the battle of Long Island, 327; commands Delaware militia, 380.

Rodney, Capt. Thomas, 407.

Rogers, Col. David, 738.

Rogers Gen. Horatio, edits _Hadden's Journal_, 359.

Rogers, Lieut. John, 725.

Rogers, Josias, _Memoirs_, 527.

Rogers, J. E. T., edits _Protests of the Lords_, 74; Franklin's notes on, 74.

Rogers, Maj. Robert, on the Pontiac War, 690, 701; his MS. diary, 701.

Rogers, T. J., _Departed Heroes_, 508.

Rolfe, J., _Naval Biog._, 589.

Romans, Bernard, at Fort George (Lake George), 129; acc. of, 129; plan of siege of Boston, 207; surveys of Carolina, 538; lines on Boston Neck, 212.

Rome, N. Y., 351.

Romilly, Sir Samuel, justified the execution of André, 463.

Romney, G., paints Brant, 625; Thomas Paine, 269.

"Romney", man-of-war, 43.

Rondthaler, _Heckewelder_, 736.

Rosengarten, J. C., on the German soldiers in Newport, 601.

Rosenthal, Louis, 269.

Ross, Chas., his _Cornwallis Correspondence_, 516.

Ross, Geo., autog., 265; life, 266.

Ross, Lieut., _Map of Mississippi_, 720; section of, 721.

Rowland, K. M., "Virginia Cavaliers", 407.

Roxbury (Mass.), camp, 203; lines at, 206, 210; roads of, 120, 121; view of lines, 130; view of, 149.

_Royal American Magazine_, 40, 81, 271.

Royce, C. C., 735.

Rugeley Mills, 476.

Ruggles, Timothy, president of the Congress of 1765, 30, 74; organized an association of loyalists, 97, 118.

Rum made in New England, 25.

Rumford, Count. _See_ Thompson, Benj.

Rupp, I. D., _Western Penna._, 693.

Rush, Benj., approves John Adams's _Thoughts on Government_, 272; autog., 264; and the Conway cabal, 392; life, 265.

Rush, Richard, _Washington in Domestic Life_, 466.

Rushbrooke, Barham, likeness of Gen. Lee, 406.

Rusoe d'Eres, C. D., 222.

Russell, Major Benj., 467.

Russell, Earl, his books on C. J. Fox, 112; on the Decl. of Indep., 269.

_Russell's Magazine_, 519.

Rutherford, Gen. Griffeth, 475, 676, 677, 678.

Rutland, Mass., 298, 321.

Rutledge, Edw., 264; life by Flanders, 73, 520; life by A. Middleton, 265; autog., 266; proposes neutrality for S. C., 470, 520.

Rutledge, H. M., life of Arthur Middleton, 265.

Ruttenber, E. M., _Obstructions in the Hudson River_, 323, 465; _Orange County_, 662.

Ryerson, _Loyalists of America_, 523, 670.

Sabine, Lorenzo, _Report on Fisheries_, 568.

Sackville Papers, 516.

Saffrel, W. T. R., _Records_, 418.

Sag Harbor, expedition to, 591.

Saint. _See_ St.

Salem (Muskingum Valley), 734.

Salem, Mass., Leslie at, 119, 172; her privateers, 586.

Saltonstall, Capt. Dudley, in the navy, 570; commands the fleet sent against Penobscot, 582, 603; quarrels with Lovell, 603; blamed by court of inquiry, 604.

Sampson, Deborah, 191.

Sampson, Simeon, in the "Ranger", 583.

Sanderson, John, lives of Franklin and B. Rush, 265; _Signers of the Decl. of Indep._, 265.

Sands, Robert, edits _Life of Paul Jones_, 590; annotated copy, 590.

Sandusky, the modern city, 735; the old site, 735; missionaries at, 735.

Sandy Hook, 340; lighthouse, 325.

Sanguinet, Simon, _La Guerre des Bastonnais_, 223.

Santee River, 475; High Hills of, 493.

Sappington, John, 711.

Saratoga, N. Y., 609; articles of surrender at, 317, 358; authorities on the surrender, 358; prisoners and stores, 358; strength of the two armies, 358; monument at, 366. _See_ Burgoyne, Schuyler, Gates.

Sargent, John, 613.

Sargent, L. M., _Dealings with the Dead_, 72, 461; on Leonard as Massachusettensis, 110.

Sargent, Winthrop, 106; _Life and Career of Maj. John André_, 464; on the Cincinnati Society, 746; _Stansbury and Odell_, 273.

Sartigan, 655.

Saunderson, H. H., _Charlestown, N. H._, 355.

Saunderson, Lieut., march to Yorktown, 554.

Sauthier, C. J., map of Hudson River and the Canada route, 349; of Canada, 349; map of New York province (1774), 340, 341; map of N. Y. campaign (1776), 336, 338; plan of Fort Washington, 338.

Savage, S. P., 92.

Savannah, attacked (1778), 469, 519; D'Estaing at (1779), 470; assault, 471, 523; evacuated (1782), 507, 546; maps, 521; accounts, 522.

Sawyer, Capt. Samuel, diary, 326.

Scalps, Americans charged with buying, 683; bounties, 681; divided, 682; bought by British generals, 731; want of evidence as regards the English buying them, 683.

Scammans, Col., court-martial, 189.

Scammell, Alexander, 128, 466; in Lexington, 178; letters (Winter Hill), 203; letters on Canada exped., 216; killed, 502, 555; Burgoyne's surrender, 358.

Scharff, _St. Louis_, 740.

Schaukirk, E. G., diary, 325

Scheifflin, Lieut., 729.

Schenectady, 609.

Schoharie Valley ravaged, 644, 658.

Schönbrun, 734.

Schoolcraft, H. R., on Oriskany, 351; _Indian Tribe_, 652.

Schulenberg on Burgoyne's surrender, 364.

Schuyler, G. W., on the landmarks of Burgoyne's campaign, 361.

Schuyler, Gen. Philip, differences with Wooster, 161; on Ticonderoga (1775), 214; in command of the Northern department (1775), 215; papers, 215; on the siege of Quebec, 221; prepares for the campaign of 1777, 293; autograph, 297; joined by St. Clair, at Fort Edward, 298; portrait, 298; accounts of, 298; his family, 298; his Albany house, 298; his wife, 298; at Fort Miller, 298; his headquarters at Saratoga, 356; orderly-book (1777), 359; secures Guy Johnson's war-belt, 624; ordered to arrest Sir John Johnson, 624; his "Peacock expedition", 625; on the employment of Indians, 673; Indian commissioner, 674; his quarrel with Gates, 346; correspondence with Gouverneur Morris during the Burgoyne campaign, 358; _Proc. Court Martial_, 358; disliked by New Englanders, 161, 358, 359; in command of the Northern department (1777), 348; proclamation, 350; calls out militia, 356; his spy, 356; superseded by Gates, 356; controversy of Bancroft with G. W. Schuyler and others over his conduct, 316, 356; intercedes for Arnold, 452; his expedition to Tryon County, 653; in N. Y., 1775, watching Tryon, 142; authorized to advance into Canada, 161; resigns the command to Montgomery, 162; relieved of command in Canada, 165; at Stillwater, 298; superseded by Gates, 301; his military character, 316.

Schuyler, Hanyost, 351.

_Scot's Magazine_, 516.

Scott, Capt., sent by Burgoyne to open communication with Clinton, 364.

Scott, Eben G., _Development of Constitutional Liberty_, 64.

Scott, Geo. G., _Saratoga Address_, 366.

Scott, Capt. James, marries Hancock's widow, 270.

Scudder, H. E., "Life in Boston during the Siege", 204; _Men and Manners_, 204; on siege of Boston, 173; on Bunker Hill, 191.

Scull, G. D., _Capt. Evelyn_, 183, 205; _Evelyns in America_, 183, 364; edits Montresor's Journal, 419.

Scull and Heap, map of Philad., 442.

Scull, _Map of Penna._, 416.

Seabury, Samuel, arrested, 98; his tracts, 104.

Sears, Isaac, 98.

Seaver, Jas. E., _Mary Jemison_, 662.

Seaver, _Mary Jemison_, 683.

Secker, Archbp., 243.

Sedgwick, Theo., Jr., 359.

Seeley, J. R., _Expansion of England_, 66, 255.

Ségur, Count, _Mémoires_, 560.

Selman, Capt., 565.

Seneca Lake, Sullivan on, 640.

Senecas, incursions of, 605; their numbers, 610; their great Castle, 640; destroyed, 641; in St. Leger's army, 661; on the Alleghany, 671.

Senff, Col., 531; his plan of Camden, 533.

Senter, Isaac, _Exped. against Quebec_, 219.

Seven Years' War, 14.

Sevier, Col. John, 478; portrait, 535; fights the Indians, 677.

Sewall, Jonathan, 108; autog., 50; his house in Cambridge, 142.

Sewall, W., _Method of making Saltpetre_, 108.

Seward, Miss, _Monody on André_, 464.

Seward, W. H., on Cherry Valley, 666; on Sullivan's expedition (1779), 671.

Seymour, Horatio, on Burgoyne's surrender, 361.

Seymour, Wm., _Southern Expedition, 1780-83_, 531.

Shabbakong Creek, 377.

Shallos, Jacob, 227.

Sharp, Granville, _Declaration of the people's natural right_, 106.

Sharp, W. S., reprints Smith's _New Jersey_, 409.

Shattuck, Lemuel, 184; his _Concord_, 184.

Shaw, Maj. Samuel, 467; _Journals_, 191.

Shawanese, 610; history of, 735; make treaty, 702; their ravages, 709.

Shea, J. G., edits _Operations of the French Fleet_, 502, 548.

Sheffield, Wm. P., _Rhode Island Privateers_, 591.

Sheftall, Capt. Mordecai, _Acc. of his Capture_, 519.

Shelburne, Earl of, 21; attacks the government for using Indians, 621; retires (1767), 43.

Shelby, Col. Evan, 677.

Shelby, Col. Isaac, 478, 678; portrait, 535; acc. of, 536; at King's Mountain, 535.

Sheldon, Col., at Poundridge, 557; receives André, 458.

Shelpot Creek, 421.

Sheppard, J. H., _Com. Tucker_, 567.

Sherburne, Andrew, _Memoirs_, 404, 525, 590.

Sherburne, J. H., _Paul Jones_, 589.

Sherman, Roger, on com. to draft Declar. of Indep., 230; portrait and autog., 262, 263; life of, 265; on Burgoyne's campaign, 358.

Shimmin, Wm., 464.

Shipbuilding, discouraged, 8; in New England, 563.

Shipley, Bishop, _Speech intended_, etc., 97; references, 97; portrait, 97.

Shippack Creek, 423.

Shippen, Edward, 402.

Shippen, Peggy, 402, 449; corresponds with André, 449; marries Benedict Arnold, 449; her knowledge of his treason, 449.

Shippen Papers, 464.

Ships must be English built, 8.

Shirley, Gov. William, his house, 156; character, 22; his stamp act (1755), 11; Writs of Assistance, 12.

Shoes manufactured in Lynn, 39.

Short, W. T. P., 222.

Shreve, John, 419.

Shuldham, Admiral, arrives at Boston, 152.

Silliman, Gen., on Harlem, 334; on the Saratoga battlefield, 357.

Simcoe, Col. J. G., raiding near Philadelphia, 442; offered to try to rescue André, 467; in Virginia, 546; his maps, 547; _Journal_, 518; _Queen's Rangers_, 395, 518; pursues Steuben in Va., 497; fight at Spencer's Ordinary, 497.

Simms, Jephtha R., _Schoharie County_, or _The Frontiersmen of N. Y._, 659.

Simms, W. G., _Views and Reviews_, 464; _Life of Gen. Greene_, 510; _Life of Marion_, 512; on King's Mountain, 536; novels of Revolutionary times, 545.

Simond, T. C., _South Boston_, 156.

Simpson, Thomas, 472.

Simpson, Wm., plan of Stony Point, 558.

Sinclair, Lt.-Gov., 737; his letters, 738.

Sioux Indians, 738, 741.

Six Nations, boundary line, 605, 609; map of their country, 607, 608; their conquered territory, 609; conflicts with the Cherokee claims, 610; their numbers, 610; their allies, 610; addressed by Congress, 616; support Guy Johnson, 619; professions of peace, 619; the ministry order them to service, 620; Lord North defends such use, 621; divided in their councils, 622; invaded by Sullivan, 640; their claims of land by conquest, 650; divided in the Rev. War, 659; their houses and way of living, 668, 669; with some exceptions join the British, 623, 627; Congress attempts to lure them to their side, 633; their supremacy over other tribes, 706. _See_ Iroquois.

Skene, Philip, 214.

Skenesborough, fight at, 297.

Skinners (on the Hudson), 456.

Slave-trade, 9.

Slavery and the Declar. of Independence, 239.

Slover, John, _Narrative_, 736.

Small, John, Major, 153; at Bunker Hill, 138; likeness by Trumbull, 197.

Smallwood, Gen., 393, 533; in the South, 477; his Marylanders, 329.

Smedley, Samuel, 568.

Smibert, his portrait of Mayhew, 71.

Smith, Adam, 63; _Wealth of Nations_, 7, 9, 253; controverted by Brougham, 9.

Smith, Aubrey H., 219.

Smith, Chas., _American War_, 189, 200.

Smith, Charles C., on André, 464; on Cornwallis, 516; edits Henshaw's orderly-book, 204; edits Jolley Allen's _Sufferings_, 205; on making gunpowder, 108.

Smith, Col., sent out by Gage to scour the country, 119; his report on Lexington, 178.

Smith, E. V., _Newburyport_, 568.

Smith, Goldwin, _Study of History_, 93; on Yorktown, 555.

Smith, Horace W., edits _Proceedings_ of André's examination, 461; _Siege of Yorktown_, 553.

Smith, Isaac, 187.

Smith, James, autog., 265; life, 266.

Smith, Col. James, _Life and Travels_, 248.

Smith, J. A. 184.

Smith, Joshua Hett, brings André ashore, 454; his house, 454, 455, 456; his character, 456; arrested, 460; his trial, 463; Dawson's _Record of the Trial_, etc., 463; escapes to England, 463; his _Narrative_, 463.

Smith, J. S., _Memoir of De Kalb_, 530.

Smith, Lloyd P., 746.

Smith, Marshall, _Legends_, 708.

Smith, Noah, on Bennington, 355.

Smith, R. P., life of Hopkinson, 265.

Smith, Col. Samuel, wounded at Fort Mifflin, 388; on the Delaware (1777), 431.

Smith, Seba, 173.

Smith, Thomas, _Mecklenburg Declaration_, 257.

Smith, Wm. _Hist. Acc. of Exped. against Ohio Indians_, 696, 699; editions, 699; letter on Stamp Act, 73; on Montgomery, 216.

Smith, Wm. Henry, _Life of St. Clair_, 349; on Princeton, 412.

Smith, chaplain at Saratoga, 360.

Smucker, Isaac, 708; _Ohio Pioneer History_, 736.

Smyth, J. F. D., _Tour in the U. S._, 652.

Snider, the boy, killed, 85, 89.

Snow, a vessel, 572.

Sons of Liberty, 30; in N. Y., 53; history of, 72; their correspondence, 72; correspond with John Wilkes, 72; support non-importation, 78; propose a Congress (1774), 99.

Sorel River, 215.

Soulés, _Troubles_, etc., 560.

South Carolina, agrees to a Stamp Act Congress, 30, 73; non-importation in, 79; _Letters of a Freeman_, 79; movements (1774), 98; rice-planters in, 117; in the Cont. Congress, 235; adopts a constitution, 272; militia in, 478; maps, 537, 538; her naval force, 571.

Spain, her North American possessions, 685; settlements on the Mississippi to be attacked by England, 738; at war with Great Britain, 738; her assistance to G. R. Clark, 742; her relations to the United States, 742; would restrict their boundaries, 742; invades the Illinois country, 743.

Spanish Main, commerce with, 25.

Sparks, Jared, intended history of the Stamp Act, 75; occupies Craigie House, 142; _Life of Ethan Allen_, 214; _Charles Lee_, 407; on Brandywine, 418; _Life and Treason of Arnold_, 464; the documents given in his _Washington_, 464; reviews Johnson's _Greene_, 511; on Pulaski, 522, 524; prompts Mackenzie's life of Paul Jones, 590; gives a due share of blame to the Americans for the use of Indians, 622.

Speed, Thomas, _Wilderness Road_, 708.

Speier, R. J., 194.

Spencer, Joseph, 134.

Spencer, J. A., _United States_, 665.

Spencer's Ordinary, fight at, 497.

Sprague, Wm. B., 264.

Springfield, N. J., action at, 559.

Springfield, N. Y., burned, 633.

Sproule, Capt. George, _Environs of Charleston_, 528.

Squier, Ephraim, 219; diary, 360.

St. Ange de Bellerive at Fort Chartres, 701.

St. Augustine, plan of, 538.

St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, commands at Ticonderoga, 296, 348; evacuates the post, 296; his trial, 349; _Life and Public Services_, 349; his papers, 350; portrait, 297; other likenesses, 297; his house, 297; at Castleton, 297; hears of Lexington fight, 178; sent South, 546, 744; at West Point, 460.

St. François Indians, 656; at Cambridge, 655.

St. John Indians, 617.

St. John (Sorel River), island of, fort on, 215, 216; attacked (1775), 565; surrenders, 162, 217.

St. Lawrence, gulf, chart, 215; river, chart, 215.

St. Leger, Col. Barry, his part in Burgoyne's campaign, 296; authorities, 351; portrait, 351; his letter from Oswego, 366; his expedition, 299, 628; diagram of his order of march, 628; attacks Fort Stanwix, 628; his proclamation, 629; defeats Herkimer, 631; retreats, 300, 632; his opinion of Indians, 632; number of his troops, 661; offers for scalps, 683.

St. Louis attacked, 730, 737, 739.

St. Luc, La Corne, 351.

St. Pierre and Miquelon, trade with, prohibited, 27.

St. Simon, Gen., in Virginia, 501.

Ste. Geneviève, 738.

Stamp Act (1755), 11, 72; (1765), 29, 333; Franklin's view, 5; violence, 24; threatened (1764), 26; Franklin asks for patronage under it, 29; arouses indignation, 29; petitions against, in Parliament, 32; rejoicing in London, 33; riots and compensation for them, 34; origin of, 72; debates on it languid, 72; Congress determined on, 72; title of act, 72; the stamps, 72; repealed, 32, 74; debates on the repeal, 74; the lords protest, 74, 85; Congress to consider the act, 29, 30, 74; _Authentic Account_, 74; _Journal_, 74; references, 74; Tory support of act, 75; American and British authorities on the turmoil, 75; Sparks intended a history, 75.

Stanhope, Earl (_see_ Mahon), _Miscellanies_, 464.

Stanley, Dean, _Westminster Abbey_, 461.

Stanwix, Fort, 274; movements near (1777), 350; authorities, 351; bounds of treaty at, 650, 706, 707; described, 660; rumors of its capture, 672. _See_ Fort.

Staples, W. R., _Doc. Hist. of the Destruction of the Gaspee_, 90; _Annals of Providence_, 565.

Stark, Caleb, _Memoir of Gen. Stark_, 301.

Stark, Gen. John, on Bunker Hill, 137, 187, 190; at siege of Boston, 134; autog., 137; notices, 190; letters (Winter Hill), 203; at Bennington, 300; silhouette, 301; his monument, 301; homestead, 301; portraits, 301; memoir, 301; life of, by Caleb Stark, 354; his letters about Bennington, 354; his papers, 354.

Staten Island, 340, 404; British on, 275, 326; map, 327; Sullivan's raid on, 417; expedition to (1780), 561.

Stearns's _North Amer. Almanac_, 178.

Stedman, Charles, _Amer. War_, 518, 659; under Cornwallis, 517; his _History_ noticed by Clinton, 517.

Stedman, James, 464.

Stenton, situation of, 425, 429.

Stephen, Gen. Adam, 144, 421; at Brandywine, 381.

Steuben, Baron, at Valley Forge, 393; inspector-general, 393, 437; reorganizes the army, 560; in Virginia, 496, 515, 546, 732; pursued by Simcoe, 497; portraits, 497; lives of, 515.

Stevens, B. F., 467, 719; _Howe's Orderly-Book_, 415.

Stevens, Henry, 359.

Stevens, J. A., on Stamp Act times in New York, 73; on New York in the Continental Congress, 99; "Birth of the Empire State", 274; on Harlem fight, 334; on Benedict _Arnold_, 357; on Burgoyne's campaign, 366; on Washington's headquarters at Tappan, 460; on Arnold's _Arnold_, 464; on the French in Virginia, 516; on their departure, 745; on Camden, 530; on Gates at Camden, 532; on Lafayette's expedition against Arnold, 547; on Rochambeau's march to Virginia and return, 551; edits Fersen's letters, 554; on Yorktown, 555; on the combined movements near N. Y., 561; on the campaign in R. I. (1778), 601.

Stevens, _History of Georgia_, 522.

Steward, Rev. James, and Trumbull's _Indian Wars_, 651.

Stickney, Chas. E., _Minisink Region_, 662.

Stiles, Ezra, on Bunker Hill, 187; portrait and autog., 188; his account of Long Island battle, 329.

Stiles, H. R., _Brooklyn_, 330; _Fort Chartres_, 705.

Stillman, Wm. J., _Poetic Localities of Cambridge_, 142.

Stillwater, battle, 356; Schuyler at, 298.

Stirling, Gen. Lord, captured at Brooklyn, 279, 280, 328; at Monmouth, 400, 444; portrait, 280; in N. Y. (1776), 325; his house, 331; at Princeton, 368; at Brandywine, 381; at Germantown, 385; on Trenton, 407.

Stirling, Capt. Thomas, 705, 706.

Stockbridge Indians, 655; enlisted, 120, 612, 674; visit the Six Nations, 613; addicted to liquor, 613; at siege of Boston, 613, 657; at White Plains, 613; at King's Bridge, 613; in Indiana (1819), 613.

Stockton, H., life of R. Stockton, 265.

Stockton, Richard, 108; autog., 264; life by H. Stockton, 265.

Stoddard, _Louisiana_, 737.

Stoddard, Frances Mary, 205.

Stoddard, R. H., 193.

Stokes, Chief Justice Anthony, 522; _View of the British Constitution_, 523.

Stone, Enos, account of Hubbardton fight, 350.

Stone, E. M., _John Howland_, 90, 405; _Invasion of Canada_, 219; on Yorktown, 555; _French Allies_, 560; on the R. I. campaign (1778), 601.

Stone, F. D., "Philadelphia Society", 260; "The Struggle for the Delaware", 367.

Stone, Thos., autog., 265; life, 266.

Stone, W. L. (_Senior_), _Sir Wm. Johnson_, 647; _Brant_, 247, 351, 657; _Red Jacket_, 247; _Border Wars of the Rev._, 247, 657; _Wyoming_, 247; _Uncas and Miantonomoh_, 247; account of, 247; on New York and the Dec. of Indep., 262; memoir of George Clinton, 308.

Stone, W. L. (_the younger_), edits Pausch, 347; on Moses Harris, 356; _Cent. Cel. of Burgoyne's Surrender_, 357; on Major Acland, 358; _Wyoming_, 665; _Orderly-Book of Sir John Johnson_, 351; _Campaign of Burgoyne_, 351; _Saratoga and Ballston_, 360; "Burgoyne in a New Light", 360; notes to Pausch's Journal, 360; _Campaign of Burgoyne_, 361; _Cent. Cel. of Burgoyne's Surrender_, 361; translates the Riedesel memoirs, 361; landmarks of Burgoyne's campaign, 361.

Stone Arabia (N. Y.), 609, 644.

Stone, _Beverley, Mass._, 350.

Stonington, Conn., attacked, 145.

Stono River, 526; attacked by Lincoln, 520.

Stony Point, 455, 456, 465, 556; plans of, 557, 558; attacked, 558; medals, 559.

Stormont, Lord, his correspondence, 592.

Storrs, Experience, 203.

Storrs, Lt.-Col., 188.

Stow, Edw., 204.

Strahan, Wm., corresp. with Franklin, 85; on the repeal of the Stamp Act, 74.

Straus, _Origin of Repub. Form of Govt._, 71.

Street, A. B., on Burgoyne's campaign, 357; on Saratoga, 361.

Strobel, P. A., _Salzburghers_, 523.

Strong, _Flatbush_, 330.

Stryker, W. S., _Maxwell's brigade in Sullivan's Exped._, 670; _Block House at Tom's River_, 744; _New Jersey line in Va._, 555; on Princeton, 412.

Stuart, Gilbert, paints John Brooks, 202; Gates, 303; Gansevoort, 629; John Adams, 36.

Stuart, I. W., _Jona. Trumbull_, 674; _Nathan Hale_, 334.

Stuart, Capt. John, 714; _Indian Wars_, 714; supt. of Southern Indians, 615, 620; instructed by Gage to stir up the Indians, 620.

Stuart, Lieut.-Col., at Eutaws, 545.

Suffolk, Earl of, justifies use of Indians, 621.

Suffolk Resolves, 100, 236.

Sugar Act (1733), 63, 72; modified, 25.

Sugar Islands, 7, 686.

Sullivan, James, on the Penobscot exped., 603.

Sullivan, Gen. John, portrait, 68; sent to Portsmouth (1775), 146; sent to Canada, 166; took command, 167; retreats to Crown Point, 167; at Winter Hill (1776), 203; in command on Long Island, 278; his character, 278; wished the command at Ticonderoga (1777), 348; joins Washington (1776), 373; at Trenton, 375, 407; at Brandywine, 381, 418; at Germantown, 385; his raid on Staten Island, 417; at Chestnut Hill, 419; on the Conway Cabal, 446; in the Rhode Island campaign, 593; advances, 595; assails D'Estaing in an order, 595; retires, 595; fighting takes place, 595; his report on the R. I. campaign, 595; crosses to mainland, 598; his conduct criticised, 598; defended by T. C. Amory, 598; his orders, 598; letters, 598; effect on the country, 601; his proclamation, 653; journals of his Indian exped., 671, 681; lists them, 681; all published by the State of New York, 681; the army's route, 681; losses in his campaign (1779), 642; maps of his marches, 642; portrait, 637; autog., 637; his house, 637; his family, 637; commands exped. against the Indians, 638; exped. against the Indians, 666; acc. by Gordon, 666; life, by Amory, 666; by Peabody, 667, 670; his force (1779), 667; not intending to attack Niagara, 669; brigade book, siege of Boston, 204; captured at Brooklyn, 279, 280; in command in Canada, 226; letters, 226; the battle of Long Island, 327.

Sullivan's Island (1776), 169, 170; view of fort, 228; attack, 229; authorities, 229; the news in Philadelphia, 229; contemp. accounts, 229; plan of the attack, 229; general American accounts, 229; British accounts, 229, 230.

Sulte, B., _Canadiens Français_, 164.

Sumner, Geo., _Oration_ (1859), 592, 738.

Sumner, Wm. H., 123; on Gen. Warren, 194; on Hancock, 271.

Sumter, Gen., 475; in the South, 477; attacked by Tarleton, 478, 480; threatens to resign, 490; harasses Greene, 492; at Fishdam Ford, 532; portraits, 532; on Weemys's attack, 536; his differences with Morgan, 537.

Sunbury, Georgia, 519.

Susquehanna Company of Connecticut, 680.

Sutherland, Capt. of the "Vulture", 461.

Sutton, Sir Richard, 232.

Sutton (Mass.) men at Lexington, 182.

Swain, D. L., on invasion of N. Carolina, 168; _Indian War of 1776_, 678.

Sweat, Samuel, letters (Winter Hill), 203.

Swedes' Ford, 425.

Swett, Col. Samuel, papers on Bunker Hill, 189, 191; plan of Bunker Hill, 202; acc. of, 191; autog., 191.

Sylvester, R. B., _Saratoga_, etc., 366.

Sylvester, Richard, 83.

Talbot, Major, wounded at Fort Mifflin, 389.

Talbot, Silas, in Rhode Island, 602; lives of, 603.

Tallmadge, B., 464; his letters, etc., on André, 466; his estimate of the captors of André, 466; portraits and autog., 457; _Memoir_, 457; and André, 458, 460.

Tappan, N. Y., André at, 460; De Wint House, 460; Seventy-Six Stone House, 460.

Tarbox, Increase N., his views on the question of the command at Bunker Hill, 191; _Life of Putnam_, 191.

Tardieu, P. F., _Carte des Etats Unis_, 675.

Tarleton, Col., at the siege of Charlestown, S. C., 473; defeats Buford, 475; at Black-Stocks, 536; at the Cowpens, 481, 538; at Poundridge, 557; raid in Va., 497, 515; _Campaign of 1780 and 1781_, 517; his losses, 517; his career, 517; portrait, 517; Mackenzie's _Strictures_, 517; at Camden, 530; attacks Sumter, 478; pursues Marion, 480; pursues Morgan, 481; at Guilford, 486; at the Waxhaws, 527; at Fishdam Ford, 532.

Tarrytown, N. Y., monument at, 466.

Tate, W., 223.

Taxation of the colonies, ministerial view, 17; colonial view, 17; right of, 63; denied, 24; internal and external, 50; first movement against, 68; _Reasons why the British colonies should not be charged with internal taxes_, 70; the government view in the Protest of the Lords against repeal of Stamp Act, 74; _History of Amer. Taxation, 1763-1775_, 75; pro and con arguments in Read's _George Read_, 75; Soame Jenyns's _Objections_, 75; James Otis's _Considerations_, 75; _Regulations lately made_, 75; tracts on, 75; _Letter to a Member_, 75; _Objections to the taxation_, etc., 75; _Good Humour_, 85; _Inquiry into the nature of the present disputes_, 85; _True constitutional way of putting an end to the disputes_, 85; Johnson's _Taxation no tyranny_, 109; _Defence of the American Congress_, 109; _Letter to Dr. Price_, 109.

Taylor, Eldad, 205.

Taylor, Geo., autog., 265; life, 266.

Taylor, Janette, 590.

Taylor, John, life of John Penn, 265.

Taylor, John, _Inquiry_, etc., 272.

Taylor, J. W., _Ohio_, 708.

Taylor, R., on Geo. Mason, 272.

Tea, destroyed, 46, 91; duty on, 46; importation of it arouses Philadelphia, 57; and the other colonies, 57; in Boston, 91; in N. H., 92; in Connecticut, 93; in New York, 93; in Pennsylvania, 93; fac-simile of broadside, 93; in N. Carolina, 93; tax on, to remain, 51.

Teller, _Ridgefield, Conn._, 348.

Temple, John, duel with Whateley, 93.

Tennessee, 708; Haywood's hist. of, 678.

Ternant, Gen., 513.

Ternay, Chev. de, 499; at Newport, 499, 560; dies, 499; his tomb, 499; autog., 500.

Tetard Hill (N. Y.), 287, 338, 339.

Thacher, B. B., 91.

Thacher, Dr. James, 464; _Military Journal_, 189, 202, 660.

Thacher, Oxenbridge, 13; _Sentiments of a British American_, 70; dies, 70.

Thacher, Peter, oration on Boston Massacre, 88; his account of Bunker Hill, 186.

Thaxter, Jos., 178.

Thayendanegea. _See_ Brant, Joseph.

Thayer, Capt. Simeon, _Journal_, 219; at Fort Mifflin, 388.

Thomas, E. S., _Reminiscences_, 184, 412.

Thomas, Gen. John, 108; second in command under Ward, 134; at Roxbury, 134; at Dorchester Heights, 156; his headquarters in Roxbury, 156; at Quebec, 225; letters, 225; made general, 119, 165; in command at Roxbury, 130; ordered to Canada, 165; retreats from Quebec, 166; dies, 167; portrait, 167; _Memoir_, 167; affronted at Congress, 167.

Thomas, Isaiah, 122; _Narrative of Lexington_, etc., 175; _Mass. Kalendar_, 47.

Thomas, Lieut. John, on Louisiana, 737.

Thomas, W. H. B., 214.

Thompson, Benj., Count Rumford, 507; in Boston, 128; in S. Carolina, 545; lives of, 546.

Thompson, Eben, _Memoir_, by Mary P. Thompson, 117.

Thompson, Gen., on Canada exped., 225; acc. of, 225.

Thompson, Wm., 203.

Thomson, Chas., letter on taxation, 75; letter to Wm. Drayton, 96; on Bunker Hill, 189; portrait, 272; his house, 272; autog., 450.

Thornton, J. W., _Pulpit of the Rev._, 244; his sale, 467.

Thornton, Matthew, autog., 263; life, 265; signed the Decl. of Indep., 268.

Three County troop in Massachusetts, 184.

Three Rivers (1775), 216; attack (1776), 167, 225, 227.

Throckmorton, B. W., on Benedict Arnold, 357.

Throg's Neck, 285.

Thwaites, R. G., on L. C. Draper, 727.

Tickle, Robt., _Present state of the Nation_, 85; _Considerations_ in reply, 85.

Ticonderoga, capture planned, 613; taken (1775), 129; view of ruins, 129; papers on capture, 130; cannon taken to Cambridge, 156; authorities on its capture (1775), 213; disputes over the origination of the expedition, 213; trophies, 214; Arnold's report, 214; current reports, 214; ruins of, 214; diary (1775) at, 215; its condition after capture, 215; apprehension at, after fall of Quebec, 227; Gates at, 291; St. Clair at (1777), 348; attacked by Burgoyne, 296; evacuation, 296, 349; authorities, 349; effect of it, 350; works, 314, 353, 354; maps (1777), 350; Trumbull's, 350, 352; that used at St. Clair's trial, 350, 353; recaptured, 304.

Tiddeman, Mark, map of N. Y. harbor, 326.

Tiffany, Osmond, _Life of O. H. Williams_, 537.

Tilghman, James, 709.

Tilghman, Col. Tench, 334; _Memoirs_, 407; _Diary of Yorktown_, 554.

Tilton, James, 337.

Tinicum Island, 429, 437.

Tioga (Tiaoga), 609; attacked, 636; plan of, 681.

Tioga Valley, 641.

Tiverton, R. I., 600.

Tobacco trade restricted, 8, 9.

Todd, C. B., _Redding, Conn._, 348; on Col. Ledyard, 562; _Joel Barlow_, 467.

Todd, Col. John, 723; on Kaskaskia, 729; his _Record Book_, 730.

Tomahawk improvements (squatter rights), 611.

Tom's River, 744.

Tonicas Indians, 702.

Tonyn, Gov., 522.

Topham, John, 219.

Tories, acc. of, by T. B. Myers, 351; at Wyoming, 635. _See_ Loyalists.

Totowa, 404.

Towle, N. C., _Constitution of the U. S._, 74, 274.

Town, Ithiel, _Particular Services_, 341, 546, 589.

_Town and County Mag._, 209.

Townshend, Chas., 21, 23, 38; died, 39; in the Stamp Act debates, 72.

Townshend, C. H., _Invasion of Conn._, 557.

Townshend, Jos., on Brandywine, 419.

Townshend, M. I., on Burgoyne's exped., 366.

Townshend acts, 20, 38; resisted, 42; misunderstood by Bancroft, 64; attempt to repeal, 51; repealed (except on tea), 52.

Trade monopolized by English merchants, 5.

Transylvania (Kentucky), 716.

Treaty of Paris (1783), 747. _See_ Paris.

Trecothic, alderman, 51.

Tremain, Grenville, 466.

Trenton, N. J., surprise at, 374; authorities, 407; maps, 408-412; court-martial of the Hessian officers, 412; picture by Trumbull, 412; current verses, 412; flag captured, 412.

Troup, Col. Robert, on the Conway Cabal, 447.

Trout, Rev. Jacob, 418.

Trowbridge, Edmund, autog., 50.

Trudruffrin. _See_ Paoli, 423.

Trumbull, Henry, _Indian Wars_, bibliog. of, 651; its various titles, 651; reprinted by Pritts, 651.

Trumbull, Col. John, painted Moultrie, 172; his picture of Bunker Hill, 190, 197; plan of the siege of Boston, 207; his painting of _Death of Montgomery_, 220; paints John Adams, 36; autobiog., 189; portrait of Putnam, 193; plan of Boston Neck lines, 211; paints St. Clair, 297; Schuyler, 298; map of Ticonderoga, 350; paints Col. Tallmadge, 457; arrested in London, 463; his picture of Yorktown, 506; of Trenton, 412; his portrait of Gen. Greene, 510; of Morgan, 511; on the Rhode Island campaign, 597.

Trumbull, Col. Jonathan, diary at Yorktown, 554.

Trumbull, Gov. Jonathan, his letter to Gage, 181.

Trumbull, Jos., 203.

Trumbull, James H., on "Sons of Liberty", 72; edits Mott's journal, 213; on the origin of the Ticonderoga expedition (1775), 213; on the _Indian Wars_ of H. Trumbull, 651.

Trumbull MSS., 681.

Tryon, Gov., seeks safety on a man-of-war, 107; his seal and autog., 140; his proclamation (1776), 325; the Hickey Plot, 326; orders a map of N. Y. province made, 341; report on the province, 341; his address to the people of Conn., 557; _Address on his late expedition_, 557; invades Connecticut, 557.

Tryon County, N. Y., 645, 659.

Tucker, Dr. Josiah, Dean of Gloucester, 75; and Franklin, 74; on the Amer. Rev., 254; tracts, 75; _Letter from a merchant_, 75; _Series of answers_, 75; _Humble Address_, 75.

Tucker, Sam., of New Jersey, joins the enemy, 370.

Tucker, Com. Samuel, at siege of Charleston, 524; orders to command the "Boston" in fac-simile, 566; his career, 567; takes John Adams to France, 567; his log-book, 567; his papers, 567; lives of, 567; in the "Boston", 583; his parole in fac-simile, 583.

Tucker, St. George, on Guildford, 541.

Tuckerman, H. T., _America and her Commentators_, 560; _Silas Talbot_, 603; on Daniel Boone, 708.

Tudor, Wm., letters to, 7, 9, 88, 187; his _Otis_, 70; his Massacre oration, 446.

Tugaloo River, 676.

Tupper, Benj., 325.

Turkey Hill (R. I.), 596, 598, 602.

Turner, H. E., _Greenes of Warwick_, 510.

Turner, O., _Phelps and Gorham Purchase_, 670.

Turtle Bay (N. Y.), 333, 335.

Tuscaroras, Col. Butler among the, 619; their lands, 610; mostly took the American side, 623.

Tuttle, J. F., _Hibernia Furnace_, 108; _Morris County_, 407; _Rev. Forefathers_, 407; _Washington in Morris County_, 407; _Washington at Morristown_, 417; on the camp at Morristown, 559.

Twightwees, 610.

Two-penny Act, 24.

Tyler, Albert, _Bennington_, 301, 356.

Tyler, John, _Address at Jamestown_, 107.

Tyler, Moses Coit, on Patrick Henry, 107; his _Patrick Henry_, 723.

Tyng, D. A., 746.

"Tyrannicide", her log, 582; takes the "Revenge", 586.

Uhlhorn, J. F., 712.

Ulloa at New Orleans (1766), 737.

Unadilla destroyed, 636, 653.

Union, growth of, in the colonies, 79; symbol of disjointed snake, 79.

United States, independence of, growth of the sentiment, 231; _Public Land Laws_, 247. _See_ Congress, Independence, etc.

_Universal Asylum_, 207.

_Universal Magazine_, 463.

Upham, W. P., 205; _Life of Gen. Glover_, 325.

Urquhart, James, 209.

Valcour Island, fight at, 292, 346; map of, 347.

Valentine, _N. Y. City Manual_, 331.

Vallancey, Capt. C., 543.

Valley Forge, 416; Committee of Congress at, 393; Baron Steuben at, 393; condition of army, 436; encampment, 389; French alliance celebrated, 439; life at, 437; plan of camp, 439; Washington's H. Q., 439.

Van Cortlandt, Philip, autobiography, 670.

Van Dyk, Col., 467.

Van Schaick, Col., attacks the Onondagas, 639; marches to Cherry Valley, 626.

Van Schaick's Island, 298.

Van Wart, Isaac, 456.

Vandalia, 708.

Varick, Col. Richard, at Freeman's Farm, 316; on the Saratoga campaign, 356; aide to Arnold, 460; his papers, 460.

Varnum, Gen., abandons Fort Mercer, 389.

Vaughan, Benj., his ed. of Franklin's _Pieces_, 653.

Vaughan, David, 341.

Vaughan, Samuel, his journal, 506.

Vermont, constitutional movements in, 274; _Documents relating to the resistance to Burgoyne_, 354; proclamations issued by Burgoyne and Schuyler, 350; signs of defection in, 646.

_Vermont Quart. Mag._, 356.

Vernon, Wm., autograph, 566.

Verplanck House, 746.

Verplanck's Point, 455, 465; plan, 557, 558.

Verreau, _Invasion du Canada_, 216.

Vigo, Col. F., 724.

Villefranche, his maps of the Hudson, 456, 462.

Vincennes (Indiana), 704; captured, 718, 719; fort at, 719; evacuated by the British, 722; taken by Hamilton, 724; authorities, 729.

Vinton, J. A., 191.

Viomenil, 504, 745.

Virginia, action for a congress (1774), 99; address to the king (1769), 83; _Address to the Convention_, 272; British in (1779-80), 546; _Calendar of State Papers_, 515, 649; commerce of (1671), 64; (1770, etc.), 64; com. of correspondence, 90; Constitution of, written by George Mason and Thomas Jefferson, 261; adopts a constitution, 272; Declaration of Rights, 272; in the Cont. Congress, 234; Dunmore in (1775), 122; disputes of bounds with Penna., 248; over Ohio lands, 709; influence in the Ohio country, 715; early naval movements, 565; effect of Boston Port Bill, 96; establishes intercolonial com. of corresp., 54, 56; fight at the Great Bridge, 168; Norfolk destroyed, 168; maps of, 538; militia, 485; at Camden, 533; military ardor in (1774), 116; movements (1774), 98, 117; (1775), 107; planting wheat instead of tobacco (1775), 121; plundering expeditions to, 495; Arnold in, 495; and the Stamp Act, 29, 73; Steuben in, 515; sympathy for Boston (1769), 46, 113; non-importation agreement, 47; Ohio country a county, 729.

Von Holst, _Const. Hist. U. S._, 274.

Von Mirbach, 329.

Von Stern, 329.

Wabash Indians, 739; treaty with, 724. _See_ Ouabache.

Wabash Land Company, 650.

Wabasha, a Sioux, 737, 738.

Waddell, A. W., on the Regulators, 80.

Wade, Col. Nath., 460.

Wadsworth, Gen. Peleg, in the Penobscot expedition, 603; letters, 603.

Wadsworth, Jas., on the Danbury exped., 348.

Wager, D. E., 626.

Wakefield, Ebenezer, 357.

Waldo, J. & D., 47.

Waldo, Sergt., diary at Valley Forge, 436.

Walker, B., _Life of Paul Jones_, 590.

Walker, C. I., _Northwest during the Rev._, 733.

Walker, Dr., in Kentucky, 715.

Walker, James, 421.

Walker, Mrs. Thomas, 222.

Walker, _Statesmen's Manual_, 274.

Wallabout Bay, 328.

Wallace, Sir James, 471.

Waller, Adj., letter, 194; orderly-book, 205.

Walmscook, 356.

Waln, Robert, life of James Wilson, John Morton, Stephen Hopkins, Thomas McKean, 265; Josiah Bartlett, William Williams, Samuel Huntington, Geo. Rymer, Matthew Thornton, William Whipple, Robert Morris, Abraham Clark, 265; John Hart, 266; of Francis L. Lee, 266.

Walpole, Horace, 175; and the American war, 112; his _George the Third_, 112; his _Last Journals_, 112.

Walpole Grant on the Ohio, 687, 708.

Walton, Geo., life, 265; autog., 266.

Walworth, Mrs. Ellen H., _Burgoyne and the Northern Campaign_, 315; on Burgoyne's surrender, 358.

Wangenheim, map of movements in Jersey, 409; surveys of Forts Clinton, etc., 364.

Ward, Andrew H., _Ward family_, 192; _Shrewsbury_, 192.

Ward, Artemas, made general, 116; commander-in-chief, 131, 134; made second to Washington, 142; commissions Mugford, 567; on the Penobscot exped., 603, 604; sluggish, 133; left in Boston, 159, 205; his papers, 159; resigned, 159; portrait, 159, 192; supposed to be older than he was, 189; notices, 191; autog., 192; letters from Cambridge, 203.

Ward, Geo. A., finds Paul Jones' papers, 590.

Ward, Col. Jos., 138, 203; his order on the field at Bunker Hill, 138.

Ward, R. D., _Lafayette's visit to Va._, 555.

Ward, Gov. Samuel, 220, 222, 565; his journal, 565.

Ward, Samuel, on Long Island battle, 329; _Battle of Long Island_, 331.

Ward, Townsend, 423.

Ware, Joseph, _Journal_, 219.

Warner, Col. Seth, at Crown Point, 129; acc. of, 129; at Bennington, 301; letters, 350; notices by G. F. Houghton, 356; by Highland Hall, 356; by Chipman, 356.

Warren, Benjamin, at Cherry Valley, 666; diary, 360.

Warren, Edw., _John Warren_, 194.

Warren, G. W., _Bunker Hill Mt. Asso._, 191.

Warren, Isaac, _Almanac_, 342.

Warren, Gen. James, autog., 566; committee of correspondence, 89; on Bunker Hill, 187; letters, 203.

Warren, Dr. John, 188.

Warren, John C., 193.

Warren, Gen. Jos., 60; his circular letter (1773), 57; writes call for the tea-ships meeting in Boston, 91; his attack on Bernard, 83; draws up Suffolk Resolves, 100; quells disturbance at Cambridge, 115; his address on Boston Massacre, 88, 119; the MS., 120; on Lexington day, 125; his last note, 132; made general, 133; Bunker Hill, 137; portrait, 54; by Norman, 193; by Copley, 193, 194; by Trumbull, 197; letter on capture of Ticonderoga, 214; on independence, 258; purposes of Congress on his death, 194; memorials of, 194; statue of, 194; accounts, 194; remonstrates with Connecticut for sending messenger to Gage, 128; killed, 139.

Warren, Mercy, _The parody parodized_, 86; letters, 203.

_Warren Genealogy_, 194.

Warren (R. I.), 600.

Warwick (R. I.), 600.

Washington, George, in the Congress of 1774, 237; would march 1,000 men to Boston, 114; active in Virginia (1775), 131; made commander-in-chief, 108, 133; references, 133; commission and instructions, 133; his first letter from Cambridge, 141; fac-simile of its heads, 141; reaches Cambridge, 142; assumes command of the army, 142; holds council of war, 142; his headquarters in Cambridge, 142; disappointed in the N. E. troops, 144; deficient in powder, 145; commissions a navy, 152, 564; Proclamation of repossessing Boston, 159; moves his army to New York, 160; sends Sullivan to Canada, 166; letters on the siege of Boston, 173, 203; their condition and repositories, 173; entertains Caghnawaga Indians, 203; medal for the siege of Boston, 206; instruction for the Kennebec expedition, 217; in New York, 275, 325; his army, 275; headquarters on Richmond Hill, 276; his other headquarters in N. Y., 276; retreats from Brooklyn to N. Y., 281; condition of his army, 281; urges enlistments for the war, 282; calls for better officers, 282; proposes to burn New York, 283, 334; not wishing independence (1775), 255; headquarters at Harlem, 284; his army along the Bronx, 285; at White Plains, 286; at New Castle, 286; rude cut of, 311; on the battle of Brooklyn, 326; plot to assassinate, in N. York, 326; retreats from Long Island, 330; the question of a fog, 330; evacuates New York, 333; at Harlem, 334; movements above N. Y. (1776), 337; orders the evacuation of Fort Lee, 367; retreats through the Jerseys, 368; given dictatorial powers, 373, 376; attacks Trenton, 374; at Princeton, 378; his letters on the campaign of 1776, near N. York, 344; in winter-quarters at Morristown, 379; at Middlebrook, 379; marches through Philad., 380; at Brandywine, 381; retreats to Chester, 382; to Philadelphia, 382; at Germantown, 385; at Whitemarsh, 389; at Valley Forge, 389; proclamation about grain, 390; distrusted in Congress (1777), 391; the Conway Cabal, 392; watches Clinton's withdrawal from Philad., 397; pursues Clinton, 398; at Monmouth, 399; authorities on these campaigns, 403; criticised by Jos. Reed, 403; as dictator, 407; in the campaign of 1777, 416; at Morristown, 417; at Middlebrook, 417; marches through Philad., 418; H. Q. at Brandywine, 419; falsely informed at Brandywine, 419; his Brandywine map, 420; letter from Duché 437; H. Q. at Stenton, 429; on the defence of the Delaware, 431; H. Q. in Philad., 436; at Whitemarsh, 442; at Monmouth, 445; censures Lee, 446; the Conway Cabal, 446; his Fabian policy, 446; reprimands Arnold, 451; goes to Hartford to confer with Rochambeau, 454, 458; returned before he was expected, 458; receives letter from Arnold, 460; prepares for any emergency, 460; H. Q. at Tappan, 460; orders André to be hanged, 460; his correspondence with Clinton respecting the execution, 461; his letters on the plot, 461; H. Q. at Newburgh, 465; his account of Arnold's conspiracy, 466; _Domestic Life_, by Richard Rush, 466; traduced for executing André, 467, 468; his justification, 467; later English authorities approve, 468; countenanced the exchange of André for Arnold, 468; encouraged Champe to abduct Arnold, 468; meets Rochambeau at Weathersfield, 499; attempts to surprise N. Y. forts, 499; marches to Virginia, 500; headquarters at Williamsburg, 506; his opinion of Henry Lee, 510; papers on the Yorktown campaign, 515; on the Yorktown campaign, 549; thanked by Congress, 549; his epaulettes, 549; his journals and orderly-books, 553; Middlebrook, 556; at Morristown, 559; his H. Q., 559; communications with Rochambeau, 560, 561; at Totowa and Preakness, 561; proposed attack with the French on New York forts, 561; marches to Virginia (1781), 561; at Livingston Mansion, 562; was he a marshal of France? 562; steps leading to his naval authority (1775), 565; ceased supervision (1776), 567; suggestions as to privateers, 591; portrait of, 575; takes command of the army, 612; his instructions, 612; authorized to use Indians, 616, 617, 633; visited by Indians at Cambridge, 622; his interest in Western lands, 649; selects land for soldiers of the French war, 649; on the Sullivan exped. (1779), 667, 669; on Brodhead's exped., 671; sends Arnold up the Kennebec, 673; sends letter to the Eastern Indians, 674; his journal in the Ohio region, 709; his opinion of Clark's project for attacking Detroit, 731; moves his army to the Hudson (1781), 744; at Newburgh, 744; Nicola's letter, 745; Newburgh addresses, 746; authorizes _Collection of Papers_, 746; cessation of hostilities, 746; farewell address, 746; last circular to the States, 746; at Rocky Hill, 746; enters New York at the close of the war, 746; parts with his officers, 747; goes to Annapolis, 747; resigns his commission, 747; at Mount Vernon, 747; message against Genet, 734.

Washington, Col. William, 481, 537; at Trenton, 376; charges at Cowpens, 482; medal, 539.

Watauga besieged, 478, 676, 679.

Watauga Association, 678, 708.

Waterbury, Col. David, 325; on Arnold's fight on Lake Champlain, 346.

Wateree River, 475.

Waterloo, N. Y., _Library and Hist. Soc. Proc._, 681.

Watertown, Mass., Prov. Congress at, 203.

Watrin, Father, _Missions of Louisiana_, 720.

Watson, Benj. Marston, loyalist, 253.

Watson, Elkanah, _Memoirs or Men and Times_, 203, 253.

Watson, H. C., _Old Bell of Independence_ or _Noble Deeds of our Forefathers_, 259.

Watson, John Lee, _Paul Revere's Signals_, 174.

Watson, W. C., on Arnold's fight at Valcour Island, 377; _Essex County, N. Y._, 214.

Wawarsing destroyed, 646.

Waxhaw Creek, Buford's defeat at, 475, 527.

Wayne, Anthony, 445; at Paoli, 383; court-martialled, 419; on Germantown, 386, 421; orderly-book, 437; at Brandywine, 381; on Arnold's treason, 466; on the Northern campaign (1776), 346; lives of, 514; portraits, 385; account of, by De Peyster, 385; his house, 385; at Monmouth, 400, 446; surprised in Georgia by Indians, 677; in Virginia, 497, 547; in the Yorktown campaign, 501; in Georgia, 507; attacks Stony Point, 558; at Bull's Ferry, 560; hero of the _Cow Chace_, 560; at Morristown, 561.

Weare, Mechech, his papers, 598.

Weathersfield, Conn., Washington and Rochambeau at, 561; Webb House in, 561.

Webb, S. B., 187, 203.

Webber, C. W., _Hist. and Rev. Incidents_, 708.

Webster, Daniel, his correct estimate of the causes of the Revolution, 63; _Address to N. Y. Hist. Soc._, 99; on the Bunker Hill controversy, 190; orations at Bunker Hill, 194.

Wedderburn, his attack on Franklin, 95.

Weedon, Gen., at Brandywine, 382.

Weems, Mason L., _Life of Marion_, 512.

Welling, J. C., on the _Mecklenburg Resolutions_, 257.

Wells, J. C., 729.

Welsh, Thomas, 88.

Wemms, William, 86.

Wemple, Edw., 366.

Wemys, Maj. James, his opinions of generals, 330; criticises Howe, 330; his papers, 518; attacks Sumter, 480, 536.

Wesley, John, protects against the war, 111.

West, Benjamin, 463; paints Bouquet's likeness, 692; his sketches of Bouquet's campaigns, 699.

West Cambridge (Mass.) men at Lexington, 184.

West Point, 325, 455, 456, 556; Moses Greenleaf plan, 451; other plans, 459, 462, 465; views, 463; history of, by Boynton, 464; fortified, 557.

Westchester County (N. Y.), history of, 325, 340.

Westchester Farmer (_see_ Seabury, Samuel, and Wilkins, Isaac), 104; _Free Thoughts_, 104; _Congress canvassed_, 104; Hamilton's reply, 104; _A View of the Controversy_, 104; authorship in dispute, 104.

Westcott, Henry, _Centennial Sermons_, 184.

Western, Fort (Augusta, Me.), 163.

Westminster (Vt.) massacre, 172.

Westmoreland Papers, 516.

Westmoreland, Pa., 680.

Weston, Hannah, 564.

Weston, Thomas, Jr., _Peter Oliver_, 95.

Weymouth, Earl of, 43.

Whaleboat warfare, 591.

Wharton, Anna H., on Thomas Wharton, 272, 405; _Wharton Genealogy_, 436.

Wharton, Chas. P., _Poetical Epistle to Washington_, 575.

Wharton, Samuel, 708; on Indian lands, 650.

Wharton, Gov. Thomas, 272.

Wharton, Thomas, Jr., 405; death of, 401.

Wharton family, 436; their house, 436.

Whately, Thomas, 56.

Wheatley, Phillis, 146.

Wheeler, _No. Carolina_, 514, 678.

Wheeling, Va., 716.

Wheelock, Col., in the Northern campaign (1776), 346.

Wheelock, Rev. Eleazer, 655; instructs Brant, 626.

Wheildon, W. W., _Siege of Boston_, 173; _Revere's Signal Lanterns_, 175; _Concord Fight_, 184; _Bunker Hill_, 191; _Solomon Willard_, 194.

Whipple, Abraham, cruising, 565; sails to Bermuda, 567; acc. of, 567; portraits, 567; letters, 567; in the "Providence", 582, 583; his captures, 584; at Charleston (1780), 524; autograph order, 472.

Whipple, Christopher, 565.

Whipple, Wm., autog., 263; life, 265; on Burgoyne's surrender, 358; on privateering, 591.

White, Joseph, _Battle of Trenton_, 406.

White, Philip, 744.

Whitechurch, Robt., 510.

White Clay Creek, Pa., 421.

Whitemarsh, 416, 442; Washington at, 389.

White Plains, 340; Washington at, 286; lines of corn-stalks, 286; evacuated, 286; Howe's blunders at, 291; American position at, 336, 337; references, 337; Col. Hazlett's letter, 337.

Whitney, James L., _Lit. of Nineteenth April_, 185.

Whitney, Josiah, on Putnam's death, 190.

Whitney, Miss, statue of S. Adams, 41.

Whittier, J. G., "Great Ipswich fight", 128.

Whittlesey, Col. Chas., _Expedition of Dunmore_, 714; _Fugitive Essays_, 649, 714.

Whittlesey, Capt. Ezra, 613.

Whittlesey, E. D., on Marshall's acc. of Danbury exped., 348.

Whyte, Robert, 425.

Wickes, Lambert, capt. in the navy, 370; carried the first national vessel across the ocean, 571; takes Franklin over, 571; cruises around Ireland, 572; difficulties in French ports, 572; lost at sea, 573.

Wiederhold, plan of Trenton attack, 511.

Wilbur's Basin, 309.

Wild, Ebenezer, 220.

Wilkes, John, 11; and the "Sons of Liberty", 72; his efforts and speeches, 110, 121; his comments on Burgoyne's speeches, 365; "Wilkes and Liberty", 28.

Wilkesbarré, 606.

Wilkins, Isaac, his tracts, 104.

Wilkinson, Eliza, _Letters_, 520, 527.

Wilkinson, Gen. James, on Freeman's Farm, 356; in Canada, 222; plan of Trenton, 412; of Princeton, 413; _Memoirs_, 189; carries news of Burgoyne's surrender to Congress, 358.

Wilkinson, J. B., _Binghamton_, 670.

Wilkinson, W. C., 361.

Willers, Diedrich, Jr., _Sullivan's Campaign_, 670.

Willet, Col. Marinus, at Fort Stanwix, 299, 350, 628; attacks St. Leger's camp, 631; _Narrative_, 350, 631; in command on the Mohawk, 645; threatens Oswego, 646.

Willett, W. M., _Marinus Willett_, 350, 670.

William and Mary, their charter for Mass. destroyed, 114.

Williams, Capt., 728.

Williams, Col., 475.

Williams, Mrs. C. R., _Biog. of Rev. Heroes_, 404.

Williams, David, 456, 466.

Williams, J. F., in the "Hazard", 582; in the "Protector", 582; engages the "Duff", 582; her log, 582; commands the Massachusetts fleet, 582.

Williams, Lieut., 148.

Williams, O. H., under Greene, 484; at Guildford, 485; accounts of, 537; on Hobkirk's Hill, 542; at Ninety-Six, 544; at Eutaws, 545; _Campaign of 1780_, 530; in the South, 476.

Williams, Richard, plan of American lines round Boston, 212.

Williams, Wm., 187; autog., 263; life of, 265.

Williamsburg, Va., Wayne at, 501; American army at, 501; Washington's headquarters at, 506; maps of, 553.

Williamson, Col. Andrew, map of his marches, 675; invades Indian territory, 676.

Williamson, Col. David, 735, 736; murders Indians, 736.

Williamson, Hugh, on the tea-ship commotions, 91; on North Carolina Revolutionary history, 514.

Willing, Anne, 693.

Willing, Thos., 383.

Wilmington, Del., 421.

Wilmington, N. C., occupied by the British, 487; map, 542.

Wilson, Chas., _Burgoyne's Campaign_, 361.

Wilson, D., _Jane McCrea_, 627.

Wilson, James, _Considerations, etc._, 106; autog., 265; life, 265.

Wilson, L., 461.

Wilson, R., 545.

Wilson, Thos., _Biog. of the Principal American Heroes_, 530.

Wilson, _Memoir of Bishop White_, 438.

Winnebagoes, 739.

Winsor, Justin, "Notes on the Causes of the Revolution", 68; "The Conflict Precipitated", 113; references on the siege of Boston, 172; bibliography of Bunker Hill, 185; edits Ware's journal, 219; notes on the campaign round N. Y. (1776), 323; notes on the authorities for the campaigns of 1777-1778, 403; "The Treason of Arnold", 447; "Events in the North, 1779-1781", 555; on the extent of the Continental army, 588.

Winstanley paints John Adams, 36.

Winter Hill (near Boston), 206; lines at, 207; camp at, 202, 203, 204.

Winthrop, Hannah, 318.

Winthrop, James, at Bunker Hill, 202.

Winthrop, Prof. John, 187, 205.

Winthrop, Madam, 180.

Winthrop, R. C., on Charles Hudson, 184; on R. Frothingham, 186; _Address on unveiling Prescott's Statue_, 194; _Oration at Yorktown_, 555; address on Fort Griswold, 562.

Winthrop, Sam., autog., 50.

Wister, Sally, diary, 436.

Withers, Alex. S., _Chronicles of Border Warfare_, 248, 711.

Witherspoon, John, in Congress, 244; autog., 264; life, 265.

Withington, L., 219.

Woedtke, Baron de, letters, 225.

Wolcott, Oliver, autog., 263; life of, 265; on Bemis's Heights, 357.

Wolcott, Oliver, Jr., life of O. Wolcott, 265.

Wood, Sylvanus, 183.

Wood Creek (N. Y.), 298, 351.

Woodbridge, Col. Ruggles, 346.

Woodbridge, N. J., 372.

Woodbury, James T., 184.

Woodd, Lieut., 148.

Woodford, Gen., at Germantown, 385; and his Virginians, 525.

Woodhull, Gen., captured, 280; death of, 330.

Woodruff, Samuel, 357.

Woodstock, N. Y., 639.

Woolsey, Theodore, 464.

Woolson, C. F., "Up the Ashley", 471.

Wooster, Gen. David, killed, 348; monuments to, 348; near N. Y. (1776), 153; differences with Schuyler, 161; and Montgomery, 162; in the Canada expedition, 220; his character, 220; letters of, 220, 221; portrait, 225; autog., 225; at Montreal, 165; at Quebec, 166; recalled from Canada, 167.

Worcester, S. T., _Hollis_, 190.

Wragg, Wm., 79.

Wraxall, _Hist. Memoirs_, 112.

Wright, Aaron, 203.

Wright, Gov. Sir James, of Georgia, 611; letters to Dartmouth, 90; on the number of Indians, 651; correspondence, 675.

Wright, Joshua G., _Address_, 168.

Wright, W. E., translates Rochambeau's _Memoirs_, 516.

Writs of Assistance, 68; opposed by Otis, 11; explained, 11; legalized, 39; references, 65; enforced by Bernard, 65.

Wrottesley, Sir John, 330.

Wyandots, 610; their home, 735.

Wyatt, Thos., _Generals presented with Medals_, 537.

Wyoming, 606; Moravian Indians at, 606; attacked, 634; population of the valley, 634; fortified, 634; Forty Fort, 634; defeat of Col. Butler, and massacre, 635; losses, 635; retreat of the invaders, 636; account of massacre, 653; early accounts, 662; general accounts, 665; bibliog., 665.

Wyoming Valley invaded by Pennsylvanians to dispossess the Connecticut settlers, 680.

Wythe, Geo., 716; autog., 265.

Yale Book, 189.

Yonge, C. D., _British Navy_, 589; _Constitutional Hist. of England_, 75.

York, Pa., Congress at, 391, 419.

Yorke, Sir Joseph, his correspondence, 592.

Yorktown, campaign of, 547; evidence on the responsibility of Cornwallis of Clinton, 548, 549; correspondence of the surrender, 549; news received in London, 549; prisoners taken, 549; maps of, 550, 551, 552, 553; inquiry into the campaign in England, 516; debates in Parliament, 516; news received in England, 555; acc. of centennial of, 555; responsibility for the surrender, 516; siege of, 501; surrendered, 504; forces engaged, 504; fac-simile of articles of capitulation, 505; Nelson House, 506; Moore House, 506; view of the capitulation field, 506; medals, 506; Trumbull's picture, 506.

Young, Arthur, _Observations_, 709.

Young, J., assigned to the "Saratoga", 583.

Young, Thomas, 88.

Young, Sergeant Wm., 406.

Younglove, Moses, 683; his captivity, 659.

Zane, Elizabeth, 716.

Zeigler, W. B., _Heart of the Alleghanies_, 536.

Zeisberger, David, 734; diary edited by Bliss, 736.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The liberal party; for even as late as the Declaration of Independence, the Tory party were, by estimation, two fifths of the whole population.

[2] The validity of this title in the crown was recognized by the congress at Albany in 1754. Proceedings, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, xxv. 64.

[3] The exercise of the prerogative, as a cause of the Revolution, finds its just prominence in Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, _passim_.

[4] Franklin thought differently. "The charters are sacred. Violate them, and then the present bond of union (the kingly power over us) will be broken." _Works_, iv. 296; Hutchinson, _History_, iii. 172. But see Chalmers's _Opinions concerning Colonies_, Index, under _King_.

[5] Its most serious invasion was when the Long Parliament, from the necessity of the case, exercised sovereign powers,—that of the prerogative among others.

[6] There is a notable instance in the case of the judicial tenure. By the British Constitution, the king is not only the fountain of justice, but by a legal fiction he administers it in person, as James I. once proposed to do; and on this theory of actual presence, he chooses his representative and removes him at pleasure. It follows that, when the king dies, the authority of his representative ceases. And such was the case until the reign of William III., when it was attempted to limit the king's prerogative, but with only partial success. By 12 and 13 Will. III. ch. 2 (1701), the judicial tenure was during good behavior instead of the king's pleasure. But George III., a most strenuous asserter of his prerogative, in 1761, soon after his accession, declared to the two Houses that he regarded the independence of the judges as one of the best securities of the rights and liberties of his subjects, and recommended that they should hold office, with settled and permanent salaries, during good behavior, notwithstanding the demise of the crown (_House Journal_, vol. xxviii. 1094); and this became the law by I Geo. III. ch. 23. Constitutionally the king sat in his provincial courts as well as in British courts, and his surrender of the prerogative ought to have extended to the former. That, however, was not the decision in 1763, when the New York Assembly remonstrated at the appointment of Chief Justice Prat, to hold during the king's pleasure, by whom his salary was paid. This caused great dissatisfaction in the colonies, and in Massachusetts especially, in 1773, when the judges were paid by the king. The matter was not free from practical difficulties. The king had rights to the revenue which colonial juries would not respect; and consequently in 1698 Parliament set up admiralty courts without juries. The king was also interested in the administration of the civil and criminal law; but unless the judges conducted themselves so as to suit the people, the representatives cut down their salaries,—that is, starved them into compliance with the popular will; consequently, the king thought it best not only to retain but to use his prerogative, with respect to the appointment, tenure, and pay of the provincial judges.

[7] "Give me leave to ask you, young man, what it is you mean by repeating to me so often, in every letter, the Spirit of the Constitution?" (Dean Tucker, _Letter from a Merchant in London to his Nephew in America_, 1766.)

[8] This was Jefferson's position, but he said he could get only Wythe to agree with him in the early days of the Revolution (_Writings_, Boston ed., 1830, vol. i. 6).

[9] "Why may not an American plead for the just prerogatives of the crown?" (_Works_, iv. 218.) "The sovereignty of the crown I understand. The sovereignty of the British legislature out of Britain I do not understand" (_Ibid._, 208). "Our former kings governed their colonies as they had governed their dominions in France, without the participation of British Parliaments" (_Ibid._, 262). "America _is not_ part of the dominions of England, but of _the king's dominions_" (_Ibid._, 284). This theory he carried to the farthest extent, and wrote that "when money is wanted of the colonies for any public service, in which they ought to bear a part, call upon them by requisitional letters from the crown (according to the long-established custom) to grant such aids as their loyalty shall dictate and their abilities permit" (_Ibid._, 156).

[10] _Works_, x. 321.

[11] _The Rights of Great Britain Asserted_, 82.

[12] An American annual revenue of less than two thousand pounds cost Great Britain between seven and eight thousand pounds a year (Bancroft, orig, ed. v. 88, citing the Grenville Papers).

[13] Vol. III. pp. 182, 267, and 381.

[14] A summary of these acts may be found in Adam Smith's _Wealth of Nations_, ii. 201; and they are discussed by John Adams in a series of letters to William Tudor (_Works_, vol. x. _passim_). The first act is understood to be a substantial reënactment of a law of the Long Parliament in 1651, suggested by Sir George Downing, a native of New England.

[15] Such, at least, seems to be the effect of the words "in English-built shipping", in the act of 1663, excluding those "of the built and belonging to" the colonies which were permitted by the act of 1660. But were the commodities and manufactures of England included among those of "Europe" which could be exported to the colonies only in English-built ships, or could the colonists send their own ships for them?

[16] From overlooking this option, this clause of the act has received unmerited obloquy. It was simple justice to the British trader.

[17] This legislation may be traced in the Table to the _Statutes at Large_, vol. ix., title Plantations, and, in part, in John Adams's _Works_, vol. x. 350, note. See also Franklin's _Works_, iv. 250, 400.

[18] _Wealth of Nations_, vol. ii. 435.

[19] _Colonial Policy_, vol. i. 7, 239.

[20] Cf. on this point a paper by Charles Deane in the _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, Oct., 1886.

[21] _Rights of Great Britain Asserted_, 87. But see Franklin's opinion as to these bounties (_Works_, iv. 225).

[22] Burke's _Works_, i. 457, Boston ed.

[23] _Colonial Policy_, i. 156.

[24] But see _Works_, iv. 301: "Depend upon it, the Americans are not so impolitic as to neglect settlements for unprofitable manufactures; but some manufactures may be more advantageous to some persons than the cultivation of lands."

[25] Burke's _European Settlements in America_, ch. vii.; _Works_, ix. 328.

[26] See Franklin's "Rules for Reducing a Great Empire to a Small One", in _Works_, iv. 387.

[27] See Thacher's "Draft of an Address to the King and Parliament", in _Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc._, vol. xx. p. 49.

[28] _Works_, x. 248.

[29] The writs to which he attributed so much importance require explanation. A vessel laden with dutiable goods ought to enter some established port and manifest her cargo at the custom-house for payment of duties. This the government justly demands, and with it the fair trader readily complies. Not so the illicit trader. Before reaching port he may discharge a portion of the cargo in some place remote from the custom-house; or in a regular port, by connivance, he may secrete a portion of it, and thus escape paying duties. In either case the revenue officer needs a search-warrant for such goods. If he applies to the court, he must set forth a general description of the goods concealed and the place where, together with the names of witnesses. This is recorded, and may be known to all parties interested. The result is, that the informer subjects himself to private animosity and public obloquy, and the goods meanwhile may be removed to some other place. This process may be repeated indefinitely, with like results. What the officer needs, therefore, is a general warrant, good for an indefinite time, not returnable into the court, and authorizing search of all suspected places at all hours of the day, for any dutiable goods supposed to be concealed. This is a Writ of Assistance. Its formidable nature is readily understood, and the objections to it are apparent. It is like those General Warrants which made a great noise in England in connection with John Wilkes (Campbell's _Lord Chancellors_, v. 207, American ed.; _Parliamentary History, 1764_, vol. xv. 1393). They are prohibited by the Bill of Rights in the Massachusetts Constitution, drafted by John Adams, as infringing the right of the citizen to protect his house from unreasonable search; and when the Constitution of the United States, without a similar provision, was submitted to the people, its absence was noticed, and the omission supplied by the fourth amendment. Such writs are now in force in England (16 and 17 Vict., ch. 107, sec. 221), but not in the United States.

[30] 7 and 8 Wm. 3, ch. 22, sec. 5.

[31] "BOSTON, Feb. 19th, 1753. Whereas, I am informed there still continues to be carried on an illicit trade between Holland and other parts of Europe, and the neighboring colonies, and that great quantities of European and Asiatic commodities are clandestinely brought from thence unto this port by land as well as by sea; and as I am determined to use my utmost endeavors to prevent the carrying on of a trade prejudicial to our mother country and detrimental to the fair trader, I hereby again give this public notice that if any person or persons will give me information where such goods are concealed, that they may be proceeded against according to law, they, upon condemnation, shall be very handsomely rewarded, and their names concealed; and I hereby direct all the officers of the customs within my district to be very vigilant in discovering and seizing all such contraband goods. H. FRANKLAND, _Coll._" (Nason's _Frankland_, p. 44.)

[32] Hutchinson, _History_, iii. 92.

[33] Quincy's _Reports_, Appendix, 407.

[34] It is of little consequence whether the merchants were instigated by one Barons, a dismissed revenue officer, or by Otis, supposed to have been influenced by the appointment of Hutchinson as Chief Justice to the exclusion of his father, who had cherished expectations of elevation to the bench on the first vacancy (Hutchinson, _History_, iii. 86; Tudor's _Life of Otis_, 55; and John Adams's _Works_, x. 281).

[35] Quincy's report, which is of the second hearing, Nov. 18, 1761, gives little more than the authorities cited. Minot adds a point in Gridley's argument (_History_, ii. 89). John Adams's notes, taken at the first hearing in February, may be found in his _Works_, ii. 521, and a more extended report, in Minot, _ut supra_, 91, and in Tudor's _Life of Otis_, 63. See also John Adams's _Works_, vol. x. _passim_.

[36] Horace Gray, Jr., sums up the whole matter in the following paragraph: "A careful examination of the subject compels the conclusion that the decision of Hutchinson and his associates has been too strongly condemned as illegal, and that there was at least reasonable ground for holding, as matter of mere law, that the British Parliament had power to bind the colonies that even a statute contrary to the Constitution could not be declared void by the judicial courts; that by the English statutes, as practically construed by the courts in England, Writs of Assistance might be general in form; that the Superior Court of Judicature of the province had the power of the English Court of Exchequer; and that the Writs of Assistance prayed for, though contrary to the spirit of the English Constitution, could hardly be refused by a provincial court, before general warrants had been condemned in England, and before the Revolution had actually begun in America. The remedy adopted by the colonies was to throw off the yoke of Parliament; to confer on the judiciary the power to declare unconstitutional statutes void; to declare general warrants unconstitutional in express terms; and thus to put an end here to general Writs of Assistance" (Quincy's _Reports_, Appendix, 540).

[37] _Works_, x. 183.

[38] Hutchinson, iii. 100.

[39] Pownall's _Administration of the Colonies_, 3d ed., Appendix, iii. 40.

[40] In 1763, when the Indians on the southern frontiers were menacing, Gen. Gage required 750 men from Massachusetts to assist in a movement against the Indians on the lakes. The House declined nor would it yield even when the Secretary of State urged compliance (Minot's _History_, ii. 142). But while Massachusetts refused the required assistance, Connecticut, though reluctantly, granted it,—a fact of much significance in respect to the reliability of voluntary contributions for the common defence of the colonies.

[41] More than 400 privateers had been fitted out from the colonial ports, which had cruised against French property even as far as the coast of France (Ramsay, _Amer. Rev._, i. 40).

[42] Grahame, _Hist. U. S._, iv. 138.

[43] See Vol. V. p. 613.

[44] See Vol. V. p. 177.

[45] In England, admiralty courts were without juries; but revenue cases were tried in the Court of Exchequer, with juries.

[46] Grahame gives a full and graphic account of these changes (_Hist. U. S._, iv. 170).

[47] "For some time before and after the termination of the war of 1755, a considerable intercourse had been carried on between the British and Spanish colonies, consisting of the manufactures of Great Britain imported by the former and sold to the latter, by which the British colonies acquired gold and silver, and were enabled to make remittances to the mother country" (Ramsay, _Amer. Rev._, i. 44).

[48] _History_, ii. p. 147.

[49] _Works_, x. 345.

[50] The expression is Governor Bernard's in January, 1764 (Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 123, note). The consequences of breaking up the West India trade by the enforcement of the navigation laws, and its influence upon the minds of the commercial colonies, will more fully appear in the following facts. The sugar colonies, being cultivated by slaves, afforded an insufficient market for English manufactures. Consequently, the large ships which were needed to bring off sugar and molasses were obliged to proceed thither without profitable freight. But the Northern colonies, and New England in particular, could supply the islands with the commodities they needed,—cattle, horses, lumber for buildings, casks for sugar and molasses. A cargo of these commodities sent to the islands was exchanged for sugar and molasses, which were brought to New England; or for bullion, which, with a cargo of sugar, was carried to Old England. The freight money and bullion were exchanged for British merchandise, which was brought to New England, thus making a profitable double voyage. With her advantages of position and of profitable freight, New England also became the carrier of the sugar of the French islands to Spain.

[51] As to illicit trade in Rhode Island, and the measures to prevent it, see Bartlett's _Destruction of the Gaspee_, 6.

[52] _History_, iii. 108.

[53] _Ibid._, iii. 106.

[54] _Hist. U. S._, final revision, iii. 73. Two things in the above summary require explanation. Merchandise imported into England was subject to heavy duties; but if it was reëxported to America, then these duties, in whole or in part, were repaid to the importer, and the result would be that the colonists could purchase wines and Continental goods cheaper than could be done by British subjects at home. To equalize this burden, and still to derive a revenue, these drawbacks were reduced; and, of course, the British Exchequer would gain the amount of this reduction.

In the Treaty of 1763, two small islands, St. Pierre and Miquelon, on the south coast of Newfoundland, were accorded to France for the convenience of her fishing vessels. But they had been made ports of an illicit trade with the American colonies. Hence the prohibition of all trade with them.

[55] Printed as an appendix to Otis's _Rights of the British Colonies_.

[56] _Journal of the House_, 1764, 53. This paper was not Otis's pamphlet with a similar title, though it may have been the substance of it. See Frothingham, _Rise of the Republic_, 169, _n._

[57] _Ibid._, 66.

[58] _Ibid._, p. 72.

[59] The reader of Tudor's _Life of Otis_, 170, would infer that Hutchinson was chosen agent at this time instead of in the January preceding. _House Journal_, 1763-4, 236.

[60] Hutchinson's _History_, iii. 112.

[61] Minot's _History_, ii. 168.

[62] _Mass. State Papers_, 18 _et seq._

[63] Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, p. 171.

[64] Hutchinson's _History_, iii. 103. Two Americans, Franklin and William S. Johnson, were reporting on the Wilkes turmoils in England, at this time, to their home correspondents. Cf. Franklin's _Works_ (Sparks's ed.), vii. 401, 403; Bigelow's _Life of F._, ii. 9; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xlix., 270 _et seq._

[65] Bancroft, _History_, v. 275.

[66] These resolutions are in Ramsay, _Amer. Rev._, i. 59.

[67] The proceedings, with the circular letter, may be found in the _Mass. State Papers_, 35.

[68] Of the colonies south of New England, South Carolina was the first to agree to the proposed congress. Ramsay, _Amer. Rev._, i. 68.

[69] Later, in December, he was compelled to renounce his office under circumstances of special ignominy, from which his age and character afforded no protection.

[70] Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 184.

[71] Frothingham gives a summary of these papers, with the names of the committees who drafted them (_Rise of the Republic_, pp. 186, 187).

[72] Though this day was observed in several colonies by the tolling of bells, closing of shops, funeral processions, and other demonstrations of hostility to the act, there was no violence (Ramsay, _Amer. Rev._, i. 68, 70).

[73] _Mass. State Papers_, 61.

[74] _Parliamentary History_, xvi. 133 _et seq._

[75] _Mass. State Papers_, 81.

[76] _Mass. State Papers_, 91, 92.

[77] _Mass. State Papers_, 94.

[78] _Parliamentary History_, vol. xvi. 359; _Prior Documents_, 134. During the adjournment a double broadside had been issued, containing the proposed bill for compensation, an extract from Secretary Conway's letter to Governor Bernard, and letters from De Berdt, the agent, advising compliance with the parliamentary recommendation. A copy is in the Boston Public Library.

[79] Mahon's _Hist. of Eng._, v. 81.

[80] _Parliamentary History_, vol. xvi. 331.

[81] Bradford, _History of Mass._, i. 97.

[82] _Parliamentary Hist._, xvi. 375.

[83] 7 Geo. III. ch. 41, _Statutes at Large_, vol. x. 340.

[84] 7 Geo. III. ch. 46, _Ibid._, 369. Bancroft's account of these Acts is not quite accurate (_History_, vi. 84, 85): "By another Act (7 Geo. III. ch. xli.) a Board of Customs was established at Boston, and general Writs of Assistance were legalized." The execution of the Laws of Trade was placed under the direction of Commissioners of Customs, "to reside in the said Plantations", where the king should direct,—not localized at Boston. It was by ch. xlvi. sec. x., not xli., that Writs of Assistance were legalized. But a more serious error is in the statement that "Townshend's revenue was to be disposed of under the sign-manual at the king's pleasure. This part of the system had no limit as to time or place, and was intended as a perpetual menace." This is far from being accurate. By section iv. it is provided that the revenue arising from the act should be applied, in the first place, "for the charge of the administration of justice, and the support of _civil government_" in the colonies; and the residue was to be paid into the receipt of the Exchequer, and entered separate and apart from all other moneys, and reserved to be disposed _by Parliament_ for the defence of the colonies. It was the civil administration alone that could be paid by the king's warrant. The expense of the army could be appropriated only by Parliament; and the difference is worthy of attention.

[85] It was reported at a town meeting held at Boston on October 28, 1767, in which James Otis presided, that Lynn, in the previous year, had turned out forty thousand pairs of women's shoes,—an industry which has since grown to very large proportions,—and that another town had made thirty thousand yards of cloth (Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 208).

[86] _Mass. State Papers_, 121, 124, 134.

[87] The circular letter was not adopted without opposition. Bernard says that the proposition was first rejected two to one; and after the measure was finally carried, in order to give the appearance of greater unanimity, the former proceedings of dissent were obliterated from the journal (_Letters_, 8).

[88] _Mass. State Papers_, 113.

[89] Abstracts of these papers convey no adequate idea of their strength. They must be read in their completeness, and so read, in connection with Lord Mansfield's speech in the House of Lords, one sees the arguments of each party stated at their best.

[90] Hutchinson's _History_, iii. 188.

[91] Gordon, i. 231. Governor Bernard has given an account of these transactions in a series of letters addressed to Shelburne or Hillsborough, and published in a collected volume. It is a graphic narrative, in many cases of events in which he had participated, or which he had learned from eye-witnesses. Apparently they are as fair as other partisan accounts of the transactions, which may be found in various histories. The truth yet waits to be told; but it will not be accurately told by one who assigns all sublimated virtues to one party, and the most malignant depravity to the other.

[92] See Hutchinson's _History_, iii. 192, and 488 for the address.

[93] _Mass. State Papers_, 156.

[94] For a summary of these replies, see Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 213.

[95] _Letters 41._

[96] _History_, iii. 196.

[97] _Ibid._, iii. 197; see also Frothingham, 239.

[98] _Letters 40._

[99] _Mass. State Papers_, 147.

[100] Otis was chairman. On the first day several committees were appointed: one to learn from Governor Bernard the grounds of his apprehensions that additional regiments were expected; another to present a petition for convening the General Court "with the utmost speed;" and a third to take into consideration the state of public affairs, and report salutary measures at an adjourned meeting. The next day the governor replied that his information in regard to the troops was private: when he had public letters on the subject he would communicate them to the Council. As for calling another assembly, he could do nothing without his majesty's commands. Whereupon a series of resolutions and votes was passed to the effect that the inhabitants of Boston would defend the king, the charter, and their own rights; that levying of money within the province, or keeping a standing army, except by consent of the General Assembly, was in violation of the charter and of natural rights; that the several towns be asked (the letter is in Hutchinson, iii. 492) to send delegates to a convention to be held on the 22d; that on account of a "prevailing apprehension, in the minds of many, of an approaching war with France", the inhabitants be provided with arms; and that the ministers in town set apart a day of fasting and prayer. A broadside of these proceedings was published, of which a fac-simile is in the Boston Public Library.

[101] Hutchinson's _History_, iii. 212. They were the Fourteenth, Twenty-ninth, and part of the Fifty-ninth British regiments.

[102] _Parliamentary History_, vol. xvi. 476 _et seq._; Mahon's _History_, v. 240; Hutchinson's _History_, iii. 219.

[103] W. S. Johnson, _Trumbull Papers_, 317.

[104] Hutchinson's _History_, iii. 221.

[105] _Ibid._, iii. 494.

[106] _Writings_, i. 3 (Boston ed.).

[107] North Carolina adopted resolutions similar to those of Virginia, and associations were formed to prevent importation of British goods. Ramsay, _Amer. Rev._, i. 84.

[108] Part of the Sixty-fourth and Sixty-fifth regiments, under Colonels Mackey and Pomeroy, arrived at Boston November 10th.

[109] Hutchinson's _History_, iii. 233.

[110] _Ibid._, vol. iii. 498.

[111] He was created a baronet March 20, 1769 (Gordon, _History_, i. 275).

[112] An unpublished letter of this date, from Charles Lloyd to George Grenville, giving an account of the affair, is in the possession of the writer.

[113] W. S. Johnson, _Trumbull Papers_, 423.

[114] May, 1770. "Agreeably to a vote of the town of Boston, Capt. Scott sailed from thence this month for London, with the cargo of goods he had brought from thence, contrary to the non-importation agreement; to give evidence, on the other side the water, of the sincerity of said agreement" (_Mass. Hist. Coll._, ii 44).

[115] W. S. Johnson, _Trumbull Papers_, 421. The Minute of the Cabinet, May 1, 1769, by which Hillsborough was authorized to make the promise contained in his circular letter, may be seen in Mahon's _History of England_, v. Appendix, xxxvii.; and the reasons upon which the minute rests are both interesting and significant—"upon consideration of such duties having been laid contrary to the _true principles of commerce_."

[116] _Parliamentary History_, xvi. 855, 979

[117] W. S. Johnson, _Trumbull Papers_, 430.

[118] W. S. Johnson, _Trumbull Papers_, 435.

[119] _Parliamentary History_, xvi. 981

[120] _Ibid._, 1006.

[121] W. S. Johnson, _Trumbull Papers_, 437.

[122] _Administration of the Colonies._

[123] _Mass. State Papers_, 306.

[124] Lossing's _Field-Book of the Revolution_, i. 630. For a full account of this affair, see Bartlett's _History of the Destruction of the Gaspee_.

[125] W. E. Foster's _Stephens Hopkins_, Pt. ii. 95.

[126] Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 266.

[127] For a full account of the formation and purpose of the Committee of Correspondence, with the names of the Boston members, see Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 263.

[128] See resolutions and members of the committee in _Mass. State Papers_, 400.

[129] _History_, iii. 397.

[130] Ramsay gives these resolutions. _Hist. Amer. Rev._, i. 98.

[131] Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 294; Hutchinson's _History_, iii. 441.

[132] Hutchinson's _History_, iii. 441.

[133] He died at Brompton, England, June 3, 1780.

[134] Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 347.

[135] The action of the other colonies in respect to the proposed Continental Congress may be found in Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 331, n.

[136] See authorities in _John Adams_, a pamphlet by the writer of this chapter, 1884.

[137] _Works_, iv. 109. I find in the works of no other writer, historical or political, more accurate conceptions of the causes, immediate and remote, of the Revolution, and so fair and judicial a statement of them. _Works_, i. 24, 92.

[138] Bancroft, v. 250.

[139] See _Rights of Great Britain asserted against the claims of America_ (London, 1776).

[140] _Works_, x. 321.

[141] _History_, ii. 43.

[142] _Ibid._, vi. 85.

[143] _Hist. N. E._, ii. 444.

[144] New York, 1882 by Eben Greenough Scott.

[145] In the absence of such a work, the student will find something to his purpose in the _Hutchinson Papers_ (Prince Soc. ed.), ii. 150, 232, 265, 301, 313 _et passim_; _Andros Tracts_, ii. 69, 215, 224, 233 _et passim_; Sewall's _Letters_, i. 4; Chalmers's _Political Annals_, in the notes particularly, and in his _Introduction to the History of the Revolt of the Colonies_; Palfrey, _Hist. New England_, ii. 444; iii. 276, 279, _n._ For the commerce and products of Virginia in 1671, and the effect of the navigation laws, see Chalmers's _Political Annals_, 327; and in 1675, _Ibid._, 353, 354; and for duties imposed on commerce by colonial assemblies, _Ibid._, 354, 404. For complaints of British merchants to Charles II. of infractions of the navigation laws by New England, _Ibid._, 400, 433, 437. See Ramsay's _American Revolution_, i. 19, 22, 23, 45, 46, 49; and Franklin's _Works_, iv. 37, for British trade with the colonies. Jefferson's _Notes_, 277, gives the amount of Virginia exports just before the Revolution. _Queries and Answers_, relative to the commerce of Connecticut in 1774 (_Mass. Hist. Coll._, vii. 234), affords much interesting information as to shipping, sailors, and importations from Great Britain, the course and subjects of foreign trade of the colony. For similar papers relating to New York, see O'Callaghan's _Documentary Hist. of New York_, 8vo ed., vol. i. 145, 699, 709, 737, and vol. iv. 163.

[146] _Works_, Boston ed., vol. ix.

[147] _The Late Revelations Respecting the British Colonies_ (published at Philadelphia, 1765, and attributed to John Dickinson) contains valuable statistics of commerce, and discusses the British commercial and revenue policy with great ability; also, _Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies_, attributed to Daniel Dulaney, of Maryland, 1765; _The Right to the Tonnage_, by the same, Annapolis, 1766.

[148] Cf. Felt's _Massachusetts Currency_; Pownall's _Administration of the Colonies_, 102 _et seq._

[149] _Hist. N. E._, iii. ch. ix.

[150] Sewall says that the first admiralty court was held July 5, 1686, and that several ships had been seized for trading contrary to the acts (_Letters_, i. 34). Dudley was inaugurated May 26, 1686, and soon got to the work of enforcing the laws. See also _Andros Tracts_, iii. 69.

[151] The history of these writs is given, with a fulness and accuracy which leaves nothing to be desired, in the Appendix to _Quincy's Reports_, by Horace Gray, Jr. (now Mr. Justice Gray, of the Supreme Court of the United States). Besides other sources of unpublished information, in England and America, Mr. Gray had access to the _Bernard Papers_ (now in Harvard University library); in his administration these writs were legalized and efficiently used.

[152] See Vol. V. p. 612. For more than a century in the government of the colonies political considerations were subordinated to a commercial policy; New England was favored during the Protectorate, and Virginia after the Restoration, equally on political grounds. But with the beginning of the French War this commercial policy began to give way to an imperial policy. To the Congress of 1754 is due the distinction of being the only body, among similar gatherings before or since, which of its own motion seriously entertained and adopted a project of bringing the colonies, as a unit, into defined relations to the mother country, for general government in respect to their defence. Nobody saw more clearly than Franklin, or has more explicitly pointed out the necessity of some general government for the defence of the colonies (_Works_, by Sparks, iii. 32 _et seq._); and to secure these ends he was willing to go further, in some respects, even than Hutchinson. He admitted the power and necessity of parliamentary action in the alteration of colonial charters (_Works_, iii. 36). He provided that the President-General should be appointed and his salary paid by the crown (3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, v. 70); that the Speaker should be approved by the President-General, thus admitting the validity of the prerogative (_Works_, iii. 44; and see Plan, that the assent of the President-General should be requisite to all _acts_ of the Grand Council, instead of all _laws_, as stated by Bancroft, iv. 123); and that the Grand Council should have power to "lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes as to _them_ shall appear most equal and just" (_Works_, iii. 50). Bancroft, in summarizing the Plan of Union, drawn by Franklin, says (_Hist._, iv. 124) the general government was empowered "to make laws and levy just and equitable taxes", thus giving the impression that the powers of the Council were limited by absolute justice and equity, or by what each colony should so judge. But this is what Franklin neither meant nor said. He lodged the powers in the sole discretion of the Council, which is quite a different thing. Grenville or Townshend asked no more for Parliament. The General Assembly of Connecticut knew what the words meant. In their reasons for rejecting the proposed plan (I _Mass. Hist. Coll._, vii. 212) they say, "The proposal, in said plan contained, for the President-General and Council to levy taxes, &c., _as they please_, throughout this extensive government, is a very extraordinary thing, and against _the rights and privileges of Englishmen_." Their objections to Franklin's Plan read like an answer of the Massachusetts General Court, drawn by Samuel Adams, to a message of Bernard. The governor and council of Rhode Island had similar fears. They said that they found it to be "a scheme which, if carried into execution, will virtually deprive this government, at least, of some of its most valuable privileges, if not effectually overturn and destroy our present happy constitution" (_Rhode Island Hist. Tracts_, ix. 61). And that sturdy patriot, Stephen Hopkins, who was associated with Franklin, Hutchinson, Pitkin, and Howard in the Albany Plan, was subjected to much worry for invoking the parliamentary authority in modifying the Rhode Island charter, and was driven to self-vindication in A _True Representation_ (_Ibid._, I). Whatever modifications Franklin's opinions may have undergone in later years on other matters, "it was his opinion thirty years afterwards that his plan was near the true medium" (_Works_, iii. 24, Sparks's note).

There is a plan of union in the handwriting of Thomas Hutchinson (_Mass. Archives_, vi. 171, and in the _Trumbull MSS._, in Mass. Hist. Soc., i. 97; and printed in Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, Appendix) which probably expressed his sentiments in 1754, when it was rejected by the General Court. Like Franklin, he was willing to acknowledge and invoke the parliamentary authority for the union, with the power in the Grand Council to levy such taxes as they deemed just and equal; but, unlike Franklin, he did not allow the President to negative the choice of the Speaker by the Grand Council.

But no one wrote from a more varied experience, or more careful examination of colonial constitutions, and of their possible relations to the mother country, than Thomas Pownall. His connection with the Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, as their secretary in 1745, made him familiar with the difficulties of colonial administration from the British point of view; and his successive administrations, as lieutenant-governor, or governor, of New Jersey, Massachusetts, and South Carolina from 1755 to 1761, extended his acquaintance with the state of colonial affairs in the Northern, Middle, and Southern colonies. He was a moderate Whig, and, like all moderate men in those days, his counsels were duly regarded by neither party. He embodied his views in a work entitled _The Administration of the Colonies_, which passed through several editions. His scheme was elaborate and wise, if his concurrence with Franklin in points which they treat in common may be regarded as a test of wisdom. His commercial scheme was predicated on the general law that colonial trade follows capital, and, while sharing the benefits, pays profit to it. He would have left that trade free to develop itself within certain limits; but inasmuch as it must tend somewhere,—to the English, French, or Dutch,—he thought it right that the trade of English colonies should pay profit to England, as the country whose navy defended it, and by whose capital it was developed. But England ought to grasp this trade only as the centre of a commercial dominion of which America was a part and entitled to parliamentary representation, which he thought practicable. In theory he acknowledged the prerogative of the crown in respect to colonial government, but recognized the necessity of parliamentary intervention, and would have reduced both to cases of actual necessity, and would always have subordinated the question of power to the dictates of reason and expediency.

[153] See letter of Pownall to Franklin, on this subject, and Franklin's remarks (_Works_, iv. 199).

[154] See the whole passage, not often quoted by historians, in Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 149, _n._

[155] Sidney S. Rider (_Rhode Island Hist. Tracts_, 9, xxx.) denies that Rhode Island rejected the Plan, as affirmed by Sparks.

[156] _Massachusetts State Papers._

[157] Published at Boston in 1818, and edited by Alden Bradford. It is often quoted as _Mass. State Papers_. The answers were chiefly from the industrious pen of Samuel Adams.

[158] _Journals of the House of Lords_, xxxiv. 124.

[159] _Works_, iv. 466.

[160] _Memoir of Josiah Quincy, Jr._, 355.

[161] _History_, vi. p. 244.

[162] _Hist. of the Revolution_, i. 175.

[163] What we know of this speech is derived mainly from the notes of it taken by John Adams (_Works_, ii. 521-525), and from the reminiscent account of it which Adams gave to William Tudor in 1818, with his description of the scene in court during its delivery. Minot, in his _Hist. of Massachusetts_, 1748-1765 (vol. ii. 91-99), worked up these notes, and they form the basis of the narrative in Tudor's _Life of Otis_ (p. 62). The legal aspects have been specially examined by Horace Gray in an appendix to the _Reports of Cases in the Superior Court 1761-1772, by Josiah Quincy, Jr., printed from his original manuscripts, and edited by Samuel M. Quincy_ (Boston, 1865). Cf. _John Adams's Works_, x. pp. 182, 233, 244, 274, 314, 317, 338, 342, 362. Cf. also _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 58; ii. 124, 521; and the Adams-Warren Correspondence in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xliv. 340, 355. Cf. also Hutchinson's _Mass. Bay_, vol. iii.; _Essex Institute Hist. Coll._, Aug., 1860; Bancroft's _United States_, ii. 546, 553; Thornton's _Pulpit of the Rev._, 112; Barry's _Massachusetts_, ii. 264; Everett's _Orations_, i. 388; Scott's _Constitutional Liberty_, 237; _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 5; Palfrey's _Compend. Hist. N. E._, iv. 306; Wells's _Sam. Adams_, i. 43. There is a copy of one of these writs in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society. W. S. Johnson wrote to Governor Trumbull that the process was in vogue in England (_Trumbull Papers_; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xlix. pp. 292, 374), as it is to-day. The most conspicuous instance of an attempt to search under these writs was when the officers tried to enter the house of Daniel Malcom in Oct., 1766, and were forcibly resisted. The papers connected with this, as transmitted to London, and telling the story on both sides, are among the _Lee Papers_ in Harvard College library (vol. i. nos. 14-25).

[164] Sabin, xiv. p. 84. Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 559; _John Adams_, x. p. 300. Lecky skilfully sketches the condition of the colonies at this time (_England in the Eighteenth Century_, iii. ch. 12), and Lodge's _Short Hist. of the English Colonies_ depicts, under the heads of the various colonies, the prevailing characteristics.

[165] Dickinson's speech in the Assembly, May 24, 1764, passed through two editions (Philad., 1764), and was reprinted in London (1764). (Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,387-88.) Galloway's _Speech in Answer_ (Philad., 1764; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,395) was reprinted in London (1765), with a preface by Franklin (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,452), and Dickinson's _Reply_ was printed in London, 1765 (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,444). Dickinson's speech is also in his _Works_ (i. p. 1). Cf. _Franklin's Works_, iv. pp. 78, 101, 143.

[166] _Rise of the Republic_, p. 167.

[167] It is analyzed in _John Adams's Works_ (x. 293), and in Frothingham, p. 169. It was published in Boston in 1765, and in London the same year, by Almon, and was circulated through the instrumentality of Thomas Hollis (Sabin, xiv. p. 83).

[168] _John Adams's Works_, x. 189. Cf. Palfrey, _New England_ (Compend. ed., iv. 343), and Tudor's _Otis_. See _ante_, p. 28.

[169] Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,456; Sabin, viii. no. 32,966; _Cooke Catalogue_, no. 1,202. It was reprinted in London in 1766, at the instigation of the Rhode Island agent, as _The Grievances of the American Colonies carefully examined_ (Sparks, no. 1,272; Cooke, no. 1,203). There is a reprint in the _R. I. Col. Records_, vi. 416. The London text is followed in Selim H. Peabody's _American Patriotism_ (N. Y., 1880). The original edition of all was published by order of the R. I. Assembly in 1764, but no copy is known. Cf. Wm. E. Foster's _Stephen Hopkins, a Rhode Island Statesman; study in the political history of the eighteenth century_ (Providence, 1884,—no. 19 of _R. I. Hist. Tracts_), who examines (ii. p. 227) the claims of Hopkins to its authorship, for the tract was printed anonymously. Cf. Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, p. 172; Palfrey's _New England_ (Compend. ed.), iv. 369. Hopkins's tract was controverted in a _Letter from a gentleman at Halifax_ (Newport, 1765,—Sabin, x. 40,281); and James Otis replied in a _Vindication of the British Colonies against the aspersions of the Halifax gentleman_ (Boston, 1765; Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,480); and this in turn was followed by a _Defence of the Letter_, etc. (Newport, 1765), and _Brief Remarks_ (Brinley, i. nos. 190, 198). A tract usually cited by a similar title, but which was called at length _Coloniæ Anglicanæ illustratæ: or the Acquest of dominion and the plantation of Colonies made by the English in America, with the rights of the Colonists examined, stated, and illustrated. Part I._ (London, 1762; Sabin, ii. 6,209; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,314) was never completed, and was mostly occupied with irrelevant matter. Its author was William Bollan, who was dismissed as the Massachusetts agent during that same year, and John Adams (x. 355) says he scarce ever knew a book so utterly despised. Otis (Tudor, p. 114) expressed his contempt for it (Sabin, ii. p. 265-6).

[170] _Reasons why the Brit. Colonies in America should not be charged with internal taxes_, etc. (New Haven, 1764). It is reprinted in _Conn. Col. Records_, vol. xii. Cf. Pitkin's _United States_, i. 165, and Ingersoll's _Letters_, p. 2.

[171] Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,427. _John Adams's Works_, iv. 129; x. 292. Palfrey, iv. 349. Thacher died in 1765, aged 45 years.

[172] Mayhew had early sounded the alarm, and Thornton begins his _Pulpit of the Revolution_ with a reprint of Mayhew's sermon in 1750 on _Unlimited submission and non-resistance to the higher powers_ (Boston, 1750; again, 1818; Brinley, no. 1,529). The controversy with Apthorpe, who was settled over Christ Church in Cambridge, as representative of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, began with his _Considerations on the institution and conduct of the Society_, etc. (Boston, 1763), to which Mayhew responded in his _Observations on the charter and conduct of the Society_, etc., _designed to show their non-conformity to each other_ (Boston, 1763; London, 1763; Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. no. 383; Haven, p. 564). Dr. Caner, of King's Chapel, Boston, replied in _A Candid Examination of Dr. Mayhew's Observations_, etc. (Boston, 1763). Another _Answer_ (London, 1764) was perhaps by Apthorpe. Mayhew published _A Defence of his Observations_ (Boston, 1763), and a second defence, called _Remarks_, etc. (Boston, 1764; London, 1765), which was followed by a _Review_ by Apthorpe (London, 1765). These and other tracts of the controversy are recorded in Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. nos. 378-391; in Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,433, 1,465; in Haven's list, pp. 562, 564, 565.

A later controversy, between Thomas Bradbury Chandler and Charles Chauncy, produced other tracts printed in New York, Philad., and Boston (1767-68). Cf. Brinley, iv. nos. 6, 127-31, and Haven's list; and for these religious controversies, Thornton's _Pulpit_, p. 109; Lecky, iii. 435; Palfrey's _New England_ (Compend. ed., iv. 324); E. H. Gillett in _Hist. Mag._, Oct., 1870; Perry's _Amer. Episc. Church_, i. 395; Gambrall's _Church life in Colonial Maryland_ (1885); O. S. Straus's _Origin of Repub. form of gov't in the U. S._ (1885), ch. 3 and 7; _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iv. 198, 202.

[173] Cf. Bancroft (original ed., ii. 353; vi. 9); _Adams's Works_ (x. 236); _Dawson's Sons of Liberty in N. Y._ (p. 42); Barry's _Mass._ (ii. 252-255); _Scott's Development of Constitutional Liberty_ (pp. 189-214). In 1764 courts of vice-admiralty for British America had been established (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvii. 291), and the sugar act passed, placing a duty on molasses, etc.,—a modification of the act of 1733. "I know not", wrote John Adams in 1818, "why we should blush to confess that molasses was an essential ingredient in American independence." _John Adams's Works_, x. 345.

[174] _Ames's Almanac_ for 1766 has this notice: "Price before the Stamp Act takes place, half-a-dollar per dozen, and six coppers single; after the act takes place, more than double that price." The act was called, _Anno regni Georgii III. regis Magnæ Britanniæ, Franciæ, & Hiberniæ, quinto. 1765. An act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, and other duties in the British colonies and plantations in America, towards defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same_ [etc.]. It was reprinted at once in Boston, New London, New York, and Philadelphia, and will be found in the official records and in various modern books like Spencer's _Hist. U. S._ (i. 274), etc. The stamps are found in various cabinets (_Catal. Mass. Hist. Soc. Cab._, pp. 104, 118, 123, 125), and cuts of the stamp are found in _Mem. Hist. Boston_ (iii. 12), Thornton's _Pulpit of the Rev._, etc.

[175] Cf. Bancroft, orig. ed., v. 151. There was a proposition for a colonial stamp act in a tract published in London in 1755, called _A Miscellaneous Essay concerning the courses pursued by Great Britain in the affairs of the Colonies_ (London, 1755).

[176] Lecky, _England in the Eighteenth Cent._ (iii. 324). Mahon (v. 86) quotes Burke's speech of 1774 as proving the small interest in the debate of 1765, and thinks that Walpole's failure to mention the debate in his letters proves the truth of Burke's recollections. Adolphus had earlier relied on Burke. Mahon even intimates that Barré's famous speech was an interpolation in the later accounts; but the _Letters_ printed by Jared Ingersoll show that it was delivered. (Cf. _Palfrey's Review of Mahon_.) The _Parliamentary History_ says that Barré's speech was in reply to Grenville; but Ingersoll says Charles Townshend was the speaker who provoked it. Cf. Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_ (p. 175); Ryerson's _Loyalists_ (i. 294); H. F. Elliot on "Barré and his Times" in _Macmillan's Mag._, xxxv. 109 (Dec., 1876); and _Hist. MSS. Com. Report_, viii. pp. 189, 190.

It was in the speech of Feb. 6, 1765, that Barré applied the words "Sons of Liberty" to the patriots in America, which they readily adopted (Bancroft, v. 240; Thornton's _Pulpit_, 131). Dr. J. H. Trumbull, in a paper, "Sons of Liberty in 1755", published in the _New Englander_, vol. xxxv. (1876), showed that the term had ten years earlier been applied in Connecticut to organizations to advance theological liberty. It is also sometimes said that the popular party at the time of the Zenger trial had adopted the name. The new organization embraced the young and ardent rather than the older and more prudent patriots, and at a later period they became the prime abettors of the non-importation movements. For their correspondence in New England, see _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (x. 324) and the Belknap Papers (MSS., iii. p. 110, etc.) in the Mass. Hist. Soc. cabinet. A list of those dining together in 1769 at Dorchester is given in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Aug., 1869. The correspondence of those in Boston with John Wilkes, 1768-69, is noted in the _Brit. Mus. Catal._, Add. MSS. 30,870, ff. 45, 46, 75, 135, 222. H. B. Dawson's _Sons of Liberty in N. Y._ was privately printed in N. Y., 1859.

[177] A letter of Aug. 11, 1764, from Halifax had forewarned the colonial governors of the intention (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii. 646; _N. J. Archives_, ix. 448).

[178] Thomas's _Hist. of Printing_, Am. Antiq. Soc. ed., ii. 223; Sargent's _Dealings with the Dead_, i. 140, 144; Lossing's _Field-Book_, i. 466; _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 159; Thomas Paine's "Liberty Tree Ballad" in the _Penna. Mag._, July, 1775; and Moore's _Songs and Ballads of the Rev._, p. 18. The selecting of a large tree and its dedication to the cause became general. Cf. Silas Downer's _Discourse, July 25, 1768, at dedication of a tree of liberty in Providence_ (Providence, 1768), and the _Providence Gazette_, July 30, 1768 (Sabin, v. 20, 767; J. R. Bartlett's _Bibliog. of R. I._, p. 112; Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,622).

[179] Hutchinson had expressed disapproval of the Stamp Act; but doubting its expediency did not affect his judgment of the necessity of enforcing it (P. O. Hutchinson, i. 577; ii. 58). On the destruction of his house, see his own statement in P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_, i. 70, 72, and his letter, dated Aug. 30, 1765, in the _Mass. Archives_, xxvi. 146, printed in the _Mass. Senate Docs._ (1870, no. 187, p. 3). He says: "The lieutenant-governor, with his children, lodged the next night at the Castle, but after that in his house at Milton, though not without apprehension of Danger." Quincy's diary (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, iv. 47) preserves Hutchinson's speech, when a few days later he took his seat on the bench, clad with such clothing as was left to him. Cf. the accounts in _Boston Newsletter_, Sept. 3, 1765; _Parliamentary History_, iv. 316; _Conduct of a late Administration_, 102; _Memorial Hist. Boston_, iii. 14, etc.; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Jan., 1862, p. 364.

[180] _Boston Town Records, 1758-1769_, p. 152 (_Rec. Com. Rept._, xvi.).

[181] These papers are given in Hutchinson's _Mass. Bay_ (iii. 467, 471, 476). Samuel Dexter was the head of the committee to draft the reply of the assembly, but it is thought Sam. Adams wrote the paper (Bancroft, v. 347). Cf. _Speeches of the Governors of Mass., 1765-1775, and the answers of the House of Representatives, with other public papers relating to the dispute between this Country and Great Britain_ (Boston, 1818). This collection was edited by Alden Bradford, and is sometimes cited by historians as "Bradford's Collection", "Mass. State Papers", etc.

There is a portrait of Dexter (b. 1726; d. 1810) by Copley, and a photograph of it in Daniel Goodwin, Jr.'s _Provincial Pictures_ (Chicago, 1886).

[182] There is a likeness of Andrew Oliver, by Copley, in the possession of Dr. F. E. Oliver; and a photograph of it is in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society (Perkins's _Copley_, p. 90), and in P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_ (vol. ii. 17); and a woodcut in _Mem. Hist. Boston_ (iii. 43). Another portrait, by N. Emmons (1728), is given in a photograph in P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_ (i. 129).

[183] This paper is preserved, and a fac-simile is given in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, June, 1872, and in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_ (iii. 15). Cf. Bancroft, orig. ed., v. 375, etc.

For other accounts of the feelings and proceedings in Boston and Massachusetts, see a letter of Joshua Henshaw, in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ (1878, p. 268), and the histories of Boston by Snow and Drake; Tudor's Otis; _John Adams's Works_ (iii. 465; x. 192, 197); _Adams-Warren Correspondence_, p. 341; Frothingham's _Warren_; Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_, p. 50; the instructions of Lexington, in Hudson's _Lexington_, p. 88; the instructions of Braintree, in _John Adams's Works_, iii. 465, and many other similar documents; beside Dr. Benjamin Church's poem, _The Times_ (Boston Pub. Library, H. 95, 117, no. 3).

[184] Bancroft, orig. ed., v. ch. 14; _Boston Rec. Com. Rept._, xvi. p.155.

[185] For details, see—

For New Hampshire, a letter from Portsmouth, Jan. 13, 1766, to the New Hampshire agent in London, in the Belknap MSS. (Mass. Hist. Soc., 61, C. p. 108).

For Connecticut, Stuart's _Governor Trumbull_; Jared Ingersoll's _Letters relating to the Stamp Act_ (New Haven, 1766); and some tracts by Governor Fitch (_Brinley Catal._, nos. 2,116-2,118).

For New York, the _Journal of the N. Y. Assembly_; histories of the City and State of New York; _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii. 770; _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1876; Lossing's _Schuyler_, i. 203; Leake's _Lamb_, ch. 2-4; a long and interesting letter from Wm. Smith to Geo. Whitefield in _Hist. MSS. Com. Rept._, ii. (Dartmouth Papers); a letter of R. R. Livingston to General Monckton, in _Aspinwall Papers_, ii. 554; _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, ii. 296; J. A. Stevens in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, June, 1777 (i. 337), and on "Old Coffee-Houses" in _Harper's Monthly_, lxiv. p. 493 (see view of Burns's Coffee-house, the headquarters of the Sons of Liberty, in Valentine's _Manual of N. Y. City_, 1858, p. 588; 1864, pp. 513, 514; and in Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 456); and Dawson's _Sons of Liberty_ in N. Y.

For New Jersey, letter of Governor Franklin to Lords of Trade, in _N. J. Archives_, ix. 499, with other papers.

For Pennsylvania, Sparks's _Franklin_, vii. 297, 303, 307, 308, 310-13, 317-19, 328; the account in the _Penna. Gazette_, no. 1,239, Supplement, reprinted in Hazard's _Reg. of Penna._, ii. 243; Watson's _Annals of Philad._, vol. ii.; Muhlenberg's journal in _Penna. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i. 78; Wallace's _Col. Bradford_, p. 95.

For Delaware, _Life of Geo. Read_, p. 30.

For Maryland, the Gilmor Papers in the Maryland Hist. Soc. library, vol. iii., division 2; and references in vol. xi. of the Stevens-Peabody index of Maryland MSS.

For Virginia, the Resolves (May 29th) of the Assembly (to which Patrick Henry made his bold speech), given in Hutchinson's _Mass._, iii., App. p. 466; Geo. Tucker's _United States_, i., App., and cf. _Franklin's Works_, vii. 298; C. R. Hildeburn in _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, ii. 296; _Huguenot Family_, p. 424; Ryerson's _Loyalists_, i. 286; and Randall's _Jefferson_, i. ch. 2.

For North Carolina, J. H. Wheeler's _Reminiscences and Memoir of No. Carolina_ (1884).

For South Carolina, R. W. Gibbs's _Doc. Hist. of the Amer. Rev._, p. 1; Niles's _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 319; _Charleston Year-Book_, 1885, p. 331, with a fac-simile of broadside of schedule of stamps; Ramsay's _South Carolina_; Flanders's _Rutledge_, p. 456. There are in the _Sparks MSS._ (xliii. vol. iv.) various official letters of the governors of the different colonies to the home government. Gage's reminiscent letter to Chalmers is in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._ (xxxiv. 367, etc.); and other letters are in the _Hist. Mag._ (May, 1862, vol. vi. 137).

[186] Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._ (iii. 341), for a view of the hall.

[187] _Authentic Account of the proceedings of the Congress held in New York in 1765 on the subject of the American Stamp Act_ (Philad., 1767; Lond., 1767; Philad., 1813; in Almon's _Tracts_, 1773; in Niles's _Principles and Acts_, 1876, p. 155,—see Sabin, xiii. nos. 53,537, etc.); _Journal of the first Congress of the American Colonies, N. Y., Oct. 7, 1775, ed. by Lewis Cruger_ (Sabin, iv. 15,541). They passed a declaration of rights, an address to the king, a memorial to the lords, and a petition to the commons. (Cf. Hutchinson's _Mass._, vol. iii., App. pp. 479, 481, 483, 485; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 87, 89; H. W. Preston's _Docs. illus. Amer. Hist._,1886). John Adams and McKean at a later day exchanged memories of the Congress (_John Adams's Works_, x. 60, 63). Beardsley, in his _W. S. Johnson_ (p. 32), explains the position of that member for Connecticut. Cf., among the general writers, Bancroft, v. ch. 18; N. C. Towle, _Hist. and Analysis of the Constitution_, 307; Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 185; Palfrey's _New England_, iv. 399; Barry's _Mass._, ii. 304; Dunlap's _New York_, i. 416; Green's _Hist. View of the Amer. Rev._, 72; Lossing in _Harper's Monthly_, xxvi. 34, and Mahon's _England_, v. 126.

Timothy Ruggles (b. 1711), who later joined the Tories, was chosen president by a single vote. Cf. sketch in _Worcester Mag._ (1826), vol. ii., p. 54, and Sabine's _Amer. Loyalists_.

[188] _Works relating to Franklin in Boston Pub. Lib._, p. 20; Bancroft, orig. ed., v. 306; _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, viii. 426, and x. 220; Sparks's _Franklin_, i. 290; iv. 156, 161, 206; vii. 281; x. 429-32; Parton's _Franklin_, i. 436. The grounds of the accusation against Franklin are discussed in a correspondence of Franklin with Dean Tucker (Sparks's _Franklin_, iv. 518; Bigelow's _Franklin_, i. 460-466), and Tucker so far admitted his error as to omit the passage.

[189] Smyth's _Lectures_, ii. 383.

[190] _The Examination of Franklin_ [before the House of Commons] _relative to the repeal of the American Stamp Act in 1766_ (Williamsburg, n. d.; London, 1766; Philad.? 1766?; n. p. and n. d.; London, 1767—the titles vary in some of these editions). The report is also in Almon's _Prior Documents_ (London, 1777, pp. 64-81; Sparks's _Franklin_ (iv. p. 161; cf. vii. 311, 328); Bigelow's _Franklin_, i. 467); Bancroft, v. 428; Ryerson, i. 308.

[191] In recording the debates in Parliament, Bancroft (orig. ed., v. 383, 415) used the accounts in the _Political Debates_, in Walpole's _Letters_, the _précis_ in the French archives, the report set down by Moffat of Rhode Island, and the copious extracts made by Garth, a member, who sent his notes to South Carolina. William Strahan's account is given in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, April, 1886, p. 95. It is said in P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_ (i. 288) that Pitt was in doubt at first which side to take. Cf. lives of Pitt and editions of his speeches, and the comment in Mahon, v. 133, 138, and Ryerson, i. 302. Smyth (ii. 365) considers the protest of the lords against the repeal (_Protests of the Lords_, ed. by J. E. T. Rogers, ii. 77) the best exposition of the government view of taxation. For a Paris edition of this _Protests_, with Franklin's marginal notes, see _Brinley Catal._, no. 3,219. See also, for English comment, Fitzmaurice's _Shelburne_ (i. ch. 7), and Lecky, (iii. 344); and for American, Bancroft, v. 421, 450; _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii. 19; and in _Franklin's Works_ (iv. 156; vii. 308, 317).

There were rumors of the coming repeal in Boston as early as April 1st (Thornton's _Pulpit_, 120), but the confirmation came May 16th, when public rejoicing soon followed, and on a Thanksgiving, July 24, Charles Chauncy delivered a _Discourse_ in Boston (Boston, 1766; reprinted by Thornton, p. 105). The _Boon Catalogue_ (no. 2,949) and others show numerous sermons in commemoration of the repeal; and the public prints give the occasional ballads (F. Moore's _Songs and Ballads_, p. 22).

The town of Boston ordered portraits of Conway and Barré to be painted, and the pictures hung in Faneuil Hall till the British made way with them during the siege (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii, 181). There is a head of Conway in the _European Mag._ (i. 159), and another in the _London Mag._, April, 1782.

The Mass. Assembly, June 20th, thanked Pitt. Cf. _Mass. State Papers_, by Bradford, pp. 10, 92. For the general scope of the whole period of the Stamp Act turmoil, see, on the American side, beside the contemporary newspapers, Tudor's _Otis_, ch. 14; Bancroft, v. ch. 11, etc.; Gay, iii. 338; Palfrey, iv. 375; Barry, ii. ch. 10; E. G. Scott's _Constitutional Liberty_, p. 253; Irving's _Washington_, i. ch. 28; Parton's _Franklin_, i. 459-483; Bigelow's _Franklin_, i. 457; Thornton's _Pulpit_, etc., 133; Lossing's _Field-Book_, i. 463; ii. 877. Sparks made sketches and notes for a history of the Stamp Act, which are in the _Sparks MSS._, no. xliv. On the English side, beside the acts themselves and the current press, the _Annual Register_, _Gentleman's Mag._, etc., see Le Marchant's _George the Third by Walpole_, ii. 217, 236, 260, 277; the _Pictorial Hist. England_; Mahon; Massey; C. D. Yonge's _Constitutional Hist. England_, ch. 3; Sir Thomas Erskine May's _Const. Hist. England_, ii. 550-562; _Rockingham and his Contemporaries_, i. 250; Fitzmaurice's _Shelburne_, i. 319; Macknight's _Burke_, i. ch. 10, 11; J. C. Earle's _English Premiers_ (London, 1871), vol. i. ch. 5; Smyth's _Lectures_, ii. 379, 423; Lecky, iii. 314, 340 ("Every farthing which it was intended to raise in America, it was intended also to spend there"), and Ryerson's _Loyalists_, i. ch. 10.

[192] There was a _History of Amer. Taxation from 1763_, published in a third ed. at Dublin in 1775 (Sabin, vii. 32,125). Franklin contended that at this time taxation of the colonies was a popular idea in England (_Works_, vii. 350), while Smyth found that at a later day (_Lectures_, ii. 371) he could get sympathy in speaking of "the miserable, mortifying, melancholy facts of our dispute with America." See synopsis of the arguments _pro et con_ in _Life of George Read_, 76; Palfrey, iv. 327; Smyth's _Lectures_, ii. 471; Green's _Hist. View_, 55; Gardiner and Mullinger's _Eng. Hist. for Students_ (N. Y., 1881), p. 183. Cf. also Bigelow's _Franklin_, i. 515; Foster's _Stephen Hopkins_, ii. 244.

A few of the most indicative tracts on the subject may be mentioned:—

Soame Jenyns's _Objections to the Taxation of our American Colonies briefly considered_ (London, 1765; also in his _Works_, 1790, vol. ii. p. 189), which was answered in James Otis's _Considerations on behalf of the British Colonies_, dated Boston, Sept. 4, 1765 (Boston and London, 1765).

George Grenville is credited with the authorship of _The Regulations lately made concerning the Colonies and the taxes imposed upon them considered_ (London, 1765,—Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,472; _Sparks Catal._, p. 83).

William Knox, the agent of Georgia, printed _The Claim of the Colonies to exemption from internal taxes imposed by authority of Parliament examined_ (Lond., 1765). The _Brinley Catal._, no. 3,218, shows Franklin's copy, with his annotations.

Daniel Dulaney's _Considerations on the propriety of imposing taxes in the British Colonies for the purpose of raising a revenue by Act of Parliament_ (North America, 1765; Annapolis, 1765; New York, 1765; London, 1766) is in most copies without the author's name. (Cf. Sabin, v. no. 21,170; Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,438-39, 1,503; Brinley, i. no. 188; also Frothingham's _Rise of the Repub._, p. 194, and _Chatham Correspondence_, iii. 192.)

_The late regulations respecting the British colonies in America considered in a letter from a gentleman in Philadelphia to his friend in London_ (Philad., 1765; Lond., 1765) is usually said to have been by John Dickinson. It is included in his _Political Writings_, vol. i. A brief tract of two pages, _A denunciation of the Stamp Act_ (Philad., 1765), is also said to be Dickinson's.

The right of Parliament is sustained, but the Stamp Act as a measure condemned, in _A letter to a member of Parliament wherein the power of the British legislature and the case of the colonists are briefly and impartially considered_ (London, 1765,—Sabin, x. 40,406; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,462).

_Objections to the taxation of our American Colonies briefly considered_ (Lond., 1765).

See also Charles Thomson's letter to Cook, Laurence & Co., Nov. 9, 1765, in _N. Y. Hist. Society Coll._ (1878, p. 7).

[193] The first is a _Letter from a merchant in London to his nephew in No. America relative to the present posture of affairs in the Colonies_ (Lond., 1766), and the last _A series of answers to certain popular objections against separating from the rebellious colonies and discarding them entirely: being the concluding tract of the Dean of Gloucester on the subject of American affairs_ (Gloucester, 1776). The dean's plan of separation is best unfolded, however, in his _Humble Address and Ernest appeal_ (London, 1775; 3rd ed., corrected, 1776). The views of Tucker are given synoptically by Smyth (_Lectures_, ii. 392), Lecky (iii. 421), Hildreth (iii. 58). If Haven's list is correct, only two of Tucker's tracts were reprinted in the colonies. Cf. _Menzies Catal._, no. 1,997. The letters of Franklin and Wm. S. Johnson reflect opinions in England at this time.

[194] Published in London in 1767, two editions; Boston, 1767; also in Almon's _Tracts_, vol. iii. Cf. Sabin, iv. nos. 15,202-3; Brinley, iii. p. 185; Carter-Brown, iii., no. 1,498. 18 It is sometimes attributed to C. Jenkinson. The published tracts of 1766 are enumerated in Carter-Brown and Haven under 1766; in Cooke, 1,336, 1,929, 1,934; in Brinley, i. p. 21; ii. p. 154; and in Sabin, under the authors' names.

During 1767 also there was something of a flurry in the religious part of the community induced by a sermon (London, 1767) which the Bishop of Landaff had preached before the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, in Feb., in which he had styled the Americans "infidels and barbarians." William Livingston, of New York, addressed a _Letter to the Bishop_ (London, 1768), and Charles Chauncy, of Boston, published a _Letter to a friend_ (Boston, 1767), in which the bishop was taken to task, while an anonymous friend undertook a _Vindication of the Bishop_ (New York, 1768). Cf. Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,585, 1,629, 1,630.

The other tracts of 1767 are not numerous. Cf. Carter-Brown, and Haven under 1767.

[195] Sabin, xiv. 61,646.

[196] _Rec. Com. Rept._, xvi. p. 22.

[197] Following a copy in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library.

[198] Franklin (Sparks), vii. 371, 373, 376, 378, 387; (Bigelow), i. 551, 556. The resolutions were printed in the public prints, in _Ames's Almanac_ (1768), etc.

[199] For the movements in Boston, see Frothingham's "Sam. Adams's Regiments" in the _Atlantic Monthly_, June and Aug., 1867, and Nov., 1863. The letter of the town to Dennis Deberdt, the London agent, sets forth their side of the case (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 29). John Mein, the Boston printer, one of the proscribed, published his _State of the importation of Great Britain with the port of Boston from Jan. to Aug., 1768_, to show that his assailants were also importers (Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. no. 393; Quaritch, 1885, no. 29,618). There is one of the agreements among the Boston merchants, Aug. 14, 1769, in _Misc. MSS._, 1632-1795, in Mass. Hist. Soc. cabinet. Samuel Cooper tells Franklin how the agreements are adhered to (Sparks's _Franklin_, vii. 448). Moore, _Songs and Ballads of the Rev._, p. 48, gives some verses from the _Boston Newsletter_, urging the "daughters of liberty" to lend their influence in this direction. In the early part of 1770 the movement seemed to be vigorous (_Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 150; cf. papers of Cushing, Hancock, and others, in _Letters and Papers_, 1761-1776, in Mass. Hist Soc. cabinet). Late in the year Hutchinson could write: "The confederacy in all the governments against importing seemed in the latter end of the summer to be breaking to pieces" (P. O. Hutchinson, i. 24). For such matters in Philadelphia, see Scharf and Westcott's _Philadelphia_; Franklin (Sparks), vii. 445; (Bigelow), ii. 39. In Delaware, see _Life of George Read_, 82. In Charlestown (S. C.) there was a controversy over the non-importation association, in which Christopher Gadsden and John Mackenzie supported the movement, and W. H. Drayton and William Wragg opposed it. These letters, which appeared in Timothy's _S. C. Gazette_, June-Dec., 1769, were issued together in _The letters of Freeman_, etc. ([London], 1771, Brinley, no. 3,976).

[200] Thornton, _Pulpit of the Rev._, 150. It is printed in the _Penna. Archives_, 1st ser., iv. 286, and _N. Jersey Archives_, x. 14.

[201] _New Jersey Archives_, x. 14.

[202] _New Jersey Archives_, x. 21. Cf. William E. Foster on the development of colonial coöperation, 1754-1774,—a chapter in his _Stephen Hopkins_, vol. ii. A symbol, common at this time, of a disjointed snake, the head representing New England, and the other fragments standing for the remaining colonies, and accompanied by the motto "Join or Die", seems to have first appeared in _The Constitutional Courant_, no. 1, Sept. 21, 1765, and was used later by the _Boston Evening Post_. Cf. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Nov., 1882, p. 768; 1883, p. 213; and Preble's _Hist. of the Amer. Flag_.

[203] Hutchinson's side of the story is in his _History_, iii. 189. At a large town meeting, over which Otis presided, and at which no direct reference was made to the riots, the people recapitulated grievances, and petitioned (_Rec. Com. Rept._, xvi. 254) the governor to order the "Romney" away from the harbor. Hutchinson (iii. App. J and K) prints the address and the instructions which were given to their representatives. (Cf. _John Adams's Works_, iii. 501.) The examination of Robert Hallowell, controller of the port, is in the _Lee MSS._ (H. C. library), i. no. 40.. Johnson (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xlix. 301) speaks of the effect in England. See the general historians, and also special reports in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1868, p. 402; 1869, p. 452; and also 1883, p. 404, for Hancock's spirit of challenge in naming a sloop, the next year, the "Rising Liberty."

[204] Caruthers's _Life of Dr. Caldwell_; Foote's _Sketches of No. Carolina_; Martin's _Hist. of No. Carolina_; a paper by Francis L. Hawks in _Revolutionary Hist. of No. Carolina_, ed. by W. D. Cooke (Raleigh and New York, 1853), which has a sketch of the "Battle of Alamance;" papers by David L. Swain in the _University Magazine_ (Chapel Hill, N. C.); J. H. Wheeler's _Reminiscences and Memoirs of No. Carolina_ (1884); _Southern Literary Messenger_, xi. 144, 231. Cf. also Lossing's _Field-Book of the Rev._, ii. 577, and Jones's _New York during the Rev._, ii. 5; and a paper on James Few, "the first American anarchist", in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Nov., 1886.

[205] _A Fan for Fanning and a Touchstone for Tryon, containing an impartial account of the rise and progress of the so much talked of Regulation in North Carolina, by Regulus_ (Brinley, ii. no 3,866). They had organized for the purpose of "regulating public grievances." Such, at least, was their profession.

[206] _An impartial relation of the first rise and cause of the recent differences in public affairs in North Carolina, and of the past tumults and riots that lately happened in that province.... Printed for the Compiler_, 1770 (Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,744).

[207] _Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the inhabitants of the British Colonies_ (Philad., Boston, New York, 1768). They originally appeared in twelve numbers in the _Penna. Chronicle and Universal Advertiser_, between Dec. 2, 1767, and Feb. 15, 1768. When reprinted in London (1768) Franklin added a preface, and they were again printed there in 1774. (Cf. Sparks's _Franklin_, i. 316; iv. 256; vii. 391, x. 433; Bigelow's _Franklin_, i. 566; Sabin, v. nos. 20,044-20,052; Haven, p. 594; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,620, 1,621.) They are included in Dickinson's _Political Writings_ (Wilmington, 1801, vol. ii.). Lecky (iii. 419) calls these letters "one of the ablest statements of the American case." Cf. Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, p. 208, and Shea's _Hamilton_, p. 255. For Boston's letter of gratitude to Dickinson, see _Record Com. Rept._, xvi. p. 243. Lecky (iii. 320, 348) thinks the ablest presentation of the case against the colonies is _The Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies_ (London, 1769; Boston, 1769), written to offset the _Farmer's Letters_. Bancroft says that Grenville himself wrote the constitutional argument in it, and the Board of Trade furnished the material. The pamphlet itself is usually ascribed to William Knox, the Under-Secretary of State, though the names of Whately, Israel Mauduit, and John Mein have been sometimes preferred. (Cf. Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,666; Sabin, x. p. 532.)

[208] _The True Sentiments of America contained in a Collection of Letters sent from the House of Representatives of the Province of Massachusetts Bay to several persons of high rank in this kingdom. Together with certain papers relating to a supposed Libel on the Governor of that Province and a Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law_ (London, 1768). The volume includes the petition to the king of Jan. 20, 1768; the letter of Jan. 12, 1768, to Dennis Deberdt; letters to Shelburne, Conway, Camden, Chatham, and others,—most of these papers being written by Sam. Adams; Joseph Warren's attack on Bernard, from the _Boston Gazette_ and the _Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law_, attributed here to Jeremy Gridley, but written in fact by John Adams (Sabin, viii. 32,551; Brinley, ii. 4,163 Menzies, 946; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,603. Cf. _John Adams's Works_, x. 367).

_A Letter to the Right Honorable the Marquis of Rockingham from the Province of Massachusetts Bay_, Jan. 12, 1768, signed by the Speaker, was circulated in broadside (copy in Mass. Hist. Soc. library). Warren was writing in the public prints at this time (Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_, 53). Samuel Cooper was corresponding with William Livingston (Sedgwick's _Livingston_, pp. 136-138). Bernard was writing to Hillsborough, Nov. 30, 1768, that "Bowdoin had all along taken the lead in the Council in their late extraordinary proceedings" (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, viii. 86). The Boston merchants printed _Observations on several acts of parliament passed in the 4th, 6th, 7th years of [the] reign of [George III.]: also on the conduct of the officers of the customs since those acts were passed, and the board of commissioners appointed to reside in America_ (Boston, 1769),—Sabin, xiii. 56,501; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,690. Cf. Hutchinson's character of Bowdoin (_Massachusetts_, iii. 293).

There is among the Chalmers Papers in the _Sparks MSS._ (no. x. vol. ii.) a paper dated June, 1768, without signature, which begins, "Being in the gallery a few days before the Assembly was dissolved, I heard Mr. Otis make a long speech, part of the substance of which was, as near as I can remember, couched in the following terms", etc.; and (_Ibid._, vol. iii.) there is the affidavit of Richard Sylvester, a Boston innholder, sworn to before Hutchinson, and describing the speeches of the Boston leaders.

For the spirit of the hour, see the lives of the chief Boston patriots, like Sam. Adams, and a summary of the progress of opinion in Amory's _James Sullivan_ (Boston, 1859). Admiral Hood was so far deceived that in 1769 he wrote from Boston that the spirit of sedition had fallen (_Grenville Papers_, iii.).

[209] Not to name the newspapers, see the address of Georgia to the king (_Sparks MSS._, xlix. ii.); that of New Jersey (_N. J. Archives_, x. 18); that of Virginia, May 16,1769 (Hutchinson's _Mass. Bay_, iii. App. p. 494). On these royal petitions, see Ryerson's _Loyalists_, i. ch. 14.

A collection of papers of which William Livingston, as is supposed, was one of the writers, and which were printed in the _New York Gazette_ and in other newspapers, were published separately as _A Collection of Tracts from the late newspapers_ (Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 244; Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,617; Brinley, iv. no. 6,135). The correspondence of the Philadelphia merchants is in the _Sparks MSS._, lxii.

[210] Hutchinson's view of the matter is in his vol. iii. p. 227. These and other letters and papers were included in several publications, published about the same time:—

_Letters to the Earl of Hillsborough from Gov. Bernard, General Gage, and the Honorable his Majesty's Council for the province of Mass. Bay, with an appendix containing divers proceedings referred to in said letters_ (Boston, folio, 1769; Salem, quarto, 1769; London, n. d.,—Sabin, ii. 4,924; Carter-Brown, iii. 1683).

_Letters to the Ministry from Gov. Bernard, General Gage, and Commodore Hood; and also memorials to the lords of the treasury from the commissioners of the customs, with sundry letters and papers annexed to said memorials_ (Boston, 1769; London, n. d.,—Sabin, ii. 4,923; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,684).

_A third extraordinary Budget of Epistles and Memorials between Sir Francis Bernard, some natives of Boston, and the present ministry, against North America and the true interests of the British Empire and the rights of mankind_ (no imprint,—Sabin, ii. 4,927; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 600).

_Copies of letters from Sir Francis Bernard to the Earl of Hillsborough_ (two editions, without place, and one, Boston, 1769,—Sabin, ii. 4,921).

There had already been efforts made by the Boston authorities to get at the contents of these letters by a request to Bernard for a statement respecting his transmissions to England (_Mass. State Papers_, ed. Bradford, 115, 120; _Papers_ pub. by the Seventy-Six Soc.; Lee MSS. in Harvard College library, i. nos. 42-45). Bernard ascribed all his tribulations to his enforcement of the laws of trade (Bernard Papers in _Sparks MSS._, iii. 150). For Bernard's character, see _John Adams_, iv. 21, Mahon, v. 235, and Palfrey in his review of Mahon. Bernard left Boston Aug. 2, 1769.

[211] The general belief is that the author of this defence was Samuel Adams (Wells, i. 282; Bancroft, vi. 312), though it has been ascribed to William Cooper, to James Otis, and to Otis and Adams combined. Cf. Barry's _Mass._, ii. 399; Franklin, viii. 459; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, i. 485; _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. p.28; Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,643, 1,644, 1,716. See Report as spread on the Town Records, in _Rec. Com. Rept._, xvi. p. 303.

[212] _A letter to the right honourable the earl of Hillsborough, on the present situation of affairs in America._ _Also an appendix in answer to a pamphlet intitled, The constitutional right of Great-Britain to tax the colonies_ (London, 1769; Boston, 1769,—Sabin, viii. p. 297; Carter-Brown, iii. 1,681).

This also has been attributed to S. Adams; but Hutchinson (iii. 228, 237) believed that James Bowdoin was the writer.

[213] The notes include comments on the _Protest of the Lords against the repeal of the Stamp Act_ (_Franklin_, iv. 206); on _A letter from a merchant in London_ (iv. 211); on _Good Humour, or a way with the Colonies_ (iv. 215); on _An inquiry into the nature and causes of the present disputes_ (iv. 281); on _The true constitutional means of putting an end to the disputes_ (iv. 298). On Franklin in London at this time, see Sparks's _Franklin_, vii. 338, 350, 354, etc. The tracts above noted are said by Sparks to be in the Philadelphia Athenæum, but some of these titles appear, as having Franklin's notes, in the _Brinley Catal._ ii. nos. 3,218-22. Israel Mauduit's _Short View of the Hist. of the Colony of Mass. Bay_ (Lond., 1769) is noted in Brinley, and not by Sparks.

[214] Sparks's _Franklin_, iv. 258. Some letters of Strahan (1767-8, etc.) are in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, x. 322. The letters of Wm. Samuel Johnson are also of importance (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xlix.). He describes Barré and others in debate. Barré, in March, 1769, predicted the loss of the colonies (Smyth, _Lectures_, ii. 384), and in April Johnson is writing, "It seems pretty probable that we shall go on contending, and fretting each other, till we _become_ separate and _independent_ empires" (Beardsley's _Life of W. S. Johnson_, p. 65; also see pp. 38, 42).

A few of the other more significant pamphlets of 1769 may be mentioned: _The rights of the Colonies and the extent of the legislative authority of Great Britain_ (London, 1769), by Phelps, the under-secretary to Lord Sandwich. Allan Ramsay's _Thoughts on the origin and nature of government_ (London, 1769). Alexander Cluny's _American Traveller, or Observations on the British Colonies in America by an old and experienced trader_ (London, 1769), said to have been instigated by Chatham. _The present state of liberty in Great Britain and her Colonies_ (London, 1769). _The present state of the Nation_ (London, 1768), by Robert Tickle, and the reply to it, called _Considerations on the dependencies of Great Britain_ (London, 1769), and Burke's _Observations_ on it in his _Works_ (Boston, 1865, i. p. 269). _The Case of Great Britain and America_, _addressed to the King and both houses of parliament_ (London, 1769; Philad., 1769). Richard Bland's _Enquiry into the rights of the British Colonies, intended as an answer to The Regulations lately made concerning the Colonies_ (Williamsburg, 1769; London, 1769). Cf. Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,646, 1,652, 1,660, 1,661; Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. 510; Sabin, xvi. nos. 61,401, 67,679.

[215] Hutchinson's _History_, vol. iii. _John Adams's Works_, ii. 224; ix. 317; x. 204.

[216] Barry's _Mass._, ii. 407 and references.

[217] Reprinted in London in three editions the same year. Brinley, i. no. 1,655, etc.; Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,719, etc.; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 608.

[218] Not the historian, but his uncle. Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xi. 240.

[219] The letter of the Boston committee, covering the copy sent to the Massachusetts agent in London, is among the Lee Papers in the Univ. of Virginia. There is a fac-simile of its signatures in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 39. Some copies of the _Narrative_ have a list of the persons in England to whom copies were sent.

The _Letter from the Town of Boston to C. Lucas, Esq., one of the Representatives of the City of Dublin, in Parliament, inclosing a Short Narrative_, etc., was printed in Dublin, 1770 (_Cooke Catal._, iii. no. 256; Sabin, x. no. 40,348). The other contemporary American accounts are in the _Boston Gazette_, March 12th (bordered with black lines); Jos. Belknap's in _Belknap Papers_ (MS., i. 69); letter of William Palfrey to John Wilkes, and one of Governor Hutchinson in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. vi. 480 (March, 1863).

The accounts in Gordon (vol. i.) and Hutchinson (vol. iii. 270) are also those of contemporaries. Cf. documents in _Hist. Mag._, June, 1861, and in Niles's _Principles and Acts of the Rev._ Dickinson, on March 31st wrote of it to Arthur Lee, from Philadelphia. Lee's _Life of A. Lee_, ii. 299.

Crispus Attucks, one of the slain, usually called a mulatto, is held by J. B. Fisher, in the _Amer. Hist. Record_ (i. 531), to have been a half-breed Indian. Cf. _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 32; George Livermore's _Historical Research_.

[220] Separately, Boston, 1770 (Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,721; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 608).

[221] There are other later accounts in J. S. Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_; Frothingham's "Sam. Adams's Regiments" (_Atlantic Monthly_, June and Aug., 1862, and Nov., 1863), which is epitomized in his _Life of Warren_ (ch. 6); Wells's _Samuel Adams_; Tudor's _Otis_; Bancroft's _United States_ (orig. ed., vi. ch. 43, with references); histories of Boston by Snow and Drake, and the _Mem. History of Boston_, iii. 38, 135; Barry's _Mass._, ii. 409; Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. ch. 14.

[222] _John Adams's Works_, x. 201. The brief used by John Adams is in the Boston Public Library, and a fac-simile of the opening paragraph is in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 38. It is printed by Kidder (p. 10). A portrait of Lynde, the presiding judge, is given in the _Memorial Hist. of Boston_ (ii. 558), and in the _Diaries of Benj. Lynde and Benj. Lynde, Jr._ (Bost., privately printed, 1880), where will be found all that remains of his charge. Sam. Adams's "Vindex" criticised the arguments for the defence in the _Mass. Gazette_. Cf. Buckingham's _Reminiscences_, i. 168.

[223] He was a Scotch bookbinder in Boston. Thomas's _Hist. of Printing_ (1874), ii. 228.

[224] Brinley, i. 1659; Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,722; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 608.

[225] This volume was reprinted in Boston in 1807 and 1824, and in Kidder's monograph (1870). Other contemporary accounts of the trial are in Hutchinson (iii. 328); by S. Cooper in _Franklin's Works_ (vii. 499); and reminiscences are in _John Adams's Works_, x. 162, 201, 249. Cf. _Life of Josiah Quincy, Jr._ (ch. 2), and P. W. Chandler's _American Criminal Trials_ (vol. i.).

[226] Brinley, i. no. 1,658.

[227] Cf. _Proc. of his Majesty's Council, relative to the deposition of Andrew Oliver, Esq._ (Boston, 1770, Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,752).

[228] The principal later English accounts are in Stedman, Mahon (v. 268), Grahame (iv. 310), Ryerson's _Loyalists_ (i. ch. 16). Lecky (_England in the Eighteenth Century_, iii. 369, 401) thinks Bancroft shows violent partisanship, and says that "few things contributed more to the American Revolution than this unfortunate affray. Skilful agitators perceived the advantage it gave them, and the most fantastic exaggerations were dexterously diffused."

[229] A fac-simile of the _Mass. Spy_, March 7, 1771, with its blackened columns, is given in the _Mem. Hist. of Boston_ (iii. 135). On the same day Revere showed illuminated pictures of the scene from his house in North Square. The orations were gathered and published collectively by Peter Edes in 1785, and this book appeared in a second edition in 1807. The successive speakers were Thomas Young, James Lovell, Benjamin Church (third ed. was corrected by the author), John Hancock, Joseph Warren (two editions), Peter Thacher, Benj. Hichborn, Jonathan W. Austin, William Tudor, Jonathan Mason, Thomas Dawes, Geo. R. Minot, and Thomas Welsh. These orations were published separately, and Hancock's is said by Wells (ii. 138) to have been largely written by Samuel Adams. Hancock's was reprinted in New Haven. Some of them are in Niles's _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 17; and Loring (_Hundred Boston Orators_) particularly commemorates them.

When Warren's oration in 1772 was published, a poem by James Allen (1739-1808) was to have accompanied it, but some of the committee, having doubts of Allen's sentiments, suppressed it, when the poet's friends later published it separately as _The poem which the town of Boston had voted unanimously to be published with the late oration; with observations relating thereto; together with some very pertinent extracts from an ingenious composition never yet published_ [Anon.] (Boston, 1772). Cf. _Brinley Catal._, iv. no. 6,771; J. C. Stockbridge's _Harris Coll. of Amer. Poetry_ (Providence, 1886), p. 8.

The oration of Thacher, delivered at Watertown during the siege of Boston, is said to be rarest of all the separate issues (Cooke, no. 2,428).

A sermon on the massacre, by the Rev. John Lathrop, of the Second Church in Boston, "preached the lord's day following", was first printed in London, 1770, and reprinted in Boston, 1771 (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,792; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 610).

[230] These documents are Hutchinson's address, Apr. 26th (p. 505); the instructions of Boston to its representatives, May 15th (p. 508; cf. _John Adams's Works_, ix. 616); and various other documents interchanged between them which largely concern Hutchinson's removing the Assembly to Cambridge (pp. 515-542).

In June, 1770, it would seem that Hutchinson's life was threatened because of the passions aroused by the massacre, and there is in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library (_Misc. MSS._, 1632-1795) a brief note of his written on being advised to protect himself, dated June 22, 1770, at Milton. It is printed in the Society's _Proceedings_, Jan., 1862, p. 361.

[231] Arthur Lee's _Political detection_ (London, 1770), being letters addressed to Hillsborough, Bernard, and others (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,760).

Edmund Burke's _Thoughts on the Cause of the present discontents_ (3d ed., London, 1770,—in _Works_, Boston ed., 1865, i. p. 433).

Catharine Macaulay's _Observations on a pamphlet entitled Thoughts on the Cause of the present discontents_ (London, 1770).

_Extract of a letter from the House of Representatives of the Mass. Bay to their agent, Dennys de Berdt, with some remarks_ (London, 1770).

There is a portrait of De Berdt in the State House, Boston.

[232] Beardsley's _Life of W. S. Johnson_, p. 84.

[233] Instructions of the House of Representatives to Franklin, in Mass. Hist. Soc. cabinet.

[234] _Works_, vii. 486, 488, 493, 501.

[235] _Ibid._, vii. 508.

[236] P. O. Hutchinson, ii. 79. Some interesting letters of Hutchinson (1771-1772) are in the English Public Record Office, and are printed in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xix. 129-140.

[237] One of an indicative English stamp is Allan Ramsay's _Hist. Essay on the English Constitution, wherein the right of Parliament to tax our different provinces is explained and justified_ (Sabin, xvi. 67,675).

[238] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 9.

[239] A duplicate of the original document is in the Lee Papers in the University of Virginia library. Cf. Franklin's account of his conversation with Dartmouth, _Works_, viii. 25, 28; and of his presentation of the petition and one forwarded the next year (viii. 47). For duplicates of originals, see _Calendar of Lee Papers_, p. 5 (vol. ii. nos. 5-7).

[240] _John Adams's Works_, iv. 34; Frothingham's _Warren_, 200, Wells's _Sam. Adams_, i. 509, ii. 62; Grahame's _United States_, iv. 328; Barry's _Mass._, ii. 448; Goodell's _Provincial Laws_, v. index. Something of the sort seems to have been suggested in Rhode Island, Oct. 8, 1764, in a letter to Franklin (_Works_, vii. 264). Dawson (_Sons of Liberty in N. Y._, 61-64) finds the earliest movement in the New York Assembly, Oct. 18, 1764. Thornton (_Pulpit of the Rev._, 45, 191) notes the suggestion in a letter of Jonathan Mayhew, June 8, 1766, to James Otis, that there might be a communion of colonies, as there was a communion of churches.

[241] Prefiguring, as John Adams said, the Declaration of Rights in 1774, and the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Wells's _Adams_, i. 501, where it is printed; _John Adams's Works_, ii. 514; Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 622. Franklin's preface to the English edition of the _Rights_ is in his _Works_, iv. 381. Cf. Francis Maseres's _Occasional Essays_ (London, 1809). The proceedings of Boston, Oct. 28th and Nov. 20th, were also printed. The letters of John Andrew from Boston begin at this time (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, viii. 316-412).

[242] Wirt's _Patrick Henry_, 3d ed., p. 87, _Life of R. H. Lee_, i. 89; _No. Amer. Rev._, March, 1818; Randall's _Jefferson_, i. 80; Tucker's _Jefferson_, i. 52; _Franklin's Works_, viii. 49. Frothingham (_Rise of the Republic_, 284, 312, 327) traces the growth of the committee, and determines the time of appointing such a committee by each colony. The correspondence of the Rhode Island Committee is in the _R. I. Col. Rec._, vii. On the committee in New York, see Dawson's _Westchester County_, 10. Philadelphia appointed one May 20, 1774 (4 Force, i. 340). Sparks points out the distinction between the Committees of Correspondence, Inspection, and Safety (_Gouverneur Morris_, i. 31).

[243] Mr. Bartlett was born Oct. 23, 1805, and died in May, 1886. His life was so largely devoted to advancing the study of American history that this record needs to be made, and reference given to Professor William Gammell's _Life and Services of the Hon. John Russell Bartlett, a paper read before the Rhode Island Historical Society_ (Providence, 1886), and the tribute by Charles Deane in the _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, Oct., 1886.

[244] Mr. Wm. R. Staples had earlier published the _Documentary Hist. of the destruction of the Gaspee_ (Providence, 1845). An account by Ephraim Bowen is given in S. G. Arnold's _Rhode Island_ (vol. ii. ch. 19, 20). For local accounts, see _Providence Plantations_ (Providence, 1886), pp. 58, 359; O. P. Fuller's _Warwick, R. I._ (p. 101); Foster's _Stephen Hopkins_ (ii. 83, 245); E. M. Stone's _John Howland_ (p. 35). For the political bearings to the country at large, see Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_ (p. 278); Parton's _Jefferson_ (ch. 14, 15); _Life of R. H. Lee_ (i. 85); Lossing's _Field-Book_ (ii. 60). There are in the _Sparks MSS._ (xliii. vol. i. p. 140, etc.) the letters of the British Admiral Montague, and depositions copied from papers in the English Archives. G. C. Mason, in the _R. I. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vii. 301, etc., traces the presence of different English war vessels in the bay between 1765, and 1776. Cf. _New Jersey Archives_, x. 375, 395.

[245] Sam. Adams seems to have drafted this reply, with aid on law-points from John Adams, the latter being almost the exclusive author of the reply of the House to the second speech of the governor. Wells thinks Hawley may have had a hand in these papers. Cf. Quincy's _Quincy_, p. 113; _Life, etc., of John Adams_, i. 118-133, ii. 310; Wells's _Sam. Adams_, ii. 29, 31, 41; Tudor's _Otis_, p. 410; Bradford's _Mass. State Papers_, 336, 399; Bancroft, orig. ed., vi. 446-453; Niles's _Principles_ (1876 ed., pp. 79, 87); _Speeches of his Excellency, with the answers of his Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives_ (Boston, 1773). A meeting of the town of Boston was held in Faneuil Hall, March 8, 1773, "to vindicate the town from the gross misrepresentations of his Excellency's message to both Houses", and its proceedings were circulated in broadside.

One of the most violent of the tracts of this year was _The American Alarm, or the Bostonian Plea, by a British Bostonian_ (Boston, 1773,—Stevens's _Nuggets_, no. 3,257). Joseph Reed was writing to Dartmouth on the condition of affairs (Reed's _Reed_, i. ch. 2); and as respects the feelings farther south, see Gov. Wright's letters from Georgia to Dartmouth, in the _Georgia Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. iii.

[246] Pownall (b. 1722; d. 1805), who knew America well from residence and official station, proved a man of great forecast, and a prudent, conciliatory friend of both countries. We have his speech in Parliament in 1769 (Haven in Thomas, ii. 604, 649), and know how impatient Parliament was of his wisdom (Smyth, _Lectures on Mod. Hist._, Bohn's ed., ii. 384-85). We see his admirable spirit in his correspondence (1772) with James Bowdoin (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, v. 238).

Pownall had first published his _Administration of the Colonies_ (London, 1764) at the very outset of the dispute, and it was enlarged in 1765. In an appendix to the edition of 1766 he made a strong statement of his views in opposition to the right of Parliament to tax America, and he reprinted this in a fourth ed. (1768), and also issued it separately. In the fifth edition (1774) he added a second part, giving his plan of pacification. The last edition was in 1777 (Sabin, xv. nos. 64,841, etc.; Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,425, 1,470, 1,537, 1,636). In 1780 Pownall published a tract that has acquired some fame, as a forecast of the future republic (Harper's _Cyclo. of U. S. Hist._, ii. 1,151), entitled _A Memorial to the Sovereigns of Europe on the present state of affairs between the old and new world_ (London, 1780). Somebody undertook what was rather fancifully called _A Translation_ of this tract into plainer language (London, 1781,—_Brinley Catal._, no. 4,109), but it did not meet with Pownall's approval. In 1783 he published a _Memorial addressed to the sovereigns of America_ (Lond., 1783,—Sabin, xv. nos. 64,824, etc.). On his tracts, see Shea's _Hamilton_, p. 261. There is a portrait of Pownall at Earl Orford's in Norfolk (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Nov., 1875), and an engraving of it published in 1777, of which there is a reproduction in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Nov., 1886, with an account of the governor by Robert Ludlow Fowler. The painting in the gallery of the Mass. Hist. Soc. is said to have been painted from this engraving. Cf. _Mem. Hist. Boston_, ii. 63.

[247] First in a Philadelphia paper, Sept. 29, in a letter dated London, Aug. 4.

[248] We have full reports of the Boston meetings. The newspapers give us the accounts of the earlier irregular conferences, and the town printed the reports of the first regular town meetings in _The votes and proceedings of the freeholders and other inhabitants of the town of Boston, in town meeting assembled, according to law, the 5th and 18th days of Nov., 1773_ (Boston, 1773). It was reprinted in London by Franklin, with a preface. The call of the committee for the later meetings exists in Mr. Bancroft's collection, in the handwriting of Joseph Warren (Frothingham's _Warren_, 255), and was circulated in broadside. The reports of the meetings of Nov. 29th and 30th exist in the original minutes in the handwriting of William Cooper among the papers in the Charity Building in Boston, and have been printed by Dr. Green in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (xx. 10, etc.). The prepared record was printed in a broadside dated Dec. 1, 1773, and a copy is preserved in the Boston Public Library. It represents the meeting as called "for consulting, advising, and determining upon the most proper and effectual method to prevent the unloading, receiving, or vending the detestable tea sent out by the East India Company, part of which has just arrived in this harbor." Hutchinson wrote from Milton, Nov. 30, to his son, one of the consignees of the tea, who had taken refuge in the Castle, that the proclamation, warning the meeting to dissolve, which he had just sent into Boston, might "possibly cause [him] to take [his] lodging at the Castle also" (P. O. Hutchinson, i. 94). The full report of these meetings was also printed in the Boston newspapers, and particularly in the _Boston Gazette_ of Dec. 6th, whose report was reprinted in one of _Poole's Mass. Registers_, and in the _Boston Journal_, Dec. 15, 1849.

Of the meeting of Dec. 16, 1773, and the raid of the "Mohawks" upon the tea-ships, an account was printed in the _Boston Gazette_ of Dec. 20th (Buckingham's _Reminiscences_, i. 169), and in the _Boston Evening Post_ of Dec. 20th (_Bay State Monthly_, April, 1884, p. 261), and the spread of these accounts as they were copied through the country can be followed in the postscript of the _Penna. Gazette_ of Dec. 24th. The speech of Josiah Quincy, Jr., at the meeting, as reported by himself and sent back to his wife after he had reached England, is the only harangue of this critical stage of the controversy in Boston of which we have any detailed account (_Life of Quincy_, 2d ed., 124; Frothingham's _Warren_, 39; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Dec. 16, 1873). The conclave which planned the raid was held in Court Street (Drake's _Old Landmarks of Boston_, 81; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Dec., 1871, for an account of the punch-bowl around which the conclave was held). There are a number of contemporary journals and statements respecting these riotous proceedings. The letter of the Mass. Ho. of Rep. to Franklin, Dec. 21, is preserved in the Lee MSS. (Harvard College library, vol. ii. no. 14), and is printed in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._ (xxxiv. 377). There are details in the Andrews letters (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, viii. 325), in Newell's diary (_Ibid._, Oct., 1877), in the Jolley narrative (_Ibid._, Feb., 1878, p. 69), in John Adams's diary (_Ibid._, Dec., 1873, and his letter, Dec. 17, to James Warren, in _Works_, ix. 333). A copy of the testimony of Dr. Hugh Williamson before the Privy Council, Feb. 19, 1774, copied from his own draft, and relating the destruction of the tea, was transcribed from the original in 1827, while in the possession of Dr. Hosack, and is included in the _Sparks MSS._ (lii. vol. iii.). Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xxxiv. 373, etc.

All this and other documentary evidence can be found in Force; in Niles's _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 96; in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Dec. 16, 1873; and in Francis S. Drake's _Tea Leaves: being a collection of letters and documents relating to the shipment of tea to the American colonies in the year 1773, by the East India tea company. Now first printed from the original manuscript. With an introduction, notes, and biographical notices of the Boston tea party_ (Boston, 1884). The only considerable narrative of an actor in the "Mohawk" raid is G. R. T. Hewes's _Traits of the Tea Party_ (N. Y., 1835), which was written out for him by B. B. Thacher. Cf. also _Retrospect of the Boston Tea Party, with a memoir of Hewes_ (N. Y., 1834); Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_ (p. 554). The last survivor was Capt. Henry Purkitt, who died March 3, 1846. A picture of David Kinnison, also called the last survivor, is in Lossing's _Field-Book of the Revolution_ (i. 499). Of Samuel Phillips Savage, the moderator of the meeting of Dec. 16th, there is a portrait owned by Mr. G. H. Emery, engraved in Drake's _Tea-leaves_.

Hutchinson gives his view of the transactions in the third volume (pp. 422-441) of his _Massachusetts_. (Cf. Ryerson's _Loyalists_, i. 383.) There is among the Bernard Papers (vol. viii. p. 229), in the _Sparks MSS._, a paper giving the story as those in authority transmitted it to the home government.

Among the later American sources, see Frothingham's _Warren_ (ch. 9), his _Rise of The Republic_ (ch. 8), and his paper in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (Dec. 16, 1873): Tudor's _Otis_ (ch. 21); Wells's _Adams_ (ii. ch. 28), Ramsay's _Amer. Rev._ (i. 373); Holmes's _Annals_ (ii. 181); Palfrey's _New England_ (iv. 427); Barry's _Mass._ (ii. ch. 15); Bancroft's _United States_ (orig. ed., vi. ch. 50); Lossing's _Field-Book_ (i. 496); and his paper in _Harper's Monthly_ (iv. 1); Snow's _Boston_; the _Mem. Hist. of Boston_ (iii. 46-51); _Essex Inst. Hist. Coll._ (xii. 197); _Niles's Register_ (1827), from Flint's _Western Monthly Rev._ (July, 1827).

The first accounts of the destruction of the tea which reached London (Jan. 19, 1774) were printed in the London newspapers of Jan. 21st and in the _Gentleman's Mag._ (1774, p. 26), copied in Carlyle's _Frederick the Great_ (vi. p.524). Cf. Mahon (v. 319); May's _Const. Hist. Eng._ (ii. 521); Massey's _England_ (ii. ch. 18); McKnight's _Burke_ (ii. ch. 20); Fitzmaurice's _Shelburne_ (ii. ch. 8). Lecky, in his _Eng. in the Eighteenth Century_ (iii. p. 371), speaks of the speech of George Grenville, reported by Cavendish, as particularly worthy of attention. Cf. _Parliamentary History_ and Force's _Amer. Archives_ (4th ser., i. 133).

For the commotions in the other colonies, see, for New Hampshire, beside the histories, the _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 408, 413, and the letter of July 26, 1774, in the Chas. Lovell Papers (Mass. Hist. Soc.). For Connecticut, the general histories of the State, Peters's _Connecticut_, and McCormick's reprint, to be corrected by J. L. Kingsley's _Hist. Address_ (1838), _New Englander_ (1871, p. 248), and _Scribner's Mag._, June, 1878. Cf. also J. H. Trumbull's _Blue Laws true and false_. Dawson (_Westchester County_, p. 7) claims that the refusal of the New York authorities to allow the tea ship Nancy to enter the harbor was more significant than the riot in Boston, and he cites various authorities. Cf. Lossing's _Schuyler_ (i. ch. 16) and Leake's _Lamb_ (ch. 6). For Pennsylvania, see the histories of Philadelphia; Niles's _Principles and Acts_ (1876, p. 201); Reed's _Life of Joseph Reed_ (i. ch. 2) for his letters to Dartmouth; Madison's _Works_ (i. 10). For North Carolina, see _Hist. Mag._ (xv. 118).

[249] For a portrait of Cushing, see _Mem. Hist. of Boston_, iii. 34.

[250] _Journals of the House_, 1773; _Boston Gazette_; Alden Bradford's ed. of _Mass. State Papers_; _Gent. Mag._, July, 1773. The letters were first published June 16, 1773 (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Oct., 1877, p. 339).

_Copy of letters sent to Great Britain by Thomas Hutchinson and Andrew Oliver, and several other persons born and educated among us; which original letters have been returned to America_ (Boston, 1773; reprinted in Salem, 1773). _The letters of Gov. Hutchinson and Lieut.-Gov. Oliver, 1st and 2d ed._ (edited by Israel Mauduit) (London, 1774). _The representations of Gov. Hutchinson and others contained in certain letters transmitted to England, and afterwards returned from thence_ (Boston, 1773). These letters are reprinted in _Franklin before the Privy Council_ (Philad., 1859). Cf. _Works relating to Franklin in the Boston Public Library_, pp. 21, 22; Sabin, vi. p. 344, Haven in Thomas, ii. 632, 633; Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. p. 166.

[251] Mahon (v. 323) thinks it strange that any American of high standing should care to justify or palliate the conduct of Franklin. Goldwin Smith (_Study of History_, N. Y., 1866, p. 213) says: "Franklin alone, perhaps, of the leading Americans, by the dishonorable publication of an exasperating correspondence, which he had improperly obtained, shared with Grenville, Townshend, and Lord North the guilt of bringing this great disaster on the English race." Lecky (_England in the Eighteenth Century_, iii. 380, 416) alleges rather hastily that Hutchinson had once been concerned in using Franklin's letters with a certain disregard of rights. (Cf. Sparks's _Franklin_, iv. 450.) Some memoranda of Chalmers are in the _Sparks MSS._ (x. vol. iv.) Cf. Campbell's _Lives of the Chancellors_ (vi. 105); Massey's _England_ (vol. ii.); Adolphus's _England_ (vol. ii. 34); Walpole's _Last Journals_, i. 255, 289.

[252] It is included in Sparks's edition, iv. 405, and embraces Franklin's letters to Cushing and his replies. Cf. also Sparks's _Franklin_, i. 356, viii. (his letters), 72, 79, 81, 85, 98, 100, 116, 117; Bigelow's _Life of Franklin_, ii. 130, 141, 158, 187, 206; Parton's _Franklin_, i. 560, 564, 582.

[253] _A faithful account of the transaction relating to a late affair of honour between J. Temple and W. Whateley, containing a particular history of that unhappy quarrel_ (London, 1774). On Temple's connection with the Hutchinson letters, see the citations of the contemporary correspondence in Temple Prime's _Some account of the Temple Family_ (N. Y., 1887), pp. 61-85.

[254] _Franklin's Works_, iv. 435.

[255] _Ibid._, iv. 441.

[256] Cf. _Boston Daily Advertiser_, April 3 and 5, 1856.

[257] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvi. 43; R. C. Winthrop's _Speeches_, 1878-1886, p. 1.

[258] Cf. Bancroft's _United States_, orig. ed., vi. 435; Almon's _Biog., lit., and polit. anecdotes_ (Lond., 1797); Wells's _Sam. Adams_ (ii. 74); Barry's _Mass._, ii. 462. Hutchinson's own account of the transactions is given in his third volume (pp. 400-418), which may be supplemented by sundry references in P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_ (pp. 82-93, 577; ii. 79), part of which refer to that editor's own views. C. F. Adams (_Adams's Works_, ii. 319) thinks the evidence nearly conclusive that John Temple was the person who gave the letters to Franklin. (Cf. P. O. Hutchinson, pp. 205, 210, 221, 222, 232, 353.) Cf. statement in _Mass. Archives_, "Miscellaneous", i. 386.

[259] Sparks's _Franklin_, iv. 426; _Sparks MSS._, xlviii.

[260] Sparks's _Franklin_, iv. 430. Cf. _Ibid._, viii. 93, 103, 110. Cf. Bigelow's _Life of Franklin_, ii. 189.

[261] An account of it is given in Israel Mauduit's edition of _The letters of Gov. Hutchinson_, etc. (London, 1774), with an abstract of Wedderburn's speech. There is a description of this scene in Bowring's _Memoir of Jeremy Bentham_ (p. 59; cf. _Monthly Mag._, Nov. 10, 1802, and Sparks's _Franklin_, iv. 451). Gage wrote from London to Hutchinson, Feb. 2, 1774, that no man's conduct was ever so abused for so vile a transaction as Franklin's. There is a letter of Burke on the hearing (_Sparks MSS._, xlix. ii.). There is a contemporary double-folio print, _Proceedings of his majesty's Privy Council on the address of the Assembly of Mass. Bay to remove the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, with the substance of Mr. Wedderburn's speech_ (Mass. Hist. Soc.). The whole proceedings are given in _Franklin before the Privy Council in behalf of the Province of Mass. Bay, to advocate the removal of Hutchinson and Oliver_ (Philad., privately printed, 1859). Arthur Lee has a word to say on the scene (_Life of A. Lee_, i. 240, 273). Franklin is said to have worn a suit of Manchester velvet during this castigation from Wedderburn, which he did not put on again till he signed the treaty of alliance with France in 1778 (Mahon, v. 328).

[262] In 1772 the town of Boston had sent a printed circular to the neighboring towns, asking their advice as to the course best to be pursued in consequence of the crown's assuming to regulate the judges' salaries. Hutchinson (_History_, iii. 545, 546) gives the report of the committee of the Assembly on the grant of the governor's salary from the crown, and the governor's answer (July, 1772). For John Adams's controversy with Brattle on this point, see _Adams's Works_, iii. 513. On Oliver's impeachment, see Hutchinson (iii. 443, 445), and P. O. Hutchinson (i. 133, 142), and papers in the MS. collection of _Letters and Papers_, 1761-1776, in Mass. Hist. Soc. cabinet.

A portrait of Chief Justice Peter Oliver, by Copley, painted in England in 1772 (Perkins, p. 89), belongs to Dr. F. E. Oliver of Boston. Cf. photograph in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1886, with a memoir which was issued separately as _Peter Oliver, the last chief-justice of the Superior Court of Judicature of the Province of Mass. Bay. A sketch by Thomas Weston, Jr._ (Boston, 1886).

Something of the Boston spirit appears in various letters from her patriots which are printed in Leake's _Lamb_. The _Familiar Letters of John and Abigail Adams_ begin at this time. Cf. summary in Sargent's _Andre_, ch. 4. Lecky finds (_Eighteenth Century_, iii. 379) in the talk of the hour the "exaggerated and declamatory rhetoric peculiarly popular at Boston." Isaac Royal's letter to Dartmouth, Jan. 18, 1774, is in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Dec., 1873. There is a letter to the British officers at Boston attributed to General Prescott (Sabin, x. 40,316).

[263] The action of Parliament can be readily traced in Force, 4th ser., i. 35. The bill was immediately sent in print to this country, and it can be found in Force, in the _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 402, and elsewhere.

[264] There are in the Boston Archives sundry record-books of this time: list of donations; records of Donation Committee; list of persons aided; cash-book of the Donation Committee. The House of Representatives at Salem, June 18, 1774, passed resolutions commending Boston to the aid of all, and sent these resolutions through the country in broadsides. The provincial congress at Cambridge, Dec. 6, 1774, recorded their vote and similarly scattered it. (Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiii. 182.) For the gifts which came to Boston, and the attendant records and correspondence, see _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xix. 158, and vol. xxxiv.; Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 382; Col. A. H. Hoyt's paper in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1876. For the help from Virginia, see _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, iii. 259.

For notes on the condition of Boston during the operation of the act, see the Andrews letters in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, July, 1865, p. 330; Timothy Newell's diary, _Ibid._, Feb., 1859; Thomas Newell's, _Ibid._, Oct., 1877, p. 335; _M. H. Soc. Coll._, xxxi.; Bowdoin's letter to Franklin in _Franklin's Works_, viii. 127; letter of Ellis Gray in _M. H. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 315; Charles Chauncy's _Letter to a friend ... on the sufferings of the town of Boston_ (Boston, 1774); _Review of the rise, progress, services, and sufferings of New England, humbly submitted to the consideration of both houses of Parliament_ (London, 1774); _A very short and candid appeal to free born Britons, by an American_, i. e. Carolinian (London, 1774). For a general treatment of the effect of the Port Bill, see, among modern writers, Bancroft; Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 319, and _Life of Warren_, ch. 10; Tudor's _Otis_; Wells's _S. Adams_ (ii. 170); Reed's _Joseph Reed_ (i. ch. 3); lives of John Adams, Josiah Quincy, Jr.; A. C. Goodell's Address at Salem in _Essex Inst. Hist. Coll._, xiii. p. 1; Pitkin's _United States_ (i. App. 15); Grahame (iv. 358); Sargent's _Dealings with the Dead_ (i. 152); and the histories of Boston. On the British side, see _Parliamentary History_, xvii. 1163; _Annual Register_, xvii. 1159; Donne's _Corresp. of Geo. III. and North_, i. 174; _Protests of the lords_, ed. by Rogers, ii. 141; Adolphus, ii. 59; Massey, ii.; _Pict. Hist. Eng. Geo. III._, i. 159; Smyth's _Lectures_; Mahon (vi. 3); Ryerson's _Loyalists_ (i. 358); Russell's _Life and Times of Fox_, ch. 5; _Life of Shelburne_, ii. 302; _Chatham Corresp._, iv. 342; _Rockingham Memoirs_, ii. 238; Macknight's _Burke_, ii. 50. The London limners made several caricatures out of the hungry Bostonians.

[265] Cf. letter from Portsmouth, N. H., in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 2d ser., ii. 481; Hollister's _Connecticut_, ii. ch. 6; lives of Jay by Jay and by Flanders, and documents in Force, for the effect in New York; _Minutes of the Prov. Congress of New Jersey_, p. 3; _New Jersey Archives_, x. 457, etc. A paper by Joseph Reed on the action in Pennsylvania (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1878, p. 269) was controverted by Thomson (_Ibid._, p. 274), who held that Reed had no intimate knowledge in the matter. Cf. Chas. Thomson's letter to Wm. H. Drayton in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._ (ii. 411), from _the Sparks MSS._, and his letter in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (1878, p. 218); Niles's _Principles and Acts_ (1876), p. 203; Dickinson's _Polit. Works_, i. 285-416. The resolutions of Delaware are in the _Life of George Read_, pp. 88, 101. For the Maryland action, see Niles (p.258) and McSherry's _Maryland_. For Virginia, see Rives's _Madison_ (i. 60); Niles (p. 272); _Life of R. H. Lee_ (i. 97); Randall's _Jefferson_ (i. 85); Parton's _Jefferson_ (p. 130). For North Carolina, McRee's _Iredell_.

[266] The covenant was printed in the _Mass. Gazette_, June 23, 1774, and is reprinted in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (xii. 45), where is also (_Ibid._, xi. 392; also see xii. 46) the protest against the covenant, and the loyalist signers of the protest (given in _Mass. Gazette_, July 7, 1774). This drew out a proclamation from Gage, pointing out the error of illegal combinations (_Mass. Gazette_, June 30, 1774, and _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 47). It was turned into verse in ridicule (Moore's _Songs and Ballads of the Rev._, p. 65). Dr. Belknap gave his reasons for not entering such a combination (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 2nd ser., ii. 484). Cf. Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 336. Timothy Ruggles soon organized a counter-association of loyalists.

[267] An account of this interview by Hutchinson himself was first published at length in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xv. p. 326, Oct., 1877. Cf. _Ibid._, April, 1884, p. 164; P. O. Hutchinson, i. 158, and ii. preface; Donne's _Corresp. of Geo. III. and North_, i. 194.

[268] There are in the Mass. Hist. Soc. cabinet two early, apparently official copies of the act for regulating the government. Cf. Ramsay's _Revolution in South Carolina_ (i. 204); Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, p.347, where are various references. Hutchinson wrote from London that he was opposed to these acts (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Jan., 1862, p. 301). A letter from Jos. Wood, in London, April 18, 1774, makes note of the efforts of the Americans in London to prevent Parliament committing itself so hastily to the Regulating Act (_Penna. Mag. of Hist._, x. 265). Something of the spirit of these protests can be seen in Bishop Shipley's _Speech intended to have been spoken on the bill for altering the charters of the colony of Massachusetts Bay_ (London, 1774). Cf. in reply _A speech never intended to be spoken in answer to a speech intended_, etc. (London, 1774). Cf., on Shipley, _Franklin's Works_, viii. 40. The bishop's views are also expressed in his _Sermon before the Soc. for the propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts_ (London, 1773; Norwich, Conn., 1773). There is a portrait of Shipley in the _European Mag._, April, 1788.

For the debate in Parliament, see Force, 4th series, i. 65; Niles's _Principles_, etc. (1876 ed.), pp. 414, 419.

[269] _Westchester County, N. Y., during the Amer. Rev._ (Morrisania, 1886), pp. 84, 87.

[270] J. C. Hamilton's _Repub. of the U. S._, i. 55; Shea's _Hamilton_, ch. 7; Lossing's _Schuyler_, vol. i.; _Life of Peter Van Schaack_; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 477, 490, etc. John Adams (_Works_, ix. 407, 411) believed that New York held back. Dawson (_Westchester_, 9) thinks that ignorance or neglect is at the bottom of the usual view of the New York sluggishness, held to by writers, but he admits that Gouverneur Morris was doubtful for a while (p. 12; cf. Sparks's _Life of Morris_); he sets forth the great ability of the Tory organ, _Rivington's Gazetteer_ (p. 127); he gives a fuller account than Hinman or Beardsley of the arrest of Samuel Seabury, the "Westchester Farmer", by Isaac Sears (pp. 127, 136; and on Sears, Jones, ii. 337, 622). Much can be gleaned from Tryon and Colden's letters to Dartmouth in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, viii.

[271] Beside the general histories, see, for Pennsylvania, the resolutions of Northampton County in _Hist. Mag._, ix. 49 (also see _Penna. Archives_, iii. 543); for Virginia, Jefferson's resolutions, a _Summary view of the rights of British America_ (Williamsburg, London, and Philadelphia, 1774); the Fairfax County resolutions (Sparks's _Washington_, ii. 488), and Irving's _Washington_ (vol. i. ch. 1); for North Carolina, E. F. Rockwell on Rowan County, in _Hist. Mag._ (xv. 118), and letters in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ (xiii. 329); for South Carolina, _Hist. Mag._, ix. 341, and xxii. 90; and _Southern Quarterly_, xi. 468; xiv. 37. In a more general way, for movements in the South, see, for South Carolina, Ramsay, Moultrie, Drayton, R. W. Gibbs; for North Carolina, Cooke, Jones, Foote, Martin, Caruthers's _Caldwell_; for Virginia, C. Campbell's _Bland Papers_, Wirt's _P. Henry_, Randall's _Jefferson_, Parton's _Jefferson_, Rives's _Madison_; and for Maryland, Purviance's _Baltimore_. For Southern sentiment of a Tory cast, see Jonathan Boucher's _Views of the Amer. Revolution_.

[272] Force's _Amer. Archives_, 4th ser., i. 333; Dawson's _Westchester County_, 18; Arnold's _Rhode Island_, ii. 334; W. E. Foster's _Stephen Hopkins_, ii. p. 232.

[273] Sparks's _Franklin_, i. 350. It is claimed that Sam. Adams was earlier. Cf. Wells, ii. p. 84.

[274] Bancroft, orig. ed., vi. 508.

[275] Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 40. To New York the precedence is also given by Gordon, Ramsay, Hildreth, and Dawson (_Westchester County_, p. 19).

[276] Dawson, pp. 18, 19.

[277] Wells's _Sam. Adams_, ii. 221. Silas Deane's letters home are in _Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii.

[278] _Works_, ix. 339. Cf. E. D. Neill in _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, ii. 58; Scharf and Westcott's _Philadelphia_, i. 291.

[279] _John Adams's Works_, ix. 617, x. 78, 173; _Life of Geo. Read_, 93. The Congress met in Carpenter's Hall. (Cf. Scharf and Westcott's _Philadelphia_, i. 290; Egle's _Penna._, 141; Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 262.)

[280] _Works_, viii. 131, 142. The Congress had been variously constituted. New York and Pennsylvania had acted outside their legislatures. John Adams, in going through those States on his way to Philadelphia, had remarked "that some in them wanted a little animation." The spirit in New York is shown on the loyal side in Jones's _New York during the Rev._, i. 449. Cf. J. A. Stevens on "New York in the Continental Congress" in _The Galaxy_, xxii. 149. The credentials of the Delaware members are in the _Life of Geo. Read_, 91. The Virginia delegates were at variance. Patrick Henry was eager for a fight. R. H. Lee thought Great Britain would revoke her obnoxious legislature. Washington was undecided. The instructions of the Virginia delegates are in _Jefferson's Writings_, i. 122. Gadsden was for forcing the conflict by attacking Gage in Boston; and a rumor reaching Philadelphia that Boston was undergoing bombardment fanned the flame, and Samuel Adams wrote home that America would stand by the devoted town. In Georgia the royal governor had prevented the choice of delegates, and that province was not represented. The opposing feelings, North and South, can be gathered from some of the tracts Which the Congress elicited:—

_A few remarks upon some of the resolutions and votes of the Continental Congress at Philad. in Sept., and the Provincial Congress at Cambridge in November, by a friend to Peace and Good order_ (Boston, 1775; same, no date,—Sabin, iv. 15,529). _The two Congresses cut up_ (Boston and New York,—Sabin, iv. 15,597). Thomas Jefferson's _Summary View of the rights of British America, set forth in some resolutions, intended for the inspection of the delegates now in convention_ (Williamsburg, 1774; Philad., 1774). _A letter from a Virginian to the members of the Congress to be held at Philadelphia, Sept., 1774_ (without place, 1774; Boston, 1774, in three editions; London, 1774),—in opposition to the non-importation combination. _Address to the deputies in General Congress_ (Aug. 10, 1774, Charlestown, S. C.,—Sabin, v. 15,511). _Letter from a freeman of South Carolina to the deputies of North America, assembled in High Court of Congress at Philadelphia_ (Charlestown, S. C., 1774,—Sabin, x. 40,277).

The relations of the colonies to the Congress appear in the lives of the leading members. For New England, of which there was not a little jealousy, and whose members refused to attend Sunday sessions (Wells's _Sam. Adams_, ii. 237; _Life of George Read_, 97), see C. F. Adams's _John Adams_; Wells's _Sam. Adams_, vol. ii. 218; Frothingham's _Joseph Warren_, ch. 12; Quincy's _Josiah Quincy_; Austin's _Elbridge Gerry_, ch. 5. For the Middle States, see Sedgwick's _William Livingston_; Lossing's _Schuyler_, i. ch. 17; Shea's (p. 234) and other lives of _Hamilton_; Read's _Geo. Read_, 93; Jay's _John Jay_, and the life of Jay in Flanders's _Chief Justices_. For Virginia, the lives of _Washington_ (Marshall; Sparks, ii. 505; Irving, i. 365); Rives's _Madison_, i. 51; Lee's lives of Arthur and R. H. Lee; Wirt's _Patrick Henry_, 105; lives of Jefferson (Tucker, i. ch. 3; Parton, ch. 17). For South Carolina, the life of Rutledge in Flanders.

The legal aspects are particularly touched in Towle's _Constitution_, 311; _Cocke's Constitutional Hist._, i. 29; Scott's _Development of Constitutional Liberty_, 166; Oscar S. Strauss's _Origin of Republican Form of Government_, (N. Y.) 1885. Cf. Daniel Webster's _Address before the N. Y. Hist. Society_, Feb. 23, 1852, pp. 36, 40; and H. A. Brown's _Oration on the Centennial of the Congress_, 1874.

The general works to be consulted are Grahame, iv. 373; Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 127; Hildreth, vol. iii.; Pitkin, i. ch. 8; Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 335, 359; Greene's _Hist. View of the Amer. Rev._, 79; Dunlap's _New York_, i. ch. 29, 31, and Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 468; Gordon's _Pennsylvania_, ch. 20; Mulford's _New Jersey_, 389.

[281] _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, i. 438.

[282] Sabin, iv. 15,542. A MS. copy of the journal, attested by C. Thomson, and evidently brought home by Thos. Cushing, a Massachusetts member, is in the library of the Mass. Hist. Soc. (_Proc._, i. 271). Later editions are _The whole proceedings of the American Continental Congress held at Philadelphia_ (New York, 1775,—Sabin, iv. 15,598); _Extracts from the journal and from the votes and proceedings of Congress, published in Philad., reprinted in Boston and London_ (_Ibid._, iv. 15,526-28; Brinley, ii. 3,990; Stevens, _Nuggets_, no. 3,264). There were other editions in Providence, Newport, New London, Hartford. There were two editions published in London by Almon in 1775 (Sabin, iv. 15,544; Brinley, ii. 3,989). The journal appears also in the several authenticated series of the _Journals of Congress_, 1777, 1801, 1823, etc.

The correspondence of Congress with Gage (Oct. 10th and 20th) is contained in the _Journal_, i. 18, 46.

The documents of the Congress are given by Force.

[283] _Works_, i. 150, ii. 340, 366, 370, 382, 387, 393, ix. 339, 343; his correspondence with Mercy Warren is in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xliv. 348.

[284] Vol. ii. p. 535. It was printed separately at the time in Philad., Watertown (Mass.), and Newport. It will also be found in the _Journals of Congress_, i. p. 19; in Ryerson's _Loyalists_, i. p. 411; in Marshall's _Hist. of the Colonies_, App. ix. p. 481. Cf. Story's _Constitution_, i. 179; Curtis's _Constitution_, i. 22; Pitkin's _United States_, i. 283; Hildreth's _United States_, iii. 43; Gay's _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 341; Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, p. 371; Greene's _Hist. View_, p. 83; Ramsay's _South Carolina_, i. p. 233.

[285] Cf. note on the authorship of it, in _N. Jersey Archives_, x. 529.

[286] It is printed from this copy, with fac-similes of the signatures, in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (May, 1883, p. 377), together with the letter transmitting it (Stevens's _Hist. Coll._, i. 167; _Bibl. Hist._, 1870, no. 1,026). Franklin printed it at once in Almon's edition of the _Journal of the Congress_ (_Works relating to Franklin in the Bost. Pub. Lib._, p. 24; _U. S. 47th Cong., 1st Sess. Misc. Doc._, no. 21, p. 20). It is also in the Philad. ed. of the _Journal_, i. 46; and was separately printed at Boston in 1774 and 1775, and at New York in 1776, with other documents (Sabin, iv. nos. 15,581-83; Haven in Thomas, ii. pp. 642-43). It has since been given in Force, 4th ser., i. 934; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 437-41; _N. Jersey Archives_, x. 522; Spencer's _United States_, i. 348, 381; Griffeth's _Historical Notes_, 136. Cf. Ramsay's _So. Carolina_, i. 242; _John Adams's Works_, i. 159, x. 273; Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 377; _Amer. Quart. Review_, i. 413.

[287] Cf. _Journals of Congress_, i. 26; Pitkin's _United States_, i. App. 17; Spencer's _United States_, i. 338; Lee's _Life of R. H. Lee_, i. 119; Jay's _Life of John Jay_, i. App.; Ramsay's _South Carolina_, 263. There was published in London _A letter to the people of Great Britain in answer to that published by the American Congress_ (London, 1775,—Sabin, x. no. 40,509).

[288] Given in Ramsay's _Rev. in So. Carolina_, i. 279; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 426, etc.

[289] Given in the Appendix of Frothingham's _Joseph Warren_, and in _Journal Cont. Cong._, i. p. 9. Cf. _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 59; _Life of George Read_, 95.

[290] _New York during the Rev._, i. 34, 36.

[291] P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_, i. 272.

[292] Cf. a letter of A. Lee on the effect of the Congress on the ministry, in _Life of A. Lee_, i. 213.

[293] The plan was published in Philadelphia at the time, and was included the next year in Galloway's _Candid examination of the mutual claims of Great Britain and the colonies, with a plan of accommodation on Constitutional principles_ (New York, 1775, and again in 1780). This drew out _An Address to the Author of a pamphlet entitled_, etc., to which Galloway responded in _A Reply_ (N. Y., 1775). It was later included in Galloway's _Historical and political Reflections on the Rise and Progress of the Amer. Rebellion_ (London, 1780). Cf. Force, 4th ser., i. p. 1; Sparks's _Franklin_, vii. 276, viii. 145; Bigelow's _Franklin_, ii. 249; Gordon, i. 409; _John Adams's Works_, ii. 387, iv. 141; Jones's _N. Y. during the Rev._, ii. 109, 430; Bancroft, _United States_, orig. ed., vii. 140; Pitkin's _United States_, i. 299; Hildreth's _United States_, iii. 46; Frothingham's _Rise of the Republic_, 367, 399; Wells's _Sam. Adams_, ii. 218; Dawson's _Westchester County_, 34; Graydon's _Memoirs_, 117; lives of Washington by Marshall and Sparks; lives of John Jay by Jay and by Flanders; and of Patrick Henry by Wirt.

Jones, in his _New York during the Rev._, i. ch. 2, with notes on pp. 438, 449, 477, 490, explains the relations of the loyalists to this Congress. Governor Franklin sent the Galloway plan to Dartmouth with comments (_N. J. Archives_, x. 503).

Galloway explains his relations to this Congress, and divulged more than the agreement of secrecy was held to warrant, in his _Examination before the House of Commons in a committee on the American Papers_ (London, 1779; 2d ed., with explanatory notes, 1780; ed. by Thomas Balch, Philad., for the Seventy-Six Society, 1855). There is a Dutch version, 1781 (Muller, 1877, no. 1,200). Respecting this examination, Lecky (ii. pp. 443, 481, etc.) says: "As a loyalist, Galloway's mind was no doubt biased; but he was a very able and honest man, and he had much more than common means of forming a correct judgment."

It has been supposed that Galloway conveyed to Governor Franklin the information which through that official reached Dartmouth (_N. Jersey Archives_, x. 473). Galloway is said also to have prepared the pamphlet _Arguments on both sides in the dispute_, etc., which is also reprinted in the _N. J. Archives_, x. 478. On Galloway, see Sabine's _Loyalists_, i. 453.

Haven ascribes to Thomas B. Chandler, and Sabin (no. 16,591) to Dr. Myles Cooper, a tract, _What think ye of Congress now? Or an Enquiry how far the Americans are bound to abide by and execute the decisions of the late Continental Congress, with a plan by Samuel_ [sic] _Galloway, Esq., for a proposed union between Great Britain and her Colonies_ (N. Y., 1775; Lond., 1775). This pamphlet accuses the New England republicans of urging the Congress beyond the purpose for which its members were elected.

[294] The articles were printed in all newspapers, and in those of Boston, Nov. 7th. They are also in the _Journals of Congress_, i. 23; in Ramsay's _Rev. in South Carolina_, i. 252; in H. W. Preston's _Docs. illus. Amer. Hist._ (N. Y., 1886), p. 199; in Force, 4th ser., i. 915, with fac-simile of signatures; in the _Charleston Year Book_ (1883), p. 216, with fac-similes; in Jos. Johnson's _Traditions and Reminiscences of the Amer. Rev._ (Charleston, 1851), p. 51, with fac-similes. The signatures, somewhat reduced, are given herewith from Smith's _Hist. and Lit. Curiosities_, 2d ser., p. liii. Maryland's copy of the original printed broadside, with written signatures, is in the Penna. Hist. Soc. library. Frothingham gives the best account of the genesis of the document and the effect it had (_Rise of the Republic_, 373, 396). In Massachusetts, a broadside Resolution of the Provincial Congress, signed by Hancock, Dec. 6th, was sent to all the ministers, urging them to give their influence to secure a general compliance (in Boston Pub. Lib., H. 90 _a_, 3). This plan of association was opposed by Galloway, Duane, and all the South Carolina delegates except Gadsden. Jones (_N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 438) gives the loyalist view. _The association of the delegates, etc., by Bob Jinger_, is a burlesque on the association (_Harris Collection of Amer. Poetry_, p. 13).

[295] Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 161.

[296] _Cavendish Debates_, ed. by Wright, viz., _Debates of the House of Commons in 1774 on the bill for making more effectual provision for the government of the Province of Quebec, with Mitchell's map of Canada_ (Lond., 1839). See also the proceedings and the bill in _Amer. Archives_, 4th ser., i. 170-219, 1823-1838. The bill is also in the Regents of the University of New York's _Report on the boundaries of the State of N. Y._, i. 90. Cf. Burke's letter on the Quebec Bill and the bounds of New York in _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 2d ser., ii. 215, 219; Mill's _Boundaries of Ontario_, p. 50; Gordon's Sermon in Thornton's _Pulpit of the Rev._, 217, Shea's _Hamilton_, 324; and _Works of Alex. Hamilton_.

The satirical print "Virtual Representation", given herewith, follows an original print in a volume of _Proclamations_ in the library of the Mass. Hist. Society. Cf. Lossing's _Field-Book of the Rev._, i. 158.

[297] Cf. Lecky, _England in the Eighteenth Century_, iii. 400, 433, on the effect of the act. Cf. also _The Singular and Diverting Behaviour of Doctor Marriot, His Majesty's Advocate-General; Who was Examined concerning the Religion and Laws of Quebec; And found means from his incomparable Wit and Subtility To defeat the Purposes for which he was brought to the Bar of Parliament On the 3d of June, 1774_ (Phila., 1774). Samuel Johnson's _Hypocrisy unmasked, or a short inquiry into the religious Complaints of our Amer. Colonies_ (Lond., 1776, 3 editions), defends the bill, and says it extends no more rights to Catholics than some of the colonies do (Sabin, ix. no. 36,297). _A Letter to Lord Chatham on the Quebec Bill_ reached five editions (London, 1774; reprinted, Boston, 1774), and was corrected in the second edition. Sabin (x. 40,468) says it was attributed to Lord Lyttelton, and more probably to Sir William Meredith. The New York reprint (1774) gave it as _A letter from Lord Thomas Lyttelton to Wm. Pitt, Earl of Chatham_ (Stevens, _Hist. Coll._, ii. no. 433). Wilkie published _The justice and policy of the late Act of Parliament, for making more effectual provision for the government of Quebec, asserted and proved; and the conduct of the administration respecting that province stated and vindicated_ (London, 1774, two editions), which is attributed to William Knox. Francis Masères published _An account of the proceedings of the British and other Protestants, inhabitants of the province of Quebec_, with _Additional papers concerning the province of Quebec_ (Lond., 1776), and _The Canadian Freeholder ... shewing the sentiments of the bulk of the freeholders of Canada, concerning the late Quebeck act_ (Lond., 1777, in three vols.). _An Appeal to the public, stating and considering the objections to the Quebec bill_ (London, 1774), was dedicated to the patriotic society of the Bill of Rights.

[298] _A letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec_ (Philad., 1774). _Lettre addressée aux habitans de la Province de Quebec_ (Philad., 1774). _A clear idea of the genuine and uncorrupted British Constitution in an address to the inhabitants of the province of Quebec from the forty-nine delegates in the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, Sept. 5-Oct. 10, 1774_ (London, 1774). Cf. Sabin, iv. 15,516, ix. p. 293, x. 40,664; _Journals of Congress_, i. 39.

[299] P. O. Hutchinson's _Governor Hutchinson_, i. 296.

[300] _Aspinwall Papers_ (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._), ii. 706.

[301] Cf. Reed's _Life of Reed_, i. 76, 78, 82, and George Bancroft's _Jos. Reed_, p. 10. Governor Franklin's letters to Dartmouth are in the _New Jersey Archives_ (x. 473, 503), where the anxiety of the king is disclosed (_Ibid._ x. 496, 534-5). Chatham's opinion is cited in Quincy's _Life of Josiah Quincy, Jr._, 268. Later English views are given in Mahon, vi. 13, and Lecky, iii. 408, 443.

[302] Dawson's _Westchester County_, pp. 36, 37.

[303] On the Tory side were Doctors Cooper, Inglis, Seabury, and Chandler; on the Whig side, William Livingston, John Jay, and Alex. Hamilton. Cf. Lossing's _Schuyler_, i. ch. 17.

[304] Dawson, _Westchester County_, p. 137 (see also _Hist. Mag._, 1868, p. 9), contends for Wilkins, and doubts what is put forward as Seabury's own evidence in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Feb., 1882, p. 117. Cf. _Amer. Quart. Church Rev._, April, 1881; Shea's _Hamilton_, ch. 7; _Manual of N. Y. City_, 1868, p. 813.

[305] The Seabury-Wilkins tracts are:

_Free thoughts on the proceedings of the Continental congress, held at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774: wherein their errors are exhibited, their reasonings confuted and the fatal tendency of their non-importation, non-exportation, and non-consumption measures, are laid open to the plainest understanding_ [_etc._]; _in a letter to the farmers, and other inhabitants of North America in general, and to those of the province of New York in particular. By a farmer._ [_Signed A. W. farmer._] (Without place, 1774.)

_The congress canvassed: or, an examination into the conduct of the delegates, at their grand convention, held in Philadelphia, Sept. 1, 1774. Addressed to the merchants of New York. By A. W., Farmer_ (Philad., 1774).

There was a reply to the Farmer in _Holt's New York Journal_, Dec. 22, 1774 (Dawson, p. 40); but the most extraordinary rejoinder was that of the youthful Alexander Hamilton, then eighteen years old, in _A full vindication of the measures of the congress, from the calumnies of their enemies; in answer to a letter, tender the signature of A. W., Farmer. Whereby his sophistry is exposed_ [_etc._]; _in a general address to the inhabitants of America, and a particular address to the farmers of the province of New York._ [_Signed, A friend to America._] (New York, 1774.) Cf. P. L. Ford's _Bibliotheca Hamiltoniana_ (N. Y., 1886), no. 1.

The "Farmer" replied in _A view of the controversy between Great Britain and her colonies. In a letter to the author of A full vindication of the measures of congress, from the calumnies of their enemies. By A. W., Farmer?_ (New York, 1774.)

Hamilton's final rejoinder is _The farmer refuted; or, a more comprehensive and impartial view of the disputes between Great Britain and the colonies. Intended as a further Vindication of the congress, in answer to a Letter from a Westchester farmer, entitled a View of the controversy between Great Britain and her colonies. By a sincere friend to America_ (1775). Cf. Ford, no. 3.

These productions of the young Whig are contained in the various editions of _Hamilton's Works_. Cf. J. Hamilton's _Repub. of the U. S._, i. 65; Shea's _Hamilton_, p. 330.

[306] _A friendly address to all reasonable Americans on our political confusions_ (New York, 1774; America, 1774; Lond., 1774; Dublin, 1775; abridged, New York, 1774. Sabin, iv. 16,587-8). A copy with the author's MS. corrections was sold at Bangs's, N. Y., Feb., 1854, no. 178. The resulting tracts are: _The other side of the question, or a defence of the liberties of No. America, in answer to a late Friendly Address_ (N. Y., 1774; Boston, 1775). By Philip Livingston. _Strictures on a pamphlet entitled a Friendly Address_ (N. Y., 1774; Philad., 1774; Boston, 1775). This is by Charles Lee, and is reprinted in the Charles Lee Papers, in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1871, p. 151. _The strictures on the Friendly Address examined and a refutation of its principles attempted_ (Philad., 1775, two editions). This is sometimes ascribed to Thomas B. Chandler, and sometimes to Lieut. Henry Barry. Cooper also printed _The American querist, or some questions proposed relative to the present disputes between Great Britain and her American colonies_ (N. Y., 1774; Boston, 1774; London, 1775,—Sabin, iv. 16,586).

[307] It is printed in Almon's _Prior Documents_ (1777), with Franklin's name, and Sparks includes it in his edition of Franklin (iv. 466). Lee is also said to have had a main hand, aided by Franklin, in _An appeal to the justice and interests of the people of Great Britain in the present dispute with America_ (London, 1774). Cf. Sparks's _Franklin_, iv. 409. Another tract ascribed at the time to Franklin was really written by James Wilson, namely, _Considerations on the nature and extent of the legislative authority of the British parliament_ Philad., 1774. Cf, Sparks's _Franklin_, iv. 409.

[308] Philad. and London, 1774; included in _Political Writings of Dickinson_ (Wilmington, 1801, vol. i.), and in _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., iii. 560. Cf. _Hist. Mag._, x. 288. Governor Bernard briefly set forth his view of _The Causes of the present distractions in America_ (1774), and also gathered certain letters written from Boston in 1763-68, and published them as _Select letters on the trade and government of America_ (London, 1774,—Sabin, ii. 4,920, 4,925). The government printed a _Report of the Lords' Committee, appointed to inquire into the several proceedings in the colony of Mass. Bay, in opposition to the sovereignty of his Majesty_ (London, 1774). Granville Sharp's _Declaration of the people's natural right to a share in the legislature_, issued in London (1774), was reprinted in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia (Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 650).

[309] Cf., for instance, the letters of the king to Dartmouth, in the Dartmouth Papers (_Hist. MSS. Com. Rept._, ii.); proceedings in Parliament given in Force, 4th ser., i. 5, and in Niles's _Principles_, etc.; Hutchinson's diary, including his interview with the king (P. O. Hutchinson, i. p. 157) and talks with Pownall (p. 251); the picture of Fox and Barré in debates in Smyth's _Lectures_ (ii. 386), and such more general accounts as those in Frothingham's _Rise_, etc. (p. 344), Bancroft's _United States_ (vii. 173, 186, 194), Parton's _Franklin_ (ii. 5), and papers by T. H. Pattison in the _New Englander_ (xl. 571), and Winthrop Sargent in the _No. Amer. Rev._, lxxx. p. 236. The letters of Franklin (_Works_, iv.) add much, and the influence and speeches of Chatham bring him into prominence.

[310] Dawson's _Westchester_, 48, 50, 60, where the authorities of the diverse views are cited. Its sessions closed April 3d, and it was the last Assembly under the royal order. Its proceedings are in Jones's _New York during the Rev._, i. 506. Within a month a general association was signed (April 29th) in New York of the opposers of government (Jones, i. 505). The proceedings of the New York and Elizabethtown committee of observation, relating to infractions of the non-importation agreements, are in the _N. Jersey Archives_, x. 561. The records of the provincial congress (which followed) are at Albany, and are partly printed in Force. The _Sparks MSS._ (no. xxxvii.) show extracts, 1775-78. (Cf. Dawson, 91. Cf. Hamilton's _Repub. of the U. S._, i. ch. 3; Reed's _Jos. Reed_, i.93.) As soon as Governor Tryon discovered the temper of the Continental Congress he sought safety on board a man-of-war in the harbor (_Ibid._, 118), and later in the year (Dec. 4th) he addressed a letter to the people of the province, urging the adoption of plans of reconciliation (_Ibid._, 141).

[311] Henry was a character of which, as time goes on, there is an appreciating estimate. His grandson, William Wirt Henry, is preparing an extended memoir, having already sketched his career in the _Hist. Mag._, xii. 90, 368, xxii. 272, 346; _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, p. 78. Professor Moses Coit Tyler has embodied new material in his _Patrick Henry_ of the "American Statesmen Series." Cf. Frothingham's _Rise_, etc., 179; Mahon, v. 89; and references in _Poole's Index_. For contemporary judgments, see _John Adams's Works_, i. 208, x. 277; and Jefferson's letter in _Hist. Mag._, Aug., 1867, and comments in _Ibid._, Dec., 1867. Alexander Johnston, in his _Representative American Orations_ (vol. i.), selects Henry's speech in the House of Delegates, March 28, 1775, as the leading specimen of Revolutionary oratory. The usual portrait of Patrick Henry is the one by Sully, representing him with his spectacles raised upon his forehead. It was engraved by W. S. Leney in 1817. There is a woodcut in Lossing's _Field-Book_, ii. 439. His is one of the portraits in Independence Hall. On the class rank of the leading agitators in Virginia, compare Rives's _Madison_, i. 71; Grigsby on _The Virginia Convention of 1776_; and John Tyler's _Address at Jamestown, May, 1857_.

[312] _Journals of Congress_, i. 40.

[313] Cf. verses "Loyal York" from _Rivington's Gazetteer_, in Moore's _Songs and Ballads_, 74.

[314] Sparks's _Washington_, iii. 37. For Hancock's character, see Wells's _Sam. Adams_, an unfavorable view. Cf. also Sanderson's _Signers of the Decl. of Ind._; Loring's _Hundred Boston Orators_; C. W. Upham's speech in the Mass. Legislature, March 17, 1859, on the bill for preserving the Hancock House. Hancock's correspondence as president of Congress is in Force, 4th ser., v.; 5th ser., i., ii., iii.

[315] Cf. ed. in 13 vols. Also see _List of delegates, with journal of their proceedings from May 10 to July 31, 1775_ (Philad., 1775,—Sabin, x. 41,447). Extracts from the votes, etc., were printed in New York; and their _Journal_ in Philad. and New York (Haven in Thomas, ii. 656). There are notes on the debates in _John Adams's Works_, ii. 445. Cf. _Elliot's Debates_, i. 45. A fac-simile of the minutes for Dec. 26, 1775, signed by Chas. Thomson, is given in J. J. Smith's _Hist. and Lit. Curios._, 2d ser., p. xiii. The several publications of the Congress (included also in their _Journals_) are as follows:—_Declaration by the representatives of the United Colonies_ ... _setting forth the causes and necessity of taking up arms_ (Philad., Watertown, Newport, 1775; London, 1775,—Sabin, iv. 15,522). Cf. L. H. Porter's _Outlines of the Const. Hist. of the U. S._, p. 38.

_The twelve United Colonies by their delegates in Congress to the inhabitants of Great Britain, July 8, 1775_ (Philad., 1775; Newport, 1775,—Sabin, iv. 15,596). It was drafted by R. H. Lee. Cf. his _Life_, i. 143. Cf. Ramsay's _Rev. in S. Carolina_, p. 362.

_Address of the twelve United Colonies_ ... _to the people of Ireland_ (Philad. and New York, 1775,—Sabin, iv. 15,512).

_Address from the delegates of the twelve United Colonies to the people of New England_ (Newport, 1775; reprinted in the _R. I. Hist. Mag._, 1885).

A petition to the king was adopted July 8th. It is said to have been moulded, in part at least, upon an appeal of Richard Stockton, of New Jersey, dated Dec. 12, 1774 (_Orderly-book of Sir John Johnson_, p. 176-78). Cf. Force, 4th ser., iv. 607; Ramsay, i. 355; Sparks's _Franklin_, i. 372, x. 435; Bancroft, vii. 186; Barry's _Mass._, ii. 60, 61, with references; Lee's _Arthur Lee_, i. 47; ii. 312. The London agents were instructed to print and circulate it (_Journals_, i. 112). Mahon (vol. vi.) says that the king was influenced by a mere punctilio in not replying to it, and Dartmouth writes to Carleton that it found no favor in or out of Parliament.

On the choice by Congress of Washington as commander-in-chief, see _John Adams's Works_, ii. 417; Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. ch. 37; Hildreth's _United States_; Hamilton's _Hamilton_, i. 110; Frothingham's _Rise of the Repub._, 430, and his paper in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, March, 1876, and C. F. Adams in _Ibid._, June, 1858.

On the proposed articles of confederation (May 10th) and the debate thereon, see Sparks's _Franklin_, v. 91; _N. Jersey Archives_, x. 692; _Secret Journals of Congress_ (July and Aug., 1775); and a contemporary draft of the articles in _Letters and Papers, 1761-1776_ (MSS. in Mass. Hist. Soc. library).

In June, 1775, the Congress was called upon to approve the form of autonomy into which the progress of events had forced the people of Massachusetts Bay. Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., has traced the legal bearings of successive steps in a paper in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, May, 1884, p. 192. The word "province" was renounced, as the dependence upon the royal governor had ceased; and the word "colony" accepted, as indicating the modified dependence which still held applicable to the relations of the people to the throne. Up to April, 1776, the regnal year was used in acts, but upon the Declaration of Independence being received, all legislative acts run in the name of the "State." For the change of government in New Hampshire, see Belknap's _Hist. of N. Hampshire_, and papers in the Belknap MSS. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, x. 324). An _Historical Sketch of the Hillsborough County Congresses held at Amherst, N. H., 1774 and 1775, with other Revolutionary Records_, by Edw. D. Boylston, was published at Amherst in 1884.

On May 10th Congress adopted _Rules and articles for the better government of the troops raised and to be raised by the twelve United English Colonies_ (Philad., Watertown, Mass., New York, 1775). Also in Force, 4th ser., ii., 1855; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vii. 538; _R. I. Col. Rec._, vii. 340; _N. J. Prov. Cong._, etc. (1879), p. 264. The Massachusetts articles of war were much the same. The _Rules_ arranged by Timothy Pickering were published in 1775, and a presentation copy from Pickering to Gen. John Thomas, with a letter annexed, belongs to W. A. Thomas, of Kingston, Mass.

The plan of Congress for organizing the militia is given in their _Journals_, i. 118. They also caused to be printed W. Sewall's _Method of making saltpetre_ (Philad., 1775). A paper by C. C. Smith on the making of gunpowder during the Revolution is in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, March, 1876. As to the manufacture of other munitions of war, see Bishop's _Hist. Amer. Manuf._, i. ch. 17 and 18, and index, under cannon and firearms; and J. F. Tuttle on the Hibernia furnace, in the _N. J. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 2d ser., vi. 148.

An agreement of the members (Nov. 9th) to keep the proceedings secret is given in fac-simile in _Force_, 4th ser., iii. 1,918. A Committee of Secret Correspondence, for preserving relations with sympathizers in Europe, was established Nov. 29th. (Cf. C. W. F. Dumas's letters in _Diplom. Corresp._, ix.; and _Force_, 5th ser., ii. and iii.)

For the Congress in general, see the histories of Gordon, Pitkin (i. ch. 9), Bancroft (vii. 353, viii. 25, 51), Grahame (iv. 407), Hildreth (iii. ch. 31); Greene's _Hist. View_, 89; Frothingham's _Rise_, etc., 419; Thaddeus Allen's _Origination of the Amer. Union_; Lecky (iii. 465); Ryerson (i. ch. 23); and the histories of the original States. Also, see lives of the members, etc.,—Franklin (by Sparks, Bigelow, Parton), Washington (by Marshall, Sparks, Irving), Sam. Adams (by Wells, ii. ch. 37), John Adams (by Adams, i. 212, ii. 408, x. 163, 171, 396, and his _Familiar Letters_, 83), R. H. Lee (i. 140), Schuyler (by Lossing, i. 316), Jefferson (by Randall, i. ch. 4, by Parton, ch. 19), Jay (by Jay), Madison (by Rives, i. 105), Geo. Read (by Read, 110), Gouverneur Morris (by Sparks, i. 46), Rutledge (by Flanders, ch. 8); lives of John Alsop and Philip Livingston (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, i. 226, 303); Silas Deane's letters in _Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii.; diary of Christopher Marshall; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, by John Ward, ii. 193; _Poole's Index_, p. 295. A memorial of the inhabitants of Newport to the Congress is in the _R. I. Hist. Mag._, July, 1855. Sam. Adams wrote, Nov. 16th, from Philadelphia to Bowdoin: "The petition of Congress has been treated with evident contempt. I cannot conceive that there is any room to hope for the virtuous efforts of the people of Britain" (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii., 227). Walpole (_Last Journal_, i. 439) describes the effects of the action of this Congress in England.

The most significant controversial reply in England to the action of Congress came from a man of whom William S. Johnson (Beardsley, p. 71) was reporting to his American friends that he "was not much above an idiot" in appearance, but could repay one for his unfavorable appearance when he spoke,—Dr. Samuel Johnson, who published in 1775 his _Taxation no tyranny, an answer to the resolutions and address of the American Congress_, passing through four editions in that year. Macaulay says of it: "The arguments were such as boys use in debating societies. The pleasantry was as awkward as the gambols of a hippopotamus." Cf. Johnson's works, all editions; Boswell's _Johnson_; Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 257-8; Smyth's _Lectures_, ii. 399; Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_, 110; Sabin, ix. 36,303, where (36,304-9) are various tracts which appeared in answer. Cf. _Cooke Catal._, no. 1,315. One of the most prominent of these replies was an anonymous _Defence of the resolutions and address of the American congress, in reply to Taxation no tyranny. By the author of Regulus. To which are added, general remarks on the leading principles of that work, as published in the London Evening Post of the 2d and 4th of May; and a short chain of deductions from one clear position of common sense and experience_ (London, 1775,—Sabin, iv. 15,523). The next year the same writer published _A letter to the Rev. Dr._ [Richard] _Price_. Moore's _Sheridan_ (ch. 3) gives an outline of an intended answer to Johnson.

A sort of semi-official response to the Declaration, made on the part of the government, appeared in the _Rights of Great Britain asserted against the claims of America_, which is usually ascribed to Sir John Dalrymple, though by some to James Macpherson. It appeared in seven or eight editions at London in 1776, and also the same year at Edinburgh and Philadelphia, and was translated into French (Sabin, v. 18,347). Dalrymple is said also to have been the writer of an _Address of the people of Great Britain to the inhabitants of America_, published anonymously by Cadell, at London, in 1775. This was a conciliatory effort at coöperation with certain placating measures, which the government sought to promote, and copies of the tract in large numbers are said to have been sent to America for distribution (Sabin, v. 18,346; _Sparks Catal._, no. 709; Stevens, _Nugget_, no. 3,106).

A Portuguese Jew, Isaac Pinto, living in Holland, took up the line of argument used in the _Rights of Great Britain_, and "employed a venal pen", as Franklin expressed it, "in the most insolent manner, against the Americans" (_Sparks Catal._, no. 2,075; _Diplom. Corresp. of the Rev._, ix. 265). Pinto's tracts were addressed to Samuel Barretts of Jamaica, and were called _Lettre ... au sujet des troubles qui agitent actuellement toute l'Amérique Septentrionale_, and a _Seconde Lettre_ (both La Haye, 1776,—Sabin, xv. 62,988-89). The English translation, _Letters on the American Troubles_, appeared the same year in London (Sabin, xv. 62,990). Pinto was answered in _Nouvelles observations_, and a _Réponse_ followed, also La Haye, 1776 (Sabin, xiii. 56,095, xv. 62,991).

Almon published in 1775 an _Appeal to the justice and interests of the people on the measures respecting America_, and the same year a _Second appeal_; and later, by the same author, _A speech intended to have been delivered in the House of the Commons in support of the petition from the general Congress at Philad._ There has been much difference of opinion as to the writers of these tracts, the names of Arthur Lee, C. Glover, Lord Chatham, and Franklin having been mentioned. (Cf. _Cooke Catal._, iii. no. 1,033; R. H. Lee's _Life of A. Lee_, i. 19.)

[316] "Massachusettensis", a Tory writer, brought out his first letter in the _Mass. Gazette_, Dec. 12, 1774, and continued them at intervals till April 3, 1775. The evidence that their writer was Leonard is presented in Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 231; by Lucius Manlius Sargent in the _N. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg._, July, Oct., 1864, or vol. xviii. 291, 353 (from the _Boston Transcript_). The letters were separately published in New York, 1775, as _The present political state of the province of Mass. Bay in general and the town of Boston in particular_, and again as _The origin of the Amer. Contest with Great Britain, or the present political state_, etc.,—both giving the writer as "a native of New England" (Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 660). What is called a second and third edition (London, 1776) purports to follow a Boston imprint, and is called _Massachusettensis, or a series of letters containing a faithful state of many facts, which laid the foundation of the present troubles, ... by a person of honor upon the spot_. (Cf. Sabin, x. p. 219.) There was also an edition in Dublin, 1776 (_Hist. Mag._, i. 249). Lecky (iii. 419) speaks of these letters as showing "remarkable eloquence and touching and manifest earnestness." Trumbull, in the first canto of his _M'Fingal_, had early assumed that Leonard was the author. See, on Leonard, Sabine's _Amer. Loyalists_ and Ellis Ames in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 52.

John Adams, on the patriot side, began Jan. 23, 1775, a series of letters in the _Boston Gazette_, to counteract the effect of those of "Massachusettensis", and used the signature "Novanglus." The fight at Lexington broke off further publication for either disputant. Almon printed an abridgment of these papers in the _Remembrancer_, and they were later (London, 1783, 1784) published as _A history of the Dispute with America_, and were included finally in C. F. Adams's ed. of _John Adams's Works_ (vol. iv.,—see also ii. 405, x. 178-79).

Both series were reprinted together in Boston in 1819, with a preface by Adams, who then still considered Sewall his adversary. Cf. Edmund Quincy's _Life of Quincy_, p. 381; Frothingham's _Rise of the Repub._, 393.

Of the Boston newspapers, _Fleet's Evening Post_ was used indiscriminately as the organ of the patriots and their opponents, and expired April 24, 1775; the _Boston Newsletter_ passed under governmental control, and alone continued to be published during the siege of Boston; the _Massachusetts Gazette_ was the chief organ of the government; the _Boston Gazette_, devoted to the patriots, and more temperate than the _Massachusetts Spy_, which was later removed to Worcester. The most important Massachusetts journal outside of Boston was the _Essex Gazette_. (Cf. B. F. Thomas's _Memoir of Isaiah Thomas_, prefixed to the Amer. Antiq. Society's ed. of Thomas's _Hist. of Printing_ [also see ii. 294]; J. T. Buckingham's _Specimens of newspaper literature_; F. Hudson's _American Journalism_; _Mem. Hist. Boston_, iii. 130.)

Rivington published in New York the principal paper in the Tory interests, known as the _Gazetteer_, 1773-1775, and later as the _Loyal_ and then _Royal Gazette_. The footnotes in Moore's _Diary of the American Revolution_ and Thomas's _Hist. of Printing_ will show the newspapers of the other colonies.

The tracts of 1775-76 are too numerous to enumerate. Grahame characterizes the chief writers (_United States_, iv. 320). The monthly lists of the _Gent. Mag._ and _Monthly Rev._ will show most of their titles for England. Cf. Adolphus's _England_, ii. 331; Morgann's _Life of Richard Price_; Fitzmaurice's _Shelburne_, iii. 95. Haven's list for America ends with 1775; but the Brinley, Sparks, and other catalogues give many of them, and they can be found in Sabin by their authors' names. Many of these tracts embody plans of reconciliation.

[317] Sabin, xv. nos. 65,444, etc.; P. O. Hutchinson, ii. 38. John Wilkes, who had been Lord Mayor of London since 1774, brought the influence of its government against the ministry, and Price was offered the freedom of the city. Wilkes's speech of Feb. 6, 1775, is in Niles (ed. 1776, p. 425). In April, 1775, Wilkes and the aldermen had appealed to the king against the ministry (Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 282), and there is a broadside copy of an appeal, July 5, 1775, by the city to the king, in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library. In Aug., 1775, when the king issued his proclamation for the suppression of the rebellion, Wilkes paid it studied affront.

[318] Varying views of the current of British feeling will be found in Frothingham's _Rise of the Repub._, p. 412, etc.; in Bancroft, orig. ed., vii. 219, 241, 257, etc., and in the final revision, iv. ch. 22 and 23. Lecky (iii. 573) thinks the majority of the people were with the king, and Hutchinson reported like views (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvi. 255). Galloway was still communicating to the ministry secret intelligence through Gov. Franklin, of New Jersey (_N. J. Archives_, x. 570), and was causing it to be known that the people in the colonies who were for war were the violent ones, while the Quakers and the Dutch, the Baptists, Mennonists, and Dumplers, were for moderation (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 340).

A letter of John Wesley, June 14, 1775, to the Earl of Dartmouth, protesting against the war, is among the Dartmouth Papers, noted in the _Hist. MSS. Com. Rept._, ii., and is printed in _Macmillan's Mag._, Dec., 1870. Dartmouth, July 5th, wrote to Governor Franklin, of N. Jersey, that the king was determined to crush the revolt (_N. J. Archives_, x. 513, 645), and the king issued his proclamation "for suppressing rebellion and sedition" Aug. 23, 1775. It was sent over in broadside (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 186), and is printed in Force's _Amer. Archives_. In September Arthur Lee was writing of the violent temper of the ministry (_Calendar of A. Lee Papers_, p. 7, no. 62). The _Diary_ of Governor Hutchinson helps us much, and throws light on the talk of compromise (ii. 25, 27), the temporary forgetfulness of the American question in the trial of the Duchess of Kingston (ii. 34), and Pownall's talk (ii. 127). The military resources of the colonies were not overlooked, and _A letter to Lord Geo. Germain_ (London, 1776) warned that minister of what this meant, while the decision to pardon criminals in order to enlist them in the service of suppressing the rebellion did not a little to widen the breach (Lecky, iii. 585).

Abstracts of various papers in the Public Record Office for 1775 are given in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 340, etc.

[319] Cf. the indexes under the names of the leading debaters.

[320] The subject gets some enlivenment in the Toryism of Walpole's _George the Third_, edited by Le Marchant, and his _Last Journals_, edited by Dr. Doran.

Edmund Burke's conspicuousness makes his character and the record of it of first importance, and we need for successive estimates of his influence to consult the lives of him by Bisset, Prior, P. Burke, and Macknight. For his bearing as a speaker, see Wraxall's _Hist. Memoirs_ (ii. 35). For an estimate of his arguments, see Smyth's _Lectures_ (Bohn's ed., ii. 403, 408). His speeches on American Taxation (April 19, 1774) and conciliation (March 22, 1775) are in the various collected editions of his _Works_,—among the best of such being the Boston edition (1865, etc., Little, Brown & Co.) and the edition published by Nimmo (1885),—all of them following in the main Rivington's first octavo edition in 16 vols., London, 1801-27. Henry Morley has edited, with an introduction, Burke's _Two speeches on Conciliation with America_ (London, 1886). His speech of March 22, 1775, is in Niles's _Principles_, etc. (1876 ed., p. 429). Lecky (iii. 426) sketches his policy. For conversations of Burke and North, see _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Nov., 1881, p. 358.

The lives and speeches of Chatham are quite as necessary. Franklin was introduced into the Lords in Jan., 1775, by Chatham himself, when Chatham brought forward his motion for conciliation with America, and Franklin considered as much the best the notes which Josiah Quincy, Jr., made (Jan. 20, 1775) of the speeches of Chatham and Camden (_Life of J. Quincy, Jr._, 226, 264, 272, 318, 335, 403, 418; Sparks's _Franklin_, v. 43). Among the Cathcart MSS. is a contemporary copy of Chatham's plan which the Lords rejected (_Hist. MSS. Com. Rept._, ii. p. 28). The later speech of Dec. 20, 1775, for removing the troops from Boston, is also in Niles (1876 ed., p. 455). Cf. Gordon, i. 298; Force, 4th ser., i. 1,494; Smyth's _Lectures_, ii.; Parton's _Franklin_,