CHAPTER VIII.

THE STRUGGLE FOR THE GREAT VALLEYS OF NORTH AMERICA.

BY JUSTIN WINSOR,

_The Editor_.

THE death of Frontenac[1097] and the peace of Ryswick (September, 1697) found France in possession of the two great valleys of North America,—that of the St. Lawrence, with the lakes, and that of the Mississippi, with its affluents.[1098] In 1697 the Iroquois were steadfast in their adherence to Corlear, as they termed the English governor, while they refused to receive French missionaries. In negotiations which Bellomont was conducting (1698) with the Canadian governor, he tried ineffectually to induce a recognition of the Five Nations as subjects of the English king.[1099] Meanwhile, the French were omitting no opportunity to force conferences with these Indians, and Longueil was trying to brighten the chain of amity with them as far west as Detroit, where in July, 1701, La Motte Cadillac began a French post. Within a month the French ratified at Montreal (August 4, 1701) a treaty with the Iroquois just in time to secure their neutrality in the war which England declared against France and Spain the next year (1702). So when the outbreak came it was the New England frontiers which suffered (1703-4),[1100] for the Canadians were careful not to stir the blood of the Iroquois. The French jealously regarded the English glances at Niagara, and proposed (1706) to anticipate their rivals by occupying it. When, in 1709, it was determined to retaliate for the ravages of the New England borders, the Iroquois, at a conference in Albany[1101] (1709), were found ready to aid in the expedition which Francis Nicholson tried to organize, but which proved abortive. Already Spotswood, of Virginia, was urging the home government to push settlers across the Alleghanies into the valley of the Ohio.[1102] But attention was rather drawn to the petty successes in Acadia,[1103] and the spirit of conquest seethed again, when Sir Hovenden Walker appeared at Boston,[1104] and a naval expedition in the summer of 1711 was well under way to capture the great valley of the St. Lawrence. Stupidity and the elements sent the fleet of the English admiral reeling back to Boston, leaving Quebec and Canada once more safe. The next year (1712) the distant Foxes tried to wrest Detroit from the French; but its garrison was too enduring. France had maintained herself all along her Canadian lines, and she was in fair hopes of gaining the active sympathy of the Iroquois, when the treaty of Utrecht (1713) brought the war to a close.

The language of this treaty declared that the “Five Nations[1105] were subject to the dominion of England.” The interpretation of this clause was the occasion of diplomatic fence at once. The French claimed a distinction between the subjectivity of the Indians and domination over their lands. The English insisted that the allegiance of the Five Nations carried not only their own hereditary territory, but also the regions of Iroquois conquests, namely, all west of the Ottawa River and the Alleghany Mountains to the Mississippi River.[1106] The peace of Utrecht was but the prelude to a struggle for occupying the Ohio Valley, on the part of both French and English. Spotswood had opened a road over the Blue Ridge from Virginia in 1716, and he continued to urge the Board of Trade to establish a post on Lake Erie. Governor Keith, of Pennsylvania, reported to the board (1718) upon the advances of the French across the Ohio Valley, and the English moved effectually when, in 1721, they began to plant colonists on the Oswego River. By 1726 they had completed their fort on the lake, and Montreal found its Indian trade with the west intercepted. Meanwhile, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia strengthened their alliance with the Iroquois by a conference at Albany in September, 1722, and in 1726 the Indians confirmed the cession of their lands west and north of Lake Erie.

When Vaudreuil, in 1725, not long before his death (April 10) suggested to the ministry in Paris that Niagara should be fortified, since, with the Iroquois backing the English, he did not find himself in a position openly to attack them, the minister replied that the governor could at least craze the Indians by dosing them with brandy. Shortly afterwards the commission of his successor, Beauharnois, impressed on that governor the necessity of always having in view the forcible expulsion of the Oswego garrison. In 1727 the French governor tried the effect of a summons of the English post, with an expressed intention “to proceed against it, as may seem good to him,” in case of refusal; but it was mere gasconade, and the minister at home cautioned the governor to let things remain as they were.

NOTE TO ANNEXED MAP.—In the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, ix. 1021, is a fac-simile of a map in the Archives of the Marine and Colonies, called _Carte du lac Champlain avec les rivières depuis le fort de Chambly jusques à Orangeville_ [Albany] _de la Nouvelle Angleterre, dressé sur divers mémoires_. It is held to have been made about 1731. There is in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, vol. i. p. 557, a _Carte du lac Champlain depuis le fort Chambly jusqu’au fort St. Frederic, levée par le Sr. Anger, arpenteur du Roy en 1732, fait à Quebec le 10 Oct., 1748,—Signé de Lery_.

Nicolas Bellin made his _Carte de la rivière de Richelieu et du lac Champlain_ in 1744, and it appeared in Charlevoix’s _Nouvelle France_, i. 144, reproduced in Shea’s ed., ii. 15. There is also a map of Lake Champlain in Bellin’s _Petit Atlas Maritime_, 1764.

There were surveys made of Lake Champlain, in 1762, by William Brassier, and of Lake George by Captain Jackson, in 1756. These were published by order of Amherst in 1762, and reproduced in 1776. (Cf. _American Atlas_, 1776.) The original drawings are noted in the _Catal. of the King’s Maps_ (Brit. Mus.), i. 223. The Brassier map is also given in Dr. Hough’s edition of Rogers’s _Journals_. The same British Museum _Catalogue_ (i. 489) gives a drawn _Map of New Hampshire_ (1756), which shows the route from Albany by lakes George and Champlain to Quebec. Cf. the _Map of New Hampshire_, by Col. Joseph Blanchard and Rev. Samuel Langdon, engraved by Jefferys, and dated 21 Oct., 1761, which shows the road to Ticonderoga in 1759.

A few years later a sort of flank movement was made on Oswego, as well as on New England, by the French pushing up Lake Champlain, and establishing themselves in the neighborhood of Crown Point (1731), where they shortly after built Fort St. Frederick. The movement alarmed New England more than it did New York.

The French persisted in seeking conferences with the Six Nations,—as they had been called since the Tuscaroras joined them about 1713,—and in 1734 succeeded in obtaining a meeting with the Onondagas. They ventured in 1737 to ask the Senecas to let them establish a post at Irondequot, farther west on Lake Ontario than Oswego. The Iroquois would not permit, however, either side to possess that harbor. For some years Oswego was the burden of the French despatches, and the English seemed to take every possible occasion for new conferences with the fickle Indians.

The most important of these treaties was made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1744, when an indefinite extent of territory beyond the mountains was ceded to the English in the form of a confirmation of earlier implied grants. A fresh war followed. The New Englanders took Louisbourg,[1107] but New York seemed supine, and let French marauding parties from Crown Point fall upon and destroy the fort at Saratoga without being aroused.[1108] Oswego was in danger, but still the New York assembly preferred to quarrel with the governor; and tardily at best it undertook to restore the post at Saratoga, while the Albanians were suspected of trading clandestinely through the Caughnawagas with the French in Canada. Both sides continued in their efforts to propitiate the Iroquois, while a parade of arming was made for an intended advance on Crown Point and Montreal. Governor Shirley, from Boston, had urged it, since a demonstration which had been intended by way of the St. Lawrence had to be given up, because the promised fleet did not arrive from England. To keep the land levies in spirits, Shirley had written to Albany that he would send them to join in an expedition by the Lakes, and had even despatched a 13-inch mortar by water to New York.[1109] Before the time came, however, the rumors of D’Anville’s fleet frightened the New Englanders, and they thought they had need of their troops at home.[1110] It was some time before Governor Clinton knew of this at Albany, and preparations went on. Efforts to enlist the Iroquois in the enterprise halted, for the inaction of the past year had had its effect upon them, and it needed all the influence of William Johnson, who now first appears as Indian commissioner, to induce them to send a sufficient delegation to a conference at Albany.

The business still further dragged; the withdrawal of New England became in the end known, and by September 16 Clinton had determined to abandon the project, and the French governor had good occasion to twit old Hendrick, the Mohawk chief, when he ventured with more purpose than prudence to Montreal in November.[1111]

Early the next summer (June, 1747) the French had some experience of a foray upon their own borders, when a party of English and Indians raided upon the island of Montreal,—a little burst of activity conspicuous amid the paralysis that the quarrels of Clinton and De Lancey had engendered. Shirley had formed the plan of a winter attack upon Crown Point, intending to send forces up the Connecticut, and from Oswego towards Frontenac, by way of distracting the enemy’s councils; but the New York assembly refused to respond.

The next year (1748) the French, acting through Father Picquet, made renewed efforts to enlist Iroquois converts, while Galissonière was urging the home government to send over colonists to occupy the Ohio Valley. A number of Virginians, on the other hand, formed themselves into the Ohio Company, and began to send explorers into the disputed valley. In order to anticipate the English, the French governor had already despatched Céloron de Bienville to take formal possession by burying lead plates, with inscriptions, at the mouths of the streams.[1112]

For the present, there was truce. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, entered upon in May, and signed in October (1748), had given each side time to manœuvre for an advantage. Picquet established a new barrier against the English at La Presentation, where Ogdensburg now is;[1113] and in 1749 Fort Rouillé was built at the present Toronto.[1114]

The Virginians, meanwhile, began to push their traders farther and farther beyond the mountains. The Pennsylvanians also sent thither a shrewd barterer and wily agent in George Croghan, and the French emissaries whom he encountered found themselves outwitted.[1115] The Ohio Company kept out Christopher Gist on his explorations. Thus it was that the poor Ohio Indians were distracted. The ominous plates of Céloron meant to them the loss of their territory; and they appealed to the Iroquois, who in turn looked to the government of New York. That province, however, was apathetic, while Picquet and Jean Cœur, another Romish priest, who believed in rousing the Indian blood, urged the tribes to maraud across the disputed territory and to attack the Catawbas. William Johnson, on the one side, and Joncaire, on the other, were busy with their conferences, each trying to checkmate the other (1750); while the English legislative assemblies haggled about the money it cost and the expense of the forts. The Iroquois did not fail to observe this; nor did it escape them that the French were building vessels on Ontario and strengthening the Niagara fort (1751).

While Charles Townshend was urging the English home government (1752) to seize the Ohio region forcibly, the French were attacking the English traders and overcoming the allied Indians, on the Miamis. Virginia, by a treaty with the Indians at Logstown, June 13, 1752, got permission to erect a fort at the forks of the Ohio; but the undertaking was delayed.

In the spring of 1753 Duquesne, the governor of Canada, sent an expedition[1116] to possess by occupation the Ohio Valley, and the party approached it by a new route.[1117] They landed at Presquisle, built a log fort,[1118] carried their munitions across to the present French Creek, and built there another defence called Fort Le Bœuf.[1119] This put them during high water in easy communication by boat with the Alleghany River. French tact conciliated the Indians, and where that failed arrogance was sufficient, and the expedition would have pushed on to found new forts, but sickness weakened the men, and Marin, the commander now dying, saw it was all he could do to hold the two forts, while he sent the rest of his force back to Montreal to recuperate. Late in the autumn Legardeur de Saint-Pierre arrived at Le Bœuf, as the successor of Marin. He had not been long there, when on the 11th of December a messenger from Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, with a small escort, presented himself at the fort. The guide of the party was Christopher Gist; the messenger was George Washington, then adjutant-general of the Virginia militia.[1120] Their business was to inform the French commander that he was building forts on English territory, and that he would do well to depart peaceably. Washington had been made conscious of the aggressive character of the French occupation, as he passed through the Indian town of Venango, at the confluence of French Creek and the Alleghany River, for he there had seen the French flag floating over the house of an English trader, Fraser, which the French had seized for an outpost of Le Bœuf, and there he had found Joncaire in command.[1121] Washington had been received by Joncaire hospitably, and over his wine the Frenchman had disclosed the unmistakable purpose of his government. At Le Bœuf Washington tarried three days, during which Saint-Pierre framed his reply, which was in effect that he must hold his post, while Dinwiddie’s letter was sent to the French commander at Quebec. It was the middle of January, 1754, when Washington reached Williamsburg on his return, and made his report to Dinwiddie.

The result was that Dinwiddie drafted two hundred men from the Virginia militia, and despatched them under Washington to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio. The Virginia assembly, forgetting for the moment its quarrel with the governor, voted £10,000 to be expended, but only under the direction of a committee of its own. Dinwiddie found difficulty in getting the other colonies to assist, and the Quaker element in Pennsylvania prevented that colony from being the immediate helper, which it might from its position have become.

Meanwhile, some backwoodsmen had been pushed over the mountains and had set to work on a fort at the forks. A much larger French force under Contrecœur soon summoned them,[1122] and the English retired. The French immediately began the erection of Fort Duquesne.

While this was doing, Dinwiddie was toiling with tardy assemblies and their agents to organize a regiment to support the backwoodsmen. Joshua Fry was to be its colonel, with Washington as second in command. The latter, with a portion of the men, had already pushed forward to Will’s Creek, the present Cumberland. Later he advanced with 150 men to Great Meadows, where he learned that the French, who had been reinforced, had sent out a party from their new fort, marching towards him. Again he got word from an Indian—who, from his tributary character towards the Iroquois, was called Half-King, and who had been Washington’s companion on his trip to Le Bœuf—that this chieftain with some followers had tracked two men to a dark glen, where he believed the French party were lurking. Washington started with forty men to join Half-King, and under his guidance they approached the glen and found the French. Shots were exchanged. The French leader, Jumonville, was killed, and all but one of his followers were taken or slain.

The mission of Jumonville was to scour for English, by order of Contrecœur, now in command of Duquesne, and to bear a summons to any he could find, warning them to retire from French territory. The precipitancy of Washington’s attack gave the French the chance to impute to Washington the crime of assassination; but it seems to have been a pretence on the part of the French to cover a purpose which Jumonville had of summoning aid from Duquesne, while his concealment was intended to shield him till its arrival. Rash or otherwise, this onset of the youthful Washington began the war.

The English returned to Great Meadows, and while waiting for reinforcements from Fry, Washington threw up some entrenchments, which he called Fort Necessity. The men from Fry came without their leader, who had sickened and died, and Washington, succeeding to the command of the regiment, found himself at the head of three hundred men, increased soon by an independent company from South Carolina.

Washington again advanced toward Gist’s settlement, when, fearing an attack, he sent back for Mackay, whom he had left with a company of regulars at Fort Necessity. Rumors thickening of an advance of the French, the English leader again fell back to Great Meadows, resolved to fight there. It was now the first of July, 1754. Coulon de Villiers, a brother of Jumonville, was now advancing from Duquesne. The attack was made on a rainy day, and for much of the time a thick mist hung between the combatants. After dark a parley resulted in Washington’s accepting terms offered by the French, and the English marched out with the honors of war.[1123]

The young Virginian now led his weary followers back to Will’s Creek. It was a dismal march. The Indian allies of the French, who were only with difficulty prevented from massacring the wounded English, had been allowed to kill the cattle and horses of the little army; and Washington’s men had to struggle along under the burdens of their own disabled companions. Thus they turned their backs upon the great valley, in which not an English flag now waved.

* * * * *

Appearances were not grateful to Dinwiddie. His house of burgesses preferred to fight him on some domestic differences rather than to listen to his appeals to resist the French. He got little sympathy from the other colonies. The Quakers and Germans of Pennsylvania cared little for boundaries. New York and Maryland seemed slothful.[1124] Only Shirley, far away in Massachusetts, was alive, but he was busy at home.[1125] The Lords of Trade in London looked to William Johnson to appease and attach the Indians; but lest he could not accomplish everything, they directed a congress of the colonial representatives to be assembled at Albany, which talked, but to the liking neither of their constituents nor of the government in England.[1126]

Dinwiddie, despairing of any organized onset, appealed to the home government. The French king was diligently watching for the English ministry’s response. So when Major-General Braddock and his two regiments sailed from England for Virginia, and the Baron Dieskau and an army, with the Marquis of Vaudreuil[1127] to succeed Duquesne as governor, sailed for Quebec, the diplomates of the two crowns bowed across the Channel, and protested to each other it all meant nothing.

The English thought that with their superiority on the sea they could intercept the French armament, and Admiral Boscawen was sent to hover about the Gulf of St. Lawrence. He got only three ships of them,—the rest eluding him.

The two armies were to enter the great valleys, one of the St. Lawrence, the other of the Ohio, but not in direct opposition. Dieskau was hurled back at Lake George; Braddock on the Monongahela. We must follow their fortunes.

In February, 1755, Braddock landed at Hampton, Virginia, and presently he and Dinwiddie were living “in great harmony.” A son of Shirley of Massachusetts was serving Braddock as secretary, and he was telling a correspondent how “disqualified his general was for the service he was employed in, in almost every respect.” This was after the young man had seen his father, for Braddock had gone up to Alexandria[1128] in April, and had there summoned for a conference all the governors of the colonies, Shirley among the rest, the most active of them all, ambitious of military renown, and full of plans to drive the French from the continent. The council readily agreed to the main points of an aggressive campaign. Braddock was to reduce Fort Duquesne; Shirley was to capture Niagara. An army of provincials under William Johnson was to seize Crown Point. These three movements we are now to consider; a fourth, an attack by New Englanders upon the Acadian peninsula, and the only one which succeeded, is chronicled in another chapter.[1129]

Braddock’s first mistake was in moving by the Potomac, instead of across Pennsylvania, where a settled country would have helped him; but this error is said to have been due to the Quaker merchant John Hanbury. He cajoled the Duke of Newcastle into ordering this way, because Hanbury, as a proprietor in the Ohio Company, would profit by the trade which the Virginia route would bring to that corporation. Dinwiddie’s desire to develop the Virginia route to the Ohio had doubtless quite as much to do with the choice. While plagued with impeded supplies and the want of conveyance as he proceeded, Braddock chafed at the Pennsylvanian indifference which looked on, and helped him not. He wished New England was nearer. The way Pennsylvania finally aided the doomed general was through Benjamin Franklin, whom she had borrowed of New England. He urged the Pennsylvania farmers to supply wagons, and they did, and Braddock began his march. On the 10th of May he was at Will’s Creek,[1130] with 2,200 men, and as his aids he had about him Captains Robert Orme and Roger Morris, and Colonel George Washington. Braddock invested the camp with an atmosphere little seductive to Indian allies. There were fifty of them present at one time, but they dwindled to eight in the end.[1131] Braddock’s disregard had also driven off a notorious ranger, Captain Jack, who would have been serviceable if he had been wanted.

On the 10th of June the march was resumed,—a long, thin line, struggling with every kind of difficulty in the way, and making perhaps three or four miles a day. By Washington’s advice, Braddock took his lighter troops and pushed ahead, leaving Colonel Dunbar to follow more deliberately. On the 7th of July this advance body was at Turtle Creek, about eight miles from Fort Duquesne.

The enemy occupying the fort consisted of a few companies of French regulars, a force of Canadians, and about 800 Indians,—all under Contrecœur, with Beaujeu, Dumas, and Ligneres as lieutenants. They knew from scouts that Braddock was approaching, and Beaujeu was sent out with over 600 Indians and 300 French, to ambush the adventurous Briton.

As Braddock reached the ford, which was to put him on the land-side of the fort, Colonel Thomas Gage, some years later known in the opening scenes of the American Revolution,[1132] crossed in advance, without the opposition that was anticipated. Beaujeu had intended to contest the passage, but his Indians, being refractory, delayed him in his march.

Gage, with the advance, was pushing on, when his engineer, laying out the road ahead, saw a man, apparently an officer, wave his cap to his followers, who were unseen in the woods. From every vantage ground of knoll and bole, and on three sides of the column, the concealed muskets were levelled upon the English, who returned the fire. Beaujeu soon fell.[1133] Dumas, who succeeded in command, thought the steady front of the redcoats was going to carry the day, when he saw his Canadians fly, followed by the Indians, after Gage had wheeled his cannon upon the woods. A little time, however, changed all. The Indians rallied and poured their bullets into the massed, and very soon confused, British troops.

Braddock, when he spurred up, found everybody demoralized except the Virginians, who were firing from the tree-trunks, as the enemy did. The British general was shocked at such an unmilitary habit, and ordered them back into line. No one under such orders could find cover, and every puff from a concealed Indian was followed by a soldier’s fall. No exertion of Braddock, or of Washington, or of anybody, prevailed.[1134] The general had four horses shot under him; Washington had two. Still the hillsides and the depths of the wood were spotted with puffs of smoke, and the slaughter-pen was in a turmoil. Young Shirley fell, with a bullet in his brain.[1135] Horatio Gates and Thomas Gage were both wounded. Scarce one Englishman in three escaped the bullets. The general had given the sign to retreat, and was wildly endeavoring to restore order, when a ball struck him from his horse. The flight of the survivors became precipitous, and when the last who succeeded in fording the river stopped to breathe on the other side, there were thirty Indians and twenty Frenchmen almost upon them. The French, however, pursued no farther. They had enough to do to gather their plunder, while the Indians unchecked their murderous instincts as they searched for the wounded and dying Britons. The next morning a large number of the Indians left Contrecœur for their distant homes, laden with their booty. The French general feared for a while that Braddock, reinforced by Dunbar, would return to the attack. He little knew the condition of his enemy. The British army had become bewildered fugitives. Scarce a guard could be kept for the wounded general, as he was borne along on a horse or in a litter. When they met Dunbar the fright increased. Wagons and munitions were destroyed, for no good reason, and the mass surged eastward. The sinking Braddock at last died, and they buried him in the road, that the tramp of the men might obliterate his grave.[1136] Nobody stopped till they reached Fort Cumberland, which was speedily turned into a disordered hospital. The campaign ended with gloomy forebodings. Dunbar, the surviving regular colonel, instead of staying at Cumberland and guarding the frontier, retreated to Philadelphia, leaving the Virginians to hold Cumberland and its hospitals as best they could.

* * * * *

By the death of Braddock Shirley became the ranking officer on the continent, and we must turn to see how the tidings of his new responsibilities found him.

The Massachusetts governor was at Albany when the bad news reached him, and Johnson being taken into the secret, the two leaders tried to keep it from the army. Shirley immediately pushed on the force destined for Fort Niagara, at the other end of Lake Ontario; while Johnson as speedily turned the faces of his men towards Lake George. Shirley’s army found the path to Oswego, much of the way through swamp and forest; and the young provincials sorrowfully begrimed their regulation bedizenments, assumed under the king’s orders, as with the Jersey Blues they struggled along the trail and tugged through the watercourses. It was easier to get the men to their destination than to transport the supplies, and many stores that were on the way were abandoned at the portages when the wagoners heard the fearful details from the Monongahela. Short rations and discouragements harried the men sorely. The axe and spade were put in requisition, and additional forts were planned and constructed as the army pursued its way. Across the lake at Fort Frontenac the enemy held a force ready to be sent against Oswego if Shirley went on, for the capture of Braddock’s papers had revealed all the English plans. Shirley put on a brave face, with all his bereavement, for the death of his son, with Braddock, was a heavy blow. A council of war, on the 18th of September, determined him to take to the lake with his bateaux as soon as provisions arrived. He had now got word of Dieskau’s defeat,[1137] and he tried to use it to inspirit the braves at his camp. It seemed to another council, on the 27th, that the attempt to trust their river bateaux on the lake was foolhardy, and so the purpose of the campaign was abandoned. At the end of October he left the garrison to strengthen the forts, and returned to Albany. He did not get much comfort there. Johnson showed no signs of following up the victory of Lake George, and as late as November Shirley was still at Albany, where he had received his new commission, advising a movement on Crown Point for the winter;[1138] and in December he was exciting the indignant jealousy of Johnson[1139] by daring to instruct him about his Indian management, for Johnson had now been made Indian superintendent.[1140] Shirley had despatched these orders from New York, where he was laying before a congress of governors his schemes for a new campaign.

* * * * *

We need now to see how Dieskau’s defeat had been the result of the third of the expeditions of the campaign just brought to a close.

Before the arrival of Braddock, Shirley had begun (January, 1755) arrangements for an attack on Crown Point,—a project confirmed, as we have seen, by the council at Alexandria, where William Johnson, whom Shirley had already named, was approved as the commander. Johnson, as a young Irishman of no military experience, had been sent over twenty years before by his uncle, Sir Peter Warren, the admiral, to look after some lands of his in the Mohawk Valley. Settling here and building a house, about ten years earlier than this, he had called it first Mount Johnson, though when it was fortified, at a later day, it was usually called Fort Johnson.[1141] It was the seat of numerous conferences with the Indians, over whom Johnson gained an ascendency, which he constantly turned to the advantage of the English.

The provincials who assembled, first at Albany and then at the carrying place between the Hudson and Lake George, were mostly New Englanders, and a Connecticut man, General Phineas Lyman, was placed second in command. The French were not without intelligence of their enemy’s purpose, derived, as already said, from the captured papers of Braddock. So Dieskau, who had come over, as we have seen, with reinforcements, was ordered to Lake Champlain instead of Oswego, as had been the original intention.

Johnson found among those who joined his camp some who knew much better what war was than he did: such were Colonel Moses Titcomb and Lieutenant-Colonel Seth Pomeroy, of Massachusetts; and Colonel Ephraim Williams, who had just made his will, by which the school was founded which became Williams College. He also was a Massachusetts man, as was Israel Putnam by birth, though now a Connecticut private. The later famous John Stark was a lieutenant of the New Hampshire forces. There were also others in command who knew scarce more of war than Johnson himself, and such was Colonel Timothy Ruggles, of a Massachusetts regiment, who was a college-bred lawyer and an innkeeper, destined to be president of the Stamp Act congress.

At the carrying place Lyman began a fort, which was named after him, but all preparations for the campaign proceeded very leisurely, the fault rather of the loosely banded union and hesitating purpose that existed among the colonies which had undertaken the movement; and matters were not mended by a certain incompatibility of temper existing between Johnson and Shirley, now commander-in-chief.

Leaving a garrison at Fort Lyman, the main body marched to the lake, to which Johnson had, out of compliment to the king, given the name of George. Meanwhile Dieskau had pushed up in his canoes to the very head of Lake Champlain, and had started through the wilderness to attack Fort Lyman. An Indian brought the news to Johnson, and Ephraim Williams and Hendrick, the Mohawk chief, were sent out to intercept the enemy. Dieskau, gaining information by capturing a messenger bound to Fort Lyman, and finding his Indians indisposed to assail a fort armed with cannon, turned towards the lake. Scouts informed him of the approach of the party under Williams, and an ambush was quickly planned. The English scout was badly managed, and fell into the trap. The commander and Hendrick were both killed. Nathan Whiting, of Connecticut, extricated the force skilfully, and a reinforcement from Johnson rendered it possible to hold the French somewhat in check. Could Dieskau have controlled his savages, however, he might have followed close enough to enter the English camp with the fugitives. As he did not, Johnson was given time to form a defence of his wagons and bateaux, mixed with tree-trunks, and when the French came on the English fought vigorously behind their barricade. Johnson was wounded and was borne to his tent. Lyman brought the day to a successful issue, and at its end his men leaped over the breastworks and converted the defeat of the French into a rout.

Meanwhile, a part of Dieskau’s Canadians and Indians had broken away from him, and had returned to the field where Williams had been killed, in order to strip the slain. There, near a pond, known still as Bloody Pond,[1142] a scouting party from Fort Lyman attacked them and put them to flight.[1143]

The French, routed by Lyman, were not followed far, and in gathering the wounded on the field Dieskau was discovered. He was borne to Johnson’s tent, and the English commander found it no easy task to protect him from the vengeance of the Mohawks. He was, however, in the end taken to New York, whence he sailed for England, and eventually reached France, but so shattered from his wounds that he died, though not till several years afterwards.

The defeat of the French had taken place on the 8th of September, and an active general would have despatched a force to intercept the fugitives before they reached their canoes, at the head of Lake Champlain; but timidity, the fear of a fresh onset, or a dread of a further tension of the weakening power of the army induced Johnson to tarry where he was, and to erect a fort, which in compliment to the royal family he named Fort William Henry, while in a similar spirit he changed the name of the post at the carrying place from Fort Lyman to Fort Edward. Of Lyman he seems to have been jealous, and in writing his report on the fight he makes no mention of the man to whose leadership the success was largely due. In this way Lyman’s name failed to obtain recognition in England, while the commander received a gift of £5,000 from Parliament and became Sir William Johnson, Baronet.

If Lyman’s advice had been followed, Ticonderoga might have been seized; but the French who reached it had so strongly entrenched themselves in a fortnight that attack was out of the question, and though Shirley, writing from Oswego, urged an advance, nothing was done. A council of war finally declared it inexpedient to proceed, and on the 27th of November Johnson marched the main part of his army southerly to their winter quarters.

British and French diplomates finally ceased bowing to each other, while their ships and armies fought together, and in May and June (1756), respectively, the two governments declared a war which was now nearly two years old.[1144] The French at once sent the Marquis de Montcalm, now about forty-four years of age, to succeed Dieskau. With him went the Chevalier de Lévis and the Chevalier de Bourlamaque as the second and third in command, and Bougainville as his principal aide-de-camp. By the middle of May the French general was in Quebec, and soon proceeded to Montreal to meet Vaudreuil, who was not at all pleased to share the responsibility of the coming campaign with another. The French troops were now divided, being mainly placed at Carillon (Ticonderoga), Fort Frontenac, and Niagara, and these posts had been during the winter severally strengthened,—Lotbinière[1145] superintending at Ticonderoga, Pouchot at Niagara, and two French engineers at Frontenac.

Already in February the French, by sending a scouting party, had captured and destroyed Fort Bull, a station of supplies at the carrying place on the way from Albany to Oswego; but the intervening time till June was spent in preparation. Word now coming of an English advance on Ticonderoga, Montcalm proceeded thither, and found the fort of Carillon, as the French termed it, which was now completed, much as he would wish it.

Shirley, on his part, was preparing to carry out such of the lordly plans which he had suggested at New York as proved practicable. He would repeat the Niagara movement himself, with a hope of better success. For the command in the campaign on Lake Champlain he named Gen. John Winslow, and the New England colonies eagerly furnished the troops.

The eastern colonies and the Massachusetts governor were not fully aware how the cabal of Johnson and De Lancey, the lieutenant-governor of New York, against Shirley was making head with the home government, and so were not well prepared for the tidings which came in June, while Shirley was in New York, that Colonel Webb, Major-General Abercrombie, and the Earl of Loudon were to be sent over successively to relieve Shirley of the chief command.[1146]

While Winslow was employed in pushing forward from Albany his men and supplies, French scouting parties constantly harassed him. Col. Jonathan Bagley was making ready sloops and whale-boats at Lake George; and the English were soon as active as the French in their scouting forays, Capt. Robert Rogers particularly distinguishing himself.

Johnson, who had now got his commission as sole Indian superintendent, was busily engaged in conferences with the Six Nations, whom he secured somewhat against their will to the side of the English. He extended his persuasions even to the Delawares and Shawanoes. Some of these tribes were coquetting, however, with Vaudreuil at Montreal, and it was too apparent that nothing but an English success would confirm any Indian alliance.

Shirley also carried out a plan of his own in organizing a body of New England whalemen and boatmen for the transportation service, who, being armed, could dispense with an escort. These were placed under the command of Lieut.-Col. John Bradstreet. In May, before Montcalm’s arrival, a party had been sent by Vaudreuil to cut off the communications of Oswego, and Bradstreet encountered and beat them.

This was the state of affairs in June, 1756, when Abercrombie and Webb arrived with reinforcements, and Pitt was writing in England, “I dread to hear from America.”[1147] Shirley went to New York and received them as well as Loudon, who followed the others on the 23d of July. The new governor proceeded to Albany, and countermanded the orders for the Niagara expedition, and stirred up the New Englanders by promulgating a royal direction which in effect made a provincial major-general subordinate to a regular major.[1148]

Affairs were stagnating in the confusion consequent upon the change of command, and Albany was telling other towns what it was to have foreign officers billeted upon its people. Not till August did some fresh troops set off for Oswego, when apprehension began to be felt for the safety of that post. It was too late. The reinforcement had only reached the carrying place when they heard of the capture of the forts.

Montcalm had suddenly returned from Ticonderoga to Montreal, and had hastened to Niaouré Bay (Sackett’s Harbor), where Villiers was with the force which had escaped Bradstreet’s attack. Here Montcalm gathered about three thousand men, and then appeared without warning before the entrenchments at Oswego. Fort Ontario was soon abandoned by its defenders, and gave Montcalm a place to plant his cannon against the other fort, while he sent a strong force by a ford for an attack on the other bank. Colonel Mercer, the commander, was soon killed by a cannon-shot from Ontario. The enemy’s approach in the rear discouraged the garrison, and they surrendered. Montcalm did what he could to prevent a slaughter of the prisoners, which was threatened when his Indian allies became infuriated by the rum among the plunder.[1149]

While the French were destroying what they could not remove, and were later retiring to Montreal, Webb, who commanded the relief which never came, fell back to German Flats, and orders were sent to Fort William Henry to suspend preparations for a movement down the lake.[1150]

Montcalm was soon back at Carillon, watching Winslow’s force at Fort William Henry, while the rest of Loudon’s army was divided between Fort Edward and Albany. Neither opponent moved, and, leaving garrisons at their respective advanced posts, they retired to winter quarters. The regulars were withdrawn to Boston, Philadelphia, and New York; and not a little bad blood was produced by Loudon’s demand for free quarters for the officers.[1151]

The French had the advantage in Indian allies; and during the autumn and winter the forays of the prowling savage and the adventurous scout over the territory neighboring to Lake George and Lake Champlain were checked by the English as best they could. Foremost among their partisans was the New Hampshire ranger, Robert Rogers, whose exploits and those of the Connecticut captain, Israel Putnam, fill a large space in the records of this savage warfare.

The campaign of the next year (1757) opened in March with an attempt to surprise Fort William Henry. The French under Rigaud came up on the ice, 1,600 strong, by night. The surprise failed. They burned, however, two sloops and some bateaux. The next day they summoned Major Eyre, the English commander, but he felt that his four hundred men were enough to hold the fort, and declined to surrender. Rigaud now made a feint of storming the work, but it was only to approach the storehouses, saw-mill, and other buildings outside the entrenchments, which he succeeded in firing, and then withdrew.

Montcalm, when he heard the details, was not over-pleased; and if he had had his way, De Lévis or Bougainville would have led the attack. As it was, Rigaud was a brother of the governor, and Vaudreuil was tenacious of his superiority. The news broke in upon a round of festivities at Montreal, stayed only by Lent. At this season Montcalm prayed, as he had before feasted, with no full recognition of the feelings which Vaudreuil entertained for him. But the minister in France knew it, and he was not, perhaps, so ready to doubt the numbers of the English, exaggerated in Vaudreuil’s report, as he was the prowess of the Canadians in comparison with the timidity of Montcalm and his regulars, which was also reported to him. In Montreal, however, the mutual distrust and dislike of the governor and the general were cloaked with a politeness that was not always successful, when they were apart, in keeping their feelings from their neighbors.

Loudon had resolved on attacking Louisbourg, with the aid of a fleet from England.[1152] Withdrawing a large part of the force on the northern frontier, he departed for Halifax, where everything miscarried. But before he returned to New York, crestfallen, the French had profited by his absence.

The English general had left the line of the approach by the lakes from Canada to be watched by Webb, who was at Fort Edward, while Col. Munro, with a small force, held Fort William Henry, at the head of Lake George. This was the most advanced post of the English, and the opportunity for Montcalm had come.

At Montreal the French general was gathering his Indian allies from points as distant as Acadia and Lake Superior. He pushed forward his commingled forces, and they rallied at Fort St. John on the Sorel. On again they swept in a fleet of bateaux and canoes to Ticonderoga. They were prepared for quick work, and Montcalm set an example by discarding the luxuries of personal equipments.

At the portage, and before launching his flotilla on Lake George, Montcalm held a grand council, and bound his Indian allies by a mighty belt of wampum. Up the smaller lake the main body now went by boat, but some Iroquois allies led De Lévis, with 2,500 men, along its westerly bank. The force on the lake disembarked under cover of a point of land, which hid them from the English.

The extent of the demonstration was first made known to Munro when the savages spread out across the lake in their bark canoes. Montcalm soon pushed forward La Corne and De Lévis till they cut the communications of the English with Fort Edward, and then the French general began his approaches from his own encampment. When he advanced his lines to within gun-shot of the ramparts, he summoned the fort. Munro declined to surrender, hoping for relief from Webb; but the timid commander at Fort Edward only despatched a note of advice to make terms. This letter was intercepted by Montcalm, who sent it into the fort, and it induced Munro to agree to a capitulation.

On the 9th of August the English retired to the entrenched camp, and the French entered the fort. Munro’s men were to be escorted to Fort Edward, being allowed their private effects, and were not to serve against the French for eighteen months. Montcalm took the precaution to explain the terms to his Indian allies, and received their seeming assent; but the savages got at the English rum, and, with passions roused, they fell the next day upon the prisoners. Despite all exertions of Montcalm and the more honorable of his officers, many were massacred or carried off, so that the line of march became a disorderly rout, beyond all control of the escort, and lost itself in the woods. Not more than six hundred in a body reached Fort Edward, but many others later straggled in. Another portion, which Montcalm rescued from the clutch of the Indians, was subsequently sent in under a strong escort.

The French destroyed the fort, throwing the bodies of the slain on the fire which was made of its timber, and, lading their boats with the munitions and plunder, they followed the savages, who had already started on their way to Montreal.

Loudon reached New York on the last of August,[1153] but he had already heard of the Lake George disaster from a despatch-boat which met him on the way. On landing he learned from Albany that Montcalm had retired. Webb, who was much perplexed with the hordes of militia which all too late began to pour in upon him, was now bold enough to think there was no use of retreating to the passes of the Hudson. The necessity of allowing the Canadians to gather their crops, as well as Montcalm’s inability to transport his cannon, had influenced that general to retreat. At Montreal he learned the stories of the fiendish cruelty practised upon their prisoners by the Indians who had preceded him, and who had not been restrained by Vaudreuil,—so Bougainville said; for the governor’s policy of buying some of the captives with brandy led to the infuriation which wreaked itself on the rest.

The campaign closed in November with an attack on the post at German Flats, a settlement of Palatine Germans, by a scouting body of French and Indians under one of Vaudreuil’s Canadians, Belêtre. Everything disappeared in the havoc, which a detachment sent by Colonel Townshend from Fort Herkimer, not far off, was powerless to check. Before Lord Howe, with a larger force from Schenectady,[1154] could reach the scene, the French had departed.

* * * * *

The winter of 1757-58 at Montreal and Quebec passed with the usual official gayety and bureaucratic peculation. The passions of war were only aroused as occasional stories of rapine and scalps came in from the borders. Good hearty rejoicing took place, however, in March, over the report that a scouting party from Ticonderoga had encountered Rogers, and that the dreaded partisan had been killed and his followers annihilated. The last part of the story was too true, but Rogers had escaped, leaving behind his coat, which he had thrown off in the fray, and in its pocket was his commission, the capture of which had given rise to the belief in his death. Meanwhile, on the English side a new spirit of control was preparing to give unaccustomed vigor to the coming campaign. In England’s darkest hour William Pitt had come to power, thrown up by circumstances. He was trusted in the country’s desperation, and proved himself capable of imparting a momentum that all British movements had lacked since the war began. He developed his plans for America, and made his soldiers and sailors spring to their work. Loudon was recalled. The provincial officer was made the equal of the regular, by conferring upon him the same right of seniority by commission. The whole colonial service felt that they were thereby made equal sharers of the honors as well as of the burdens of the times. Pitt put his finger upon the three vulnerable gaps in the French panoply. He would reach Quebec by taking Louisbourg; and singling out a stubborn colonel who had shown his mettle in Germany, he made him Major-General Amherst, and sent him with a fleet to take Louisbourg, as we may see in another chapter.[1155] Circumstances, or a mischance in judgment, made him retain Abercrombie for the Crown Point campaign, but a better decision named Brigadier John Forbes to attack Fort Duquesne. It belongs to this place to tell the story of these last two campaigns.

In June, Abercrombie had assembled at the head of Lake George a force of 15,000 men, of whom 6,000 were regulars. Montcalm was at Ticonderoga with scarce a quarter as many; but Vaudreuil was tardily sending forward some scant reinforcements under De Lévis. The French general got tidings early in July of the embarkation in England, but had done nothing up to that time to protect his army, which was lying on the peninsula of Ticonderoga, mainly outside the fort. In fact, he was at a loss what to do; no help had reached him, and the approaching army was too numerous to hope for success. He thought of retreating to Crown Point, but some of his principal officers opposed it. He now began a breastwork of logs on the high ground before the fort, and, felling the trees within musket range, he covered the ground with a dense barrier.

All the while, the English were in a heydey of assurance. Pitt was waiting anxiously in London for the first tidings. Abercrombie, now a man of fifty-two years, did not altogether inspire confidence. His heavy build and lethargic temperament made lookers-on call him “aged.” There was, however, a proud expectation of success from the vigorous, companionable Earl Howe, the brigadier next in command, whom Pitt hoped to prove the real commander, because of the trust which Abercrombie put in him. On the 5th of July the immense flotilla, which bore the English army and its train, started down Lake George. To a spectator it completely deadened the glare of the water for miles away. The next morning at daybreak the army was passing Rogers’ Slide, whence a French party under Langy watched them. By noon it had disembarked at the extreme north end of Lake George, and near the river conducting to Ticonderoga they built an entrenchment, to protect their bateaux. Rogers, with his rangers, was sent into the woods to lead the way, while the army followed; but the denseness of the forest soon brought the column into confusion. Meanwhile, the French party under Langy, finding the English had got between them and their main body, endeavored to pass around the head of the English column, and, in doing so, got equally confused in the thickness of the wood, and suddenly encountered that part of the English force where Lord Howe and Major Putnam were. A skirmish ensued, Howe fell,[1156] and the army was practically without a head. Rogers, who was in advance, turned back upon Langy, and few of the Frenchmen escaped.

In the morning Abercrombie withdrew the army to the landing. Bradstreet, with his watermen, having rebuilt the bridges destroyed by the French, the original intention of skirting the river on the west was abandoned, and the army now started to follow the ordinary portage across the loop of the river, which held the rapids. The French had already deserted their positions at either end of this portage. At the northerly end, near a saw-mill, the English general halted his army. He was at one base-corner of the triangular peninsula of which Ticonderoga was the apex. He had now to encounter, not far from the fort, the entrenchment which Montcalm was busily constructing out of the forest-trees which had been laid along its front as by a hurricane. Scorning all measures which might have spared his army great losses, and thoughtless of movements which could have intercepted Montcalm’s reinforcements,[1157] the English general undertook, from the distant mill, to direct repeated assaults in front. His soldiers made a deadly push through the entanglements of the levelled trees and against the barricade, behind which the defenders were almost wholly protected. He could have done nothing to help Montcalm so much. The stores of the French were sufficient for eight days only, and the chief dread of the French general was that Abercrombie would cut his communications with Crown Point.

As it was, De Lévis, with a considerable force, arrived in the night. Sir William Johnson and some Indians opened fire in the morning across the river from the sides of Mount Defiance; but accomplished nothing, and took no further part in the day’s work. About noon the attack began in front, and all day long—now here, now there—the French repelled assaults which showed prodigies of valor and brought no reward. Some rafts, with cannon sent by Abercrombie to enfilade the French line, were driven back by the guns of the fort. At twilight the cruel work ceased. Abercrombie had lost nearly 2,000 men, and Montcalm short of 400.

Montcalm was still anxious. He knew that Abercrombie had cannon, and had not used them. The most natural thing in the world for the English general would be to occupy the night in bringing the cannon up. In the morning Montcalm sent out to reconnoitre, and it was found that the English, still 13,000 strong, had reëmbarked, and all the signs showed the great precipitancy of their flight.

The French general could well rejoice, but he exaggerated his enemy’s strength to 25,000 and their losses to 5,000, which last was considerably more than the victor’s whole force.

Abercrombie apparently magnified beyond belief an enemy whom he had not seen, and went up the lake in trepidation, lest he should be pursued. Safe on his old camping-ground at the head of the lake, he made haste to entrench himself, while Montcalm, lucky to escape as he did, prepared for a new campaign by rebuilding his lines. So the two armies still watched each other at a safe distance.[1158]

Montcalm for a while tried to harass the English communications with Fort Edward, by sending out his leading partisan, Marin; but Rogers was more than his match, and gave the English general some grains of comfort by his successes. Putnam, however, was captured and carried to Canada. Meanwhile, much greater relief came to the army’s spirits in September when the news of Bradstreet’s success at Fort Frontenac reached them.

A council of war had forced Abercrombie to give Bradstreet 3,000 men, and with these he made his way to Oswego, whence, towards the end of August, his whale-boats and bateaux pushed out upon the lake, and in three days he was before Frontenac. The fort quickly surrendered. Bradstreet levelled it, ruined seven armed vessels, put as much of the plunder as he could carry on two others, and returned to Oswego unmolested. Here he landed his booty, destroyed the vessels, and the French naval power on Ontario was at an end. He began his march for Albany, and, passing the great carrying place where Brigadier Stanwix was building a fort for the protection of the valley, left there a thousand men for its garrison. In October Amherst came overland from Boston, with some of his victorious regiments from Louisbourg. It was too late for further campaigning; and each side left garrisons at their camps, and retired to winter quarters.

The destruction of Frontenac and the French fleet on Ontario had cut off Fort Duquesne from its sources of supply, and to the substantial, if not brilliant, success of Brigadier John Forbes[1159] we must now turn. It is a story of a stubborn Scotch purpose. Forbes had no dash, and purposely dallied with the forming and marching of his army to weary the Indian allies of the French, and to secure time to gain over all of the savages that he could. The English general got upon his route by June, but soon fell sick, and was carried through the marches in a litter; but he breasted every discomfort and harassing complexity of the details, which he had to manage almost in every particular, with a courage that might have done credit to a man in vigor. He had made up his mind to open a new road over the mountains more direct than Braddock’s. Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Bouquet, a Swiss officer of the Royal Americans, sustained him in this purpose; but Washington argued for the older route,—not without inciting some distrust, for Forbes was not blind to the rival interests of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and suspected that Washington was influenced by a greater loyalty for his colony than for the common cause.

Forbes did not fail, however, to recognize the young Virginian’s merit in the kind of warfare which was before them; and there exists in Washington’s hand a plan of a line of march for forces in a forest, with diagrams for throwing the line into order of battle, which Forbes had requested him to make.[1160] Braddock’s defeat was not lost on Forbes, and in his marches and preparations he availed himself of all the arts of woodcraft and partisanship which Washington could teach him. He did not, nevertheless, have a very high opinion of the provincials in his train, and, with the exception of some of their higher officers, they were, no doubt, a sorry set. As he pushed on he established fortified posts for supplies; but all the help he ought to have got from his quartermaster-general, Sir John Sinclair, stood him in poor stead, for that officer was “a very odd man,” and only added to his general’s perplexities. The advice of Washington about taking the other route had so far unsettled Forbes’s faith in him, that, though he told his subordinates among the advance to consult with the Virginia colonel, it might not be best, he suggested, to follow his advice. While the march went on he had little success in attaching some Cherokees and Catawbas, for they stayed no longer than the gifts held out. An occasional scout brought him intelligence of the enemy, and he felt that their numbers were not great, and that the weariness of delays would drive the Indian allies of the French into desertion,—as it did.

At Raystown he built Fort Bedford, to protect his supplies, and pushed on to Loyalhannon[1161] Creek, and there founded his last depot, fifty miles away from Duquesne.

In August Forbes was planning for a general convention with the Indians at Easton. The treaty of the previous year had secured the Delawares and Shawanoes, and a further conference had been held with them in April.[1162] Sir William Johnson was bullied, as Forbes says, into bringing into the compact the eastern tribes of the Six Nations, while other influences induced the Senecas and the western tribes also to join, despite the labors of Joncaire to retain them in the French interests. The chief difficulty was to inspire the Ohio Indians with a distrust of the French; while the failure of French presents, thanks to British cruisers on the ocean, was beginning to dispose them for a change. A Moravian brother, Christian Frederick Post, was sent to the tribes on a hazardous mission, and his confidence and fearlessness carried him through it alive; for he had to confront French officers at the conferences, one of which was held close by Fort Duquesne. As a result of his mission, the convention of the allied tribes which met the English at Easton in October decided confidently to send a wampum belt, in the name of both the whites and the red men, to the Ohio Indians, and Post, with an escort, was commissioned to bear it, the party setting out from Loyalhannon. It became a struggle for persuasion between the English messenger and a French officer, who again confronted Post and offered the Indians a belt of wampum of his own. The French won the young warriors; but Post impressed the sages of the Indian councils, and the old men carried the day. The overtures of peace from the English were accepted, and this happened notwithstanding that the garrison of Duquesne had but just badly used a reconnoitring party of the English under Major Grant, of the Scotch Highlanders.

It was a success of forest diplomacy that encouraged and rendered despondent the respective sides. The French scouting parties were hanging about Loyalhannon, while the little army at Duquesne kept dwindling under the prospect of famine, now that Bradstreet’s raid on Frontenac had checked their supplies. A rough and weltering October made the bringing up of provisions very difficult for the English, and their weakening general found his time, on his litter, disagreeably spent, as he says, “between business and medicine;” but in early November he himself reached Loyalhannon. He would have stopped here for winter quarters, but scouts brought in word that the French were defenceless; so a force was hurriedly pushed forward in light order, which, when it reached Turkey Creek, heard a heavy boom to the west. It was the explosion of the French mines, as the garrison of Duquesne blew up the fort and fled.

Forbes hutted a portion of his troops within a stockade, which he called Pittsburg, and early in December began his march eastward. The debilitated general reached Philadelphia, but died in March. Few campaigns were ever conducted so successfully from a litter of pain.

The winter of 1758-59 was an unquiet one in Canada. Vaudreuil and Montcalm disputed over the results of the last campaign, and the governor was doing all he could to make the home government believe that Montcalm neither deserved, nor could profit by, success. All his intrigue to induce the general’s recall only resulted in the ministry sending him orders to defer to Montcalm in all matters affecting the war.

There was never more need of strong counsel in Canada. The gasconade of Vaudreuil had reached the limit of its purpose. The plunder by officials, both of the people and of the king, was an enormity that could not last much longer. It seemed to the wisest that food and reinforcements, and those in no small amounts, could alone save Canada, unless, indeed, some kind of a peace could be settled upon in Europe. To claim help and to learn, Bougainville and Doreil were sent to France. Nothing they said could gain much but what was easily given,—promotion in rank to Montcalm and the rest. They represented that the single purpose which now animated the English colonies was quite a different thing from the old dissensions among them, the existence of which had favored the French in the past. The demand in Europe was, however, inexorable; and all that France could promise was a few hundred men and a campaign’s supplies of munitions.

In the spring of 1759 Bougainville came back with the little which was precious to those who had nothing, as Montcalm said. But the returning soldier brought word of the great fleet which England was fitting out to attack Quebec, and that fifty thousand men would constitute the army with which Canada was to be invaded. Vaudreuil could hardly count twenty thousand men to meet it, and to do this he had to reckon the militia, _coureurs de bois_, and Indians. If the worst came, Montcalm thought he could concentrate what force he had, and retreat by way of the Ohio to the Mississippi, and hold out in Louisiana.[1163]

On the English side matters looked encouraging. Amherst, a sure and safe soldier, without any dash, was made commander-in-chief, and was to direct in person the advance over the old route from Lake George,[1164] while at the same time he took measures to reëstablish Oswego and reinforce Duquesne. To the latter point General Stanwix was sent, where in the course of the summer he laid out and strengthened a new fort, called after the prime minister. Fort Pitt was not, however, wholly secure till success had followed Brigadier Prideaux’s expedition to Niagara, the reduction of which was also a part of Amherst’s plans. Prideaux seated Haldimand at Oswego, and made good its communications with the Mohawk Valley. It was an open challenge to the French, and after Prideaux had proceeded to Niagara, Saint-Lac de la Corne came down with a force from the head of the St. Lawrence rapids to attack Haldimand, but the English cannon sent the French scampering to their boats, and the danger was over.

At Niagara, in the angle formed by the lake and the Niagara River, stood the strong fort which Pouchot had rebuilt. It had a dependency[1165] some distance above the cataract, commanded by Joncaire; but that officer withdrew from this outwork on the approach of Prideaux, and reinforced the main work. It was the same Joncaire who had formerly resisted successfully, but of late less so, the efforts of Johnson to secure the alliance to the English of the Senecas and the more westerly tribes of the Six Nations; and now Johnson with a body of braves was in Prideaux’s camp. The English general advanced his siege lines, and had begun to make breaches in the walls of the fort, when new succor for the French approached. Their partisan leaders at the west had gathered such bushrangers and Indians as they could from Detroit and the Illinois country, and were assembling at Presquisle and along the route to the Monongahela for a raid on the English there, in the hopes of recapturing the post. They got word from Pouchot of his danger, and immediately marched to his assistance, under Aubry and Ligneris.

Early in the siege, Prideaux had been killed by the bursting of one of his own shells, and the command fell on Johnson, who now went with a part of his force to meet the new-comers, already showing themselves up the river. He beat them, and captured some of their principal officers, while those who survived led the panic-stricken remainder to their boats above the cataract. Thence they fled to Presquisle, which they burned. Here the garrisons of LeBœuf and Venango joined them, and the fugitives continued on to Detroit, leaving the Upper Ohio without a fighting Frenchman to confront the English.

On the same day of the defeat, negotiations for a surrender of Fort Niagara began, and Pouchot, being convinced of the reverses which his intending succorers had experienced, finally capitulated. Johnson succeeded in preventing any revengeful onset of his Indians, who had not forgotten the massacre of William Henry.

The extreme west of Canada was now cut off from the central region, which was threatened, as we shall see, by Amherst and Wolfe, and Vaudreuil could have little hope of preserving it. To press this centre on another side, Amherst now sent General Thomas Gage to succeed Johnson in the command of the Ontario region, and, gathering such troops as could be spared from the garrisons, to descend the St. Lawrence and capture the French post at the head of the rapids. Gage had little enterprise, and was not inclined to undertake a movement in which dash must make up for the lack of men, and he reported back to Amherst that the movement was impossible.

When this disappointment came to the commander-in-chief he was at Crown Point,—but we must track his progress from the beginning.

At the end of June, Amherst had at Lake George about 11,000 men, one half regulars. He set about the campaign cautiously. He had fortified new posts in his rear, and began the erection of Fort George at the head of the lake, of which only one bastion was ever finished. On the 21st of July he embarked his army on the lake, and, landing at the outlet, he followed the route of Abercrombie’s approach to Ticonderoga during the previous year. The disparity of the opposing armies was much like that when Montcalm so successfully defended that post; but Bourlamaque, who now commanded, had orders to retire, and was making his arrangements. Amherst brought up his cannon, and protected his men behind the outer line of entrenchments, which Bourlamaque had abandoned. On the night of the 23d, Bourlamaque escaped down the lake, but a small force under Hebecourt still held the fort, which kept up a show of resistance till the evening of the 26th, when the remaining French, leaving a match in the magazine, also fled. In the night one bastion was hurled to the sky, and the barracks were set on fire.

Amherst began to repair the works, with his army now succumbing somewhat to the weather,[1166] and was about advancing down the lake, when scouts brought in word that Bourlamaque had also abandoned Crown Point. So Amherst again advanced. He knew nothing of the progress Wolfe was making in his attack on Quebec by water, but he did know that it was a part of Pitt’s plan that success on Lake Champlain should inure to Wolfe’s advantage, and this could only be brought about by an active pursuit of the enemy down the lake. Amherst was, however, not a general of the impetuous kind, and believed beyond all else in securing his rear. So he began to build at Crown Point the new fort, whose massive ruins are still to be seen, and sent out parties to open communication with the Upper Hudson on the west and with the Connecticut River on the east.

The French, as he knew, were strongly posted at Isle-aux-Noix, in the river below the lake, and they had four armed vessels, which would render dangerous any advance on his part by boat. So Captain Loring, the English naval commander, was ordered to put an equal armament afloat for an escort to his flotilla.

Bourlamaque, meanwhile, was confident in his position, for he knew that, in addition to his own strength, Lévis had been sent up to Montreal with 800 men to succor him, if necessary, and all the militia about Montreal was alert.

Amherst, on his part, was anxious to know how the campaign was going with Wolfe. In August he sent a messenger with a letter by the circuitous route of the Kennebec, which Wolfe received in about a month, but it helped that general little to know of the building going on at Crown Point. Amherst then tried to pass messengers through the Abenaki region, but they were seized. Upon this, Major Rogers was sent with his rangers to destroy the Indian village of St. Francis, which he did, and then, to elude parties endeavoring to cut him off, he retreated by Lake Memphremagog to Charlestown, on the Connecticut, enduring as he went the excruciating horrors of famine and exhaustion.

It was near the middle of October when Loring pronounced the armed vessels ready, and Amherst embarked; but the autumn gales soon convinced him that the risks of the elements were too great to be added to those of the enemy, and after his demonstration had caused the destruction of three of the enemy’s vessels, and one had reached their post on the Richelieu River, the English general, still ignorant of Wolfe’s luck, withdrew to Crown Point, and gave himself to the completion of its fortress.

* * * * *

We must now turn to the most brilliant part of the year’s work. This was the task assigned to General Wolfe, who had already shown his quality in the attack on Louisbourg the previous year.[1167] Late in May he was at Louisbourg, with his army under three brigadiers, Monckton, Townshend, and Murray, and the fleet of Saunders, who had come direct from England, combined with that of Holmes, who had been first at New York to take troops on board. A third fleet under Durell was cruising in the gulf to intercept supplies for Quebec, but that officer largely failed in his mission, for all but three of the French supply ships eluded him, and by the 6th of June, when the last of Wolfe’s fleet sailed out of Louisbourg, Quebec had received all the succor that was expected.

The French had done their best to be prepared for the blow. Their entire force at Quebec was congregated in the town defences and in a fortified camp, which had been constructed along the St. Lawrence, beginning at the St. Charles, opposite Quebec, and extending to the Montmorenci, and on this line about 14,000 men, beside Indians, manned the entrenchments. A bridge connected the camp with Quebec, and a boom across the St. Charles at its mouth was intended to stop any approaches to the bridge by boats; while earthworks along the St. Charles formed a camp to fall back upon in case the more advanced one was forced. Beside the 106 cannon mounted on the defences of the city, there were gun-boats and fire-ships prepared for the moment of need. In the town the Chevalier de Ramezay commanded a garrison of one or two thousand men. Montcalm had his headquarters[1168] in the rear of the centre of the entrenched line along the St. Lawrence, and Vaudreuil’s flag was flying nearer the St. Charles.

On the 21st of June the masts of the advanced ships of the English were first seen, and one of the fire-ships was ineffectually sent against them. There was a difficult passage between the north shore of the river and the lower end of the Island of Orleans; but the English fleet managed to pass it without loss, much to the disappointment of the French, who had failed to plant a battery on the side of Cape Tourmente, whence they could have plunged shot into the passing vessels. Past the dangers of the stream, the English landed their army on the island,[1169] less than 9,000 in all, for Wolfe could count little on the sailors who were needed for the management of the fleet.[1170]

He knew also that he must place little reliance on the cannon of the ships, for the high rocks and bluffs of the defences were above the elevation which could be given to the guns, and a broad stretch of mud-flats kept the vessels from a near approach to that portion of the French camp which was low and lay nearest the St. Charles. Cape Diamond, the promontory of Quebec, so jutted out that Wolfe could not inspect at present the banks of the river above the town.

Montcalm had determined on a policy of wearing out his assailants,—and he came very near doing it,—and when a gale sprang up he hoped that its power of devastation would be his best ally. When he saw that fail, he tried his fire-ships; but the British sailors grappled them and towed them aground, where they were harmless.

Wolfe’s next movement was to occupy Point Levi, opposite the city,[1171] whence he showered shot and shell into the town, and drove the non-combatants out. The French tried to dislodge him, but failed. The English army was now divided by the river, and ran some risk of attack in detail. Montcalm, however, was not tempted; nor was he later, when Wolfe next landed a force below him, beyond the Montmorenci, and began to entrench himself, though the English general was interrupted in the beginning of this movement by an attack of Canadians, who had crossed the Montmorenci by an upper ford. The attack was not persisted in, however, and Wolfe was soon well entrenched. The cannonading was incessant. Night after night the sky was streaked with the shells from the vessels, and from each of Wolfe’s three camps.

The dilatory policy of Montcalm soon began to tell on his force, and then weariness and ominous news from Bourlamaque and Pouchot hastened the desertion of his Canadians. Wolfe tried to affect the neighboring peasantry by proclamations more and more threatening, and felt himself obliged at last to enforce his authority by the destruction of crops and villages.

On the 18th of July, in the night, the “Sutherland” and some smaller vessels pushed up the river beyond the town, while a fleet of boats was dragged overland back of Point Levi and launched above, out of gun-shot from the town. A force was sent by a détour to operate with them. Thus Wolfe, in defiance of the French general, had made a fourth division of his troops, each liable to separate attack. The English vessels above the town made descents along the north shore, and took some prisoners, but did little else. The French made their final attempt with a huge fire-raft, but it was as unsuccessful as the earlier ones.

Wolfe now determined to provoke Montcalm to fight, and under cover of a cannonade from Point Levi and from some of his ships[1172] he landed a force from boats beneath the precipice at the lower end of the French camp. An additional body at the same time crossed by a ford, in front of the falls of Montmorenci, which was traversable at low tide. The impetuosity of the grenadiers, who were in advance, not waiting for support, and a tempest which at the moment broke over them, convinced the quick eye of Wolfe that the attempt was to fail, and he recalled his men. The French let them retire in good order, and began to think their Fabian policy was to be crowned with success. Wolfe was correspondingly shaken and rebuked the grenadiers. He began to think, even, that the season might wear away with no better results, and that he should have to abandon the campaign.

There was one plan yet, which might succeed, and he sought to push more ships and march more troops above the town. Murray, who now took command at that point, began to raid upon the shore, but with poor success. Montcalm sent Bougainville with 1,500 men to patrol the shore, and incessant marching they had, as the English by water flitted up and down the river with the tides, threatening to land. The English restlessness was too oppressive, however, for the French camp at Beaufort, which felt that its supplies from Three Rivers and Montreal might be cut off at any moment by an English descent. Desertions increased, and rapidly increased when in August the French got decisive and unfavorable news from Lake Champlain and Ontario. The French fearing an approach of Amherst down the St. Lawrence, Quebec was further weakened by the despatch of Lévis to confront the English in that direction. By the end of August there were no signs of immediate danger at Montreal, and the French took heart.

Wolfe was now ill,—not so prostrate, however, but he could propose various new plans to a council of his brigadiers, but his suggestions were all rejected as too hazardous. They recommended, in the end, an attempt to gain the heights somewhere above the town, and force Montcalm to fight for his communications. Wolfe was ready to try it; but it was the first of September before he was able to undertake it.[1173] He saw no other hope, slight as this one was. The letter which Amherst had sent to him by the Kennebec route had just reached him, and he felt there was to be no assistance from that quarter. On the 3d of September he evacuated the camp at Montmorenci, Montcalm being prevented from molesting him by a feint which was made by boats in front of his Beaufort lines. Other troops were now marched above Quebec, and when Wolfe himself joined Admiral Holmes, who commanded that portion of the fleet which was above the town, he found he had almost 3,600 men, beside what he might draw from Point Levi, for his adventurous exploit. The French were deceived, and thought that the English were to go down the river, as indeed, if the scheme to scale the banks failed on the first attempt, they were. Bougainville’s corps of observation was increased, and it was its duty to patrol a long stretch of the river shore.

Wolfe with a glass had discovered a ravine,[1174] up which it seemed possible for a forlorn hope to mount, and the number of tents at its top did not indicate that there was a numerous guard there to be overcome. Robert Stobo, who had been a prisoner in Quebec after the fall of Fort Necessity, had recently joined the camp, and his biographer says that his testimony confirmed Wolfe in the choice, or rather directed him to it.[1175] While the preparations were going on, the English ships perplexed Bougainville by threatening to land troops some distance up the river, near his headquarters; and by floating up and down with the tide, the English admiral kept the French on the constant march to be abreast of them.

The plan was now ripe. Wolfe was to drop down the river in boats with the turn of the tide, having with him his 3,600 men, and 1,200 were to join him by boat from Point Levi. As night came on, Admiral Saunders, who commanded the fleet in the basin below Quebec, made every disposition as if to attack the Beauport lines, and Montcalm thought the main force of the British was still before him.

As the ships opposite Bougainville began to swing downward with the tide, the French general took pity on his weary men, and failed to follow the moving vessels. This kept the main part of his troops well up the river. This French general had, as it happened, informed the shore guards and batteries towards the town that he should send down by water a convoy with provisions, that night, which was to creep along to Montcalm’s camp under the shadow of the precipice. Wolfe heard of this through some deserters, and he seized the opportunity to cast off his boats and get ahead of the convoy, in order that he might answer for it if hailed. He was hailed, and answered in the necessary deceitful French. This quieted the suspicion of the sentries as he rowed gently along in the gloom.

As it happened, the Canadian officer, Colonel de Vergor, who commanded the guard at the top of the ravine, where Wolfe’s advanced party clambered up, was asleep in his tent, and many of his men had gone home, by his permission, to hoe their gardens. The English forlorn hope made, therefore, quick work, when they reached the top, as they rushed on the tents. Their shots and huzzas told Wolfe, waiting below, that a foothold was gained, and he led his army up the steeps with as much haste as possible. While the line of battle was forming, detachments were sent to attack the batteries up the river, which, alarmed by the noise, were beginning to fire on the last of the procession of boats. The celerity of the movement accomplished its end, and the French were driven off and the batteries taken.

Sheer good luck, quite as much as skill and courage, had at last placed Wolfe in an open field, where Montcalm must fight him, if he would save his communications and prevent the guns of Quebec, in the event of its capture,[1176] being turned upon his camp.

Not a mile from Quebec, and fronting its walls, Wolfe had formed his final line, but he had turned its direction on the left, and there the line faced the St. Charles. In the early morning he saw the French form on a ridge in front of him, when some skirmishing ensued, as also in his rear, where a detachment sent by Bougainville began to harass him. With a foe before and behind, quick and decisive work was necessary.

Montcalm, whom Admiral Saunders had been deceiving all night, hurried over to Vaudreuil’s headquarters in the morning to learn what the firing above the town meant. From this position he saw the seriousness of the situation at once. The red coats of the British line were in full view beyond the St. Charles. He hastened across the bridge, and was soon on the ground, bringing the regiments into line as they came up. But all the help he had a right to expect did not come. Ramezay made excuses for not sending cannon. Vaudreuil kept back the left wing at Beaufort, for fear that Saunders meant something, after all.

Montcalm’s impetuosity, now that it was unshackled, could not brook delay. It would take time to concert with Bougainville an attack on the front and rear of the British simultaneously, and that time would give Wolfe the chance to entrench and bring up reinforcements, if he had any. So the decision in Montcalm’s council was for an instant onset.

It was ten o’clock when Wolfe saw it coming. He advanced his line to meet it, and when the French were close upon them the fire burst from the English ranks. Another volley followed; and as the smoke passed away, Wolfe saw the opportunity and gave the word to charge. As he led the Louisbourg grenadiers he was hit twice before a shot in the breast bore him to the ground. He was carried to the rear, and as he was sinking he heard those around him cry that the enemy was flying. He turned, praised God, and died.[1177]

Montcalm, mounted, borne on by the panic, was shot through the breast just before he entered the town, and was taken within to die.

Part of the fugitives got into Quebec with their wounded general; part fled down the declivity towards the St. Charles, and, under cover of a stand which some Canadian bushrangers made in a thicket, succeeded in getting across the river to the camp, where everything was in the confusion which so easily befalls an army without a head. It was necessary for the English to cease from the pursuit, for Townshend,[1178] who had come to the command (Monckton being wounded), feared Bougainville was upon his rear, as indeed he was. When that general, however, found that the English commander had recalled his troops, and was forming to receive him, he withdrew, for he had only 2,000 men,—probably all he could collect from their scattered posts,—and seeing the English were twice as many, he did not dare attack. So Townshend turned to entrenching, and working briskly he soon formed a line of protection, and had a battery in position confronting the horn-work beyond the St. Charles, which commanded the bridge.

Vaudreuil was trying to get some decision, meanwhile, out of a council of war at Beaufort. They sent to Quebec for Montcalm’s advice, and the dying man told them to fight, retreat, or surrender. The counsel was broad enough, and the choice was promptly made. It was retreat. That night it began. Guns, ammunition, provisions,—everything was left. The troops by a circuitous route flocked along like a rabble, and on the 15th they went into camp on the hill of Jacques Cartier, thirty miles up the St. Lawrence.

The morning after the fight, the tents still standing along the Beaufort lines were a mockery; for Ramezay knew that Vaudreuil had gone, since he had received word from him to surrender the town when his provisions failed.

Bougainville was still at Cap Rouge, and undertook to send provisions into Quebec. Lévis had joined Vaudreuil at Jacques Cartier,[1179] and inspired the governor with hope enough to order a return to his old camp. On the evening of the 18th the returning army had reached St. Augustine, when they learned that Ramezay had surrendered and the British flag waved over Quebec.

Preparations for the departure of the fleet were soon made, and munitions and provisions for the winter were landed for the garrison, which under Murray was to hold the town during the winter. The middle of October had passed, when Admiral Saunders, one of his ships bearing the embalmed body of Wolfe, sailed down the river. Montcalm lay in a grave, which, before the altar of the Ursulines, had been completed out of a cavity made by an English shell.[1180]

The winter passed with as much comfort as the severe climate and a shattered town would permit. There were sick and wounded to comfort, and the sisters of the hospitals devoted themselves to French and English alike. A certain rugged honesty in Murray won the citizens who remained, and the hours were beguiled in part by the spirits of the French ladies. There was an excitement in November, when a fleet of French ships from up the river tried to run the batteries, and seven or eight of them which did so carried the first despatches to France which Vaudreuil had succeeded in transmitting. There was rough work in December, in getting their winter’s wood from the forest of Sainte-Foy, for they had no horses, and the merriment of companionship, checkered with the danger of the skulking enemy, was the only lightening of the severities of the task. Deserters occasionally brought in word that Lévis was gathering and exercising his forces for an attack, so vigilance was incessant. Both sides preserved the wariness of war in onsets and repulses at the outposts, and the English usually got the better of their enemies. Captain Hazen and some New England rangers merited the applause which the regular officers gave them when they buffeted and outwitted the enemy in a series of skirmishes.

By April it became apparent that Lévis was only waiting for the ice in the river to break up, when he could get water carriage for his advance. Murray knew that the enemy could bring much greater numbers against him, for his 7,000 men of the autumn, by sickness and death, had been reduced to about 3,000 effectives, and the spies of Lévis kept the French general well informed of the constant weakening of the English forces.

The French placed their cannon and stores on the frigates and smaller vessels which had escaped up the river in the autumn, and with their army in bateaux they started on the 21st April for the descent from Montreal. With the accessions gained on the way, by picking up the scattered garrisons, Lévis landed between eight and nine thousand men at Cap Rouge, and advanced on Sainte-Foy. The English at the outposts fell back, and the delay on the part of the French was sufficient for Murray to learn of their approach. He resolved to meet them outside the walls. It must be an open-field fight for Murray, since the frozen soil still rendered entrenching impossible in the time which he had. He led out about three thousand men, and at first posted himself on the ridge, where Montcalm had drawn up his lines the year before. He pushed forward till he occupied Wolfe’s ground of the same morning, when, with his great superiority of cannon, he found a position that gave him additional advantage, which he ought to have kept. The fire of the English guns, however, induced Lévis to withdraw his men to the cover of a wood, a movement which Murray took for a retreat, and, emulous of Wolfe’s success in seizing an opportune moment, he ordered a general advance. His cannon were soon stuck in some low ground, and no longer helped him. The fight was fierce and stubborn; but after a two hours’ struggle, the greater length of the enemy’s line began to envelop the English, and Murray ordered a retreat. It was rapid, but not so disordered that Lévis dared long to follow.

The English had lost a third of their force; the French loss was probably less. Murray got safely again within the walls, and could muster about 2,400 men for their defence.[1181] There was sharp work, and little time left further to strengthen the walls and gates. Officer and man worked like cattle. A hundred and fifty cannon were soon belching upon the increasing trenches of Lévis, who finally dragged some artillery up the defile where Wolfe had mounted, and was thus enabled to return the fire.

Both sides were anxiously waiting expected reinforcements from the mother country. On the 9th of May a frigate beat up the basin, and to the red flag which was run up at Cape Diamond she responded with similar colors. It was ominous to Lévis, for he felt she was the advanced ship of a British squadron, as she proved to be. It was a week before others arrived, when some of the heavier vessels passed up the river and destroyed the French fleet. As soon as the naval result was certain, Lévis deserted his trenches, left his guns and much else, with his wounded, and hastily fled. This was in the night; in the morning the French were beyond Murray’s reach.

Their loss of cannon and munitions was a serious one, and the stores from France which might have replaced them were already intercepted by the English cruisers. Vaudreuil and Lévis made their dispositions to defend Montreal, their last hope; yet it was not a place in itself capable of successful defence, for its lines were too weak. It soon became evident that it was to be attacked on three sides; and the French had hopes that so dangerous a combination of armies, converging without intercommunication, would enable them to crush the enemy in detail.

Amherst was directing the general advance on the English side. He kept the largest force with him, and passed from Oswego, across Ontario, and down the St. Lawrence. If Lévis sought to escape westward and hold out at Detroit, Amherst intended to be sure to intercept him. He had about 11,000 men, including a body of Indians under Johnson. Near the head of the rapids he stopped long enough to capture Fort Lévis, now under Pouchot, and because they could not kill the prisoners, three fourths of Johnson’s Indians mutinied and went home. Amherst now shot the rapids with his flotilla, not without some loss, and on September 6th he reached Lachine, nine miles above Montreal.

Meanwhile, the other commanders had already approached the city so near as to open communication with each other. Murray had sailed up the river with about 2,500 men, but was soon reinforced by Lord Rollo with 1,300 others from Louisbourg. The English had some skirmishes along the banks, but Bourlamaque, who was opposing them, fell back with a constantly diminishing force, as the Canadians, despite all threats and blandishments, deserted him. Murray was ahead of the others, when he stopped just before reaching Montreal, and encamped on an island in the river. He was not without apprehension that he might have to bear the brunt of an attack alone.

Bougainville, meanwhile, was trying to resist Haviland’s advance at the Isle-aux-Noix, for this English general now commanded on the Champlain route. The two sides were not ill-matched as to numbers; but the English advance was skilfully conducted, and the French found themselves obliged to retreat down the river and unite with Bourlamaque. It was now that Haviland, pushing on, opened communication by his right with Murray, and both stood on the defensive, waiting to hear of Amherst’s approach above the town.

The delay was brief. Amherst, advancing from Lachine, encamped before Montreal, above it, while Murray ferried his men from the island and encamped below. What there was left of the force which opposed Haviland withdrew across the river into the town, and Haviland’s tents dotted the shore which the French had left. The combined French army now numbered scarce 2,500; Amherst held them easily with a force of 17,000.

Vaudreuil saw there was no time for delays, and at once submitted a plan of capitulation. A few notes were exchanged to induce less onerous conditions; but Amherst was not to be moved. On September 8th the paper was signed, and all Canada passed to the English king; the whole garrison to be sent as prisoners to France in British ships.

This stipulation was adhered to, and during the autumn the principal French officers were on their way to France. The season for good weather on the ocean was passed, and the transportation was not accomplished without some wrecks, accompanied by suffering and death. Vaudreuil, Bigot, Cadet, and others found a dubious welcome in France after they had weathered the November storms. The government was not disposed that the loss of Canada should be laid wholly to its account, and the ministry had heard stories enough of the peculations of its agents in the colony to give a chance of shifting a large part of the responsibility upon those whose bureaucratic thefts had sapped the vitals of the colony. Trials ensued, the records of which yield much to enable us to depict the rotten life of the time; and though Vaudreuil escaped, the hand of the law fell crushingly on Bigot and Cadet, and banishment, restitution, and confiscation showed them the shades of a stern retribution. They were not alone to suffer, but they were the chief ones.

The war was over, and a new life began in Canada. The surrender of the western posts was necessary to perfect the English occupancy, and to receive these Major Rogers was despatched by Amherst on the 13th of September. On the way, somewhere on the southern shore of Lake Erie,[1182] he met (November 7) Pontiac, and, informing him of the capitulation at Montreal, the politic chief was ready to smoke the calumet with him. Rogers pushed on towards Detroit.[1183] There was some apprehension that Belêtre, who commanded there, would rouse his Indians to resist, but the French leader only blustered, and when (November 29) the white flag came down and the red went up, his 700 Indians hailed the change of masters with a yell; and it was with open-eyed wonder that the savages saw so many succumb to so few, and submit to be taken down the lake as prisoners. An officer was sent along the route from Lake Erie to the Ohio to take possession of the forts at Miami and Ouatanon; but it was not till the next season that a detachment of the Royal Americans pushed still farther on to Michillimachinac and the extreme posts.[1184]

English power was now confirmed throughout all the region embraced in the surrender of Vaudreuil.

CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

THE ninth volume of the _N. Y. Col. Docs._ richly illustrates the French movements near the beginning of the century to secure Indian alliances.[1185]

A number of papers from the archives of the Marine, respecting the founding of Detroit (1701), is given by Margry (_Découvertes_, etc.) in his fifth volume (pp. 135-250), as well as records of the conferences held by La Motte Cadillac with the neighboring Indians (p. 253, etc.). These papers come down to 1706.[1186]

The contracts made at Quebec in 1701 and later, respecting the right to trade at the straits, are given in Mrs. Sheldon’s _Early Hist. of Michigan_ (N. Y., 1856, pp. 93, 138). In Shea’s _Relation des affaires du Canada, 1696-1702_ (N. Y., 1865), there is a “Relation du Destroit,” and other papers touching these Western parts.[1187]

Mrs. Sheldon’s _Early History of Michigan_ contains various documents on the condition of the colony at Detroit and Michilimackinac.[1188]

On the attack on Detroit in 1712, made by the Foxes, in which, as confederates of the Iroquois, they acted in the English interest, we find documents in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, ix. pp. 857, 866; and the Report of Du Buisson, the French commander, is in W. R. Smith’s _Hist. of Wisconsin_, iii. 316.[1189]

The report of Tonti, on affairs at Detroit in 1717, is given by Mrs. Sheldon (p. 316).

In Margry’s _Découvertes et Établissements des Français dans l’Amérique Septentrionale_ (vol. v. p. 73) is a “Relation du Sieur de Lamothe Cadillac, capitaine en pied, ci-devant commandant de Missilimakinak et autres postes dans les pays élorgnés, où il a été pendant trois années” (dated July 31, 1718).

In the third volume of the _Wisconsin Historical Collections_ there are other documents among the Cass papers.[1190]

* * * * *

There is in another chapter some account of preparations at Boston for the fatal expedition of 1711, under Admiral Sir Hovenden Walker, with its contingent of Marlborough’s veterans.[1191] An enumeration of the forces employed was printed in the _Boston Newsletter_, no. 379 (July 16-23, 1711), and is reprinted in what is the authoritative narrative, the _Journal or full account of the late expedition to Canada_, which Walker printed in London in 1720,[1192] partly in vindication of himself against charges of peculation and incompetency. The failure of the expedition was charged by constant reports in England to the dilatoriness of Massachusetts in preparing the outfit. Walker does not wholly share this conviction, it is just to him to say; but Jeremiah Dummer, then the agent of the province in London, thought it worth while to defend the provincial government by printing in London, 1712 (reprinted, Boston, 1746), a _Letter to a noble lord concerning the late expedition to Canada_,[1193] in which he contended that this expedition was wisely planned, and that its failure was not the fault of New England. There is another tract of Dummer’s to a similar purpose: _A letter to a friend in the country, on the late expedition to Canada_, London, 1712.[1194] Palfrey[1195] says that he found various letters and documents among the British Colonial Papers, including a “Journal of the expedition, by Col. Richard King.”[1196]

We have the French side in Charlevoix (Shea’s),[1197] with annotations and references by that editor. Walker, in his _Journal_, gives a rough draft in English of a manifesto intended to be distributed in Canada. Charlevoix gives the French into which it was translated for that use.[1198]

The recurrent interest taken, during Alexander Spotswood’s term of office (1710-1722) as governor of Virginia, in schemes for occupying the region beyond the mountains is traceable through his _Official Letters_, published by the Virginia Historical Society in 1882-5.[1199]

The journey of Spotswood over the mountains in 1716 is sometimes called the “Tramontane Expedition;” it was accomplished between Aug. 20 and Sept. 17.[1200]

At the time when Spotswood was urging, in 1718, that steps should be taken to seize upon the Ohio Valley,[1201] James Logan was furnishing to Gov. Keith, to be used as material for a memorial to the Board of Trade, a report on the French settlements in the valley (dated Dec., 1718).[1202]

Previous to 1700 the Iroquois had scoured bare of their enemies a portion, at least, of the Ohio country; but during the first half of the last century, the old hunting grounds were reoccupied in part by the Wyandots, while the Delawares centred upon the Muskingum River, and the Shawanoes, or Shawnees, coming from the south, scattered along the Scioto and Miami valleys,[1203] and allied themselves with the French. The Ottawas were grouped about the Sandusky and Maumee rivers in the north.[1204]

Respecting the Indians of the Ohio Valley we have records of the eighteenth century, in a _Mémoire_ on those between Lake Erie and the Mississippi, made in 1718.[1205]

Among the Cass MSS. is a paper on the life and customs of the Indians of Canada[1206] in 1723, which has been translated by Col. Whittlesey.[1207]

A report (1736) supposed to be by Joncaire, dated at Missilimakinac, is called, as translated, “Enumeration of the Indian tribes connected with the government of Canada.”[1208]

Conrad Weiser’s notes on the Iroquois and the Delawares (Dec., 1746) have been also translated.[1209]

An account of the Miami confederacy makes part of a book published at Cincinnati in 1871, _Journal of Capt. William Trent from Logstown to Pickawillany in 1752_, edited by Alfred T. Goodman, secretary of the Western Reserve Hist. Soc. It includes papers from the English archives, secured by John Lothrop Motley.[1210] In 1759 Capt. George Croghan made “a list of the Indian nations, their places of abode and chief hunting.”[1211]

The subject of the dispersion and migrations of the Indians of the Ohio Valley has engaged the attention of several of the Western antiquaries.[1212] The most exhaustive collation of the older statements regarding these tribal movements is in Manning F. Force’s lecture before the Historical and Philosophical Soc. of Ohio, which was printed at Cincinnati in 1879 as _Some Early Notices of the Indians of Ohio_. “In the latter half of the seventeenth century, after the destruction of the Eries in 1656 by the Five Nations,” he says, “the great basin, bounded north by Lake Erie, the Miamis, and the Illinois, west by the Mississippi, east by the Alleghanies, and south by the headwaters of the streams that flow into the Gulf of Mexico, seems to have been uninhabited except by bands of Shawnees, and scarcely visited except by war parties of the Five Nations.” He then confines himself to tracing the history of the Eries and Shawnees. He tells the story of the destruction of the Eries, or “Nation du Chat,” in 1656; and examines various theories about remnants of the tribe surviving under other names. The Chaouanons of the French, or Shawanoes of the English (Shawnees), did not appear in Ohio till after 1750. Parkman[1213] says: “Their eccentric wanderings, their sudden appearances and disappearances, perplex the antiquary and defy research.” Mr. Force adds to the investigations of their history, but still leaves, as he says, the problem unsolved. The earliest certain knowledge places them in the second half of the seventeenth century on the upper waters of the Cumberland, whence they migrated northwest and northeast, as he points out in tracking different bands.

The claim of the English to the Ohio Valley and the “Illinois country,” as for a long series of years the region east of the upper Mississippi and north of the Ohio was called,[1214] was based on a supposed conquest of the tribes of that territory by the Iroquois in 1672 or thereabouts. No treaty exists by which the Iroquois transferred this conquered country to the English, but the transaction was claimed to have some sort of a registry,[1215] as expressed, for instance, in a legend on Evans’ map[1216] (1755), which reads: “The Confederates [Five Nations], July 19, 1701, at Albany surrendered their beaver-hunting country to the English, to be defended by them for the said Confederates, their heirs and successors forever, and the same was confirmed, Sept. 14, 1728 [1726], when the Senecas, Cayugaes, and Onondagoes surrendered their habitations from Cayahoga to Oswego and six miles inland to the same for the same use.” The same claim is made on Mitchell’s map[1217] of the same year (1755), referring to the treaty with the Iroquois at Albany, Sept., 1726, by which the region west of Lake Erie and north of Erie and Ontario, as well as the belt of land from Oswego westward, was confirmed to the English.[1218]

Not much is known of the Indian occupation of the Ohio Valley before 1750,[1219] and any right by conquest which the Iroquois might have obtained, though supported at the time of the struggle by Colden,[1220] Pownall,[1221] and others,[1222] was first seriously questioned, when Gen. W. H. Harrison delivered his address on the _Aborigines of the Ohio Valley_.[1223] He does not allow that the Iroquois pushed their conquests beyond the Scioto.

The uncertainty of the English pretensions is shown by their efforts for further confirmation, which was brought about as regards westerly and northwesterly indefinite extensions of Virginia and Pennsylvania by the treaty of Lancaster in 1744 (June 22-July 4).[1224]

In 1748 Bollan in a petition to the Duke of Bedford on the French encroachments, complains that recent English maps had prejudiced the claims of Great Britain.[1225] Since Popple’s map in 1732, of which there had been a later edition, maps defining the frontiers had appeared in Keith’s _Virginia_ (1738), in Oldmixon’s _British Empire_ (1741) by Moll, and in Bowen’s _Geography_ (1747).

There is in the _Penna. Archives_ (2d series, vi. 93) a paper dated Dec., 1750, on the English pretensions from the French point of view. On the English side the claims of the French are examined in the _State of the British and French Colonies in North America_, London, 1755.[1226]

J. H. Perkins, in the _North American Review_, July, 1839, gave an excellent sketch of the English effort at occupation in the Ohio Valley from 1744 to 1774, which later appeared in his _Memoir and Writings_ (Boston, 1852, vol. ii.) as “English discoveries in the Ohio Valley.” His sketch is of course deficient in points, where the publication of original material since made would have helped him.

* * * * *

The rivalry in the possession of Oswego and Niagara, beginning in 1725, is traced in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._ (ix. 949, 954, 958, 974), and in a convenient form an abstract of the French despatches for 1725-27 is found in _Ibid._, ix. 976, with a French view (p. 982) of the respective rights of the rivals.[1227]

There had been a stockade at Niagara under De Nonville’s rule, and the fort bore his name; but it was soon abandoned.[1228] The place was reoccupied in 1725-26, and the fort rebuilt of stone.[1229]

* * * * *

In 1731 the French first occupied permanently the valley of Lake Champlain,[1230] but not till 1737 did they begin to control its water with an armed sloop, and to build Fort St. Frederick.[1231]

Beauharnois’ activity in seeking the Indian favor is shown in his conference with the Onondagas in 1734 and in his communications with the Western tribes in 1741.[1232] The condition of the French power at this time is set forth in a _Mémoire sur le Canada_, ascribed to the Intendant Gilles Hocquart (1736).[1233]

In 1737 Conrad Weiser was sent to the Six Nations to get them to agree to a truce with the Cherokees and Catawbas, and to arrange for a conference between them and these tribes.[1234]

The expedition to the northwest, which resulted in Vérendrye’s discovery of the Rocky Mountains in Jan., 1743, is followed with more or less detail in several papers by recent writers.[1235]

The first settlement in Wisconsin took place in 1744-46 under Charles de Langlade.[1236]

The Five Years’ War (1744-48) so far as it affected the respective positions of the combatants in the two great valleys was without result. The declaration of war was in March, 1744, on both sides.[1237]

In 1744 the Governor of Canada sent an embassy to the Six Nations, assuring them that the French would soon beat the English.[1238]

In 1744 Clinton proposed the erection of a fort near Crown Point, and of another near Irondequot “to secure the fidelity of the Senecas, the strongest and most wavering of all the six confederated tribes.”[1239]

The scalping parties of the French are tracked in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 32, etc., with the expedition against Fort Clinton in 1747 (p. 78) and a retaliating incursion upon Montreal Island by the English (p. 81).

In 1745 both sides tried by conferences to secure the Six Nations. In July, August, and September. Beauharnois met them.[1240] Delegates from Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania convened under the New York jurisdiction at Albany, in October, 1745, and did what they could by treaty to disabuse the Indian mind of an apprehension which the French are charged with having raised, that the English had proposed to them to dispossess the Iroquois of their lands.[1241]

Upon the abortive Crown Point expedition of 1746,[1242] as well as the other military events of the war, we have _Memoirs of the Principal Transactions of the last War between the English and French in North America_, London, 1757 (102 pp.).[1243] It is attributed sometimes to Shirley, who had a chief hand in instigating the preparations of the expedition. This will be seen in the letters of Shirley and Warren, in the _R. I. Col. Rec._, v. 183, etc.; and in _Penna. Archives_, i. 689, 711, as in an _Account of the French settlements in North America ... and the two last unsuccessful expeditions against Canada and the present on foot_. _By a gentleman._ Boston, 1746.[1244]

A letter of Col. John Stoddard, May 13, 1747, to Governor Shirley, showing how the Six Nations had been enlisted in the proposed expedition to Canada, and deprecating its abandonment, is in _Penna. Archives_, i. 740; as well as a letter of Shirley, June 1, 1747 (p. 746).

A letter of Governor Shirley (June 29, 1747) respecting a congress of the colonies to be held in New York in September is in _Penna. Archives_, i. 754; and a letter of Conrad Weiser, doubting any success in enlisting the Six Nations in the English favor, is in _Ibid._, p. 161.

Clinton (November 6, 1747) complains to the Duke of Bedford of De Lancey’s efforts to thwart the government’s aims to secure the assistance of the Six Nations for the invasion of Canada.[1245]

In February, 1749-50, a long report was made to the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury on the expenses incurred by the colonies during the war for the attempts to invade Canada. It is printed in the _New Jersey Archives_, 1st ser., vii. 383-400. The annual summaries on the French side, 1745-48, are in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 38, 89, 137.

A stubborn fight in 1748 with some marauding Indians near Schenectady is chronicled in Pearson’s _Schenectady Patent_, p. 298.

In 1749 came Céloron’s expedition to forestall the English by burying his plates at the mouths of the streams flowing into the Ohio. A fac-simile of the inscription on one of these plates has been given already (_ante_, p. 9).[1246]

While Céloron was burying his plates, and La Galissonière was urging the home government to settle 10,000 French peasants on the Ohio, the kinsmen of Washington and others were forming in 1748 the Ohio Company, which received a royal grant of half a million acres between the Monongahela and the Kenawha rivers, on condition of settling the territory;[1247] “which lands,” wrote Dinwiddie,[1248] “are his Majesty’s undoubted right by the treaty of Lancaster and subsequent treaties at Logstown[1249] on the Ohio.” Colonel Thomas Cresap was employed to survey the road over the mountains,—the same later followed by Braddock.

Of the subsequent exploration by Christopher Gist, in behalf of the Ohio Company, and of George Croghan and Montour for the governor of Pennsylvania, note has been taken on an earlier page.[1250] A paper on Croghan’s transactions with the Indians previous to the outbreak of hostilities has been printed.[1251] Referring to the Ohio region in 1749, Croghan wrote: “No people carry on the Indian trade in so regular a manner as the French.”[1252]

Reference has already been made (_ante_, pp. 3, 4) to the movement in 1749 of Father Piquet to influence the Iroquois through a missionary station near the head of the rapids of the St. Lawrence, on the New York side, at the site of the present Ogdensburg. The author of the _Mémoires sur le Canada_, whence the plan of La Présentation (_ante_, p. 3)[1253] is taken, gives an unfavorable account of Piquet.[1254]

The new French governor, Jonquière, had arrived in Quebec in August, 1749. Kalm[1255] describes his reception, and it was not long before he was having a conference with the Cayugas,[1256] followed the next year (1751) by another meeting with the whole body of the Iroquois.[1257] His predecessor, La Galissonière,[1258] was busying himself on a memoir, dated December, 1750,[1259] in which he shows the great importance of endeavoring to sustain the posts connecting Canada with Louisiana, and the danger of English interference in case of a war.

William Johnson, meanwhile, was counteracting the French negotiation with the Indians as best he could;[1260] and both French and English were filing their remonstrances about reciprocal encroachments on the Ohio.[1261] Cadwallader Colden was telling Governor Clinton how to secure (1751) the Indian trade and fidelity,[1262] the Privy Council was reporting (April 2, 1751) on the condition of affairs in New York province,[1263] and the French government was registering ministerial minutes on the English encroachments on the Ohio.[1264]

What instructions Duquesne had for his treatment of the Indians on the Ohio and for driving out the English may be seen in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 242.

Edward Livingston, in 1754, writing of the French intrigues with the Indians, says, “They persuade these people that the Virgin Mary was born in Paris, and that our Saviour was crucified at London by the English.”[1265]

The English trading-post of Picktown, or Pickawillany, at the junction of the Great Miami River and Loramie’s Creek, was destroyed by the French in 1752.[1266] This English post and the condition of the country are described in the “Journal of Christopher Gist’s journey ... down the Ohio, 1750, ... thence to the Roanoke, 1751, undertaken on account of the Ohio Company,” which was published in Pownall’s _Topographical Description of North America_, app. (London, 1776). Gist explored the Great Miami River.[1267]

Parkman[1268] tells graphically the story of the incidents, in which Washington was a central figure, down to the retreat from Fort Necessity.[1269] The journal of Gist, who accompanied Washington to Le Bœuf,[1270] is printed in the _Mass. Hist. Coll._, xxv. 101.[1271]

The _Dinwiddie Papers_ (vol. i. pp. 40-250) throw full light on the political purposes and other views during this interval. Parkman had copies of them, and partial use had been made of them by Chalmers. Sparks copied some of them in 1829, when they were in the possession of J. Hamilton, Cumberland Place, London, and these extracts appear among the Sparks MSS. in Harvard College library as “Operations in Virginia, 1754-57,” accompanied by other copies from the office of the Board of Trade, “Operations on the Frontier of Virginia, 1754-55.”[1272]

The Dinwiddie papers later passed into the hands of Henry Stevens, and are described at length in his _Hist. Collections_, i. no. 1,055; and when they were sold, in 1881, they were bought by Mr. W. W. Corcoran, of Washington, and were given by him to the Virginia Historical Society, under whose auspices they were printed in 1883-4, in two volumes, edited, with an introduction and notes, by R. A. Brock.[1273]

Very soon after Washington’s return to Williamsburgh from Le Bœuf, his journal of that mission was put to press under the following title: _The Journal of Major George Washington, sent by the Hon. Robert Dinwiddie, Esq., his Majesty’s Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Virginia, to the Commandant of the French forces in Ohio; to which are added the Governor’s letter and a translation of the French Officer’s answer_, Williamsburgh, 1754. This original edition is so rare that I have noted but two copies.[1274] It has been used by all the historians,—Sparks, Irving, Parkman, and the rest.

Sparks[1275] says he found the original sworn statement of Ensign Ward, who surrendered to Contrecœur, in the Plantation Office in London, which had been sent to the government by Dinwiddie. The French officer’s summons is in De Hass’s _West. Virginia_, p. 60, etc.

There is another journal of Washington, of use in this study of what a contemporary synopsis of events, 1752-54, calls the “weak and small efforts” of the English.[1276] It no longer exists as Washington wrote it. It fell into the hands of the French at Braddock’s defeat the next year (1755), and, translated into French, it was included in a _Mémoire contenant le précis des faits, avec leurs pièces justificatives pour servir de réponse aux Observations envoyées par les ministres d’Angleterre dans les cours de l’Europe_.[1277] There were quarto and duodecimo editions of this book published at Paris in 1756;[1278] and the next year (1757) appeared a re-impression of the duodecimo edition[1279] and an English translation, which was called _The Conduct of the late ministry, or memorial containing a summary of facts, with their vouchers, in answer to the observations sent by the English ministry to the Courts of Europe_, London, 1757.[1280] Sparks says that the edition appearing with two different New York imprints (Gaine; Parker & Weyman), as _Memorial, containing a summary of the facts, with their authorities, in answer to the observations sent by the English ministry to the Courts of Europe_, was translated from a copy of the original French brought by a prize ship into New York. He calls the version “worthy of little credit, being equally uncouth in its style and faulty in its attempts to convey the sense of the original.”[1281] Two years later (1759) the English version again appeared in London, under the title of _The Mystery revealed, or Truth brought to Light, being a discovery of some facts, in relation to the conduct of the late ministry.... By a patriot_.[1282]

This missing journal of Washington, and other of these papers, are given in their re-Englished form in the second Dublin edition (1757) of a tract ascribed to William Livingston: _Review of the military operations in North America from the commencement of the French hostilities on the frontiers of Virginia in 1753 to the surrender of Oswego, 1756 ... to which are added Col. Washington’s journal of his expedition to the Ohio in 1754, and several letters and other papers of consequence found in the cabinet of General Braddock after his defeat_.[1283]

There is also in this same volume, _Précis des Faits_, a “Journal de compagne de M. de Villiers (en 1754),” which Parkman[1284] says is not complete, and that historian used a perfected copy taken from the original MS. in the Archives of the Marine.[1285] The summons which Jumonville was to use, together with his instructions, are in this same _Précis des Faits_. The French view of the skirmish, of the responsibility for it, and of the sequel, was industriously circulated.[1286] On the English side, the _London Magazine_ (1754) has the current reports, and the contemporary chronicles of the war, like Dobson’s _Chronological Annals of the War_ (1763) and Mante’s _Hist. of the Late War_ (1772), give the common impressions then prevailing. Sparks, in his _Washington_ (i. p. 46; ii. pp. 25-48, 447), was the first to work up the authorities. Irving, _Life of Washington_, follows the most available sources.[1287]

The Indian side of the story was given at a council held at Philadelphia in December, 1754.[1288] The transaction, in its international bearings, is considered as Case xxiv. by J. F. Maurice, in his _Hostilities without Declaration of War_, 1700-1870, London, 1883.

* * * * *

For the battle of Great Meadows and surrender at Fort Necessity,[1289] the same authorities suffice us in part, particularly Sparks;[1290] and Parkman points out the dependence he puts upon a letter of Colonel Innes in the _Colonial Records of Pennsylvania_, vi. 50, and a letter of Adam Stephen in the _Pennsylvania Gazette_ (no. 1,339), 1754, part of which he prints in his Appendix C.[1291] The provincial interpreter,[1292] Conrad Weiser, kept a journal, which is printed in the _Col. Rec. of Penna._, vi. 150; and Parkman found in the Public Record Office in London a _Journal_ of Thomas Forbes, lately a private soldier in the French service, who was with Villiers.[1293] That the French acted like cowards and the English like fools is given as the Half-King’s opinion, by Charles Thomson, then an usher in a Quaker grammar-school in Philadelphia, and later the secretary of Congress, in his _Enquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawanese Indians_, London, 1759,—a volume of greater rarity than of value, in Sargent’s opinion.[1294]

_A map of the most inhabited part of Virginia, drawn by Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson in 1751_, as published later by Jefferys, and included by him in his _General Topography of North America and the West Indies_, 1768 (no. 53), shows the route of Washington in this campaign of 1754.

In Pittsburgh, 1854, was published _Memoirs of Major Robert Stobo of the Virginia Regiment_,[1295] with an introduction by Neville B. Craig, following a copy of a MS., procured by James McHenry from the British Museum. The publication also included, from the Pennsylvania Archives, copies of letters (July 28, 1754), with a plan of Duquesne which Stobo sent to Washington while himself confined in that fort as a hostage, after the capitulation at Fort Necessity, as well as a copy of the articles of surrender.[1296] These letters of Stobo were published by the French government in their _Précis des Faits_, where his plan of the fort is called “exact.”

* * * * *

The most extensive account of the battle of Monongahela and of the events which led to it is contained in a volume published in 1855, by the Pennsylvania Historical Society, as no. 5 of their _Memoirs_, though some copies appeared independently. It is ordinarily quoted as Winthrop Sargent’s _Braddock’s Expedition_.[1297] The introductory memoir goes over the ground of the rival territorial claims of France and England, and the whole narrative, including that of the battle itself (p. 112, etc.), is given with care and judgment. Then follow some papers procured in England for the Penna. Historical Society by Mr. J. R. Ingersoll. The first of these is a journal of Robert Orme, one of Braddock’s aids, which is no. 212 of the King’s MSS., in the British Museum.[1298] It begins at Hampton on Braddock’s arrival, and ends with his death, July 13. It was not unknown before, for Bancroft quotes it. Parkman later uses it, and calls it “copious and excellent.” It is accompanied by plans, mentioned elsewhere. There is also a letter of Orme, which Parkman quotes from the Public Record Office, London, in a volume marked _America and West Indies_, lxxiv.[1299]

It will be remembered that Admiral Keppel,[1300] who commanded the fleet which brought Braddock over, had furnished four cannon and a party of sailors to drag them. An officer of this party seems to have been left at Fort Cumberland during the advance, and to have kept a journal, which begins April 10, 1755, when he was first under marching orders. What he says of the fight is given as “related by some of the principal officers that day in the field.” The diary ends August 18, when the writer reëmbarked at Hampton. It is this journal which is the second of the papers given by Sargent. The third is Braddock’s instructions.[1301]

The Duke of Cumberland, as commander-in-chief, directed through Colonel Napier a letter (November 25, 1754) to Braddock, of which we have fragments in the _Gent. Mag._, xxvi. 269, but the whole of it is to be found only in the French version, as published by the French government in the _Précis des Faits_. Sargent also gives a translation of this, collated with the fragments referred to.

Parkman had already told the story of the Braddock campaign in his _Conspiracy of Pontiac_,[1302] but, with the aid of some material not accessible to Sargent, he retold it with greater fulness in his _Montcalm and Wolfe_ (vol. i. ch. 7), and his story must now stand as the ripest result of investigations in which Bancroft[1303] and Sparks[1304] had been, as well as Sargent, his most fortunate predecessors, for Irving[1305] has done scarcely more than to avail himself gracefully of previous labors. The story as it first reached England[1306] will be found in the _Gentleman’s Mag._, and, after it began to take historic proportions, is given in Mante’s _Hist. of the Late War in North America_, London, 1772, and in Entick’s _General History of the Late War_, London, 1772-79.[1307] Braddock himself was not a man of mark to be drawn by his contemporaries, yet we get glimpses of his rather unenviable town reputation through the gossipy pen of Horace Walpole[1308] and the confessions of the actress, George Anne Bellamy,[1309] which Parkman and Sargent have used to heighten the color of his portraiture. He did not, moreover, escape in his London notoriety the theatrical satire of Fielding.[1310] His rise in military rank can be traced in Daniel MacKinnon’s _Origin and Hist. of the Coldstream Guards_, London, 1833. His correspondence in America is preserved in the Public Record Office; and some of it is printed in the _Colonial Records of Penna._, vi., and in _Olden Time_, vol. ii.[1311] His plan of the campaign is illustrated in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vi. 942, 954.[1312] Of the council which he held at Alexandria with Shirley and others, the minutes are given in the _Doc. Hist. New York_, ii. 648.[1313]

From Braddock’s officers we have letters and memoranda of use in the history of the movement. The Braddock orderly books in the library of Congress (Feb. 26-June 17, 1755) are printed in the App. of Lowdermilk’s _Cumberland_, p. 495. The originals are a part of the Peter Force Collection, and bear memoranda in Washington’s handwriting. His quartermaster-general, Sir John St. Clair, had arrived as early as January 10, 1755, to make preliminary arrangements for the march, and to inspect Fort Cumberland,[1314] which the provincials had been building as the base of operations.[1315]

From Braddock’s secretary, Shirley the younger, we have a letter dated May 23, 1755, which, with others, is in the _Col. Rec. of Penna._, vi. 404, etc. Of Washington, there is a letter used by Parkman in the Public Record Office.[1316] Of Gage, there is a letter to Albemarle in Keppel’s _Life of Keppel_, i. 213, and in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xxxiv., p. 367, is a statement which Gage prepared for the use of Chalmers. A letter of William Johnston, commissary, dated Philadelphia, Sept. 23, 1755, is in the _Eng. Hist. Review_ (Jan., 1886), vol. i. p. 150. A letter of Leslie (July 30, 1755), a lieutenant in the 44th regiment, is printed in _Hazard’s Penna. Reg._, v. 191; and _Ibid._, vi. 104, is Dr. Walker’s account of Braddock’s advance in the field. Livingston, in his _Rev. of Military Operations_, 1753-56, gives a contemporary estimate.[1317] Other letters and traditions are noted in _Ibid._, iv. pp. 389, 390, 416.[1318] The depositions of some of the wagoners, who led in the flight from the field, are given in _Col. Rec. of Penna._, vi. 482.[1319]

The progress of events during the preparation for the march and the final retreat can be gleaned from the _Dinwiddie Papers_. Sargent found of use the _Shippen MSS._, in the cabinet of the _Penna. Hist. Society_. A somewhat famous sermon, preached by Samuel Davies, Aug. 17, 1755, before an independent troop in Hanover County, Va., prophesying the future career of “that heroic youth Col. Washington,”[1320] shows what an impression the stories of Washington’s intrepidity on the field were making upon observers. The list of the officers present, killed, and wounded, upon which Parkman depends, is in the Public Record Office.[1321]

The news of the defeat, with such particulars as were first transmitted north, will be found in the _New Hampshire Provincial Papers_, vi. 413, and in Akins’ _Pub. Doc. of Nova Scotia_, 409, etc. The shock was unexpected. Seth Pomeroy, at Albany, July 15, 1755, had written that the latest news from Braddock had come in twenty-five days, by an Indian a few days before, and it was such that, in the judgment of Shirley and Johnson, Braddock was at that time in the possession of Duquesne. (_Israel Williams MSS._, i. p. 154.) Governor Belcher announced Braddock’s defeat July 19, 1755. _New Jersey Archives_, viii., Part 2d, 117. In a letter to his assembly, Aug. 1 (_Ibid._, p. 119), he says: “The accounts of this matter have been very various, but the most authentic is a letter from Mr. Orme wrote to Gov. Morris, of Pennsylvania.”

Governor Sharp’s letters to Lord Baltimore and Charles Calvert are in Scharf’s _Maryland_ (i. pp. 465, 466).

The Rev. Charles Chauncy, of Boston, embodied the reports as they reached him (and he might have had excellent opportunity of learning from the executive office of Governor Shirley) in a pamphlet printed at Boston shortly after (1755), _Letter to a friend, giving a concise but just account, according to the advices hitherto received, of the Ohio defeat_.[1322]

Two other printed brochures are of less value. One is _The life, adventures, and surprising deliverances of Duncan Cameron, private soldier in the regiment of foot, late Sir Peter Halket’s_. _3d ed., Phila._, 1756 (16 pp.).[1323] The other is what Sargent calls “a mere catch-penny production, made up perhaps of the reports of some ignorant camp follower.” The _Monthly Review_ at the time exposed its untrustworthiness. It is called _The expedition of Maj.-Gen’l Braddock to Virginia, ... being extracts of letters from an officer, ... describing the march and engagement in the woods_. London, 1755.[1324]

Walpole[1325] chronicles the current English view of the time.

There was a young Pennsylvanian, who was a captive in the fort, and became a witness of the preparation for Beaujeu’s going out and of the jubilation over the return of the victors. What he saw and heard is told in _An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the life and travels of Col. James Smith during his captivity with the Indians_, 1755-59.[1326]

Let us turn now to the French accounts. The reports which Sparks used, and which are among his MSS. in Harvard College library, were first printed by Sargent in his fourth appendix.[1327] These and other French documents relating to the campaign have been edited by Dr. Shea in a collection[1328] called _Relations diverses sur la bataille du Malangueulé [Monangahela] gagné le 9 juillet 1755, par les François sous M. de Beaujeu, sur les Anglois sous M. Braddock. Recueillies par Jean Marie Shea. Nouvelle York_, 1860 (xv. 51 pp.).[1329]

Pouchot[1330] makes it clear that the French had no expectation of doing more than check the advance of Braddock.

* * * * *

The peculiar difficulties which beset the politics of Pennsylvania and Virginia at this time are concisely set forth by Sargent in the introduction of his _Braddock’s Expedition_ (p. 61), and by Parkman in his _Montcalm and Wolfe_ (vol. i. p. 329). Dulany’s letter gives a contemporary view of these dissensions.[1331]

The apathy of New Jersey drew forth rebuke from the Lords of Trade.[1332] Scharf[1333] describes the futile attempts of the governor of Maryland to induce his assembly to furnish supplies to the army.

The belief was not altogether unpopular in Pennsylvania, as well as in Virginia, that the story of French encroachments was simply circulated to make the government support the Ohio Company in their settlement of the country, and Washington complains that his report of the 1753 expedition failed to eradicate this notion in some quarters.[1334] In Pennsylvania there were among the Quaker population unreconcilable views of Indian management and French trespassing, and similar beliefs obtained among the German and Scotch-Irish settlers on the frontiers of the province, while the English churchmen and the Catholic Irish added not a little to the incongruousness of sentiment. The rum of the traders among the Indians further complicated matters.[1335] This contrariety of views, as well as a dispute with the proprietary governor over questions of taxation, paralyzed the power of Pennsylvania to protect its own frontiers, when, following upon the defeat of Braddock, the French commander thrust upon the settlements all along the exposed western limits party after party of French and Indian depredators.[1336] Dumas, now in command, issued orders enough to restrain the barbarities of his packs, but the injunctions availed nothing.[1337] Washington, who was put in command of a regiment of borderers at Winchester, found it impossible to exercise much control in directing them to the defence of the frontiers thereabouts.[1338] Fears of slave insurrection and a hesitating house of burgesses were quite as paralyzing in Virginia as other conditions were in Pennsylvania, and the _Dinwiddie Papers_ explain the gloom of the hour.

For the Pennsylvania confusion, the views of the anti-proprietary party found expression in the _Historical Review of the Constitution and Government of Pennsylvania_, a “hotly partisan and sometimes sophistical and unfair”[1339] statement, inspired and partly written by Franklin, the leader in the assembly against the Penns.[1340] While the quarrel went on, and the assembly was neglecting the petitions of the borderers for the organization of a militia to protect them, the two parties indulged in crimination and recrimination, and launched various party pamphlets at each other.[1341] The _Col. Records of Penna._ (vol. vi.) chronicle the progress of this conflict. We get the current comment in Franklin’s letters,[1342] in the histories of Pennsylvania, and in such monographs as Edmund de Schweinitz’s _Life and Times of David Zeisberger_ (Philad., 1870),—for the massacre at Gnadenhütten brought the Moravians within the vortex, while the histories[1343] of the missions of that sect reiterate the stories of rapine and murder.

Patience ceased to be a virtue, and a “Representation”[1344] to the House was finally couched in the language of a demand for protection. The assembly mocked and shirked; but the end came. A compromise was reached by the proprietaries furnishing as a free gift the money which they denied as a tax on their estates, and Franklin undertook to manage the defence of the frontiers, with such force and munitions as were now under command.[1345]

Any history of the acquisition of lands by the English, particularly by Pennsylvania, shows why the Indians of the Ohio were induced at this time to side with the French.[1346]

Pownall, in his treatise[1347] on the colonies, classified the Indian tribes by their allegiance respectively to the English and French interests.[1348] It is claimed that the Iroquois were first allured by the Dutch, through the latter’s policy of strict compensation for lands, and that the retention of the Iroquois to the English interests arose from the inheritance of that policy by their successors at Albany and New York.[1349]

* * * * *

Braddock’s instructions to Shirley for the conduct of the Niagara expedition are printed in A. H. Hoyt’s _Pepperrell Papers_ (1874), p. 20. This abortive campaign does not occupy much space in the general histories, and Parkman offers the best account. The _Massachusetts Archives_ and the legislative _Journal_ of that province, as well as Shirley’s letters, give the best traces of the governor’s efforts to organize the campaign.[1350] Some descriptive letters of the general’s son, John Shirley, will be found in the _Penna. Archives_, vol. ii.[1351] The best contemporary narratives in print are found in _The Conduct of Shirley briefly stated_, and in Livingston’s _Review of Military Operations_.[1352]

* * * * *

The main dependence in the giving of the story of the Lake George campaign of 1755 is, on the English side, upon the papers of Johnson himself, and they are the basis of the _Life and Times of Sir William Johnson_,[1353] which, being begun by William L. Stone, was completed by a son of the same name, and published in Albany in 1865, in two volumes.[1354] The preface states that Sir William’s papers, as consulted by the elder Stone, consist of more than 7,000 letters and documents, which were collected from various sources, but are in good part made up of documents procured from the Johnson family in England, and of the Johnson MSS. presented to the N. Y. State library by Gen. John T. Cooper.[1355] An account of Johnson’s preparatory conferences with the Indians (June to Aug., 1755) is printed in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vi. 964, etc., and in _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 267-99.[1356] On the 22d of August Johnson held a council of war at the great carrying place,[1357] whence on the 24th he wrote a letter,[1358] while Col. Blanchard, of the New Hampshire regiment, a few days later (Aug. 28-30) chronicled the progress of events.[1359]

The account of the fight (Sept. 8), which Johnson addressed to the governors of the assisting colonies, was printed in the _Lond. Mag._, 1755, p. 544.[1360]

The sixth volume of the _New York Col. Docs._ (London documents, 1734-1755) contains the great mass of papers preserved in the archives of the State;[1361] but reference may also be made to vols. ii. 402, and x. 355. The _Mass. Archives_ supplement them, and show many letters of Shirley and Johnson about the campaign.[1362] In the _Provincial Papers of New Hampshire_, vol. vi., there are various papers indicating the progress of the campaign, particularly (p. 439) a descriptive letter by Secretary Atkinson, dated Portsmouth, December 9, 1755, and addressed to the colony’s agent in London. It embodies the current reports, and is copied from a draft in the Belknap papers.[1363]

The jealousy between Massachusetts and New York is explained in part by Hutchinson.[1364] The Massachusetts assembly complained that Johnson’s chief communication was with New York, and, as was most convenient, he sent his chief prisoners to the seaport of that province, while they should have been sent, as the assembly said, to Boston, since Massachusetts bore the chief burden of the expedition.[1365] It was also complained that the £5,000 given by Parliament to Johnson was simply deducted from the appropriation for the colonies.[1366]

The jealousy of the two provinces was largely intensified in their chief men. Shirley did not hide his official eminence, and had a feeling that by naming Johnson to the command of the Crown Point expedition he had been the making of him. Johnson was not very grateful, and gained over the sympathy of De Lancey, the lieutenant-governor of New York.[1367]

Parkman received copies of the journal of Seth Pomeroy from a descendant, and Bancroft had also made use of it. A letter of Pomeroy, written to headquarters in Boston, is preserved in the _Massachusetts Archives_, “Letters,” iv. 109. He supposed himself at that time the only field-officer of his regiment left alive. The papers of Col. Israel Williams are in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library,[1368] and give considerable help. The campaign letters of Surgeon Thomas Williams, of Deerfield, addressed chiefly to his wife (1755 and 1756), are in the possession of William L. Stone, and are printed in the _Historical Magazine_, xvii. 209, etc. (Apr., 1870).[1369] The French found in the pocket of a captured English officer a diary of the campaign, of which Parkman discovered a French version in the Archives of the Marine.

The Rev. Samuel Chandler, who joined the camp at Lake George in October as chaplain of a Massachusetts regiment, kept a diary, in which he records some details of the previous fights, as he picked them up in camp, giving a little diagram of the ambush into which Williams was led.[1370] In it are enumerated (p. 354) the various reasons, as he understood them, on account of which the further pursuit of the campaign was abandoned. Johnson’s chief of ordnance, William Eyre, advised him that his cannon were not sufficient to attack Ticonderoga.[1371] Parkman speaks of the text accompanying Blodget’s print[1372] and the _Second Letter to a Friend_ as “excellent for information as to the condition of the ground and the position of the combatants.” Some months later, and making use of Blodget, Timothy Clement also published in Boston another print, which likewise shows the positions of the regiments after the battle and during the building of Fort William Henry.[1373]

There are three contemporary printed comments on the campaign. The first is a sequel to the letter written by Charles Chauncy on Braddock’s defeat, which was printed at Boston, signed T. W., dated Sept. 29, 1755, and called _A second Letter to a Friend; giving a more particular narrative of the defeat of the French army at Lake George by the New England troops, than has yet been published, ... to which is added an account of what the New England governments have done to carry into effect the design against Crown Point, as will show the necessity of their being helped by Great Britain, in point of money_.[1374] This and the previous letter were also published together under the title _Two letters to a friend on the present critical conjuncture of affairs in North America; with an account of the action at Lake George_, Boston, 1755.[1375]

The second is William Livingston’s _Review of the military operations in North America from ... 1753 to ... 1756, interspersed with various observations, characters, and anecdotes, necessary to give light into the conduct of American transactions in general, and more especially into the political management of affairs in New York. In a letter to a nobleman_, London, 1757.[1376]

The third is, like the tract last named, a defence of the commanding general of all the British forces in America, and is said to have been written by Shirley himself, and is called _The Conduct of Major-General Shirley, late General and Commander-in-Chief of his Majesty’s forces in North America, briefly stated_, London, 1758.[1377]

Dwight, in his _Travels in New England and New York_ (vol. iii. 361), and Hoyt, in his _Antiquarian Researches on the Indian Wars_ (p. 279), wrote when some of the combatants were still living. Dwight was the earliest to do General Lyman justice. Stone claims that the official accounts discredit the story told by Dwight, that Dieskau was finally shot, after his army’s flight, by a soldier, who thought the wounded general was feeling for a pistol, when he was searching for his watch.[1378]

Daniel Dulany, in a MS. Newsletter after the fashion of the day, gives the current accounts of the fight.[1379]

The story of the fight had been early told (1851) by Parkman in his _Pontiac_, revised in his second edition;[1380] and was again recast by him in the _Atlantic Monthly_ (Oct., 1884), before the narrative finally appeared in ch. ix. of the first volume of his _Montcalm and Wolfe_.[1381]

On the French side, the official report of Dieskau[1382] was used by Parkman in a copy belonging to Sparks, obtained from the French war archives, and this with other letters of Dieskau—one to D’Argenson, Sept. 14; another to Vaudreuil, Sept. 15—can be found in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vol. x. pp. 316, 318 (Paris Documents, 1745-78),[1383] as can the reports of Dieskau’s adjutant, Montreuil (p. 335), particularly those of Aug. 31 and Oct. 1, which, with other papers, are also preserved in the _Mass. Archives, documents collected in France_ (MSS.), ix. 241, 265.[1384] The report made by Vaudreuil,[1385] as well as his strictures on Dieskau, is preserved in the Archives de la Marine, as is a long account by Bigot (Oct. 4, 1755),—both of which are used by Parkman. Cf. also the French narratives in the _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 320, 324, 330. There is also in this same collection (p. 316) a Journal of occurrences, July 23 to Sept. 30, 1755, which is also in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. p. 337, where are other contemporary accounts, like the letter of Doreil to D’Argenson (p. 360) and those of Lotbinière (pp. 365, 369). The _Mémoires_ of Pouchot is the main early printed French source; though there was a contemporary _Gazette_, printed in Paris, which will be found in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. p. 383.

A paper in the Archives de la Guerre is thought by Parkman to have been inspired by Dieskau himself, and, in spite of its fanciful form, to be a sober statement of the events of the campaign. It is called _Dialogue entre le Maréchal de Saxe et le Baron de Dieskau aux Champs Elysées_.[1386] Some of the events subsequently related by Dieskau to Diderot are noticed in the latter’s _Mémoires_ (1830 ed.), i. 402.

Henry Stevens, of London, offered for sale in 1872, in his _Bibliotheca Geographica_, no. 553, a manuscript record of events between 1755 and 1760, which came from the family of the Chevalier de Lévis. It purports to be the annual record of the French commanders in the field, beginning with Dieskau, for six successive campaigns. Stevens, comparing this record of Dieskau with such of the papers as are printed in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, where they were copied from the documents as they reached the government in France, says that the latter are shown by the collection to have been “cooked up for the home eye in France,” and that “we lose all sympathy for the unfortunate Dieskau.” Stevens refers particularly to two long letters of Dieskau, Sept. 1 and 4, sent to Vaudreuil.[1387]

* * * * *

The feeling was rapidly growing that the next campaign should be a vigorous one. Gov. Belcher (Sept. 3, 1755) enforces his opinion to Sir John St. Clair, that “Canada must be rooted out.”[1388] The _Gentleman’s Magazine_ printed papers of similar import.

In November, 1755, Belcher had written to Shirley, “Things look to me as if the coming year will be the criterion whereby we shall be able to conclude whether the French shall drive us into the sea, or whether King George shall be emperour of North America.”[1389] In December, Shirley assembled a congress of governors at New York, and laid his plans before them.[1390] When Shirley returned to Boston in Jan., 1756, the _Journal_ of the Mass. House of Representatives discloses how active he was in preparing for his projects.[1391] Stone[1392] portrays the arrangements.

To Stone,[1393] too, we must turn to learn the efforts of Johnson to propitiate the Indians,[1394] in which he was perplexed by the movements in Pennsylvania and Virginia against the tribes in that region.[1395] The printed contemporary source, showing Johnson’s endeavors with the Indians, is the _Account of Conferences_, London, 1756, which may be complemented by much in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, vols. i. and iv. Thomas Pownall published in New York, in 1756, _Proposals for securing the friendship of the Five Nations_. As the campaign went on, Johnson held conferences at Fort Johnson, July 21 (of which, under date of Aug. 12, he prepared a journal), and attended later meetings at German Flats, Aug. 24-Sept. 3, and again at Fort Johnson. These will be found in the _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 461-496;[1396] and in the same volume, pp. 365-376, will be found the conference of deputies of the Five Nations, July 28, 1756, with Vaudreuil, at Montreal.[1397]

The early events of the year, like the capture of Fort Bull,[1398] find illustrations in various papers in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, vol. i. 509, and _N. Y. Col. Docs._ x. 403, with some local associations in Benton’s _Herkimer County_.

The centre of preparation for the campaign during the winter was in Boston, and Parkman[1399] shows the methods of military organization which the New England colonies, with some detriment to efficiency employed. He finds his material for the sketch in the manuscripts of the _Mass. Archives_ (“Military”), vols. lxxv. and lxxvi., and in equivalent printed papers in _R. I. Colonial Records_, v., and _N. H. Provincial Papers_, vi. The latter colony issued bills this year, as they had the previous season, called Crown Point currency, in aid of the expedition, a fac-simile of one of which is annexed.[1400]

Another main source for these preliminaries, as well as for the routine of the campaign later in Albany and at Lake George is the _Journal_ of General John Winslow, who, after some coquetting with Pepperrell on Shirley’s part, was finally selected for the command of the expedition against Crown Point.[1401] The second volume of this journal, which is in the library of the Mass. Hist. Society, covers Feb.-Aug., and the third, Aug.-Dec., 1756. They consist of transcripts of letters, orders, etc., chronologically arranged.

The volumes labelled “Letters” in the _Massachusetts Archives_ (MSS.) contain various letters, which depict the condition of the camps and the progress of the campaign. Parkman[1402] refers to them, as well as to a report of Lieut.-Col. Burton to Loudon on the condition of the camps,[1403] and to the journal of John Graham, a chaplain in Lyman’s Connecticut regiment.[1404]

* * * * *

Shirley rightfully understood the value of Oswego to the colonies. As Parkman[1405] says, “No English settlement on the continent was of such ill omen to the French. It not only robbed them of the fur-trade, but threatened them with military and political, no less than commercial ruin.” The previous French governor, Jonquière, had been particularly instructed to compass its destruction, above all by inciting the Iroquois to do it, if possible, for the post was a menace in the eyes of the Indians. Shirley hoped to redeem the failure of last year, and he had the satisfaction of hearing of Bradstreet’s success in the midst of the personal detraction which assailed him.[1406] The military interest of the year, however, centres in the siege and fall of Oswego (Aug. 14), introducing Montcalm on the scene.[1407] Capt. John Vicars, a British officer who was with Bradstreet, gives an account of the fortifications, which Parkman[1408] uses. The correspondence of Loudon and Shirley in the English archives marks the progress of events.[1409] Respecting the siege itself there is a letter, from an officer present, in the _Boston Evening Post_, May 16, 1757. Stone[1410] uses MS. depositions of two of the English prisoners who escaped from the French.[1411] A declaration by soldiers of Shirley’s regiment is printed in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii. 126.

Of the contemporary printed sources, note must be made of the “State of facts” in the _Lond. Mag._, 1757, p. 14; of the _Conduct of General Shirley_, etc., p. 110; of Livingston’s _Review_; of _The military history of Great Britain for 1756-57_. _Containing a letter from an English officer at Canada, taken prisoner at Oswego, exhibiting the cruelty of the French. Also a journal of the Siege of Oswego_, London, 1757.[1412]

Of somewhat less authority is a popular book, _French and Indian cruelty exemplified in the life of Peter Wilkinson_, with “accurate detail of the operations of the French and English forces at the siege of Oswego.”[1413] Of a more general character are the accounts in Mante,[1414] Smith,[1415] and Hutchinson.[1416]

Parkman, who sketches the early career of Montcalm,[1417] surveys the chief French authorities on the siege, as gathered mainly from the Archives of the Marine and those of War, at Paris;[1418] the _Livre des Ordres_; Vaudreuil’s instructions to Montcalm, July 21; the journal of Bougainville; the letters of Vaudreuil, Bigot, and Montcalm. The _N. Y. Col. Docs._ (vol. x.) contain various translations of these,[1419] including (p. 440) a journal of the siege transmitted by Montcalm; other versions are in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, vol. i.

There was printed at Grenoble, in 1756, a _Relation de la prise des forts de Choueguen, ou Oswego, & de ce qui s’est passée cette année en Canada_. A small edition was privately reprinted in 1882, from a copy belonging to Mr. S. L. M. Barlow, of New York.[1420] Martin, in his _De Montcalm en Canada_, ch. iii., presents the modern French view, as also does Garneau, _Hist. du Canada_, 4th ed., vol. ii. 251. Maurault, in his _Hist. des Abénakis_ (1866), tells the part of the Indians in the siege.

Of the partisan warfare conducted by Rogers and Putnam, we have the best accounts in the reports which the former made to his commanding officer.[1421] These various reports constitute the volume which was published in London in 1765 “for the author,” called _Journals of Major Robert Rogers, containing an account of the several excursions he made under the generals who commanded, during the late war_.[1422] Rogers’ Journals are written in a direct way, apparently without exaggeration, but sometimes veil the atrocities which he had not screened in the original reports.[1423] Parkman points out that the account of his scout of Jan. 19, 1756, is much abridged in the composite _Journals_.

The exploits of Rogers are frequently chronicled in Winslow’s _Journal_, and there are other notes in the _Mass. Archives_, vol. lxxvi. Parkman cites Bougainville’s _Journal_ as giving the French record.[1424] There is a contemporary account of one of Rogers’ principal actions, in what Trumbull[1425] calls “perhaps the rarest of all narratives of Indian captivities.” The edition which is mentioned is a second one, published at Boston in 1760, and Sabin[1426] does not record the first. It is called _A plain narrative of the uncommon sufferings and remarkable deliverance of Thomas Brown, of Charlestown in New England, who returned to his father’s house the beginning of Jan., 1760, after having been absent three years and about eight months; containing an account of the engagement, Jan., 1757, in which Captain Spikeman was killed and the author left for dead_.

Of Putnam’s exploits there is a report (Oct. 9, 1755) in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iv. p. 172. The _Life_ of Putnam by Humphreys chronicles his partisan career, while that by Tarbox passes it over hurriedly. Hollister’s and other histories of Connecticut give it in outline.

* * * * *

The circulars of Pitt to the colonies, asking that assistance be rendered to Loudon, and (Feb. 4, 1757) urging the raising of additional troops, is in _New Jersey Archives_, viii. Pt. ii. pp. 209, 241. There are in the _Israel Williams MSS._ (Mass. Hist. Soc.) letters of Loudon, dated Boston, Jan. 29 and Feb., 1757, respecting the organization of the next campaign.

For the attack on Fort William Henry (1757) conducted by Rigaud, Parkman[1427] cites, as usual, his MS. French documents,[1428] but gives for the English side a letter from the fort (Mar. 26, 1757), in the _Boston Gazette_, no. 106, and in the _Boston Evening Post_, no. 1,128; with notes of other letters in the _Boston News-Letter_, no. 2,860.

The best account yet published of Montcalm’s later campaign against Fort William Henry (the Fort George of the French) is contained in the last chapter of the first volume of Parkman’s _Montcalm and Wolfe_.[1429]

On the French side there is the work of Pouchot, and Dr. Hough’s translation of it (i. 101). The _Rough List_ of Mr. Barlow’s library (no. 941) shows, as the only copy known, a _Relation de la prise du Fort Georges, ou Guillaume Henry, situé sur le lac Saint-Sacrement, et de ce qui s’est passé cette année en Canada_ (12 pp.), Paris, 1757.

Of the documentary evidence of the time Parkman makes full use. He secured from the Public Record Office in London the correspondence of Webb and a letter and journal of Colonel Frye, who commanded the Massachusetts troops, and from these he gives extracts in his Appendix F.[1430]

In the Paris documents as gathered (copies) in the archives at Albany,[1431] and in the copies of other documents from France, supplementing these, and contained in the series of MSS. given by Mr. Parkman to the Mass. Historical Society, there are the _Journal_ of Bougainville, “a document,” says Parkman, “hardly to be commended too much,” the diary of Malartic, the correspondence of Montcalm, Lévis, Vaudreuil, and Bigot. In adding to the graphic details of the theme, there is a long letter of the Jesuit Roubaud, which is printed in the _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_.[1432]

Jonathan Carver, who was a looker-on, has given an account in his _Travels_, which Parkman thinks is trustworthy so far as events came under Carver’s eye.[1433]

The journals of the Montresors, father and son, Colonels James and John, during their stay in 1757-59 in the neighborhood of Forts William Henry and Edward, throw light upon the spirit of the time.[1434] They are preserved in the family in England, and, edited by G. D. Scull, have been printed in the _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1881, accompanied by heliotypes of portraits of the two engineers.[1435]

Living at the time, and enjoying good advantages for acquiring knowledge, Hutchinson, in his _Massachusetts_ (vol. iii. p. 60), might have given us more than he does, but his purpose was mainly to show the effect of the campaign upon that colony. It is noticeable, however, that he says the victims of the massacre were not many in number. Most later writers on the English side add little or nothing not elsewhere obtainable.[1436]

Bancroft[1437] made use of a considerable part of the material available to Parkman; but his latest revision does not add to his earlier account.

Dwight, in his _Travels in New England and New York_,[1438] who remembered the event as a child, expresses the view which long prevailed in New England, that Montcalm made no reasonable effort to check the Indians, and emphasizes the timidity and imbecility of Webb, who lay at Fort Edward with 6,000 men, doing nothing. Dwight narrates as from Captain Noble, who was present, that when Sir William Johnson would gather volunteers from Webb’s garrison to proceed to Munro’s assistance Webb forbade it.[1439]

Respecting the attack in the autumn (Nov. 28, 1757) on German Flats, there are the despatches of Vaudreuil, the _Journal_ of Bougainville, and papers in _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, i. 520, and _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 672, the latter being a French summary of M. de Belêtre’s campaign. Loudon’s despatch to Pitt, Feb. 14, 1758, is the main English source.[1440]

* * * * *

While Webb held the chief command at Albany, Stanwix was organizing, with the help of Washington, the defence along the Pennsylvania and Virginia borders, and Bouquet further south.[1441] The lives of Washington and the histories of those provinces trace out the events of the summer in that direction. The main thread of this history is the precarious relation of the provinces with the Indians, and much illustrative of this connection is found in the _Penna. Col. Rec._, vol. vii. Dr. Schweinitz’s _Life of Zeisberger_ and the various Moravian chronicles show how that people strove to act as intermediaries.

The Delawares had not forgotten the deceit practised upon them at Albany in 1754, in inveigling them into giving a deed of lands, and Sir William Johnson was known to be in favor of revoking that fraudulent purchase. Conferences with the Indians were numerous, even after the spring opened.[1442] Johnson received the deputies of the Shawanese and Delawares at Fort Johnson in April, and concluded a treaty with them.[1443]

It boded no good that the Six Nations also, in April, had sent deputies to Vaudreuil, and all through the spring the region north of the Mohawk was the scene of rapine.[1444] The truth was, the successes of the French had driven the westerly tribes of the Six Nations into a neutrality, which might turn easily into enmity, and to confirm them in their passiveness, and to incite the Mohawks and the easterly tribes into active alliance, Johnson, who knew his life to be in danger, summoned the deputies of the confederacy to meet him at Johnson Hall on the 10th of June. His journal for some time previous to the meeting is printed by Stone.[1445] Johnson accomplished all he could hope for. His answer to the Senecas of June 16 is in the _Penna. Archives_, vi. 511. Under his counsel, the final conclusion with the Indians farther south was reached in a conference at Easton, in Pennsylvania, in July and August.[1446]

* * * * *

Of the defeat of Rogers in March, which opened the campaign of 1758, his own report after he got into Fort Edward, printed at the time in the newspapers, is mainly given in his _Journals_, together with a long letter of two British regular officers who accompanied him, and who in the fight escaped capture, but wandered off in the woods, till hunger compelled them to seek the French fort, whence by a flag of truce they despatched (Mar. 28) their narrative. The French accounts are derived from the usual documentary sources as indicated by Parkman (ii. p. 16).

* * * * *

The English historians of the war in Europe all describe the change in political feeling which brought Pitt once more into power, with popular sympathy to sustain him.[1447] The public had aroused to the incompetency of the English military rule in America, and upon the importance of making head there against the French, as a vantage for any satisfactory peace in Europe.[1448] This revulsion is best described in Parkman[1449] and in Bancroft.[1450] The letter of Pitt recalling Loudon (who was not without his defenders[1451]), as addressed to the governor of Connecticut, is in the Trumbull MSS., vol. i. p. 127.

The condition of the camp at Lake George in the spring and early summer is to be studied in the official papers, as well as in letters printed in the _Boston News-Letter_ and in the _Boston Evening Post_.[1452] Parkman describes from the best sources the fort and the outer entrenchments.[1453]

* * * * *

The official reports on the English side of the fight on July 8th are in the Public Record Office. The letter which Abercrombie addressed to Pitt from Lake George, July 12, as it appeared in the _London Gazette Extraordinary_, Aug. 22, is printed in the _N.Y. Col. Docs._, x. 728. Dwight represents the opinions of Abercrombie’s generalship as current in the colonies,[1454] and we read in Smith’s _New York_, vol. ii. p. 264, that the difficulty “appeared to be more in the head than the body.” The diary of William Parkman, a youth of seventeen, who was in a Massachusetts regiment, reflects the charitable criticism of his troops, when the diarist calls their commander “an aged gentleman, infirm in body and mind.”[1455] We have various other descriptions and diaries from officers engaged.[1456]

Parkman[1457] collates the different authorities as respects the losses on the two sides,[1458] and his details are the best of all the later historians.[1459] Of the French contemporary accounts, which are numerous, there are several from the Paris Archives in the Parkman MSS., which have been used for the first time in his _Montcalm and Wolfe_. Some of the more important ones are printed in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._ x.[1460]

There is an account in Pouchot, and Chevalier Johnstone’s “Dialogue in Hades” is in the _Transactions_ of the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, and summarized accounts in Martin’s _De Montcalm en Canada_, ch. vii., and in Garneau’s _Canada_, p. 279.[1461] For the life of the camp later established at the head of Lake George, there are items to be drawn, not only from the official reports, but from the _Israel Williams MSS._ Parkman (ii. 117) uses a diary of Chaplain Cleaveland. An orderly book of Col. Jonathan Bagley, of a Connecticut regiment, covering Aug. 20-Sept. 11, 1758, is in the library of the American Antiq. Society.[1462] It indicates that the celebration at Lake George of the victory at Louisbourg took place Aug. 28, as does an orderly book of Rogers’ Rangers, covering Aug.-Nov., 1758, at Lake George and Fort Edward.[1463]

Of the autumn scouting, there are letters in the _Boston Weekly Advertiser_, the centre of interest being the fight between Rogers and Morin.[1464]

Of the Frontenac expedition, Bradstreet’s own report to Abercrombie is in the Public Record Office. Parkman uses it, as well as letters in the _Boston Gazette_, no. 182; _Boston Evening Post_, no. 1,203; _Boston News-Letter_, no. 2,932; _N. H. Gazette_, no. 104. The articles of capitulation are in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 826. Smith (_New York_, ii. 266), speaking of Bradstreet’s expedition, says he “rather flew than marched.”[1465]

On the French side, there are the official documents, the _Mémoire sur la Canada_, 1749-60 (published by the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec), and Pouchot, i. 162.

The loss of Frontenac gave rise to a disagreement between Vaudreuil and Montcalm as to the dispositions to be made upon Lake Ontario, and the papers which passed between them are in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 866, etc., as well as others on the conflict of their opinions respecting the defence of Ticonderoga (_Ibid._, p. 873, etc.).

* * * * *

The main sources for the Duquesne expedition of 1758 are in the Public Record Office, _America and West Indies_, including the correspondence of Forbes.[1466] There are also papers in the _Col. Records of Penna._ and _Pennsylvania Archives_. The letters of Washington in Sparks’ _Washington_ (vol. ii.) may be supplemented by the fuller text of the same, and by others, in _Bouquet and Haldimand Papers_, in the British Museum. Washington’s letters to Bouquet are in _Additional MSS._, vol. 21, 641, of the British Museum, and there is a copy of them among the Parkman MSS.[1467] There is a letter of a British officer in the _Gent. Mag._, xxix. 171. For the new route made by Forbes, see Lowdermilk’s _Cumberland_, p. 238. The routes of Braddock and Forbes are marked on the map given in Sparks’ _Washington_, ii. 38, and Washington’s opinion of their respective advantages is in _Ibid._, ii. 302.

Of Grant’s defeat, the principal fight of the campaign, there are contemporary accounts in the _Penna. Gazette_,[1468] _Boston Evening Post_, _Boston Weekly Advertiser_, _Boston News-Letter_, etc.; in Hazard’s _Penna. Reg._, viii. 141; in _Olden Time_, i. p. 179. Grant’s imprudence met with little consideration in England. (_Grenville Correspondence_, i. 274.)

The account of Post’s embassy, July 15 to Sept., 1758, appeared in London in 1759, as the _Second Journal of Christian Frederick Post_.[1469]

Parkman,[1470] Bancroft,[1471] and Irving,[1472] of course, tell the story of Forbes’s campaign,—the first with the best help to sources.[1473]

* * * * *

The concomitants of the winter of 1758-59 in Canada must be studied in order to comprehend the inequality of the two sides in the signal campaign which was to follow. Parkman finds the material of this study in the documents of the Archives de la Marine et de la Guerre in Paris; in the correspondence of Montcalm, of which he procured copies from the present representative of his family, including the letters of Bougainville[1474] and Doreil[1475] on their Paris mission; and in the letters of Vaudreuil, in the Archives Nationales.[1476] Much throwing light on the strained relations between the general and the governor will be found in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vol. x.[1477] French representations of the situation in Canada are given in the _Considérations sur l’État présent du Canada_, published by the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec in 1840, sometimes cited as Faribault’s _Collection de Mémoires_, no. 3. Further use may be made of _Mémoire sur le Canada_, 1749-1760, _en trois parties_, Quebec, 1838.[1478]

The comparative inequality of the two combatants was a fruitful subject of inquiry then, especially upon the French side. There is in the _Penna. Archives_, 2d series, vi. 554, a French _Mémoire_, setting forth their respective positions, needs, and resources, dated January, 1759, and similar documents are given in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 897, 925, 930.

Later writers, with the advantage of remoteness, have found much for comment in the several characteristics, experiences, aims, and abilities of the two warring forces. These are contrasted in Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_.[1479] Judge Haliburton[1480] points out the great military advantages of the paternal and despotic government of Canada. Viscount Bury, in his _Exodus of the Western Nations_,[1481] compares the outcome of their opposing systems. Parkman gives the last chapter of his _Old Régime in Canada_ to a vigorous exposition of the subject. The institutional character of the English colonists, developed from the circumstances of their life, is compared with the purpose of the French colonists to reproduce France, in E. G. Scott’s _Development of Constitutional Liberty in the English Colonies of America_.[1482]

Among the later French authors, Rameau, in his _France aux Colonies_ (Paris, 1859), writes in full consciousness of the limitations and errors of policy which deprived France of her American colonies.[1483] The efforts which were made to propitiate the Indians before the campaign opened are explained in Stone’s _Life of Johnson_, ii. ch. v., and in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii. 378.

Upon the movement to render secure the new fort at Pittsburgh, Parkman found in the Public Record Office, in London, letters of Col. Hugh Mercer (who commanded), January-June, 1759; letters of Brigadier Stanwix, May-July;[1484] and a narrative of John Ormsby, beside a letter in the _Boston News-Letter_, no. 3,023. In the Wilkes Papers, in the _Historical MSS. Commission Report, No. IV._, p. 400, are long and interesting accounts of affairs at this time in Pennsylvania, written from Philadelphia to Wilkes by Thomas Barrow (May 1, 1759).

The Niagara expedition was a mistake, in the judgment of some military critics, since the troops diverted to accomplish it had been used more effectually in Amherst’s direct march to Montreal. More expedition on that general’s part in completing his direct march would have rendered the fall of Niagara a necessity without attack. Perhaps the risk of leaving French forces still west of Niagara, ready for a siege of Fort Pitt, is not sufficiently considered in this view.[1485]

The Public Record Office yields Amherst’s instructions and letters to Prideaux, and the letters of Johnson to Amherst. Stone[1486] prints Johnson’s diary of the expedition, and the Haldimand Papers in the British Museum throw much light.[1487] Letters of Amherst are in the N. Y. State Library at Albany.

On the French side, the account in Pouchot’s _Mémoires sur la dernière guerre_[1488] is that of the builder and defender of the fort.[1489] His narrative is given in English in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 977, etc., as well as in Hough’s ed. of Pouchot. The letters of Vaudreuil from the French Archives are in the Parkman MSS. The English found in the fort a French journal (July 6-July 24, 1759), of which an English version was printed in the _N. Y. Mercury_, Aug. 20, 1759. It is also given in English in the _Hist. Mag._ (March, 1869), xv. p. 199.

For the Oswego episode, beside Pouchot,[1490] see _Mémoire sur le Canada_, 1749-60, and a letter in the _Boston Evening Post_, no. 1,248.

The best recent accounts are in Parkman’s _Montcalm and Wolfe_, ii. ch. 26; Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_, ii. ch. 9, and Stone’s _Life of Johnson_, vol. ii.

Johnson’s diary, as given by Stone,[1491] shows how undecided, under Amherst’s instructions, Gage was about attacking the French at La Galette, on the St. Lawrence.

Gage, who, in August and September, 1759, was at Oswego, was much perplexed with the commissary and transportation service, but got relief when Bradstreet undertook to regulate matters at Albany.[1492]

* * * * *

While the expeditions of Stanwix and Prideaux constituted the left wing of the grand forward movement, that conducted by Amherst himself was the centre.

The letters of Amherst to Pitt and Wolfe are in the Public Record Office in London,[1493] as well as a journal of Colonel Amherst, a brother of the general. Mante and Knox afford good contemporary narratives.[1494]

The best general historians are Parkman (ii. 235, etc.), Bancroft (orig. ed., iv. 322; final revision, ii. 498); Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_, ii. ch. 8. For local associations, see Holden’s _Hist. of Queensbury_, p. 343.[1495]

Bourlamaque’s account of his retreat is in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 1,054. Pitt’s letter, when he learned that Amherst had abandoned the pursuit, is in _Ibid._, vii. 417.

Rogers sent to Amherst a letter about his raid upon the St. Francis village, which was written the day after he reached the settlements on the Upper Connecticut, and it makes part of his _Journals_. The story was the subject of recitals at the time in the provincial newspapers, like the _New Hampshire Gazette_ and the _Boston Evening Post_. Hoyt, in his _Antiquarian Researches_ (p. 302), adds a few particulars from the recollections of survivors.[1496]

In coming to the great victory which virtually closed the war on the Heights of Abraham, we can but be conscious of the domination which the character of Wolfe holds over all the recitals of its events, and the best source of that influence is in the letters which Wright has introduced into his life of Wolfe.[1497]

To the store of letters in Wright, Parkman sought to add others from the Public Record Office, beside the secret instructions given by the king to Wolfe and Saunders. The despatches of Wolfe, as well as those of Saunders, Monckton, and Townshend, are found, of course, in the contemporary magazines. A few letters of Wolfe, not before known, preserved among the Sackville Papers, have recently been printed in the _Ninth Report_ of the Hist. MSS. Commission, Part iii. pp. 74-78. (_Brit. Doc. Reports_, 1883, vol. xxxvii.)[1498]

There is a printed volume which is known as _Wolfe’s instructions to young officers_ (2d ed., London, 1780), which contains his orders during the time of his service in Canada. Manuscript copies of it, seemingly of contemporary date, are occasionally met with, and usually begin with orders in Scotland in 1748, and close with his last order on the “Sutherland,” Sept. 12, 1759.[1499] The general orders of the Quebec campaign, given at greater length than in these _Instructions_, have been printed in the _Hist. Docs., 4th ser._, published by the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec. Various orders are given in the _Address_ of Lorenzo Sabine, on the centennial of the battle.[1500]

A large number of contemporary journals and narratives of the siege of Quebec, both on the English and French sides, have been preserved, most of which have now been printed.[1501]

The letters of Montcalm in the Archives de la Marine mostly pertain to events antecedent to the investment of Quebec. The letters of Vaudreuil are in the Archives Nationales,[1502] while those of Bigot, Lévis, and Montreuil are in the Archives de la Marine et de la Guerre.[1503]

Parkman has a note[1504] on the contemporary accounts of Montcalm’s death[1505] and burial, and in the _Mercure Français_ is an _éloge_ on the French general, which is attributed to Doreil. Some recollections of Montcalm in his last hours are given in a story credited to Joseph Trahan, as told in the _Revue Canadienne_, vol. iv. (1867, p. 850) by J. M. Lemoine, in a paper called “Le régiment des montagnards écossais devant Quebec, en 1759,” which in an English form, as “Fraser’s Highlanders before Quebec,” is given in Lemoine’s _Maple Leaves_, new series, p. 141.

There is a story, told with some contradictions, that Montcalm entrusted some of his letters to the Jesuit Roubaud. Parkman, in referring to the matter, cites[1506] Verreau’s report on the Canadian Archives (1874, p. 183), and the “Deplorable Case of M. Roubaud,” in _Hist. Mag._, xviii. 283.[1507]

Referring to the principal English contemporary printed sources, Parkman (ii. 194) says that Knox, Mante, and Entick are the best. Knox’s account is reprinted by Sabine in an appendix. Using these and other sources then made public, Smollett has told the story very intelligently in his _History of England_, giving a commensurate narrative in a general way, and has indicated the military risks which the plan of the campaign implied. The summary of the _Annual Register_[1508] is well digested.

In the _Public Documents of Nova Scotia_ there are papers useful to the understanding of the fitting out of the expedition.

Jefferys intercalated in 1760, in his _French Dominions in North America_, sundry pages, to include such a story of the siege as he could make at that time.[1509]

Of the later English writers on the siege, it is enough barely to mention some of them.[1510]

Parkman first told the story in his _Pontiac_ (vol. i. 126), erring in some minor details, which he later corrected when he gave it more elaborate form in the _Atlantic Monthly_ (1884), and engrafted it (1885) in final shape in his _Montcalm and Wolfe_ (vol. ii.).

The recent histories of Canada, like Miles’, etc., and such general works as Beatson’s _Naval and Mil. Memoirs_ (ii. 300-308), necessarily cover the story; and there is an essay on Montcalm by E. S. Creasy, which originally appeared in _Bentley’s Magazine_ (vol. xxxii. 133).[1511] Carlyle repeats the tale briefly, but with characteristic touches, in his _Friedrich II._ (vol. v. p. 555).

On the French side the later writers of most significance, beside the general historian of Canada, Garneau,[1512] are Felix Martin in his_ De Montcalm en Canada_ (1867), ch. 10, which was called, in a second edition, _Le Marquis de Montcalm et les dernières années de la colonie Française au Canada_, 1756-1760 (3d ed., Paris, 1879); and Charles de Bonnechose in his _Montcalm et le Canada Français_, which appeared in a fifth edition in 1882.[1513]

As to the forces in the opposing armies, and the numbers which the respective generals brought into opposition on the Heights of Abraham, there are conflicting opinions. Parkman[1514] collates the varying sources. Cf. also Martin’s _De Montcalm en Canada_, p. 196; Miles’ _Hist. of Canada_, app., etc.; _Collection de Manuscrits_ (Quebec), iv. 229, 230.

The record of the council of war (Sept. 15) which Ramezay held after he found he had been left to his fate by Vaudreuil is given in Martin’s _De Montcalm en Canada_ (p. 317), and in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 1007. Ramezay prepared a defence against charges of too easily succumbing to the enemy, and this was printed in 1861 by the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, as _Mémoire du Sieur de Ramezay, Commandant à Quebec, au sujet de la reddition de cette ville, le 18 septembre, 1759, d’après un manuscrit aux Archives du Bureau de la Marine à Paris_. The paper is accompanied by an appendix of documentary proofs, including the articles of capitulation, which are also to be found in the appendix of Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_ (vol. ii. p. 362), _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 1011, and in Martin (p. 317).

It has been kept in controversy whether Vaudreuil really directed Ramezay to surrender,[1515] but the note sent by Vaudreuil to Ramezay at nine in the evening, Sept. 13, instructing him to hoist the white flag when his provisions failed, is in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 1004.

General Townshend returned to England, and when he claimed more than his share of the honors[1516] a _Letter to an Honourable Brigadier General_ (London, 1760) took him sharply to task for it, and rehearsed the story of the fight.[1517] This tract was charged by some upon Charles Lee, but when it was edited by N. W. Simons, in 1841, an attempt by parallelisms of language, etc., was made to prove the authorship of Junius in it. It was answered by _A refutation of a letter to an Hon. Brigadier by an officer_.[1518] Parkman calls it “angry, but not conclusive.” There were other replies in the _Imperial Magazine_, 1760. Sabine, in his address, epitomizes the statements of both sides.

On the 17th of January, 1760, Pitt addressed Amherst respecting the campaign of the following season,[1519] and on April 27th Amherst addressed the Indians in a paper dated Fort George, N. Y., April 27.[1520] Letters had passed between Amherst and Johnson in March, about the efforts which were making by a conference at Fort Pitt to quiet the Indians in that direction.[1521] Later there were movements to scour the country lying between Fort Pitt and Presqu’isle, as shown in the Aspinwall Papers,[1522] where[1523] there is a fac-simile of a sketch of the route from Fort Pitt, passing Venango and Le Bœuf, which Bouquet sent to Monckton in August, 1760.

The earliest description of this country after it came into English hands is in a journal (July 7-17, 1760) by Capt. Thomas Hutchins, of the Sixtieth Regiment, describing a march from Fort Pitt to Venango, and from thence to Presqu’isle, which is printed in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._ (ii. 849).

Bourlamaque, in a _Mémoire sur Canada_, which he wrote in 1762, presents Quebec as the key to the military strength of the province.[1524]

The interest of the winter and spring lies in the vigorous efforts of Lévis to recover Quebec. The English commander, Murray, kept a journal from the 18th of September till the 25th of May. The original was in the London War Office, and Miles used a copy from that source. Parkman records it as now being in the Public Record Office,[1525] and says it ends May 17; and the reprint of the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec credits it to the same source, in their third series (1871).

Parkman[1526] refers to a plan among the King’s Maps (Brit. Mus.) of the battle and situation of the British and French on the Heights of Abraham, 28 April, 1760.

This engagement is sometimes called the battle of Sillery, though the more common designation is the battle of Ste. Foy.

Murray’s despatch to Amherst, April 30, is among the Parkman Papers, and that to Pitt, dated May 25, 1760, is in Hawkins’ _Picture of Quebec_, and in W. J. Anderson’s _Military Operations at Quebec from Sept. 18, 1759, to May 18, 1760_, published by the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec (1869-70), and also separately. It is a critical examination of the sources of information respecting the battle, particularly as to the forces engaged. Parkman (ii., app., p. 442) examines this aspect also.

We have on the English side the recitals of several eye-witnesses. Knox[1527] was such. So were Mante, Fraser, and Johnson; the journals of the last two are those mentioned on a preceding page. Parkman, who gives a list of authorities,[1528] refers to a letter of an officer of the Royal Americans at Quebec, May 24, 1760, printed in the _London Magazine_, and other contemporary accounts are in the _Gentleman’s_ and _English Magazine_ (1760). There is also a letter in the _N. Y. Geneal. and Biog. Record_, April, 1872, p. 94.

The principal French contemporary account is that of Lévis, _Guerre du Canada, Relation de la seconde Bataille de Québec et du Siége de cette ville_,—a manuscript which, according to Parkman, has different titles in different copies, and some variations in text. Vaudreuil’s instructions to Lévis are in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 1069. There is a journal of the battle annexed to Vaudreuil’s letter to Berryer, May 3, 1760, in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 1075, 1077. The Parkman MSS. have also letters of Bourlamaque and Lévis, and there is something to be gleaned from Chevalier Johnston and the _Relation_ of the hospital nun, already referred to.

Of the modern accounts by the Canadian historians, Lemoine[1529] calls that of Garneau[1530] the best, and speaks of it as collated from documents, many of which had never then (1876) seen the light. Smith takes a view quite opposite to Garneau’s, and Lemoine[1531] charges him with glossing over the subject “with striking levity.”[1532]

Col. John Montresor was in the force which Murray led up the river to Montreal, and we have his journal, July 14-Sept. 8, 1760, in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1881, p. 236.

For the progress of the converging armies of Amherst and Haviland, there are the histories of Mante and Knox and the journals of Rogers. Parkman adds a tract printed in Boston (1760), _All Canada in the hands of the English_. Beside the official documents of the Parkman MSS., he also cites a _Diary of a sergeant in the army of Haviland_, and a _Journal of Colonel Nathaniel Woodhull_.[1533] There is a glimpse of the condition of the country to be got from the _Travels and Adventures of Alexander Henry in Canada and the Indian territory_, 1760-1776 (New York, 1809).

Amherst’s letter to Monckton on the capture of Fort Lévis is in the Aspinwall Papers (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xxxix. 307), and reference may be made to Pouchot (ii. 264), Mante (303), and Knox (ii. 405).[1534]

Parkman uses the _Procès verbal_ of the council of war which Vaudreuil held in Montreal; and the terms of the capitulation (Sept. 8, 1760) can be found in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 1107; Miles’ _Canada_, 502; Bonnechose’s _Montcalm et le Canada_ (app.); and Martin’s _De Montcalm en Canada_ (p. 327), and his _Marquis de Montcalm_ (p. 321).

The protest which Lévis uttered against the terms of the capitulation is in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 1106, with his reasons for it (p. 1123).

The circular letter about the capitulation which Amherst sent to the governors of the colonies is in the _Aspinwall Papers_.[1535]

Parkman’s[1536] is the best recent account of this campaign, though it is dwelt upon at some length by Smith and Warburton.

Gage was left in command at Montreal; Murray returned to Quebec with 4,000 men; while Amherst, by the last of September, was in New York.[1537]

Rogers’s own _Journals_ make the best account of his expeditions westward[1538] to receive the surrender of Detroit and the extremer posts. Parkman, who tells the story in his _Pontiac_ (ch. 6), speaks of the journals as showing “the incidents of each day, minuted down in a dry, unambitious style, bearing the clear impress of truth.” Rogers also describes the interview with Pontiac in his _Concise Account of North America_, Lond., 1765. Cf. _Aspinwall Papers_ (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xxxix. 362) for Croghan’s journal[1539] and (_Ibid._, pp. 357, 387) for letters on the surrender of Detroit.[1540]

Later Lieutenant Brehm was sent as a scout from Montreal to Lake Huron, thence to Fort Pitt, and his report to Amherst, dated Feb. 23, 1761, is in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1883_, p. 22.

Philippe Aubert de Gaspé, in _Les Anciens Canadiens_ (1863), attempts, as he says, to portray the misfortunes which the conquest brought on the greater portion of the Canadian _noblesse_.[1541] There is a sad story of the shipwreck on Cape Breton of the “Auguste,” which in 1761 was bearing a company of these expatriated Canadians to France, and one of them, M. de la Corne Saint-Luc, has left a _Journal du Naufrage de l’Auguste_, which has been printed in Quebec.[1542]

The trials of Bigot and the others in Paris elicited a large amount of details respecting the enormities which had characterized the commissary affairs of Canada during the war. Cf. “Observations on certain peculations in New France,” in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 1129. There is in Harvard College library a series of the printed reports and judgments in the matter.[1543]

Mr. Parkman has published in _The Nation_ (Apr. 15, 1886) an account of a MS. lately acquired by the national library at Paris, _Voyage au Canada dans le Nord de l’Amérique Septentrionale fait depuis l’an 1751 à 1761 par T. C. B._, who participated in some of the battles of the war; but the account seems to add little of consequence to existing knowledge, having been written (as he says, from notes) thirty or forty years after his return. It shows, however, how the army store-keepers of the French made large fortunes and lost them in the depreciation of the Canadian paper money.

NOTES.

=A.= INTERCOLONIAL CONGRESSES AND PLANS OF UNION.—The confederacy which had been formed among the New England colonies in 1643 had lasted, with more or less effect, during the continuance of the colonial charter of Massachusetts.[1544] As early as 1682 Culpepper, of Virginia, had proposed that no colony should make war without the concurrence of Virginia, and Nicholson, eight or ten years later, had advocated a federation. In 1684 there had been a convention at Albany, at which representatives of Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, and Virginia had met the sachems of the Five Nations.[1545] In 1693 Governor Fletcher, by order of the king, had called at New York a meeting of commissioners of the colonies, which proved abortive. Those who came would not act, because others did not come. In 1694 commissioners met at Albany to frame a treaty with the Five Nations, and Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey were represented. A journal of Benjamin Wadsworth, who accompanied the Massachusetts delegates, is printed in the _Mass. Hist. Collections_, xxii. 102. This journal was used by Holmes in his _Amer. Annals_, 2d ed., i. p. 451.

Such were the practical efforts at consolidating power for the common defence, which the colonies had taken part in up to the end of the seventeenth century. We now begin to encounter various theoretical plans for more permanent unions.[1546] In 1698 William Penn devised a scheme which is printed in the _New York Colonial Documents_, iv. 296. In the same year Charles Davenant prepared a plan which is found in Davenant’s _Political and Commercial Works_, vol. ii. p. 11.[1547] In 1701 we find a plan, by a Virginian, set forth in an _Essay upon the government of the English plantations_;[1548] and one of the same year (May 13, 1701) by Robert Livingston, suggesting three different unions, is noted in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, iv. 874.

In 1709 another temporary emergency revived the subject. Colonel Vetch convened the governors of New England at New London (Oct. 14) for a concert of action in a proposed expedition against Canada, but the failure of the fleet to arrive from England cut short all effort.[1549] Again in 1711 (June 21) the governors of New England assembled at the same place, to determine the quotas of their respective colonies for the Canada expedition, planned by Nicholson; and later in the year, the same New England governments invited New York to another conference, but it came to naught.

In 1721 there was a plan to place a captain-general over the colonies. (Cf. a Representation of the Lords of Trade to the King, in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, v. p. 591.)

On Sept. 10, 1722, Albany was the scene of another congress, at which Pennsylvania and New York joined to renew a league with the Five Nations; and a few days later (Sept. 14), Virginia having joined them, they renewed the conference. (Cf. _N. Y. Col. Docs._, v. 567.)

The same year, 1722, Daniel Coxe,[1550] in his _Carolana_, offered another theory of union.

In June, 1744, George Clinton, of New York, submitted to a convocation of deputies from Massachusetts a plan of union something like the early New England confederacy. The Six Nations sent their sachems.

On July 23, 1748, there was another conference for mutual support at Albany, at which the Six Nations met the deputies of New York and Massachusetts.

In 1751, Clinton, of New York, invited representatives of all the colonies from New Hampshire to South Carolina to meet the Six Nations for compacting a league. The journal of the commissioners is in the _Mass. Archives_, xxxviii. 160.[1551]

In 1751, Archibald Kennedy, in his tract _The importance of gaining and preserving the friendship of the Indians to the British interest considered_, N. Y., 1751, and London, 1752 (Carter-Brown, iii. 955, 975), developed a plan of his own.[1552]

In 1752 Governor Dinwiddie advocated distinct northern and southern confederacies.

In June, 1754, the most important of all these congresses convened at Albany,[1553] under an order from the home government. The chief instigator of a union was Shirley,[1554] and the most important personage in the congress was Benjamin Franklin, who was chiefly instrumental in framing the plan finally adopted, though it failed in the end of the royal sanction as too subversive of the royal prerogative, while it lost the support of the several assemblies in the colonies because too careful of the same prerogative. Franklin himself later thought it must have hit a happy and practicable mean, from this diversity of view in the crown and in the subject.

This plan, as it originally lay in Franklin’s mind, is embodied in his “Short Hints towards a Scheme for uniting the Northern Colonies,” which is printed in _Franklin’s Works_.[1555] This draft Franklin submitted to James Alexander and Cadwallader Colden, and their comments are given in _Ibid._, pp. 28, 30, as well as Franklin’s own incomplete paper (p. 32) in explanation.

It was Franklin’s plan, amended a little, which finally met with the approval of all the commissioners except those from Connecticut.

This final plan is printed, accompanied by “reasons and motives for each article,” in Sparks’s ed. of _Franklin’s Works_, i. 36.[1556]

An original MS. journal of the congress is noted in the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, iii. no. 1,067. The proceedings have been printed in O’Callaghan’s _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, ii. 545; in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vi. 853; in _Pennsylvania Col. Records_, vi. 57; and in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections_, xxv. p. 5, but this last lacks the last day’s proceedings. Cf. rough drafts of plans in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, vii. 203, and _Penna. Archives_, ii. 197; also see _Penna. Col. Rec._, v. 30-97. There are some contemporary extracts from the proceedings of the congress of 1754 in a volume of _Letters and Papers_, iv. (1721-1760), in Mass. Hist. Soc. Library.

We have four accounts of the congress from those who were members.[1557]

Pownall read (July 11, 1754) at the congress a paper embracing “Considerations towards a general plan of measures for the colonies,” which is printed in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vi. 893, and in _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 197.

At the same time William Johnson brought forward a paper suggesting “Measures necessary to be taken with the Six Nations for defeating the designs of the French.” It is printed in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vi. 897; _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 203.

Shirley (Oct. 21, 1754) wrote to Morris, of Pennsylvania, urging him to press acquiescence in the plan of union. (_Penna. Archives_, ii. 181.)

Shirley’s own comments on the Albany plan are found in his letter, dated Boston, Dec. 24, 1754, and directed to Sir Thos. Robinson, which is printed in the _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 213, and in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vi. 930. During this December Franklin was in Boston, and Shirley showed to him the plan, which the government had proposed, looking to taxing the colonies for the expense of maintaining the proposed union. Franklin met the scheme with some letters, afterwards brought into prominence when taxation without representation was practically enforced. These Franklin letters were printed in a London periodical in 1766, and again in _Almon’s Remembrancer_ in 1776. They can best be found in Sparks’s ed. of _Franklin’s Works_, vol. iii. p. 56.[1558]

Livingston’s references to the congress are in his _Review of Military Operations_ (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vii. 76, 77).

A list of the delegates to the congress is given in _Franklin’s Works_, iii. 28, in Foster’s _Stephen Hopkins_, ii. 226, and elsewhere.

The report of the commissioners on the part of Rhode Island is printed in the _R. I. Col. Records_, v. 393. The report of the commissioners of Connecticut, with the reasons for rejecting the plan of the congress, is in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vii. 207, 210.

There is much about the congress in the _Doc. Hist. New York_, i. 553-54; ii. 545, 564, 570-71, 589-91, 605, 611-15, 672.

Of the later accounts, that given by Richard Frothingham in his _Rise of the Republic_ is the most extensive and most satisfactory.[1559]

After the Albany plan had been rejected by the Massachusetts assembly, another plan, the MS. of which in Hutchinson’s hand exists in the _Mass. Archives_, vi. 171,[1560] was brought forward in the legislature. It was intended to include all the colonies except Nova Scotia and Georgia. It failed of acceptance. It is printed in the appendix of Frothingham’s _Rise of the Republic_.

Pownall suggested, in his _Administration of the Colonies_, a plan for establishing barrier colonies beyond the Alleghanies, settling them with a population inured to danger, so that they could serve as protectors of the older colonies, in averting the enemy’s attacks. Franklin shared his views in this respect. (Cf. _Franklin’s Works_, iii. 69, and also _Pennsylvania Archives_, ii. 301, vi. 197.)

Among the Shelburne Papers (_Hist. MSS. Commissioners’ Report_, no. 5, p. 218) is a paper dated at Whitehall, Oct. 29, 1754, commenting upon the Albany congress, and called “A Representation[1561] to the King of the State of the Colonies,” and “A Plan for the Union of the Colonies,” signed August 9, 1754, by Halifax and others.[1562] This was the plan already referred to, presented by the ministry in lieu of the one proposed at Albany, which had been denied. Bancroft (_United States_, orig. ed., iv. 166) calls it “despotic, complicated, and impracticable.” It is named in the draft printed in the _New Jersey Archives_, 1st ser., viii., Part 2d, p. 1, as a “Plan by the Lords of Trade of general concert and mutual defence to be entered into by the colonies in America.”

In the interval before it became a serious question of combining against the mother country, two other plans for union were urged. John Mitchell (_Contest in America_) in 1757 proposed triple confederacies, and in 1760 a plan was brought forward by Samuel Johnson. (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii. 438.)

=B.= CARTOGRAPHY OF THE ST. LAWRENCE AND THE LAKES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.—Various extensive maps of the St. Lawrence River were made in the eighteenth century. Chief among them may be named the following:—

There is noted in the _Catal. of the Lib. of Parliament_ (Toronto, 1858, p. 1619, no. 65) a MS. map of the St. Lawrence from below Montreal to Lake Erie, which is called “excellent à consulter,” and dated 1728.

Popple’s, in 1730, of which a reduction is given in Cassell’s _United States_, i. 420.

A “Carte des lacs du Canada, par N. Bellin, 1744,” is in Charlevoix, iii. 276.

A map of Lake Ontario by Labroguerie (1757) is noted in the _Catal. of the King’s Maps_ (Brit. Mus.), ii. 112.

General Amherst caused sectional maps to be made by Captain Holland and others, which are noted in the _Catal. of the King’s Maps_ (Brit. Mus.), i. 608.

Subsequent to the conquest of 1760, General Murray directed Montresor to make a map of the St. Lawrence from Montreal to St. Barnaby Island. This is preserved. (_Trans. Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec_, 1872-73, p. 99.)

Maps in Bellin’s _Petit Atlas Maritime_, 1764 (nos. 4 to 8).

Jefferys’ map of the river from Quebec down, added to a section above Quebec, based on D’Anville’s map of 1755, is in Jefferys’ _Gen. Topog. of North America, etc._, 1768, nos. 16, 17.

The edition of 1775 is called _An exact Chart of the River St. Lawrence from Fort Frontenac to Anticosti (and Part of the Western Coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence), showing the Soundings, Rocks, and Shoals, with all necessary Instructions for navigating the River, with Views of the Land, etc., by T. Jefferys_. It measures 24 × 37 inches, and has particular Charts of the Seven Islands; St. Nicholas, or English Harbor; the Road of Tadoussac; Traverse, or Passage from Cape Torment.

A map engraved by T. Kitchen, in Mante’s _Hist. of the Late War_, London, 1772, p. 30, shows the river from Lake Ontario to its mouth, defining on the lake the positions of Forts Niagara, Oswego, and Frontenac; and (p. 333) is one giving the course of the river below Montreal.

In the _Atlantic Neptune_ of Des Barres, 1781, Part ii. no. 1, is the St. Lawrence in three sheets, from Quebec to the gulf; Part ii., no. 16, has the same extent, on a larger scale, in four sheets; Part ii., Additional Charts, no. 8, gives the river from the Chaudière to Lake St. Francis, in six sheets, as surveyed by Samuel Holland.

Moll made a survey of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1729. The most elaborate map is that of Jefferys (1775), which measures 20 × 24 inches, and is called _Chart of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, composed from a great number of Actual Surveys and other Materials, regulated and connected by Astronomical Observations_.

There is a chart of Chaleur Bay in the _North American Pilot_ (1760), nos. 14, 15; and of the Saguenay River, by N. Bellin, in Charlevoix, iii. 64.

=C.= THE PEACE OF 1763.—The events in Europe which led to the downfall of Pitt and to the negotiations for peace are best portrayed among American historians in Parkman[1563] and Bancroft.[1564]

The leading English historians (Stanhope, etc.) can be supplemented by the _Bedford Correspondence_, vol. iii. Various claims and concessions, made respectively by the English and French governments, are printed from the official records in Mills’ _Boundaries of Ontario_ (App., p. 209, etc.). See also the _Mémoire historique sur la négociation de la France et de l’Angleterre depuis le 26 Mars, 1761, jusqu’au 20 septembre de la même année, avec les pièces justificatives_, Paris, 1761.[1565]

As soon as Quebec had surrendered there grew a party in England who put Canada as a light weight in the scales, in comparison with Guadaloupe, in balancing the territorial claims to be settled in defining the terms of a peace. The controversy which followed produced numerous pamphlets, some of which may be mentioned.[1566]

The surrender of Canada was insisted upon in 1760 in a _Letter addressed to two great men on the prospect of peace, and on the terms necessary to be insisted upon in the negotiation_ (London); and the arguments were largely sustained in William Burke’s _Remarks on the Letter addressed to two great men_ (London, 1760), both of which pamphlets passed to later editions.[1567]

Franklin, then in London, complimented the writers of these tracts on the unusual “decency and politeness” which they exhibited amid the party rancor of the time. This was in a voluminous tract, which he then issued, called _Interest of Great Britain considered with regard to her colonies and the acquisition of Canada and Guadaloupe_, London, 1760.[1568] In this he repelled the intimation that there was any disposition on the part of the Americans to combine to throw off their allegiance to the crown, though such views were not wholly unrife in England or in the colonies.[1569] He also advocated, in a way that Burke called “the ablest, the most ingenious, the most dexterous on that side,” for the retention of Canada, insisting that peace in North America, if not in Europe, could only be made secure by British occupancy of that region.[1570]

The preliminaries of peace having been agreed upon in November, 1762, and laid before Parliament, the discussion was revived.[1571] The ratification, however, came in due course,[1572] and the royal proclamation was made Oct. 7, 1763.[1573]

=D.= THE GENERAL CONTEMPORARY SOURCES OF THE WAR, 1754-1760.—During the war and immediately following it, there were a number of English reviews of its progress and estimates of its effects, which either reflect the current opinions or give contemporary record of its events.

Such are the following:—

John Mitchell’s _Contest in America between Great Britain and France, with its consequences and importance_, London, 1757.[1574] It was published as by “an impartial hand.”

W. H. Dilworth’s _History of the present War to the conclusion of the year 1759_, London, 1760.[1575]

Peter Williamson’s _Brief account of the War in North America, containing several very remarkable particulars relative to the natural dispositions, tempers, and inclinations of the unpolished savages, not taken notice of in any other history_, Edinburgh, 1760,[1576]—a book of no value, except as incidentally illustrating the dangers of partisan warfare.

_A review of Mr. Pitt’s Administration, second edition, with alterations and additions_, London, 1763. This particularly concerns that minister’s policy in America.

John Dobson’s _Chronological Annals of the War_ (Apr. 2, 1755, to the signing of the preliminaries of peace), Oxford, 1763.[1577]

John Entick’s _General History of the late War ... in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America_, London, 1764, 5 vols.[1578] The author was a schoolmaster and maker of books. Some contemporary critics speak disparagingly of the book. It includes numerous portraits and maps.

_History of the late War from 1749 to 1763._ Glasgow, 1765.

J. Wright’s _Complete History of the late War, or Annual Register of its rise, progress, and events in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America_. _Illustrated with heads, plans, maps, and charts._ London, 1765.[1579]

Capt. John Knox’s _Historical Journal of the campaigns in North America for the years 1757, 1758, 1759, and 1760, containing the most remarkable occurrences, the orders of the admirals and general officers, descriptions of the country, diaries of the weather, manifestos, the French orders and disposition for the defence of the colony_, London, 1769, 2 vols.[1580]

_The beginning, progress, and conclusion of the late War_, London, 1770.[1581]

Thomas Mante’s _History of the late War in North America, including the campaign of 1763 and 1764 against his Majesty’s Indian enemies_, London, 1772. Mante was an engineer officer in the service, but he did not share in the war till the last year of it.[1582] The book has eighteen large maps and plates. It has been praised by Bancroft and Sparks.

As a supplement to the accounts of the war, we may place Major Robert Rogers’s _Concise account of North America_, London, 1765;[1583] a description of the country, particularly of use as regards the region beyond the Alleghanies, with accounts of the Indians.

The best contemporary English monthly record before 1758 is to be found in the _Gentleman’s Mag._, but occasional references should be made to other magazines.[1584] After 1758 the monthly accounts yield in value to the yearly summary of Dodsley’s _Annual Register_.

Respecting the French territory of North America, the readiest English account is Thomas Jefferys’ _Natural and Civil History of the French Dominions in North and South America_, London, 1760.[1585] Charlevoix is largely used in the compilation of this work, without acknowledgment.

Foremost among the special histories of the war, which were contemporary on the French side, is the _Mémoires sur la dernière guerre de l’Amérique Septentrionale_, written by Pouchot, of the regiment of Bearn, who twice surrendered his post, at Niagara and Lévis. The book bears the imprint of Yverdon, 1781,[1586] is in three volumes, and has been published in an English version with the following title:—

_Memoir upon the late war in North America, between the French and English, 1755-60, followed by observations upon the theatre of actual war, and by new details concerning the manners and customs of the Indians, with topographical maps, by M. Pouchot, translated by Franklin B. Hough, with additional notes and illustrations._ Roxbury, Massachusetts. 1866.[1587] 2 vols.

The Literary and Historical Society of Quebec[1588] published in 1838 contemporary _Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760, avec cartes et plans_. It was reprinted in 1876. The original MS. has a secondary title, “Mémoires du S—— de C——, contenant l’histoire du Canada durant la guerre et sous le gouvernement anglais.” The introduction to it as printed suggests that its author was M. de Vauclain, an officer of marine in 1759.

Concerning the _Histoire de la guerre contre les Anglois_, Geneva, 1759-60, two volumes, Rich[1589] says it relates almost entirely to the war in America, and cites Barbier as giving the authorship to Poullin de Lumina.[1590]

There is a contemporary account of the campaigns, 1754-58, preserved in the Archives de la Guerre at Paris, which is ascribed to the Chevalier de Montreuil, and is given in English in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 912. In the _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 439, it is made a part of an extensive series of documents relating to the period of the French occupation of western Pennsylvania.

Among the Parkman MSS. is a series called _New France_, 1748-1763, in twelve volumes, mainly transcripts from the French Archives, with copies of some private papers, all supplementing the selection which Dr. O’Callaghan printed in his _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vol. x.

The papers of this period make a part of the review given by Edmond Lareau in his “Nos Archives,” in the _Revue Canadienne_, xii. 208, 295, 347. A paper on the “Archives of Canada,” by a former president of the Lit. and Hist. Society of Quebec, Dr. W. J. Anderson, describes the labors of that society, which have been aided by an appropriation from the government to collect and arrange the historical records.[1591] Of a collection made by Papineau from the Paris Archives, in ten volumes, six were burned in the destruction of the Parliament House in 1849. The transcripts of Paris documents in the Mass. Archives, having been copied for the Province of Quebec, have been included in the publication, issued in four quarto volumes, under the auspices of that province, and called _Collection de manuscrits contenant lettres, mémoires, et autres documents historiques relatifs à la Novvelle-France, recueillis aux archives de la province de Québec, ou copiés à l’étranger_. _Mis en ordre et édités sous les auspices de la législature de Québec._ [Edited by J. Blanchet.] (Quebec. 1883-85.)[1592]

It was a stipulation of the capitulation at Montreal in 1760 that all papers held by the French which were necessary for the prosecution of the government should be handed over by the French officials to the victors. These are now supposed to be at Ottawa.[1593]

The papers from the Public Record Office (London) from 1748 to 1763, and referring to Canada, occupy five volumes of the Parkman MSS., in the cabinet of the Mass. Historical Society.[1594]

The State of New York, in its _Documentary Hist. of New York_ and its _New York Col. Docs._; New Jersey, in its _New Jersey Archives_; and Pennsylvania in its _Colonial Records_ and _Pennsylvania Archives_, have done much to help the student by printing their important documents of the eighteenth century.

In New England, Massachusetts has done nothing in printing; but a large part of her important papers are arranged and indexed, and a commission has been appointed, with an appropriation of $5,000 a year,[1595] to complete the arrangement, and render her documents accessible to the student, and carry out the plan recommended by the same commission,[1596] whose report (Jan., 1885) was printed by the legislature. It gives a synopsis of the mass of papers constituting the archives of Massachusetts. Dr. Geo. H. Moore, in Appendix 5 of his _Final Notes on Witchcraft_, details what legislative action has taken place in the past respecting the care of these archives.

The other New England States have better cared for their records of the provincial period; New Hampshire having printed her _Provincial Papers_, Rhode Island and Connecticut their _Colonial Records_.[1597]

* * * * *

Certain historical summaries—contemporary or nearly so—of the English colonies are necessary to the study of their conditions at the outbreak and during the progress of the war.

First, we have an early French view in George Marie Butel-Dumont’s _Histoire et Commerce des Colonies Angloises dans l’Amérique Septentrionale_, 1755. A portion of it was issued in London in a translation, as _The Present State of North America_, Part i.[1598]

The Summary of Douglass has been mentioned elsewhere,[1599] and it ends at too early a date to include the later years of the wars now under consideration.

The work of Edmund Burke, _An Account of the European Settlements in America_, though published in 1757, was not able to chronicle much of the effects of the war. It has passed through many editions.[1600]

M. Wynne’s _General History of the British Empire in America_, London, 1770,[1601] 2 vols., is in some parts a compilation not always skilfully done.

Smith’s _History of the British Dominions in America_ was issued anonymously, and Grahame (ii. 253) says of it that it “contains more ample and precise information than the composition of Wynne, and, like it, brings down the history and state of the colonies to the middle of the eighteenth century. It is more of a statistical than a historical work.”

_A History of the British Dominions in North America_ (London, 1773, 2 vols. in quarto) was a bookseller’s speculation, of no great authority, as Rich determined.[1602]

William Russell, the author of a _History of America from its discovery to the conclusion of the late war_ [1763], London, 1778, 2 vols. in quarto, was of Gray’s Inn,[1603]—the same who wrote the _History of Modern Europe_, which, despite grave defects, has had a long lease of life at the hand of continuators. His _America_ has had a trade success, and has passed through later editions.

_A New and Complete History of the British Empire in America_ (London) is the running-title of a work issued in numbers in London about 1756. It was never completed, and has no title-page.[1604]

Jefferys’ _General Topography of North America and the West Indies_, London, 1768, has a double title, French and English. It is the earliest publication of what came later to be known as _Jefferys’ Atlas_, in the issues of which the plates are inferior to the impression in this book.[1605]

The special histories of two of the colonies deserve mention, because their authors lived during the war, and they wrote with authority on some of its aspects. These are Thomas Hutchinson’s _Hist. of Massachusetts Bay_,[1606] and William Smith’s _History of the Province of New York_.[1607] The latter book, as published by its author, came down only to 1736, though, being written during the war, he anticipated in his narrative some of its events. He, however, prepared a continuation to 1762, and this was for the first time printed as the second volume of an edition of the work published by the New York Hist. Society in 1829-30. In editing this second volume, the son of the author says that his father was “a prominent actor in the scenes described,” which are in large part, however, the endless quarrels of the executive part of the government of the province with its assembly. Parkman characterizes Smith as a partisan in his views. Smith acknowledges his obligations to Colden for “affairs with the French and Indians, antecedent to the Peace of Ryswick;” and while he follows Colden in matters relating to the English, he appeals to Charlevoix for the French transactions.[1608]

Two special eclectic maps of the campaigns of the war may be mentioned:—

Bonnechose, in his _Montcalm et le Canada Français_, 5th ed., Paris, 1882, gives a “Carte au théâtre des opérations militaires du M^{r.} de Montcalm, d’après les documents de l’époque.”

In L. Dussieux’s _Le Canada sous la domination française_ (Paris, 1855) is a general map “pour servir a l’histoire de la Nouvelle France, ou du Canada, jusqu’en 1763, dressées principalement d’après des matériaux inédits conservés dans les Archives du ministère de la Marine, par L. Dussieux, 1851.”

As an instance of the curious, perverse error which could be made to do duty for cartographical aids, reference may be made to a publication of Georg Cristoph Kilian, of Augsburg, in 1760, entitled _Americanische Urquelle derer innerlichen Kriege des bedrängten Teutschlands ... historisch verfasset durch L. F. v. d. H._

=E.= THE GENERAL HISTORIANS OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH COLONIES.—The bibliography of the general histories of Canada has been already attempted,[1609] and to the sources of such bibliography then given may be added M. Edmond Lareau’s _Histoire de la Littérature Canadienne_ (Montreal, 1874), for its chapter (4th) on Canadian historians; and Mr. J. C. Dent’s _Last forty years of Canada_ (1881), for its review of the historians in its chapter on “Literature and Journalism.” New France and her New England historians is the subject of a paper in the _Southern Review_ (new series, xviii. 337).

It is not necessary here to repeat in detail the enumeration of the historians, both French and English, which have been thus referred to.

The leading historian of Canada in the French interests is, without question, François Xavier Garneau, the earlier editions of whose _Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu’à nos jours_ have been mentioned elsewhere;[1610] the final revision of which, however, has since appeared at Montreal (1882-83) in a fourth edition in four volumes, accompanied by a “notice biographique” by Chauveau.[1611] English writers question his clearness of vision, when his national sympathies are evoked by his story, and there are some instances in which they accuse him of garbling his authorities. It must be confessed, however, that the disasters of the French do not always elicit Garneau’s sympathy, and his own compatriots have not all approved his reflections upon Montcalm for his last campaign.

Among the later of the French writers on the closing years of the French domination, Mr. J. M. Lemoine, of Quebec, is conspicuous. Such of his writings as are in English have been gathered in part from periodicals, and principal among them are his _Quebec Past and Present_, and its sequel, _Picturesque Quebec_, beside his collection of _Maple Leaves_, in two series (Quebec, 1863, 1873).[1612]

Jean Langevin delivered at the Canadian Institute, in Quebec, a series of lectures on “Canada sous la domination française” (1659-1759), which have appeared in the _Journal de Québec_.

The latest of the French chronicles are Eugène Réveillaud’s _Histoire du Canada et des Canadiens français de la découverte jusqu’à nos jours_, Paris, 1884 (pp. 551, with map), and Benjamin Sulte’s _Histoire des Canadiens français_, 1608-1880 (Montreal, 1882-1884), in eight thin quarto volumes, with illustrations, including portraits of the Canadian historians and antiquaries, Pierre Boucher, Jacques Viger, Garneau, L. J. Papineau, Michel Bibaud, Aubert de Gaspé, Ferland, Abbé Casgrain, and E. Rameau.

The Abbé J. A. Maurault’s _Histoire des Abénakis depuis 1605 jusqu’à nos jours_, Quebec, 1866, covers portions of the wars of Canada in which those Indians took part.

* * * * *

The _American Annals_ of Dr. Abiel Holmes was published in Cambridge (Mass.) in 1805. It is a book still to inspire confidence, and “the first authoritative work from an American pen which covered the whole field of American history.”[1613] Libraries in America were then scant, but the annalist traced where he could his facts to original sources, and when he issued his second edition, in 1829, its revision and continuation showed how he had availed himself of the stores of the Ebeling and other collections which in the interval had enriched the libraries of Harvard College and Boston. Grahame[1614] gives the book no more than just praise when he calls it perhaps “the most excellent chronological digest that any nation has ever possessed.”

The history of the colonies, which formed an introduction to Marshall’s _Life of Washington_, was republished in Philadelphia in 1824, as _History of the Colonies planted by the English on the Continent of North America to the commencement of that war which terminated in their independence_.

James Grahame was a Scotchman, born in 1790, an advocate at the Scottish bar, and a writer for the reviews. By his religious and political training he had the spirit of the Covenanters and the ideas of a republican. In 1824 he began to think of writing the history of the United States, and soon after entered upon the work, the progress of which a journal kept by him, and now in the library of Harvard College, records. In Feb., 1827, the first two volumes, bringing the story down to the period of the English revolution, were published,[1615] and met with neglect from the chief English reviews. As he went on he had access to the material which George Chalmers had collected. He finished the work in Dec., 1829; but before he published these closing sections a considerate notice of the earlier two volumes appeared in January, 1831, in the _North American Review_, the first considerable recognition which he had received. It encouraged him in the more careful revision of the later volumes, which he was now engaged upon, and in Jan., 1836, they were published.[1616] His health prevented his continuing his studies into the period of the American Revolution. In 1837 Mr. Bancroft had in his _History_ (ii. 64) animadverted on the term “baseness,” which Grahame in his earliest volumes had applied to John Clarke, who had procured for Rhode Island its charter of 1663, charging Grahame with having invented the allegations which induced him to be so severe on Clarke. Mr. Robert Walsh and Mr. Grahame himself repelled the insinuation in _The New York American_, and a later edition of Mr. Bancroft’s volume changed the expression from “invention” to “unwarranted misapprehension,” and Mr. Grahame subsequently withdrew the term “baseness,” which had offended the local pride of the Rhode Islanders, and wrote “with a suppleness of adroit servility.” It is not apparent that either historian sacrificed much of his original intention. Josiah Quincy defends Grahame’s view in a note to his memoir of the historian prefixed to the Boston edition of his _History_, in which Grahame had said he was incapable of such dishonesty as Bancroft had charged upon him. Bancroft wrote in March, 1846, a letter to the _Boston Courier_, calling the retort of Grahame a “groundless attack,” and charging Quincy, who had edited the new edition of Grahame, with giving publicity to Grahame’s personal criminations. Quincy replied in a pamphlet, _The Memory of the late James Grahame, Historian, vindicated from the charges of Detraction and Calumny, preferred against him by Mr. George Bancroft, and the Conduct of Mr. Bancroft towards that Historian stated and exposed_, in which use was also made of material furnished by the Grahame family, and thought to implicate Mr. Bancroft in literary jealousy of his rival.[1617] Grahame was not better satisfied with the view which Mr. Quincy had taken of the character of the Mathers in his _History of Harvard University_. “The Mathers are very dear to me,” Grahame wrote to Quincy, “and you attack them with a severity the more painful to me that I am unable to demur to its justice. I would fain think that you do not make sufficient allowance for the spirit of their times.” This difference, however, did not disturb the literary amenities of their relations; and Grahame, in 1839, demurred against Walsh’s proposition to republish his _History_ in Philadelphia, for fear he might be seeming to seek a rivalry with Mr. Bancroft on his own soil. Three years later, July 3, 1842, Mr. Grahame died, leaving behind him a corrected and enlarged copy of his _History_. Subsequently this copy was sent by his family for deposit in the library of Harvard College, and from it, under the main supervision of Josiah Quincy, but with the friendly countenance of Judge Story and of Messrs. James Savage, Jared Sparks, and William H. Prescott, an American edition of _The History of the United States of North America, from the Plantation of the British Colonies till their Assumption of National Independence_, in four volumes, was published in Boston in 1845, accompanied by an engraved portrait after Healy.

Excluding Parkman’s series of histories, upon which it is not necessary to enlarge here after the constant use made of them in the critical parts of the present volume, the most considerable English work to be compared with his is Major George Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_, edited by Eliot Warburton, and published in London in two volumes in 1849, and reprinted in New York in 1850. He surveys the whole course of Canadian history, but was content with its printed sources, as they were accessible forty years ago.

Among the other general American historians it is enough to mention in addition Bancroft,[1618] Hildreth,[1619] and Gay;[1620] and among the English, Smollett,[1621] who had little but the published despatches, as they reached England at the time, and Mahon (Stanhope), who availed himself of more deliberate research, but his field did not admit of great enlargement.[1622] The _Exodus of the Western Nations_, by Viscount Bury, is not wholly satisfactory in its treatment of authorities.[1623]

Henry Cabot Lodge’s _Short History of the English Colonies_ (N. Y., 1881) has for its main purpose a presentation of the social and institutional condition of the English colonies at the period of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765; and the condensed sketches of the earlier history of each colony, which he has introduced, were imposed on the general plan, rather unadvisedly, to fill the requirements of the title. He says of these chapters: “They make no pretence to original research, but are merely my own presentation of facts, which ought to be familiar to every one.”

=F.= BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NORTHWEST.—Concerning the historical literature of the States of the upper lake region and the upper Mississippi, a statement is made in Vol. IV. p. 198, etc. Since that was written some additions of importance have been made. The _Northwest Review, a biographical and historical monthly_, was begun at Minneapolis in March, 1883; but it ceased after the second number. In Nov., 1884, there appeared the first number of the _Magazine of Western History_, at Cleveland.

The two most important monographs to be added to the list are:—

S. Breese’s _Early history of Illinois, from 1673 to 1763, including the narrative of Marquette’s discovery of the Mississippi. With a biographical memoir by M. W. Fuller. Edited by T. Hoyne_. Chicago, 1884; and Silas Farmer’s _History of Detroit and Michigan: a chronological cyclopædia of the past and present, including a record of the territorial days in Michigan and the annals of Wayne county_. Detroit, 1884,—the latter the most important local history yet produced in the West. The first volume of the _Final Report of the Geological Survey of Minnesota_, by Winchell, adds something to the early cartography of the region, and gives an historical chart of Minnesota, showing the geographical names and their dates, since 1841. The Historical Society of Minnesota has added a fifth volume (1885) to the _Collections_, which is largely given to the history of the Ojibways.

The Historical Society of Iowa having ceased to publish the _Annals of Iowa_ in 1874 (1863-1874, in 12 vols.), a new series was begun in 1882 by S. S. Howe, but the society declined to make it an official publication, and began the issue of a quarterly _Iowa Historical Record_ in 1885.

On the Canada side the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba have been issuing since 1882, at Winnipeg, its Reports, Publications, and Transactions.

INDEX.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book, if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are made when additional information about the book is conveyed.]

Abbott, J. S. C., _Maine_, 163.

Abenakis, 421; memoir on, 430.

Abercorn (Georgia), 372, 373, 379, 401.

Abercrombie, General, 154; to succeed Webb, 508; autog., 521; to attack Crown Point, 521; blunders in his attack on Ticonderoga, 522; does not bring up his cannon, 523; retreats, 523 (_see_ Ticonderoga); his letters, 597; authorities on his defeat, 597.

Abington (Mass.), history of, 461; Acadians in, 461.

Acadia, power of England nominal, 407; in French hands, 407; harassed by Benj. Church, 407; restored to France, 407; ceded to England by treaty of Utrecht (1713), 408; wars in, 407; the English settlers ask to be set up as the province of Georgia, 474; Anburey’s view of bounds, 474; maps of the eighteenth century, 474; _Geographical History of Nova Scotia_, 475; sessions of commissioners in Paris (1755) to define bounds, 475; earliest grant to De Monts, 475; the French constantly shifted their ground, 475; French policy in, under Jonquière, 9; under Galissonière, 11; French population, 409; critical essay on sources of its history, 418; authorities on its wars, 420; contemporary French _Mémoires_ on the French claim, 473; correspondence of Albemarle with Newcastle, 475; _Mémoires des Commissaires du Roi_, etc., 475; two editions of it, 475; the French view in _A Summary View of Facts_, 475; _Memorials of the English and French Commissaries_, 476; memorial of Shirley and Mildmay (1750), 476; _Mémoires_ of the French (1750), 476; maps and bounds of, 472; map by Lahontan, 473; _Memorial_ (1751), 476; _Mémoire_ (1751), 476; _Memorial_ (1753) signed by Mildmay and Ruvigny de Cosne, 476; concession to Thomas Gates (1606), 476; to Sir Wm. Alexander (1621), 476; other early papers, 476; act ceding Acadia to France (1667-68), 476; reports of the French and English commissioners (1755) compared, 477; reprints of the French edition at Copenhagen, 477; papers (1632-1748) from French archives, 459; papers in library at Ottawa, 459; manuscripts quoted in the French report, 477; _Répliques des Commissaires anglois_, 477; map of French claim, 478; of English claim, 479; early grants mapped out, 478, 479; _Conduct of the French with regard to Nova Scotia_, 482; _A fair representative_, 482; French readiness to yield the Kennebec if pressed, 482.

Acadian coast (Mississippi River), 463.

Acadians in Canada, 57; captured at Beauséjour, 452; were they neutral? 455; their qualified loyalty, 455; unqualified submission required by Lawrence, 455; the French depend on their assistance, 455; could hostages have been taken? 455; deportation resolved upon, 455; their lands coveted, 455; necessity in war, 455; guilelessness claimed for them, 456; Raynal and other sympathizers, 456; their mixed blood, 457; migrations of families, 457; their houses, 457; their habits, 457; religious training, 457; influenced by Le Loutre, 457; mutations of opinion respecting them, 457, etc.; “Evangeline and the Archives of Nova Scotia”, 459; diverse views of the number deported, 460, 461; method of their transportation, 461; families separated, 461; ports where they were landed, 461; the colonies which received them, 461, etc.; refused in Boston to sign petition to the king, 461; signed one in Philadelphia, 462; not received (1762) in Boston, 462; Governor Bernard’s estimate of them, 462; Galerm’s _Relation_, 462; became widely scattered, 463; erroneous views of their fate, 463; many returned to Nova Scotia, 463; the Madawaska settlements, 463; intercepted in endeavoring to return, 463. _See_ French Neutrals, Nova Scotia.

Acquia Creek, 277.

_Acta Upsaliensia_, 241.

Adaes, missions, 39, 40.

Adair, Jas., _History American Indians_, 68.

Adams, Amos, _Concise History of New England_, 435.

Adams, C. K., 354.

Adams, Hannah, _New England_, 159; portrait, 160.

Adams, Herbert B., _Germanic Origin of New England Towns_, 169; edits _Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science_, 271; _Maryland’s Influence upon Land Sessions to the United States_, 271; _Maryland’s Influence in founding a National Commonwealth_, 271.

Adams, John, _Novanglus_, 613; in Rhode Island, 153; on Shirley, 144.

Adams, Sam., his Commencement part, 139.

Addington, Isaac, 92; autog., 425.

Addison, Jas., _Spectator_, 107.

Admiralty, Court of, 96.

Aigrement, Sieur d’, 560.

Ainsworth, _John Law_, 77.

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 10, 11, 148, 449, 476, 490; Bedford correspondence, 476.

Akins, Thomas B., arranges records of Nova Scotia, 458; edits _Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, 418, 459; on the first council at Halifax, 450.

Alatamaha river, 359, 375.

Albach, James R., _Annals of the West_, 53.

Albany, 236; bibliog. of, 249; history by Weise, 249; congress at in 1748, 612; congress of 1754, 150, 205, 495; its plan rejected, 150; congress of 1754, authorities on, 612; instigated by Shirley, 612; journal, 612; proceedings printed, 612; accounts of by members, 612; Shirley urged acquiescence, 613; list of delegates, 613; reports of the commissioners of the colonies, 613; the minister’s plan proposed in lieu, 613; the society pictured in Mrs. Grant’s _American Lady_, 509; in Kalm’s _Travels_, 509; officers billeted on the people, 510; plans of the town, 508, 509; other maps, 508; Fort Frederick at, 509; Schuyler house at, 252; Van Rensselaer house, 252; trade with Montreal, 567; treaty at (1701) surrendering Iroquois country to the English, 564; treaty (Sept., 1722), 245, 485, 563, 611.

Albee, John, _Newcastle_ (N. H.), 140.

Albemarle, Duke of, 286; autog., 287.

Alden, Capt. John, 420.

Aldrich, P. E., 169.

Alexander, James, on the congress of 1754, 612.

Alexander, N., map of frontier posts, 85.

Alexander, S. D., 247.

Alexander, W., letters to Shirley on the Niagara campaign, 583.

Alexander, Sir Wm., Earl of Sterling, 587; claims in Acadia (1621), 476, 479; his grant in Acadia as defined by English and French, 478, 479.

Alexandria (Acadia), 479.

Alexandria (Virginia), Braddock’s conference at, 495; his headquarters, 495.

Alibamons, 42, 66, 70, 86.

_All Canada in the hands of the English_, 609.

_All the Year Round_, 394.

Allard, _Minor Atlas_, 234.

Alleghany Mountains, spelling of the name, 8.

Allegheny city, 8.

Allen, Ethan (Maryland), 271.

Allen, Ethan (Vermont), _Concise Refutation_, etc., 179; _Present State of the Controversy_, 179; _Proceedings of the Government of New York_, 178; _Animadversary Address_, 178; _Vindication, etc._, 178, 179.

Allen, Ira, _History of Vermont_, 178, 179.

Allen, J. A., _Bibliog. of Cetacea_, 345.

Allen, Samuel, 110.

Allen, Wm., _Norridgewock_, 431.

Allsop, Geo., 603.

Almon, John, _Anecdotes_, 613.

Amelia Sound, 375.

America, maps of, 234.

_American Architect_, 169.

_American Commonwealths_, a series of histories, 271.

_American Magazine_ (Boston), 158.

_American Magazine_ (Philadelphia) (published 1741), 248; (1757-58), 248.

_American Military Pocket Atlas_, 527.

_American Weekly Mercury_, 248.

Ames, Ellis, edits _Massachusetts Province Laws_, 167; on the Vernon expedition, 135.

_Ames’s Almanac_, 455.

Amherst, General Jeffrey, 154; autog., 527; portraits, 531; as a soldier, 533; siege of Louisbourg, 464; at Lake George (1759), 536; builds Fort George, 536; occupies and repairs Ticonderoga, 536; his army sick, 537; occupies and strengthens Crown Point, 537; communicates with Wolfe by way of the Kennebec, 538; advances on the lake, but returns to Crown Point for winter quarters, 540; advances on Montreal, 556; surrounds it, 558; captures it, 558; his campaign of 1759, 601; letters, 233, 601; his family, 601; his campaign of 1760, 608; on the capture of Fort Lévis, 609; causes maps of the St. Lawrence to be made, 614; correspondence with Johnson on the campaign of 1760, 608; made Knight of the Bath, 610; his instructions to Prideaux, 601; orders to Rogers (1760), 610; reasons for taking the St. Lawrence route (1760), 610; his correspondence with the Nova Scotia authorities, 610.

Amory, M. B., _Copley_, 141.

Anastase, Father, 17.

Anburey, T., _Travels_, 284.

Anbury, Père, on bounds of Acadia (1720), 474.

Ancram, 224.

Andastes, 484.

Anderson, Adam, 364.

Anderson, Hugh, 399.

Anderson, John, 219.

Anderson, W. J., on the Acadians, 459; “Archives of Canada”, 617; _Military Operations at Quebec_, 1759-1760, 608.

Anderson, W. T., 574.

Anderson, _American Colonial Church_, 272, 282.

Andover (Mass.), histories of, 184, 461; Acadians in, 461.

Andros, Sir Edmund, imprisoned, 87; sent to England, 87; in Virginia, 91, 265, 278; papers on his period in Massachusetts, 165.

Andros, Fort, 181.

Anger, Sieur, 238.

Anger, map of Lake Champlain, 485.

Angerville, Mouffle d’, _Vie privée de Louis XV._, 75.

Annapolis Basin, map by Bellin, 429; other maps, 429.

Annapolis Royal (_see_ Port Royal), garrison at, 165; under Samuel Vetch, 408; threatened by the French, 410, 413; journal of capture (1710) 419; view of, 423; map of vicinity, 428; view of Annapolis Gut, 429; old block house at, 429; papers concerning, 429; governor at (1714-1748), 459.

Annapolis (Md.), 260.

Anne Arundel (Annapolis), 260.

Anne, Queen, dies, 103, 113.

_Annual Register_, 606. _See_ Dodsley.

Anson, Fort, 187.

Anthony’s Nose (Hudson), 237.

Apalache (Palachees) Bay, 70.

Apalatchees, 319.

Appleton, William S., 186; medals on Siege of Quebec, 603; on the medals of Louisbourg, 471.

Apthorp and Hancock (Boston), 461.

Archdale, John, autog., 344; _Carolina_, 344; sent to pacify Carolina, 316.

Argoud, 14, 16.

Arkansas (Arcanças), 82.

Armor, W. C., _Governors of Pennsylvania_, 249.

Armstrong, Edw., 242.

Armstrong, John, 581.

Armstrong, Lawrence, 409.

Arnold, R. D., 401.

Arnold, S. G., _Rhode Island_, 163.

Arnold, Theodore, 344.

Arrowsick Island, 118; Indian conference at (1717), 424.

Arthur, T. S. (with W. H. Carpenter), _History of Georgia_, 406.

Arthur, W., on Wesley, 403.

Arundel, Earl of, 335.

Ash, Thomas, _Carolina_, 340.

Ashley Lake, 340, 341.

Ashmead, H. G., _Chester_, 249.

Ashurst, Sir Henry, dies, 107, 111.

Ashurst, Sir Wm., 107.

Aspinwall Papers, 608.

Atkins’s _America’s Messenger_, 248.

Atkinson, Sec., letter on Lake George battle (1755), 584.

Atkinson, Theo., 139, 180.

Atkinson, T. C., on Braddock’s march, 500.

_Atlantic Souvenir_, 431.

_Atlas Amériquain_, 83.

_Atlas Maritimus_, 239.

Atwood, William, case of, 241.

Aubry, 535.

Auchmuty, Robt., autog., 434; _Importance of Cape Breton to the British Nation_, 434; letters, 436.

Azilia, margravate of, 360.

Babson, J. J., _Gloucester_, 169.

Backus, Isaac, _New England_, 159; his life by Hovey, 159.

Bacon’s rebellion in Virginia, authorities on the penal proceedings, 263.

Bagley, Colonel Jonathan, 508, 585; orderly book, 598.

Baie Verte, 9, 451

Bailey, S. L., _Andover_, 184, 461.

Bailly, _Histoire Financière de la France_, 77.

Baird, C. W., _Huguenots’ Emigration to America_, 98, 247.

Baird, R., _Religions in America_, 246.

Baker, Margaret, 186.

Baker, Captain Thomas, 186.

Balch, Thomas, _Les Français en Amérique_, 574; _Paper on Provincial History of Pennsylvania_, 243.

Baldwin, C. C., _Indian Migrations in Ohio_, 564.

Baldwin, S. E., 177.

Balise, 66.

Baltimore, Charles, third lord, dies, 260; fourth lord, Benedict, 260; fifth lord, Charles, 260; sixth lord, Frederick, 261; his portrait, 262; notes on the family, 271.

Baltimore (city), commemoration of its founding, 261, 271; _Memorial Volume_, 271; plans, 272; the earliest directory, 272; earliest view, 272.

Bancroft, Geo., controversy with Grahame, 620; owns Chalmers’s paper on Carolina, 352, 354; on the relations of European politics, 166; on Carolina history, 355; gives plan of siege of Louisbourg (1745), 444; used by Parsons, 444.

Bancroft, H. H., on Moncacht Apé, 78.

_Bangor Centennial_, 430.

Banks, projects to found, in Mass., 170.

Banque Royale of Law, 34.

Banyar, Goldsbrow, his diary, 594.

Baptists in New England, 159; in Pennsylvania, 246; In Virginia, 282.

Barbadoes, explorers from, on the Carolina coast, 288; map in Ogilby, 472; relations with Carolina, 306.

Barbé Marbois, _Louisiane_, 68.

Barber, John, 182.

Barlow, S. L. M., 592.

Barnes, Albert, _Life and Times of Davies_, 578.

Barnwell, Colonel, 322; his march (1711), 345; defeats Tuscaroras, 298.

Barré, Isaac, at Quebec, 543.

Barrington, Geo., governor of Carolina, 300, 301; account of North Carolina, 356.

Barrow, Thomas, 600.

Barry, John S., _Massachusetts_, 162.

Barry, Wm., 424.

Bartlett, J. R., “Naval History of Rhode Island”, 410.

Barton, Ira M., 98.

Bartram, John, _Observations_, 244.

Bartram, William, 244; describes Whitefield’s Orphan House (1765), 404.

Basire, Jas., 337.

Bass, Benj., _Journal of Expedition against Fort Frontenac_, 599.

Basse, Jeremiah, 219.

Bassett, Wm., _Richmond, N. H._, 179.

Bastide, J. F., _Mémoire Historique_, 614; views and plans of Louisbourg, 448.

Bateman, Edmund, 400.

Bathurst, Sir Francis, 377.

Baton Rouge, 82.

Battles, K. P., _History of Raleigh_ (N. C.), 355.

Baxter, Rev. Jos., journal, 424.

Bay of Fundy, earliest shown in maps, 472.

_Bay State Monthly_, 432.

Bay Verte. _See_ Baie.

Bayagoulas, 18, 19, 66, 70.

Bayard, Nicholas, _Account of his trial_, 241.

Bayley, Jos., Jr., 464.

Beaford, Arthur, 364.

Bearcroft, Philip, 400.

Beardsley, E. E., 120; on Yale College, 102; on the Mohegan land controversy, 111; his _Wm. Sam. Johnson_, 111, 601; on Dean Berkeley, 142.

Beatson, _The Plains of Abraham_, 606.

Beatty, Charles, _Journal_, 246.

Beaubois, 44.

Beaufort (S. C.), fort at, 332.

Beauharnois, Governor, 7; autog., 7; confers with the Onondagas, 567; letter (1726), 561; meets the Six Nations (1745), 568; on Oswego, 567.

Beauharnois, Fort, 7.

Beaujeu at Duquesne, 497; sent against Braddock, 497; notice of by Shea, 498, 580; pictures of, 498; his family, 498; killed, 498.

Beaumont, J. B. J. E. de, 610.

Beaurain, 36.

Beaurain, Jean de, _Journal Historique_, 63; MS. copies of it, 63, 64.

Beauséjour, Fort, map of, 451; built, 452; attacked, 452; taken, 415, 452; renamed Fort Cumberland, 452; French neutrals captured at, 452; plan of, 453; papers on the capture, 459.

Beauvilliers, De, his map, 81.

Beaver Creek (Ohio), 497.

Beck, L. C., _Gazetteer of Illinois_, 54.

Beckford, Wm., 601.

Beckwith, Bishop, 404.

Beckwith, H. W., _Illinois and Indiana Indians_, 564.

Bédard, T. P., 560.

Bedford, Duke of, on the reduction of Canada, 568.

Beekman, Henry, his lands, 237.

_Beginning, Progress, and Conclusion of the Late War_, 616.

Belcher, Andrew, autog., 425.

Belcher, Governor, 589; on Braddock’s defeat, 579; letter-books, 166; letters to Larrabee, 432.

Belcher, Jona., 109, 116; sent by Massachusetts to England, 131; made governor of Massachusetts, 131; governor of New Jersey, 221; dies, 222; and the Indians, 139; his character, 139.

Beletha, Wm., 364.

Belêtre at Detroit, 559; attacks German Flats, 520.

Belknap, Jeremy, his account of the Louisbourg expedition, 436; his papers, 166, 436; _New Hampshire_, 163; portraits, 163; forms Massachusetts Historical Society, 163; his life, 163; _Belknap Papers_, 163; correspondence with Hazard, 163.

Bellamy, George Anne, _Apology_, 577.

Bellin, J. N., and his maps, 429; his maps in Charlevoix, 81, 474; favors the French claims, 82, 83; maps of Cape Breton, 440; of Lake Champlain, 485; of Louisbourg, 439; of Montreal, 556; of Saguenay River, 614; of the St. Lawrence, 614; of Quebec, 549; _Neptune Français_, 429; _Hydrographie Française_, 429; _Petit Atlas Maritime_, 429; _Mémoires_, 429; _Remarques_, 83.

Bellingham, Governor, his widow dies, 103.

Bellomont, governor of New York, 194; his negative, 194; portrait, 97; governor of Massachusetts, etc., 97; in Boston, 98; character, 98; life by De Peyster, 98; dies, 102, 195; and the Iroquois, 483; _Propositions by the Five Nations_, 483, 560; correspondence with the French governor, 560.

Belmont, grand vicaire, 6.

Benezet, Huguenot in Philadelphia, 462.

Bennett, D. K., _Chronology of North Carolina_, 355.

Bennett, James, 404.

Bennett, account of New England (MS.), 168.

Bennington (Vt.), 178.

Benson, Eugene, 179.

Bentley, Rev. Wm., 89, 128.

_Bentley’s Magazine_, 603.

Benton, N. S., _Herkimer County_, 587.

Beresford, 76, 80.

Berkeley, George (Dean), 140, 141; portrait, 140; autog., 140; in Newport, 141; favors Yale College, 141; returns to England, 141; authorities on, 141; his letters, 141.

Berkeley, John, Lord, 286; autog., 287.

Berkely, Sir Wm., 286, 287; autog., 287.

Berkshire County (Mass.), histories, 188.

Bermuda, colony of Presbyterians at, 307; proposed college at, 141.

Bernard, Francis, governor of Massachusetts, 155; governor of New Jersey, 222; on the Indian conference, (1758), 245.

Bernetz on Montcalm’s death, 605.

Bernheim, G. D., _German Settlements in Carolina_, 345, 348.

Berniers, letters, 608.

Berriman, Wm., 400.

Berwick, Me., 105.

Best, Wm., 400.

Beverley, Robt., _History of Virginia_, 279.

Beverley family, 280; their mansion, 275.

Bexar archives, 69.

Bibaud, M., portrait, 619.

Bidwell, A., chaplain of the fleet at Louisbourg, 438.

Bienville, midshipman, 17, 18, 20; meets the English on the Mississippi, 20; at Biloxi, 21; on the Red River, 23; portrait and autog., 26, 73; would enslave Indians, 27; attacks the Natchez, 30; quarrels with Lamothe, 30; made commandant, 35; his titles, 35; arrives at New Orleans, 43; his downfall, 44; defended by La Harpe, 45; his memorial, 45; returns to Louisiana, 49; attacks the Chickasaws, 49; resigns, 50; correspondence, 72.

Bigot, J., 561; account of the Lake George battle (1755), 588; in France, 559; intendant, 57; his corruption, 10; at siege of Quebec (1759), 605.

Biloxi, deserted, 27; again deserted, 41, 43; fortified by Iberville, 19; position of, 22; sites of the two, 82. _See_ New Biloxi.

Biloxi bay, 66.

Binneteau, J., 561.

Bishop, J. L., _American Manufactures_, 118.

Black, Wm., journal, 247, 268, 566.

Blackbeard. _See_ Teach.

Blackburn, 150.

Blackman, E. C., _Susquehanna County_, 249.

Blackmoe, Nath., map of Annapolis Basin, 429.

Blackmore, 80.

Blackwell, John, 170; governor of Pennsylvania, 207.

Blagg, Benj., 257.

Blaikie, _Presbyterianism in New England_, 98, 132.

Blair, James, character of, 278; _Present State of Virginia_, 278; autog., 279; correspondence, 279; gets charter for William and Mary College, 264; character, 265.

Blake, Jos., in Carolina, 316; dies, 316.

Blakiston, Nathaniel, governor of Maryland, 260.

Blanc, Louis, _Révolution Française_, 77.

Blanchard, Jos., _Map of New Hampshire_, 485; his New Hampshire regiment at Lake George (1755), 584.

Blanchet, J., 459, 617.

Blodgett, Saml., _Prospective plan of the battle near Lake George_, 586; _Account of the Engagement_, 586; reëngraved in London, 586.

Blome, Richard, _Jamaica and Other Isles_, 341; _L’Amérique_, 88; _Present State_, 340.

Bloody Pond (Lake George), fight at, 504.

Board of Trade and Plantations, papers, 164.

Boardman, G. B., on printing in the middle colonies, 248.

Bobin, Isaac, _Letters_, 243.

Bogart, W. S., 361.

Bogue, David (with James Bennett), _History of Dissenters_, 404.

Bohé, on Acadia’s limits, 474.

Boimore, 68.

Boisbriant, 35, 52.

Boishebert, 610.

Boismare, MSS., 72.

Boismont, 55.

Bollan, Wm., 149; goes to England, 176; _Importance and Advantage of Cape Breton_, 434, 475; on the value of Cape Breton, 438.

Bolton, improves D’Anville’s maps, 235.

Boltwood, L. M., 187.

Bolzius, J. M., 374; portrait, 396.

Bombazeen, 106; killed, 127.

Bond, Rev. S., 308.

Bonnecamps, accompanies Céloron, 8; map of Céloron’s route, 570.

Bonnechose, C. de, _Montcalm et le Canada Français_, 607.

Bonnet, the pirate, 323.

Bonrepos, Chevalier de, 39. _See_ Vallette Laudun.

Book Auctions, early, in Boston, 121.

Boone, Thomas, 333; governor of New Jersey, 222.

Borgue, lake, 41.

Borland, John, 423.

Boscawen, Admiral Edward, sent to intercept Dieskau, 495; portrait and autog., 464.

Bossu, _Nouveaux Voyages_, 67; English translation, 67.

Boston, in 1692, 92; described by Bellomont, 99; by Ned Ward, 99; Acadians in, 461, 462; its centenary, 132; conferences with Indians at (1723, 1727), 430, 432; corn panic at, 110; fire in (1711), 109; fortified (1709), 122; picture of the light-house, 123; French plans for attacking, 420; printing in, 120; social life, (1730), 137; corps of Cadets, 137; town rates, 139; cost of maintaining the town’s affairs (1735), 139; importance of in Shirley’s time, 144; fear of D’Anville’s fleet, 147, 413; drama introduced, 150; Amherst’s army in, 154; town house burned (1747), 165; _Memorial History of Boston_, 169; _Distressed State of the Town of Boston_, 171; _News from Robinson Crusoe’s Castle_, 171; specie for the cost of the Louisbourg siege received, 176; views of, 108.

_Boston Gazette_, 121.

Boston Harbor, in Popple’s map, 134; on a larger scale, 143.

_Boston News Letter_, 106.

Bostwick, David, 579.

Boucher, Pierre, 619.

Boudinot, Elias, 225.

Bougainville, comes over with Montcalm, 505; sent to France, 532; above Quebec, 545, 546, 547; harasses Wolfe’s rear, 548; retires, 550; at Cap Rouge, 550; at Isle-aux-Noix, 556; unites with Bourlamaque, 556; letters, 599, 608; letter on attack on Fort William Henry, 594; his journal, 592, 594; on Montcalm’s death, 605.

Boulaix, fort, 41.

Bouquet, Colonel Henry, 595; with Forbes, 529; his map, 608.

Bourdonnais, 610.

Bourgmont, 55.

Bourinot, J. G., “Old Forts of Acadia”, 439.

Bourlamaque, comes over, 505; at Ticonderoga (1759), 536; evacuates, 536; abandons Crown Point, 537; at Isle-aux-Noix, 538; falls back before Murray, 555; on the battle of Ste. Foy, 609; his retreat before Amherst, 602; _Mémoire sur Canada_, 608; his letters, 608; papers, 605.

Bourmont, 55.

Bourne, E. E., _Garrison Houses_, 183.

Bournion, 55.

Bouton, Nath., _The Original Account of Lovewell’s Great Fight_, 431.

Bowen, Clarence W., _Boundary Disputes of Connecticut_, 177, 181.

Bowen, Daniel, _History of Philadelphia_, 252.

Bowen, Emanuel, _Geography_, 234, 352; _Map of Carolina_, 352.

Bowles, Carrington, 85.

Bownas, Samuel, 186.

Boylston, Dr. Zabdiel, and inoculation, 120.

Bradbury, Jabez, autog., 183.

Braddock, General, sent to Virginia, 494; landed, 495; holds conference at Alexandria, 495, 578; his mistake in moving by the Potomac, 495; finds the Pennsylvanians apathetic, 495; alienates the Indians, 496; his march, 496; plans of his march, 500; ambushed, 498; MS. plan of the battle, 498, 499; other plans, 498; Braddock’s horses shot, 500; views of the battle-field, 500; wounded, 500; dies, 500; his remains discovered, 501; his sash, 501; view of his grave, 501; his papers captured by the French, 501; his instructions, 575, 576; story of his defeat in England, 577; his early character, 577; his plan of campaign, 578; used Evans’s map, 84, 578; letters of his officers, 578; his orderly books, 578; contemporary accounts, 578; court of inquiry, 578; list of his officers, 579; his loss, 579; news of the defeat as sent north, 579; _The Expedition of Maj.-Gen. Braddock_, 579; French accounts of his defeat (_see_ Monongahela), 580; list of captured munitions, 580.

Bradford, Alden, 164.

Bradford, Andrew, printer, 248; authorities on, 248.

Bradford, Wm., father of printing in the middle colonies, 248; his publications, 248; his genealogy, 248; prints New York Laws, 232.

Bradford, Colonel Wm., life by Wallace, 248.

Bradley, S. R., _Vermont’s Appeal_, 179.

Bradstreet, Colonel John, 436, 591; his report on his capture of Fort Frontenac, 527, 598; with Abercrombie, 522; letters, 233; commissary at Albany, 601; head of transportation service, 510; beats a French party, 510.

Bradstreet, Simon, restored to power, 87; dies, 96.

Brainerd, David, 246; life, by Jonathan Edwards, 246.

Brandon house, 275.

Brassier, Wm., survey of Lake Champlain, 485.

Brattleboro’ (Vt.), 127, 183.

Bray, Thomas, _Apostolic Charity_, 282; fac-simile of title, 283.

Breard, 610.

Breda, treaty at (1667), 476; part of Acadia restored to France, 478.

Breese, S., _Early History of Illinois_, 71, 622.

Brehm, Lieutenant, describes Ticonderoga, 537; sent to Lake Huron, 610; report to Amherst, 610.

Brevoort, J. C., 68.

Brewster, _Portsmouth, N. H._, 169.

Brickell, John, 301; _Natural History of North Carolina_, 344.

Bricks, imported, 226; made in America, 226.

Bridger, 116.

Briggs, C. A., _American Presbyterianism_, 132, 247.

Brinley, Francis, 176.

Brissot de Warville, _Nouveau Voyage_, 284.

British footguard (1745), 489.

British Museum, _Catalogue of prints, etc._, 114; _Catalogue of printed maps_, 233; MSS. in, 164, 617.

British soldier, 485; (1701-14), picture of, 109; of Wolfe’s time, 547.

Brock, R. A., edits Spotswood’s letters, 281; edits Dinwiddie’s letters, 281, 572; on Black’s journal, 566.

Brockland (Brooklyn), 254.

Brodhead, J. R., on Cornbury, 241.

Bromfield, Edw., autog., 425.

Bronson, Henry, _Connecticut Currency_, 170.

Brooker, Wm., 121.

Brookfield (Mass.), 184.

Brooklyn. _See_ Brockland.

Brooks, Noah, 424.

Broughton, Sampson, 237.

Broughton, Thomas, 332.

Brown, Andrew, on the Acadians, 458; intending a history of Nova Scotia, 458.

Brown, James, 208.

Brown, Richard, _Cape Breton_, 44; maps from, 441, 445.

Brown, Thomas, _Plain Narrative_, 186; _Sufferings and Deliverances_, 593.

Browne, Fox, _Life of John Locke_, 336.

Browne, Wm. Hand, edits Maryland records, 270; his _Maryland_, 271.

Bruce, Lewis, 400.

Brunswick (Me.), 181; _Remarks on the plan_ (1753), 474.

Bryan, Hugh, 352.

Bryan, Jona., 391.

Bryent, Walter, journal, 180; his regiment, 183.

Buache, 67, 82.

Buchanan, Geo., 353.

Buchanan, John, 603; _Glasgow_, 603.

Buckingham, Rev. Mr., journal of siege of Port Royal (1710), 423.

Buffalo Historical Society, 249.

Buffaloes, to be propagated, 21.

Buissonière, 50.

Bulkely, Secretary, 458.

Bull, Wm., 332, 352, 367, 370.

Bullard, H. A., 72.

Bundy, Richard, 364.

Burd, Colonel James, journal, 270.

Burgess, Colonel Elisha, 115.

Burgis, W., 123.

Burgiss, Wm., engraver, 252.

Burk, John, 593; _Virginia_, 280.

Burke, Edmund, on the Acadians, 457; _European Settlements in America_, 618; _Works_, 618; _Comparative Importance of the Commercial Principles_, 615.

Burke, Wm., _Remarks on the Letter addressed to Two Great Men_, 615.

Burling, Jas., 257.

Burling, Jno., 257.

Burlington (N. J.), 228.

Burnaby, Andrew, _Travels_, 168, 245, 284; various editions, 245.

Burnet, Governor Wm., _Answer to a Romish Priest_, 186; governor of New Jersey, 220; transferred to Massachusetts, 129, 220; governor of New York, 197; quarrels with the Massachusetts Assembly, 131; as a literary man, 131; dies, 131.

Burnwell, John, _Settlement on the Golden Islands_, 392.

Burrows, _Life of Lord Hawke_, 438.

Burton, General, 57.

Burton, John, 364, 400.

Burton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 591.

Bury, Viscount, on Braddock’s defea, 577; _Exodus of the Western Nations_, 138, 439, 621.

Bushrangers, 4.

Busk, H. W., _New England Company_, 169.

Butel-Dumont, G. M., _Histoire et Commerce des Colonies Angloises_, 617; _Present State of North America_, 617; notes on Jeffrey’s _Conduct of the French_, 482.

Butler, _Kentucky_, 265.

Byfield, Colonel, 113.

Byles, Mather, portrait, 128; poem on George II., 129; on Burnet, 130; and the Great Awakening, 135.

Bynner, E. L., 169.

Byrd, Wm., helps Stith in his Virginia, 280; on quit-rents of Virginia, 280; _Progress to the Mines_, 281; his character, 276; his library, 276; _History of Dividing Line_, 275; portrait, 275; Westover Papers, 275; letters, 282; runs line of Northern Neck, 276; _Byrd Manuscripts_, 276. _See_ Burd.

Cadet, Joseph, 57; in France, 559.

Cadillac, accounts of, 560; statue, 560; letters, 561.

Cadodaquais, 40.

Cadogan, George, _The Spanish Hireling_, 397.

Caffey Inlet, 338.

Cahokia, 80, 566.

Cajeans, 463. _See_ Acadians.

Calamy, Edmund, his _Increase Mather_, 125.

Caledonia (Acadia), 479.

Callender, Elisha, 119.

Callender, John, _Rhode Island Century Sermon_, 137.

Callières, 4; autog., 4.

Calvert, Benedict Leonard, 267.

Calvert, Charles, 261; on the boundary dispute of Maryland, 239.

Calvert, Sir George, 271.

Cameron, Baron, 276.

Cameron, Duncan, _Life and Adventures_, 579.

Campbell, Alex., letter from Quebec, 604.

Campbell, C., _Spotswood Family_, 281.

Campbell, D., _Nova Scotia_, 419.

Campbell, Major Duncan, 597.

Campbell, G. L., _Journal of Expedition by Oglethorpe_, 398.

Campbell, Lord Wm., 333.

Campbell, _Tryon County_, 587.

Camuse, Jacques, 387.

Canada in the eighteenth century, 5; population, 5, 7; commerce, 7, 60; postal service, 7; military posts (1752), 11; dual government, 57; controlled in France, 60; errors of historians, 64; attack on ordered (1709), 422; expedition (1710), 107; (1711), 108; military routes to, 557; surrendered, 558; cost of the invasion, 569; French summaries of events, 569; resources in 1759 failed, 600; paternal government, 600; compared with the English colonies, 600; her plunderers tried in France, 610; their trials, 610; her importance in settling the terms of peace (1763), 614; tracts cited, 615; Acadians in, 463; archives, 617; papers in public record office, 617; copies at Quebec, 459; list of them in _Réponse à un Ordre_, 459; _Collection de Manuscrits_, etc., 617; Chalmers’s papers, 354; _Mémoire_ (1682, etc.), 561; Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_, 621; _Picturesque Canada_, 549; _Royal Society Transactions_, 452.

_Canadian Antiquarian_, 279.

_Canadian Monthly_, 439.

Canso, fort at, plan, 467; surprised by the French, 145, 410, 434.

Canzes, 55.

Cap Rouge (near Quebec), 550, 552.

Cape Baptist, view of, 449.

Cape Breton, _Importance and Advantage of Cape Breton truly stated_, 422, 438; _The Great Importance of Cape Breton_, 439; _Accurate Description of Cape Breton_, 439; _Memoir of the Principal Transactions_, 439; map of, 481; by Bellin, 440; by Des Barres, 440; by Kitchin, 440; map of coast (1753), 475; tracts for and against retaining it at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 438; _Importance and Advantage of Cape Breton considered_, 438; _Two Letters_, 438; wars in, 407.

Cape Carteret, 288.

Cape Cod, in Popple’s map, 134.

Cape Diamond (Quebec), 544.

Cape Fear River, 288; settlement at, 288; fort at, 303; English at, 338; on early map, 338.

Cape Hatterash (Hatteras), 338.

Cape Hope (N. C.), 338.

Cape Romano, 288, 338.

Cape Sable Indians, 103, 434.

Cape Tourmente, 542.

Cape. _See_ names of capes.

Capefigue, J. B. H. R., _Opérations Financières_, 77.

Captivities (class of books), 186, 590.

Capuchins in Louisiana, 43, 44.

Carew, Bampfylde Moore, 252.

Carey, Thomas, 297.

Carillon. _See_ Ticonderoga.

Carleton, Guy, 603; at Quebec, 543.

Carlisle, Pa., treaty at (1753), 245.

Carlyle, _Frederick the Great_, 606; on Wolfe’s victory, 607.

Carmelites in Louisiana, 43.

Carmichael, Sir James, 608.

Carmichael-Smyth, Sir James, _Précis of the Wars in Canada_, 608.

Carolinas, history of, 285; proprietary government, 285; grants (1663-1729), shown in a map, 285; Comberford’s map (1657), 285; this region variously called, 286; origin of name “Carolina” or “Carolana”, 286; names of proprietors, 286, 287; Clarendon County, 288; it disappears, 293; Craven County, 289; Albemarle County, 289; Chowan Colony, 289; purposes of the proprietors, 290; their charters, 290, 477; they oppose democratic tendencies, 291; fundamental constitutions, 291; their provisions, 291; titles, 291; Church of England established, 292; land tenure in, 292; surrendered to the crown, 361; Acadians in, 463. _See_ North and South Carolina.

Carolines (coin), 230.

Carpenter, Geo., 364.

Carpenter, J. C., “Old Maryland”, 272.

Carpenter, W. H., 405.

Carr, Lucian, on the mounds of the Mississippi and on women among the Iroquois, 23.

Carr’s Fort, 375.

Carroll, B. R., _Historical Collections of South Carolina_, 355, 404.

Carroll, Chas., _Journal to Canada_, 594; his mansion, 272.

Carter, C. W., _York County, Pa._, 249.

Carter, Robert, 267.

Carteret, Lord, his share of Carolina not sold to the crown, 301.

Carteret, Sir George, 286; autog., 287.

Carteret, conveys land to the trustees of Georgia, 361.

Carthagena, taken, 69.

Caruthers, W. A., _Knights of the Horseshoe_, 563.

Carver, Jona., _Travels_, 594.

Casco Bay, Indian treaty at, 432.

Casgrain, Abbé, portrait, 619.

Cass papers, 561.

Cassell, _United States_, 239.

Cassiques, in Carolina, 291.

Castin, the younger, 122.

Castle William (Boston), plan of, 108.

Catawbas, 490, 567; language, 356.

Catesby, Mark, _Natural History of Carolina_, 350.

Cathcart papers, 604.

Catholics excluded from Georgia, 364; in Maryland, 259, 260, 262; and the treaty of 1763, 615.

Caton family mansion, 272.

Catskill Creek, 237.

Caughnawaga, 4, 186, 487.

Causton, Thomas, 380.

Cayuga Historical Society, 249.

Céloron de Bienville, his expedition, 8, 490, 569; authorities, 8; inscription on his plates, 9; his plates found, 9, 570; map showing where they were buried, 569, 570.

Cerisier, A. M., _Remarques sur les Erreurs de Raynal_, 457.

Cevallos, Pedro, 69.

Chabert, Joncaire, 610.

Chabert, J. B., _Voyage_, 475.

Chaigneau, L., 561.

Chaleur Bay, map, 614.

Chalmers, Geo., _Opinions of Eminent Lawyers_, 261; _Political Annals_, 352, 354; refuses aid to Williamson, 352; Grahame’s use of his papers, 352, 353, 354, 620; his papers, 352; _Introduction to the History of the Colonies_, 353; edited by Sparks, 353; autog., 353; on Virginia, 278; on Maryland, 271, 278.

Chamberlain, Mellen, on the Massachusetts Records, 165.

Chambers, G., _Irish and Scotch in Pennsylvania_, 249.

Chambers, _Eminent Scotsmen_, 76.

Champigny, Chev. de, 73; _Etat Présent de la Louisiane_, 67.

Champlain, his notion of bounds of Acadia, 479.

Champlain, Lake, misplaced in the Dutch maps, 88, 234; French grants on, 238; first occupied by the French, 567; maps of, 485; surveys, 485; Popple’s map, 486.

Chandler, P. W., _American Criminal Trials_, 241.

Chandler, Rev. Sam., diary at Lake George, 586.

Channing, Edw., _Town and County Government_, 169, 281.

Chaouanons, 564. _See_ Shawnees.

Chaouchas, 41.

Chapais, Thomas, _Montcalm et le Canada_, 607.

Chapman, T. J., 563, 572; on Connecticut claims in Pennsylvania, 180.

Charlestown (N. H.), 183.

Charlestown (S. C.), _later Charleston_, plan by Crisp, 343; “South Carolina Society”, 349; map of vicinity, 351; of harbor, 351; founded, 290, 307; first site, 308; threatened by the Spaniards, 308; Albemarle Point, 308; town removed to Oyster Point, 308, 309; map of vicinity, 315; other early maps, 315; descriptions, 315; plantations on the rivers, 317; commerce, 317, 332; population, 317; slaves, 317; religion in, 317; attacked by the Spanish, 319; Popple’s plan of the town (1732), 330; view of town (1742), 331; name changed to “Charleston” (1783), 331; Oglethorpe at, 367; Spanish attack on, 342.

Charlevoix, on the bounds of Acadia, 473, 479; used by Jefferys, 616; his historical journal, 72; used in Smith’s _New York_, 618; _Nouv. France,_ 63; editions and translations, 63, 474; at New Orleans, 63; annotated by Dr. Shea, 63; portrait, 64; autog., 64; his maps (by Bellin), 474.

Charnock, _Biographia Navalis_, 437.

Chartres, Fort, 52, 69; visited by Charlevoix, 52; plan, 54; position, 55; described, 71.

Chase, E. B., _Over the Border_, 429.

Chase, G. W., _Haverhill_, 184.

Chasse, Father de la, 431.

Chasteaumorand, 16.

Chateauguay, 23.

Chatham, Lord, _Correspondence_, 467.

Chatkas, 66.

Chauncey, Chas., sermon on Louisbourg victory, 435, 438; and the Great Awakening, 135; _Seasonable Thoughts_, 135; _Letter to Whitefield_, 135; _Letter to a Friend_, 579; S_econd Letter to a Friend_, 586; _Two Letters to a Friend_, 587.

Chauncey, Isaac, 185.

Chaussegros de Léry, 556.

Chautauqua, 570.

Chauveau, on Garneau, 619.

Chebucto harbor. _See_ Halifax.

Chebuctou. _See_ Halifax. 450.

Checkley, John, 126; prints Leslie’s _Method_, 126; _Discourse concerning Episcopacy_, 126; in Providence, 126.

Chequins (coin), 230.

Cherokees, 25, 86, 345, 350, 359, 484, 567; Sir Alex, Cuming’s visit to, 392; maps of their country, 393, 484; depredating (1756), 333; make war, 333; forts built among, 332; _Some Observations on Campaigns_, 350; treaty with, 329.

Chesapeake Bay, maps of, 273, 472.

Chiaha River, 70.

Chickasaws, 25; (Chicazas), 70; (Chicachas), 82; attacked, 49, 50, 51, 52; _Journal de la Guerre contre les Chicachas_, 68.

Chignectou, plans, 452.

Child, Josiah, _New Discourse of Trade_, 119.

_Chimera_, 76.

Choate, John, 450, 591.

Choctaws, 25, 47; (Chactas), 83; (Chatkas), 86.

Chogage, 559.

Chouaguen, 511.

Chowan, river, 287.

Christ Church (Cambridge) chimes, 145.

Christie’s Surveys of New York, 238.

Christmas Day, 101; observance in New England, 118.

Chubb, surrenders Pemaquid, 96.

Church, Benj., _Entertaining Passages_, 420, 427; fac-simile of title, 427; his eastward expedition (1704), 420; divers estimates of his conduct, 421; at the eastward again, 106, 407, 408; sources on his career, 420.

Church, Thomas, prepares his father’s narrative, 427; edited by H. M. Dexter, 427.

Church of England in the colonies, 230.

Claiborne, J. F. H., _Mississippi_, 48, 71.

Clap, Roger, _Memoirs_, 137.

Clap, Thomas, _Yale College_, 102.

Clarendon, Earl of, 286; autog., 287.

Clarendon Historical Society, _Reprints_, 135.

Clark, H. A., 278.

Clarke, George, _Voyage to America_, 243.

Clarke, John, and the Rhode Island charter, 620.

Clarke, R. H., 271.

Clarke, Wm. (Boston), 490.

Clarke, Wm., _Observations on the Conduct of the French_, 430, 475.

Clarke, lieutenant-governor of New York, 200; suggests attack on Louisbourg, 434.

Clarke, _Wesley family_, 404.

Clavarack Creek, 237.

Clayton, John, _Observables in Virginia_, 278.

Cleaveland, Chaplain, 598.

Cleland, _Tombo-chi-qui_, 399.

Clement, J. P., _Portraits Historiques_, 77.

Clement, Thomas, plan of the Lake George battle (1755), reduced fac-simile, 586a, 586b.

Clérac, 44.

Cleveland, 559.

Clifton, Wm., 390, 391.

Clinton, Admiral Geo., 201; governor of New York, 201; autog. and seal, 202; retires, 203, 204; and the Six Nations, 147; his plan of union (1744), 611; invites (1751) a conference of the colonies, 612.

Clinton, De Witt, 570.

Clos, 610.

Coal mines, 225.

Cobb, Sylvanus, 146; projects a raid, 149.

Cochrane, J., 238.

Cochut, John, _Law, son système_, 77.

Cod-fish, emblem of Massachusetts, 177.

Cœur, Jean, 490.

Cohen, J. B., 356.

Cohoes fall, 236.

Coin, in use, 229; Spanish, 229; clipped, 229; counterfeit, 230.

Coke and Moore, _John Wesley_, 403.

Colburn, Jere., _Bibliography of Massachusetts_, 181.

Colden, Cadwallader, account of Lancaster treaty (1744), 566; on the congress of 1754, 612; on the Indian trade, 571; letters, 107; map of the Lakes and the Iroquois country, 83, 235, 238, 491; on Smith’s _New York_, 618; governor of New York, 206; autog. and seal, 206; _Papers on the Encouragement of the Indian Trade_, 235; his _Five Nations_, 235; his surveys of the Hudson river lands, 235-237; papers on New York, 241; a botanist, 241; his likeness, 241; his papers, 241; printed, 241; on the capture of Fort Lévis, 609.

Coleman, _Lyman Family_, 585.

Colleton, Sir John, 286; autog., 287.

Colleton, Sir Peter, 288, 306.

Colleton, Thos., 306.

Collins, _Kentucky_, 565.

Colman, Benj., 101, 126, 396; and the Great Awakening, 135; on Governor Burnet, 131; on the Indian wars, 432; on C. Mather, 157; letters, 168, 436; papers, 436; sermon before Shirley, 144; life by Turell, 168.

Colman, John, 124, 171; _Distressed State of Boston_, etc., 171.

Colonies, as understood by France and England, 59, 600; French method described, 61; English method, 61.

Columbia College, 248.

Comberford, Nicholas, his map of North Carolina coast (1657), 285.

Commerce, 118; in the colonies, 227; MS. sources, 232.

Common law, carried by English emigrants, 261.

Company of the Indies, 33 (_see_ Company of the West); surrenders its right, 49.

Company of the West, 31; absorbs other companies, 33 (_see_ Law, John; and “Company of the Indies”); _Recueil d’arrests_, etc., 65, 76.

Conant, H. C., _New England Theocracy_, 159.

Condon, F. F., 65.

Conestoga, 484; council at, 212.

Coney Island, 226, 254.

Congress of 1754, Georgia not represented, 391. _See_ Albany.

Connecticut, Chalmers papers on, 354; _Colonial Record_, 166, 617; legislative history, 166; financial history, 170; New London Society for trade, etc., 171; conservative in finances, 176; boundary controversies, 177; claims in Pennsylvania, 180; bounds on Massachusetts, 180; names of her towns, 181; local histories, 188; report of her commissioners on the Albany congress, 612, 613; defends her borders, 129; quiet career, 90; the Great Awakening in, 135; Governor Saltonstall dies, 143; Joseph Talcott succeeds, 143; her first press, 151; condition (1755), 151; authorities on her history, 163; her appeal in 1705, 164; map of, 88; sends troops to Massachusetts, 94; refuses Fletcher of New Jersey command of her militia, 94; her orthodoxy, 102; on Port Royal expedition, 107; her militia, 111; Fitz-John Winthrop, governor, 111; Mohegan case, 111; Gurdon Saltonstall, governor, 111; the Saybrook platform, 111.

Connecticut River, in Popple’s map, 134; the bounds of New York, 178; the Versche River of the Dutch, 234.

Connecticut Valley in the Indian wars, 184; plan, 184.

_Continental Monthly_, 268.

Contrecœur, autog., 493; commanding at Duquesne, 493; his official report on Braddock’s defeat, 580; letter, 574.

Convicts in Louisiana, 36.

Conyngham, Redmond, _Dunkers at Ephrata_, 246.

Coode, his quarrel with Nicholson, 260.

Cook, Eben, _Sot-weed Factor_, 272; _Sot-weed Redivivus_, 272.

Cook, Fort, 134.

Cook, the navigator, at Quebec, 543; _Life of Cook_, 545.

Cooke, Elisha, the elder, popular tribune, 87; in England, 87; his likeness, 89; champion of old conditions, 92; returns to Boston, 93; devises grants to the governors, 94; and Bellomont, 98; opposes Jos. Dudley, 103; who is finally reconciled, 113; dies, 113; his papers, 162.

Cooke, Elisha, the younger, 116; his portrait, 117; his _Just and Reasonable Vindication_, 117; sent to England, 124; loses favor, 133.

Cooke, J. E., _History of Virginia_, 280; _Stories of the Old Dominion_, 563; on the Westover mansion, 275.

Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley, 286; autog., 287.

Cooper, J. F., _Mohicans_, 595.

Cooper, General J. T., 232, 584.

Cooper, Peter, his view of Philadelphia, 258.

Cooper, Samuel, 586; _The Crisis_, 177.

Cooper, Wm., 135.

Coosa River, 359.

Coote, Richard. _See_ Bellomont.

Cope, Alfred, edits Penn and Logan letters, 242.

Copley, J. S., 169; life and works by Perkins, 141; by Martha B. Amory, 141.

Copley, Sir Lionel, 259.

Copper, in New Jersey, 225.

Coram, Thos., 364.

Corcoran, W. W., buys the Dinwiddie Papers, 572.

Cornbury, Lord, 111; autog., 192; in New Jersey, 192, 218; in New York, 195; his grant of land to Rip Van Dam, 236; in women’s clothes, 241; portrayed by Brodhead, 241; a profligate, 195; in prison, 196; recalled, 196; made Earl of Clarendon, 196.

Cornwallis, Edw., 410, 450; settles Halifax (N. S.), 414.

Coronelli and Tillemon’s map, 79, 473.

Corter’s Kill, 237.

Corvettes, 136.

Cosa, province of, 359.

Cosby, governor of New York, 193, 198; governor of New Jersey, 220; dies, 198.

Costebelle, Pastour de, 421.

Costume, preserved in portraits, 141.

_Cotton Papers_, 166.

Counties, origin of, 281.

County histories, 249.

Courtenay, W. A., 306; _Charleston Year Books_, 340.

Courtois, Alphonse, _Banques en France_, 75.

Coventry forge (Pennsylvania), 224.

Cox, W. W., 253.

Cox, _Bibliotheca Curiosa_, 137.

Coxe, Daniel, 335; _Carolana_, 13, 69, 72, 81, 611; his portrait, 611; plan of union for the colonies, 611; _Collection of Voyages_, 69; his map of Carolana, 69, 70; in New Jersey, 219, 220; his ship on the Mississippi, 20.

Cozas, 70.

Crafford, John, _Carolina_, 340.

Craft, journal of siege of Louisbourg, 438.

Craig, N. B., edits Stobo’s _Memoirs_, 575; _Olden Time_, 576; on Braddock’s defeat, 576; _Pittsburg_, 249; plan of Braddock’s march, 500.

Craven, Sir Anthony, dies, 322.

Craven, Colonel Chas., 320.

Craven, William, Lord, 286; autog., 287; palatine, 320.

Creasy, E. S., Essay on Montcalm, 607.

Creek Indians, 321; cede lands to Oglethorpe, 370; upper and lower, 370, 371; their country, 401.

Creigh, Alfred, _Washington County, Pennsylvania_, 249.

Cresap, Thomas, 261, 490; surveys a road over the mountains, 570; lives of, 272.

Cresap war, 272.

Crèvecœur, French at, 566.

Crisp, Edw., plan of Charlestown (S. C.), 343.

Croatoan, 338.

Croghan, Geo., explorer, 10, 490, 570; his journals, 10, 596, 610; list of Indian nations, 564; his statement, 575; transactions with the Indians, 570; his letter on Duquesne, 498.

Cromwell, his grant in Acadia according to English and French view, 478, 479.

Crown Point expeditions, 165; Massachusetts troops in, 585; French fort at, 7; occupied by the French (1731), 487; strengthened by Amherst, 537; fort built in 1731, plan of, 537; view of ruins at, 538; other plans and views, 538.

Crowne, _Memoirs_, 476.

Cross, _An Answer_, 582.

Crozat, Antony, permitted to trade, 28; his character, 28; his plans fail, 31.

Cullum, Geo. W., _Defences of Narragansett Bay_, 142.

Culpepper, John, 295; his rebellion, 311; tried, 295.

Culpepper, Lord Thomas, in Virginia, 263; portrait, 263; his financial schemes, 263; receives the northern neck, 276; his daughter marries Fairfax, 276; his letters, 282; proposes federation, 611.

Cumberland (Maryland), 493.

Cumberland, Fort (Acadia), 452; Des Barres’s map, 453.

Cumberland Island, 358.

Cuming, Sir Alexander, 329; aimed to establish trade with the Cherokees (1730), 392.

Cummings, C. A., 169.

Curren, Benj., 418.

Curteis, _Bampton Lectures_, 403.

Curwen, diary of siege of Louisbourg, 438.

Cusick, David, 233.

Custis family, 276.

Cutler, Timothy, 102; becomes Episcopalian, 120; in Boston, 120; and Harvard College, 126.

Cutter, A. R., 436.

Dabney, W. P., 282.

Daine, on Abercrombie’s defeat, 598.

Daire, Eugène, _Économistes Financiers_, 75, 77.

Dalcho, F. D., _Episcopal Church in South Carolina_, 341.

Dale, James W., _Presbyterians on the Delaware_, 247.

Dalhousie, Earl, 616; governor of Canada, 551.

Dallas, Geo. M., 258.

Dalton, Jos., 307.

Damariscotta River, 181.

Dame, Luther, 437.

Danforth, Samuel, 420.

Danforth, Thomas, 92, 131.

Daniel, Geo. F., _Huguenots in the Nipmuck Country_, 98, 184.

Daniel, Major, 317, 318.

Daniel, Colonel Robt., 296, 322.

Daniel, _Nos Gloires_, 14, 106.

Daniels, R. L., 463.

D’Anville, Admiral, sent to attack Boston, 147, 413, 487.

D’Anville, J. B., as geographer, 81; his map of Louisiana, 81; his _Œuvres Géog._, 81; _Amérique Septentrionale_, 81, 474; improved on Douglass, 475; map of 1746, 11; map of the St. Lawrence, 614; his map showing the claims of France, 83, 482; his _Mémoire_, 83; map of North America, improved by Bolton, 235; published by Homann, 235.

Dapper, Olfert, _Die unbekante Neue Welt_, 472; its maps, 472.

Darby, Wm., _Louisiana_, 81.

Darien Expedition, 77.

Darien (Georgia), 375, 377.

Darlington, Wm., 273.

Darlington, W. M., edits Smith’s _Remarkable Occurrences_, 579.

Darlington, Countess of, 113.

D’Aulnay, his territory in Acadia, 478, 479; his _Lettres-patentes_, 476.

Dauphin Island, 27, 28, 66, 70 (_see_ Massacre Island); siege of, 37.

Davenant, Charles, _Works_, 611; plan of uniting the colonies, 611.

Davidson and Struvé, _Illinois_, 71.

Davies, Samuel, _Sermon_, 578; account of, 578; _Works_, 579; on death of George II., 579.

Davis, Andrew McF., “Canada and Louisiana”, 1; _Journey of Moncacht-Apé_, 77.

Davis, Geo. T., on the St. Regis bell, 186.

Davis, J., _Welsh Baptists_, 247.

Davis, S., on the Moravians, 246.

Dawes, E. C., edits _Journal of Rufus Putnam_, 594.

Dawson, H. B., on the New Hampshire grants, 179; _Papers on the Boundary of New York and New Jersey_, 238; _Sons of Liberty_, 241.

Day, Mrs. C. M., _Eastern Townships_, 602.

Day, T., _Judiciary of Connecticut_, 166.

De Bow, J. D. W., 72; _Political Annals of South Carolina_, 355.

De Brahm, J. G. W., 391; (MS.) _History of the Three Provinces_, 401; account of South Carolina, 350; _Philosophico-Historico Hydrography_, 350; _Map of South Carolina_, 352; _Province of Georgia_, 401.

De Chambon, account of siege of Louisbourg (1745), 439.

De Costa, B. F., _History of Fort George_, 535; introduction to White’s _Episcopal Church_, 244; early Episcopacy in Virginia, 282; on the Shapley map, 337; on St. Regis, 186.

D’Estournelle, Vice-Admiral, 413.

De Fer, Nicholas, his maps, 80.

De Foe, Daniel, _Party Tyranny_, 342; _Case of Protestant Dissenters_, 342; _Captain Jack_, 284.

De Forest, _Indians of Connecticut_, 111.

De Haas, Wells, _Western Virginia_, 581.

D’Hébécourt, letters, 608.

De la Coone, 449.

De la Jonquière, Admiral, 413.

De Laet’s map of Carolina, 336.

De Lancey, E. F., on James De Lancey, 241.

De Lancey, James, memoir of, by E. F. De Lancey, 241; made chief justice of New York, 198; leader of popular faction, 202; becomes governor, 204; autog. and seal, 205; on the Congress of 1754, 205; resigns, 206; dies, 207; thwarts the New York government (1767), 569.

De Mille, on the Evangeline Country, 459.

De Peyster, J. W., on the French war, 621.

De Peyster, N., 233.

De Renne (_see_ Wymberley-Jones), 401.

De Voe, T. F., _Public Markets of New York_, 249.

Deane, Chas., on the bibliography of Hutchinson, 162; edits _Trumbull Papers_, 181; on Mather’s _Magnalia_, 156; on the Montcalm forgeries, 606; owns Vaughan’s Journal, 500.

Decanver’s bibliography of Methodism, 403.

Deerfield, 105; attacked, 185, 186; conference (1735) with Indians at, 433.

Delamotte, Charles, 377.

Delaville, Abbé, _État Présent_, 582.

Delaware, bounds of, fixed, 263; acquired by Penn, 207; “lower counties”, 209.

Delaware River, its source, 234.

Delawares on the Muskingum, 563; treaty (1757), 596.

Delisle, Claude, 80, 233; his maps, 80.

Delisle, Guillaume, 80; his maps, 80; map of Louisiana, 72; his map shows the French claims in Acadia, 474.

Denny, Wm., governor of Pennsylvania, 216.

Dent, J. C., _Last Forty Years of Canada_, 619.

Denys, his government in Acadia (1654), 478.

Derby, E. H., on the landbank, etc., 376.

Des Barres, _Atlantic Neptune_, 429; map of the St. Lawrence, 614.

Deschamps, Chas., 610.

Deschamps, Judge, 458.

Desgouttes, 464.

Detroit (1706), 561; attacked (1712), 561; attacked by the Foxes, 484; conferences at, 560; founded, 483; the French flee to (1759), 535; maps, 559, 560; accounts of, 560; French families, 560; papers on its founding, 560; surrendered (1760), 559, 610.

Dexter, Arthur, 141.

Dexter, F. B., _Founding of Yale College_, 102; _Biographical Sketches of Graduates_, 102; on names of Connecticut towns, 181.

Dexter, H. M., on Cotton Mather, 157; edits Church’s _Entertaining Passages_, 427; on John Wise, 108.

Dickinson, Jonathan, his house in Philadelphia, 258.

Didier, E. L., on the Baltimores, 271.

Diéreville, on the Acadians, 457; _Relation_, 422.

Dieskau, sent to Canada, 494; ordered to Lake George, 502; his line of march, 526; defeated by Johnson and Lyman, 504; wounded and taken, 504, 587; his map of his campaign (1755), 585; official report, 588; letters, 588, 589; commission and instructions, 588; thought to have inspired the _Dialogue entre le Maréchal Saxe et le Baron Dieskau_, 589; his statements in Diderot’s _Mémoires_, 589; his despatches said to be falsified, 589.

Digby, Edw., 364.

Dilworth, W. H., _History of the Present War_, 615.

Dinwiddie, Robt., governor of Virginia, 268; portrait and autog., 269; goes to England, 270; advocated (1752) northern and southern unions of the colonies, 612; his papers, 572; use of them by historians, 572; Sparks’s copies, 572; described by Henry Stevens, 572; bought by W. W. Corcoran, 572; given to Virginia Historical Society, 572; edited by R. A. Brock, 572; _Official Records_, 572, 281; precipitates conflict on the Ohio, 12; sends Washington’s expedition to Le Bœuf, 492; the disaster at Fort Necessity, 494.

Diron d’Artaguette, 27.

Diron, his map, 80.

Disosway, G. P., on the Huguenots, 247, 349.

Ditchley House, 275.

Dobbs, Arthur, 303; portrait, 304; governor of North Carolina, 304.

Dobson, John, _Chron. Annals of the War_, 574, 616.

Dockwa, 218.

Doddridge, Jos., _Notes of Virginia and Pennsylvania_, 581.

Dodge, W., edits Penhallow, 425.

Dodsley’s _Annual Register_, 616.

Dog dollars, 194, 229.

Dolberry, Capt., 92.

Dongan, Governor, a Catholic, 190.

Dongan’s laws, 232.

Donne, Robt., 307.

Doolittle, Rev. Mr., _Short Narrative_, 189.

Dorchester (S. C.), 379.

Doreil on Abercrombie’s defeat, 578; _Éloge sur Montcalm_, 605; sent to France, 532; Lake George battle (1755), 588; letters on his Paris mission, 600.

Dorr, Moses, 528.

Doubloons, 230.

Doucette, John, 409.

Douglass, David, 399.

Douglass, Captain James, 438.

Douglass, John, supposed author of _Letter Addressed to Two Great Men_, 615.

Douglass, Dr. William, on Dean Berkeley, 142; on the Great Awakening, 135; his map, 474, 475; on the maps of New England, 133; his _Summary_, 121, 158; on finances, 173; _Some Observations_, etc., 173; _Essay concerning Silver and Paper Currencies_, 174; _Discourse concerning the Currencies_, 174; rejoinders, 174; quarrel with Knowles, 158; with Shirley, 159; his character, 159; his style, 159; opposes inoculation, 120; on the siege of Louisbourg (1745), 146, 438, 439.

Doyle, John A., on Maryland history, 271; his _English in America_, 271, 356.

Drake, Samuel A., _Old Landmarks of Boston_, 169; _Old Landmarks of Middlesex_, 169; _Nooks and Corners of New England Coast_, 169.

Drake, Samuel G.. on Cotton Mather, 156, 157; _Early History of Georgia_, 392; edits Norton’s _Redeemed Captive_, 187; _Five Years’ French and Indian Wars_, 438; prints Phips’s instruction to commissioners, 450; _Tragedies of the Wilderness_, 421.

Drama, interdicted in Massachusetts, 150.

Draper, Lyman C., 74; on the expedition against the Shawanoes, 589; _Recollections of Grignon_, 580; on Stobo, 498.

Draper, Richard, 586.

Drucour, account of defences of Louisbourg, 467; diary of Louisbourg (1758), 464.

Drummond, Wm., governor of Albemarle in Carolina, 288.

Drysdale, Hugh, speeches in Virginia, 267.

Du Buisson, 561.

Du Guay, 16.

Du Poisson, 46.

Duane, Jas., _Rights of the Colony of New York_, 178; _Royal Adjudication concerning Lands_, etc., 178; _Collection of Evidence_, etc., 179; _State of the Evidence_, 179.

Duck, Stephen, 137.

Dudley, Jos., autog., 425; correspondence for a peace with Vaudreuil, 421; charged with trading illicitly with the French, 422; bitter tracts against, 422; _Memorial of the Present Deplorable State of New England_, 422; _A Modest Inquiry_, 422; _Deplorable State of New England_, 422; his letters, 166; made governor of Massachusetts, 103; his instructions, 103; comes to Boston, 104; his character, 104; quarrels with the Mathers, 104, 422; with the legislature, 105; conspires with Cornbury, 111; reappointed governor, 113; attacks Leverett, 119; imprisoned, 87; in New York, 91; would be governor, 95; at Isle of Wight, 95; opposed landbank, 170; on Walker’s expedition (1711), 561; instructions to Colonel Church, 420; at Casco, 420.

Dudley, Paul, 113; _Banks of Credit_, 171; his diary, 135.

Dudley, Wm., 185.

Dudley, Colonel Wm., 423.

Duhautchamp, 76; _Systéme des Finances_, 77.

Duke’s Laws, 231.

Dulany, Daniel, 578; on the Acadians, 462; on the Lake George battle (1755), 587.

Dumas, commands the French in Pennsylvania, 581; at Duquesne, 497; letter on Braddock’s defeat, 580.

Dummer, Jeremy, _Letter to a Friend_, 109, 562; _Defence of the New England Charters_, 121; made London agent, 107; _Letter to a Noble Lord_, etc., 109, 562; his portrait, 115; in England, 116; on the salary question in Massachusetts, 131; urged that the St. Lawrence was the proper boundary of New England, 422.

Dummer, Wm., lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, 116; portrait, 114; in power, 131; his treaty, 127, 432.

Dummer, Fort, 183.

Dummer’s war, 430.

Dumont, Butel, 67.

Dumont de Montigny, 73; his identity, 66; _Mémoires Historiques sur la Louisiane_, 65; his MS. map of Louisiana, 81; fac-simile of his engraved map, 82.

Dumplers. _See_ Dunkers.

Dunbar, Colonel, 496.

Dunbar, Colonel David, 139, 181.

Dunkers (Dunkards), 217, 246; authorities on, 246; their press, 246.

Duquesne de Menneville, Marquis, governor of Canada, 11, 566; his instructions, 571; _Mémoire_ on the Ohio, 498; sent expedition into the Ohio region (1753), 490; autog., 492.

Duquesne, Fort, _Registre du Fort_, 580; _Registres des Baptesmes_, etc., 589; expedition against (1758), 599.

Durell, Philip, _Particular Account of the taking of Cape Breton_, 438; cruising on the St. Lawrence Gulf, 540.

Dussieux, L., map of the old French war, 618.

Dustin, Hannah, 96.

Dutisné, 55.

Dutot, _Réflexions Politiques_, 75.

Duverger de Saint Blin, 610.

Duvergier, 51.

Duverney, P., _Examen_, 76.

Dwight, Sereno E., edits life of Brainerd, 246.

Dwight, Theodore, edits _Madam Knight’s Journal_, 423.

Dwight, Theo. F., 30.

Dwight, Timothy, _Travels_, 587, 594.

Earle, J. C., _English Premiers_, 596.

Earthquake (1755), 152; in New England (1727), 128; literature of, 128.

Eastburn, Robt., _Faithful Narrative_, 591.

Eastchurch, governor of Carolina, 294.

_Eastern Chronicle_ (New Glasgow, N. S.), 423.

Easton (Pa.), conference (1767), 596; (1758), 530; MS. records, 596; treaties at, 227, 245.

Eaton, S. J. M., _Venango County_, 249, 492.

Ebeling, C. D., translates Burnaby’s _Travels_, 245.

Ebenezer (Georgia), founded, 374, 375; referred to, 379, 401; plan of, 396, 401.

Echard, Lawrence, _Gazetteer_, 235.

Echols, John, journal, 270.

_Eclectic Magazine_, 603.

Eden, Charles, governor of Carolina, 299.

Edenton (N. C.), 300.

Education, common school, 237; in the middle colonies, 247.

Edwards, Jonathan, 133; his _Faithful Narrative_, 133; _Some Thought_, etc., 133; _Life of David Brainerd_, 246; edited by Sereno E. Dwight, 246.

Edwards, Morgan, _Baptists in Philadelphia_, 247.

Edwards, T., 273.

Effingham. _See_ Howard.

Eggleston, Edward, on colonial life, 118, 168, 371; _Colonists at Home_, 141.

Egle’s _Notes and Queries_, 249; _Historical Register_, 249.

Egleston, N. H., _Williamstown_, 187.

Egmont MSS., 141.

Eliot tracts, 169.

Elliott, Benj., _Report of Historical Commission of Charleston Library Association_, 312.

Ellis, Geo. E., on the Massachusetts royal governors, 147; on Judge Sewall, 167; on the Mather diaries, 168; _Red Man and White Man_, 460.

Ellis, Henry, 391.

Elizabeth, N. J., 254.

_Encyclopédie Méthodique_, 77.

Endress, Christian, _History of the Dunkers_, 246.

Enfield, Conn., 180.

Engel, Samuel, _Mémoires Géographiques_, 77.

English claims in North America, 235; maps of, 235.

English Colonies, the plan of union, 611; proposed by the ministry, 613 (_see_ Albany, Congress of); a triple confederacy proposed, 613; compared with the French, 56; copies of their charters, 394; _Essay upon the Government of the English Plantations_, 611; general historians of, 619; populations (1755), 151; books on their condition, 617. _See_ Colonies.

_English Historical Review_, 578.

_English Pilot_, 234, 474.

English traders in the Mississippi Valley, 25.

Entick, John, _General History of the Late War_, 616; on the Acadians, 457; on the siege of Louisbourg (1758), 467.

Ephrata, Dunkers at, 246.

Episcopacy in the colonies, Chalmers’s paper on, 354.

Episcopal church in Carolina, 341, 342; in the middle colonies, 244.

Erie (Pennsylvania), 492.

Erie Indians destroyed, 564; history of, 564.

Errett, Russel, 564.

Erving, John, 144.

Esopus, 237.

Etechemin territory, 479.

Ethier, _La Prise de Deerfield_, 186.

Evans, John, deputy governor of Pennsylvania, 210; memoirs by Neill, 243.

Evans, Captain John, his lands, 237.

Evans, Lewis, Essays, 85; _Map of Middle Colonies_, 83, 244; pirated by Jefferys, 84; as issued by Jefferys, denounced by Pownall, 565; enlarged by Pownall, 85, 564; used by Braddock, 578; the best of the Ohio region, 565.

Everard, Sir Richard, 301.

Everett, Edward, on the army of the French war, 154; on Harrison’s address, 565; on the Seven Years’ War as a school of the Revolution, 437; _Orations_, 437.

Ewen, Wm., 402.

_Examen sobre los Límites de la Acadie_, 235.

Eyles, Francis, 364.

Eyma, Xavier, _La Légende du Meschacébè_, 79.

Eyre, Major, defends Fort William Henry, 513.

Eyre, Wm., 586.

Faillon, notice by Lemoine, 619.

Fairfax, Lord Thomas, at Greenway court, 268; his character, 268; marries Culpepper’s daughter and inherits the Northern Neck, 276.

Falmouth (Portland, Me.), 105; treaty at (1726, 1727, 1732), with Indians, 432; (1749), 450.

Faneuil, Peter, 109, 145; his portraits, 145.

Farmer, John, edits Belknap’s _New Hampshire_, 163.

Farmer, Silas, _Detroit_, 560, 622.

Farrar, John, 336.

_Father Abraham’s Almanac_, 471, 497, 543, 554.

Fay, Jonas, 179.

Felt, Jos. B., arranges Massachusetts archives, 165; _Customs of New England_, 169; _Eccles. Hist. of New Eng._, 169; _Mass. Currency_, 170, 173.

Felton, C. C., on the Acadians, 459.

Ferland, Abbé, portrait, 619; notice of, by Lemoine, 619.

Fernow, B., on “MS. sources of New York history”, 331; on the Boundary Controversies of New York, 238; “The Middle Colonies”, 189.

Field, John W., 242.

Fielding, H., _Covent Garden Tragedy_, 577.

Fisher, G. H., 595.

Fisher, _American Political Ideas_, 169.

Fishkill, 237.

Fiske, Frank S., _Mississippi Bubble_, 77.

Fiske, John, _American Political Ideas_, 169, 533; on North Carolina history, 355; on the town-meeting, 169.

Fiske, Nathan, _Brookfield_, 184.

Fitch, Asa, 593.

Fitzhugh, George, 276.

Fitzhugh, Wm., his letters, 282.

Five Nations, claimed as subjects by the English king, 483; conference (1722), 266; country of, on Colden’s map, 235, 491; their various designations, 484. _See_ Iroquois.

Five years’ war, 434; declared, 568.

Flatbush, 254.

Fleet, Thomas, 145; his ballads, 121; on the comet, 145; ridicules the Great Awakening, 135.

Fleming, Wm., and Eliz., _Narrative of Sufferings_, 590.

Fletcher, Benj., governor of New York, 193; autog. and seal, 194; recalled, 194; governor of Pennsylvania, 208; called meeting of the colonies (1693), 611.

Fletcher’s manor, 237.

Florida, bounds undefined, 358, 359; documents on, 73; map of, 615; (1753), 365; name applied by the French to Carolina, 286.

_Flying Post_, 118.

Foligny, M. de, at siege of Quebec (1759), 605.

Follings, Geo., 467.

Fontaine, John, his diary, 563.

Fontaine, Peter, his map of the Virginia and North Carolina line, 276; on Sir Wm. Johnson, 584.

Fonte, Admiral, 69.

Foote, H. W., King’s Chapel, 169.

Foote, W. H., _Sketches of Virginia_, 278; on the valley of Virginia, 281.

Forbes, General John, letters on his expedition (1758), 599; his route, 599; advances on Fort Duquesne, 528; suspicious of Washington, 529; treats with the Indians, 529; occupies Duquesne, 530; dies, 530; autog., 530.

Forbes, Thomas, journal, 574.

Forbonnais, _Finances de France_, 77.

Force, M. F., _Indians of Ohio_, 564.

Ford, Paul L., 248.

Forrest, W. S., _Norfolk_, 281.

Forstall, Edmund, 74.

Forster, J. R., translates Bossu’s _Travels_, 67; translates Kalm’s _Travels_, 245.

Fort Anne (New York), 486, 585.

Fort Argyle (Georgia), 372, 375, 379.

Fort Augusta, 214, 270, 333, 375, 379; (Shamokin), plan, 581.

Fort Barrington, plan and view of, 401.

Fort Bedford, 464, 529; (Raystown) plan, 581.

Fort Bull, its situation, 595; captured, 505, 590.

Fort Byrd, 564.

Fort Chartres, old and new, 564.

Fort Clinton, 568; (1746), 487.

Fort Cumberland (Maine), 578; plans, 578; view, 578.

Fort Cumberland (Maryland), 464, 495; plan of, 495; Washington’s plan of the vicinity, 577.

Fort Diego, 375.

Fort Dummer, 127.

Fort Duquesne, begun by the French, 493; French force at, 497; rude contemporary map of the vicinity, 497; plans of, 497, 498; ruins, 498; threatened by Forbes, 529; supplies cut off, 530; blown up, 530; name changed by Forbes to Pittsburg, 530.

Fort Edward, plans of, 512, 513; John Montressor’s journal at, 512; plan of environs, 514; situation, 526. _See_ Fort Lyman.

Fort François, 86.

Fort Frederick (Albany), 509.

Fort Frederick (Maryland), built, 590; ruins, 590.

Fort Frontenac, 614; authorities on Bradstreet’s capture of, 527, 598; _Impartial Account_, 598; articles of capitulation, 598; plans of, 525.

Fort George (Coxpur Island, Georgia), plan of, 401.

Fort George (Lake George), plan, 535; begun by Amherst, 536; described (1775), 594. _See_ Fort William Henry.

Fort George (South Carolina), 359.

Fort Halifax (Maine), 151.

Fort Herkimer, 520.

Fort James (New York), 190.

Fort King George, 379.

Fort Le Bœuf, 492.

Fort Lévis captured, 555, 609; plan of the attack, 609.

Fort Ligonier, 464; (Loyalhannon) plan, 581.

Fort Littleton, 564.

Fort Loudon, 270, 332, 564.

Fort Louis, 86.

Fort Lyman, 504; renamed Fort Edward, 505.

Fort Massachusetts, 145.

Fort Moore, 332, 345.

Fort Necessity, authorities on the surrender, 494, 574; view of the fort, 574; plans, 574; remains, 574; Washington at, 493.

Fort Niagara, 614.

Fort Nicholson (New York), 486, 585.

Fort No. 4, 183.

Fort Ontario (Oswego), 510, 511.

Fort Pelham, 145.

Fort Pepperell (Oswego), 511.

Fort Pitt, 564; plan, 581. _See_ Fort Duquesne.

Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), 560.

Fort Pownall built, 154; conference at, 471.

Fort Prince George, 332.

Fort Rouillé (Toronto), 490.

Fort Schlosser, 534.

Fort Shirley, 145; (Virginia), 564.

Fort Sorel, 486.

Fort St. Francis (Florida), 375.

Fort St. Frederick (Crown Point), 487, 567.

Fort St. George, 375.

Fort St. Jean, or St. John (Sorel), 486, 575.

Fort St. Louis (Illinois River), 566.

Fort St. Louis (Quebec), 553.

Fort St. Thérèse, 486.

Fort William (Cumberland Island), 375.

Fort William Henry, situation, 526; attacked by Montcalm (1757), 165, 515; plans of, 516; view of site, 517; plan of attack, 518; other plans, 518; surrenders, 517; often called Fort George by the French, 518; attempted surprise by Rigaud, 513; built, 505; described (1775), 594; massacre at, 517, 595; Montcalm charged the fury of the Indians upon the English rum, 595; Rigaud’s attack, authorities, 593; Montcalm’s attack, authorities, 593; _Relation de la Prise de Fort George_, 593; articles of capitulation, 594; forces engaged, 594. _See_ Montcalm.

Fort Williams, its situation, 595.

Fort. _See_ names of forts and places having forts.

Foster, Nath., 584.

Foster, W. E., “Statesmanship of the Albany Congress”, 613; _Stephen Hopkins_, 139, 163, 612; _Reference Lists_, 169.

Fowle, Daniel, _Monster of Monsters_, 177; _Total Eclipse_, 177.

Fowler, _Durham, Conn._, 585.

Fox River, 566.

Foxcroft, Thomas, 132; and the Great Awakening, 135.

Foxes (Indians), 564; attack Detroit, 484, 560.

_Foyer, Canadien, le_, 581.

France, collections of ancient laws, 76; debt of, 31; John Law’s scheme, 32; decline of, 59; her claims in the New World, 83; maps showing them, 83, 84; forts established, 84.

Francis, Convers, _Life of Rasle_, 431.

Frankland, Sir Henry, 144; his marriage, 144; at Lisbon, 152.

Franklin, Benjamin, _Autobiography_, 168; in the Congress of 1754, 612; _Short Hints_, 612; drew the plan adopted, 612; in his _Works_, 612; other plans considered, 612; his account of the Congress, 612; in Boston conferring with Shirley, 613; his letters on taxing the colonies to support the union, 613; writes (with Wm. Smith) _A Brief State of the Province of Pennsylvania_, 582; helps Braddock, 495, 576; _Historical Review_, 582; question of his authorship, 582; _Interest of Great Britain Considered_, 615; argues for the retention of Canada, 615; prints paper money, 247; records of his press, 248; buys _Pennsylvania Gazette_, 248; _Poor Richard’s Almanac_, 248; upon Shaftesbury, 119; prints matter on the Penn-Baltimore dispute, 272; sent to England by Pennsylvania, 216; _True and Impartial State_, 582; in command of the frontiers of Pennsylvania, 583; on inoculation, 120; his kite, 152; _Plain Truth_, 243.

Franklin, James, 121; _New England Courant_, 121; in Rhode Island, 141.

Franklin, Thos., 400.

Franklin, Wm., governor of New Jersey, 222.

Franklin (Pa.), 570.

Franquelin, his maps, 79.

Franquet, 464.

Fraser, A. C., _Works of Berkeley_, 141; lives of Berkeley, 141.

Fraser, Colonel Malcolm, _Siege of Quebec_, 604.

Frederica, 333, 375, 401; authorities on Oglethorpe’s repulse of the Spaniards, 398; plan of, 379, 398; founded, 377; appearance of the town, 377. _See_ St. Simon’s Island.

Frederick, Fort (Me.), 181. _See_ Fort.

Freeman, Milo, _Word in Season_, 176.

Freeman, _Cape Cod_, 169.

French, B. F., _Historical Collection Louisiana_, 71; described, 71; contents given, 72; title changed to _Historical Memoirs_, 72; second series, 73.

French captures in Massachusetts Bay (1694), 420.

French colonies, general historians of, 619.

French Creek, 11, 492.

French encroachments in Acadia, 419.

French frigate, cut of, 412.

French neutrals and the British government, 409; expelled from Nova Scotia, 415; the numbers assigned to the several colonies, 416; Longfellow’s picture of them a false one, 417; their character, 417; jealousies between them and the English, 450; papers on, 419. _See_ Acadians.

French soldier, costume of, 497; (1700), 484; (1710), 562; (1745), 489; (1755), 496, 497.

French and Spanish in the Gulf of Mexico, 24.

Freneau, _The Dying Indian Tomo-chi-chi_, 399.

Fresenius, 396.

Frigates, 136.

Frontenac, dies, 2; on the English colonies, 91.

Frontenac, Fort, 85. _See_ Fort.

Frost, H. W., 169.

Frost, John, _Book of the Colonies_, 498.

Frothingham, Richard, _Rise of the Republic_, 613; on the Albany congress, 613.

Fry, Joshua, made Colonel, 493.

Fry, Joshua, and Peter Jefferson, _Map of Virginia_, 272.

Fry, Richard, 137.

Frye, Colonel, journal of attack on Fort William Henry, 594.

Fryeburg, fight at, 431.

_Fryeburg Webster Memorial_, 432.

Fuller, M. W., 71, 622.

Fundamental constitutions of Carolina, 336.

Funeral sermons, 105.

Funerals, costly, 119.

Fur trade. _See_ Peltries.

Gabarus (Chapeau Rouge) Bay, 411, 469.

Gage, Thomas, letter on Braddock’s campaign, 578; his statement, 578; papers, 233; in command at Lake Ontario (1759), 536; (1760), 610; leads Braddock’s advance, 498.

Gagnon, D., _Drapeau de Carillon_, 598.

Galerm, J. B., _French Neutrals_, 462.

Galissonière, Comte de la, 8; autog., 8; occupies the Ohio Valley, 8; on the importance of posts connecting Canada and Louisiana, 571; map of Vérendrye, 568; his _Mémoire_ on the limits of New France, 475; urges occupation of Ohio Valley, 489.

Galley, a kind of vessel, 438.

Galloway, G., 604.

Galt, _Life of Benjamin West_, 500.

Gambrall, Theo. C., _Church Life in Colonial Maryland_, 272.

Gandastogues, 484.

Ganilh, Ch., _Le Revenue Publique_, 77.

Gansevoort, Colonel, 528.

Garden, Alex., opposes Whitefield, 404.

Gardenier, Andrew, 236.

Gardiner, Captain Richard, _Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec_, 603.

Garneau, F. X., his portrait, 619; _Histoire du Canada_, 619; memoir, 619; on Montcalm, 619; on the Acadians, 459; on the battle of Sainte-Foy, 609; on the Jumonville affair, 574; on the siege of Louisbourg (1745), 439.

Gaspé, P. Aubert de, portrait, 619; _Anciens Canadiens_, 574, 610.

Gaspereau, 451; captured, 415, 452.

Gates, Horatio, with Braddock, 498.

Gates, Thomas, claims in Acadia (1606), 476.

Gayangos, Pascual de, 74.

Gayarré, Chas., books on Louisiana, 65; and the Louisiana archives, 74.

Gee, Joshua, on C. Mather, 157; _Trade and Navigation_, 119.

Gemisick, fort at, 476.

_Gentleman’s Magazine_, 616.

George I., 113; dies, 129.

George II., his likeness in Boston, 145; proclaimed in Boston, 129; likeness, 130; dies, 154.

George, Lake, Popple’s map of, 486; prisoners taken at, 186.

George’s River, 181.

Georgia, Heath’s patent, 358; early occupations, 359; mining in, 359; Montgomery’s grant, 358; “Azilia”, 360; land granted to trustees of Georgia, 361; names of proprietors, 352; principles of the founding of the colony, 363 (_see_ Oglethorpe); charter, 364; Catholics excluded, 364; seal, 364; _Some Account of the Design of the Trustees_, 365; _Reasons for Establishing the Colony of Georgia_, 365, 401; slaves forbidden, 366; provisions for settlers, 366; _New Map of Georgia_ (1737), 366; character of settlers, 366; first arrivals, 367 (_see_ Savannah _and_ Oglethorpe); Salzburgers’ arrival, 374; foundation of Ebenezer, 374; Moravians arrive, 374; absence of slaves impedes the colony’s growth, 376; Scotch immigration, 376; the Wesleys arrive, 377; depressed condition, 380; Whitefield in, 380; slavery introduced, 387; silk culture fails, 387; agricultural failures, 387; the Trustees surrender their charter, 389; population, 390; Butler’s colony, 390; organization as a royal province, 390; its seal, 391; origin of name, 392; critical essay on the sources of her history, 392; Cuming and the Cherokees, 392; tracts and magazine articles to induce settlements, 394, 396; charter printed, 394; _Account showing the Progress of Georgia_ (1741), 395, 401; _State and Utility of Georgia_, 395; _State of the Province of Georgia_, 395; Germans in (_see_ Salzburgers); _New Voyage_, 396, 401; _Description of Famous New Colony_, 396; _Description by a Gentleman_, 396; Stephens’s _Journal_, 397; _Account of Moneys_, etc. (MS.), 397; printed financial statements, 397; discontent in the colony, 398; _Impartial Inquiry into the State and Utility of the Province_, 398, 401; _Resolution Relating to Grants of Lands_, 398; _State of the Province_, 398, 401; _Brief Account of the Causes which have Retarded the Progress of the Colony_, 398, 401; _Hard Case of the Distressed People_, 398; Tailfer’s tracts against, 399; _Georgia, a Poem_, etc., 399; sermons before the Trustees, 400; copies of records from the English archives secured (1837), 400; MSS. in private hands in England, 400; records by Percival, 400; given by J. S. Morgan to the State, 400; Stephens’s records, 400; attorney-general’s report of the surrender of the Trustees, 400; opinions of the king’s attorney, 400; historical society founded, 400; its hall, 400; its _Collections_, 400; _Itinerant Observations on America_ (1745), 401; De Brahm’s MS. (_see_ De Brahm); _Observation on the Effects of Certain Late Political Suggestions_, 401; Acadians in, 463; _Acts of the Assembly_ (1755-74), 402; engrossed acts, 402; John Wesley in Georgia, 402; Whitefield’s Orphan House, 404; civil and judicial history, 405; history of, projected by Langworthy, 405; history by McCall, 405; Chalmers’s papers, 354; charters of, 477; English colonization of, 357; maps of, 350, 352 (1733), 365; (1737), 366; (1743), 375; (Urlsperger), 378, 379; (Harris’s _Voyages_), 396; the same name proposed for an English province in Acadia, 474.

_Georgia Gazette_, 402.

Gerard, J. W., _Peace of Utrecht_, 475.

German Flats, attack on, authorities, 595; its situation, 595; plan of fort at, 519; attacked, 520.

Germanna, Va., 267, 274.

Germans in Carolina, 309, 331, 332, 345; in Virginia, 607.

Gibson, Hugh, _Captivity_, 590.

Gibson, James, _Journal of Siege of Louisbourg_, 437; _A Boston Merchant_, 438; on the siege of Quebec, 604.

Gibson, improves Evans’s map, 84.

Gillam, Captain, 96.

Gillett, E. H., _Presbyterian Church_, 132.

Gilman, D. C., on Berkeley, 141.

Gilman, M. D., on bibliography of Vermont, 179.

Gilman, Colonel Peter, 585.

Gilmer, G. R., 405.

Gilmor, Geo., letters, 282.

Gilmor, Robt., 312, 336.

Gist, Christopher, 490, 570; conducts Washington to Le Bœuf, 492; his expedition, 10; his journal, 10; journal (1750), 571; explores Great Miami River, 571; journal with Washington (1753), 572.

Glass-making, 223.

Gleig, G. R., _Eminent British Military Commanders_, 602.

Glen, James, answer about South Carolina, 356; _South Carolina_, 350; governor of South Carolina, 332.

Glossbrener, A. J., _York County, Pa._, 249.

Glover, Wm., 297.

Gnadenhütten, massacre, 582.

Goddard, D. A., 168, 169.

Godefroy, on Braddock’s defeat, 580.

Godfroy, Claude, 592.

Goelet, Francis, diary, 168.

Gold mining in Georgia, 359.

Golden Islands (Georgia) described, 392. _See_ St. Simon, St. Catharine, etc.

Goldsmith, O., “Fanny Braddock”, 575.

Gooch, governor of Virginia, 267; _Researches_, 280.

Goodell, A. C., edits _Massachusetts Province Laws_, 167; on Mark and Phillis, 152; on Thomas Maule, 95.

Goodloe, D. P., 355.

Goodman, Alf. T., 563.

Gookin, Charles, 211.

Goold, William, on Colonel Wm. Vaughan, 434; on Fort Halifax, 182.

Gordon, Harry, journal, 69.

Gordon, Patrick, _Geography_, 234; governor of Pennsylvania, 214.

Gordon, Peter, 369.

Gordon-Cumming, C. F., 597.

Gorham, Captain, his rangers, 464.

Gorham, John, 436.

Gorrie, _Eminent Methodist Ministers_, 404.

Gospel, distinct societies for propagating the, 169.

Grace, Henry, _Life and Sufferings_, 452.

Graffenreid, baron de, 345.

Graham, John, chaplain, 591.

Graham, Patrick, 389, 391, 395.

Grahame, Jas., on Cotton Mather, 157, 621; his portrait, 620; _United States_, 620, 621; controversy with Bancroft, 620; defended by Josiah Quincy, 621; on Carolina history, 355; his use of Chalmers, 352.

Grand Pré, French neutrals at, 417; view of, 459.

_Granite Monthly_, 166.

Grant, Anne, _American Lady_, 247, 509; editions, 509.

Grant, Major, defeated near Duquesne, 530, 599.

Grant, Sir Wm., 597.

Grant, _British Battles_, 589.

Granville, Lord, retains his share of Carolina, 347; his sale of it, 356.

Graveline, 30.

Gravesend, 254.

Gravier, Gabriel, edits Ursuline letters, 36, 68.

Gravier, Jacques, 73.

Gravier, Père, on the missions, 561.

Gray Sisters, 24.

Great Awakening, 123; literature of, 135.

Great Meadows, Washington at, 493.

Great Miami River, 570.

Green, Bartholomew, 121.

Green, Joseph, 135; _Death of Old Tenor_, 176.

Green, S. A., _Groton during the Indian Wars_, 184, 432; on the site of Louisbourg, 447.

Green, Wm., 448; “Genesis of Counties”, 281; memoir of, 281.

Green Bay (Michigan), 566.

Green Briar Company, 570.

Green Island, 127.

Greene, G. W., _Historical View American Revolution_, 613.

Greenhow, _History of Oregon_, 77.

Greenway Court, 268.

Greenwood, Isaac J., “First American built vessels in the British navy”, 438.

Greenwood, John, 122.

Grenville, Lord, _Correspondence_, 467.

Gridley, Jeremy, 156; _Weekly Rehearsal_, 137.

Gridley, Richard, at Louisbourg, 410, 440; autog., 440; plan of Louisbourg (1745), 440, 441, 442, 443.

Griffeth, John, _Journal_, 244.

Griffeth, Robert, 254.

Griffin, A. P. C., _American Local History_, 181.

Griffin, H. A., 560.

Grim, David, plan of New York, 254.

Gronan, I. C., 374.

Groton (Mass.), 184.

Grove, Jos., _Glorious Success at Quebec_, 604.

Grover, James, 224.

Guild, E. P., _Heath, Mass._, 187.

Guilford, Lord, 260.

Guinea Company, 28.

Gunston Hall, 275.

Gyles, Captain John, 181.

Gyles, John, 420; autog., 421; notes on, 421; _Memoirs_, 421; reprints, 421.

Habersham, James, 387, 390, 391, 404.

Hachard, Madeline, letters, 68. _See_ Ursulines.

Hack, Wm., his map, 340.

Hackensack, 254.

Hacks, Robt., 364.

Hadley, 186, 187.

Hagany, J. B., 404.

Haldimand at Oswego, 534; attacked, 534.

Hale, E. E., _Catalogue of the Faden Maps_, 500.

Hale, Geo. S., on Boston charities, 169.

Hales, Stephen, 400.

Half-King, 493; his opinion of the affair of Fort Necessity, 575.

Half-way Brook, 186.

Haliburton, R. G., on the Acadians, 459; _Past and Future of Nova Scotia_, 459.

Haliburton, Judge T. C., charged the British authorities with concealing the records of the Acadian deportation, 458; _Nova Scotia_, 458; _Rule and Misrule_, 162.

Halifax, Fort, description, plans, and

views, 182-184; account of, by Wm. Goold, 182; and by Joseph Williams, 182. _See_ Fort.

Halifax (N. S.), founded, 414, 450; treaty with Indians at, 450; governor at (1749, etc.), 459; papers respecting its founding, 419, 450; maps of, 83, 450; views of, 450.

Hall, B. H., _Bibliography of Vermont_, 179; _Eastern Vermont_, 166.

Hall, C. H., _Dutch and the Iroquois_, 583.

Hall, Hiland, 178; replies to Dawson, 179; _Early History of Vermont_, 179.

Hall, James, _The West_, 71.

Hall, Jos., Bishop of Exeter, 308.

Hall, Wm., 219.

Halsted, Captain, 309.

Hamersley, _Philadelphia Illustrated_, 252.

Hamilton, Andrew, 218; conducts the Zenger trial, 199; his standing, 242; his portrait, 242.

Hamilton, Geo., Earl of Orkney, 265.

Hamilton, governor of Pennsylvania, 209.

Hamilton, John, 215, 216; postmaster-general, 219, 221; governor of New Jersey, 221; dies, 221.

Hamlin, M. C. W., _Legends of Detroit_, 560.

Hammond, on Wesley, 403.

Hampstead (Georgia), 372.

Hampton, on Wesley, 403.

Hanbury, John, 495.

Hancock, John, his house, 137.

Hancock, Thomas, builds his mansion, 137, 139; denounced, 149; letter book, 149.

Handfield, Major John, 416.

Hannay, James, on the Acadians, 457, 460; confronted by Catholics, 457; _Acadia_, 419, 460.

Hanson, Eliz., _Captivity_, 186.

Hanson, J. H., _The Lost Prince_, 186.

Hanway, Jos., _Account of Society for the Encouragement of the British Troops_, 606.

Hardlabor Creek (S. C.), 348.

Hardwick (Georgia), 401.

_Hardwick Papers_, 475.

Hardy, Josiah, governor of New Jersey, 222.

Hardy, Sir Chas., governor of New York, 206.

Harmon, Captain, 127; Colonel, 430.

Harper’s _Cyclopædia of United States History_, 252.

Harris, Alex., _Lancaster County_, 249.

Harris, Benj., 92.

Harris, Francis, 391.

Harris, John, _Voyages_, 234, 396; account and map of Georgia, 396.

Harris, T. M., edits Rasle’s letters, 431; _Memorials of Oglethorpe_, 394.

Harrison, Carter B., 278.

Harrison, Geo. E., 275.

Harrison, W. H., _Aborigines of the Ohio Valley_, 568.

Hart, John, governor of Maryland, 260.

Harvard College to gain by the landbank, 170; under the provincial charter of Massachusetts, 94; new charter of, 98; Cotton Mather and, 105, 126; attacked by Dudley, 119; Joseph Sewall and Benj. Colman decline the presidency, 126; Benj. Wadsworth accepts, 126; Timothy Cutler would be an overseer, 126; and Thomas Hollis, 137; _Pietas et Gratulatio_, 155.

Harvey, John, 296.

Harvey, Thomas, 296.

Hassam, John T., 337.

Hathorne, John, attacks Nachouac, 407.

Hats of beaver, 227; making of, prohibited, 138.

Hatteras, Cape, 337. _See_ Cape.

Haven, S. F., on Cotton Mather, 157.

Haverhill, 105.

Haviland, General, advances on Montreal, 556, 609; opens communication with Murray, 556.

Hawkes, Colonel John, 186.

Hawkes, Sergeant, 187.

Hawkins, Alfred, _Operations before Quebec_, 543.

Hawkins, Benj., _Creek Country_, 401.

Hawkins, his map, 83.

Hawkins, _Missions of the Church of England_, 342,

Hawks, F. L., _North Carolina_, 355.

Hawley, Gideon, journey among the Mohawks, 246.

Hawnes, Baron of, 361.

Hay, P. D., 315.

Hayward, G., 253.

Hazard, Eben, 163.

Hazard, Jos., _Conquest of Quebec_, 549.

Hazard, Willis P., 249.

Hazen, Captain, 552.

Hazlet, Captain, 498.

Hazzen, Richard, Journal, 180.

Headley, Joel T., 439; on Philadelphia, 252.

Heap, George, view of Philadelphia, 257, 258.

Heath, Sir Robert, 69, 335; his claim in Carolina, 287; his patent, 358.

Heath (Mass.), fort at, 187.

Heathcote, Caleb, 124; grants to, 237.

Heathcote, Geo., 364.

Hebecourt at Ticonderoga, 536.

Heckewelder, John, _Mission of the United Brethren_, 245, 582; _History of the Indians of Pennsylvania_, 245, 583; on Indian names, 246.

Hell Gate, 254.

Hemenway, Abby M., _Vermont Historical Gazetteer_, 179.

Hemp manufacture, 276.

Henchman, Daniel, 137.

Hendrick, the Mohawk chief, 489, 504, 587.

Hening, W. W., _Statutes at Large of Virginia_, 281.

Hennepin, his maps, 79; suspected by Iberville, 18, 19.

Henry, Alex., _Travels_, 609.

Henry, John, map of Virginia, 565.

Herbert, H. W., translates Weiss’s _French Protestant Refugees_, 349.

Herkimer’s house at German Flats, 519.

Hermsdorf, Captain, 377.

Hertel de Rouville, 105; portrait, 106.

Hewitt (Hewatt, Hewat, Hewit), Alex., _South Carolina and Georgia_, 333, 352, 404.

Heymann, J., _Law und sein System_, 77.

Hickcox, J. H., _Bills of Credit in New York_, 247.

Higginson, John, 422.

Higginson, T. W., _Larger History of the United States_, 435.

Highgate (Georgia), 372.

Hildeburn, Charles R., _Century of Printing_, 248; Philadelphia titles, 249; on Sir John St. Clair, 578.

Hildreth, S. P., _Pioneer History of Ohio Valley_, 570.

Hill, Gen., in Boston, 108.

Hill, G. M., _Church in Burlington_, 243.

Hilton, Wm., discoveries on Carolina coast, 337; map, 337; his career, 337; _True Relation_, 337; at Cape Fear River, 288.

_Hinckley Papers_ (Plymouth colony), 166.

Hinsdale (N. H.), massacre, 184.

Historical MSS. Commission, its _Reports_, 164.

_History of the British Dominions in North America_, 618.

_History of the Late War_, 616.

Hoadly, C. J., edits _Connecticut Colonial Records_, 166.

Hobart, Aaron, _Abington_, 461.

Hobby, Sir Chas., 104, 106, 408; his regiment, 165.

Hocquart, Gilles, 58; _Mémoire_, 567.

Hodge, Chas., _Presbyterian Church_, 132.

Hodgson, W. B., 401.

Hoffman, C. F., _Life of Leisler_, 241.

Holbourn, Admiral, 206.

Holbrook, Mrs. H. P., 402.

Holden, _Queensbury, N. Y._, 179, 509, 602.

Holderness authorizes force to be used against the French, 573.

Holland, Edw., 255.

Holland, Roger, 364.

Holland, Sam., disowned a map of New York and New Jersey, published as his, by Jefferys, 565; surveys of Cape Breton, 440; surveys of the St. Lawrence, 614; map of New York, 238.

Holland, trade with, 229.

Holland, _Western Massachusetts_, 587.

Hollis, Thomas, 137.

Hollister, H., _Lackawanna Valley_, 249.

Hollister, _Connecticut_, 169.

Holme, Benj., _Epistles and Works_, 243.

Holmes, Abiel, _American Annals_, 619; on the Huguenots, 98.

Holmes, Alex., writes tract against Jos. Dudley, 422.

Holmes, O. W., _Agnes_, 144.

Homann, J. B., his maps, 234; map of Louisiana, 81; _Atlas Novus_, 234; _Atlas Methodicus_, 234; map of _Nova Anglia_, 133, 234.

Hopkins, Stephen, 176; _True Representation of the Plan formed at Albany_, 612.

Hopson, General, 603.

Hopson, P. T., 410.

Hopton, Lord, 276.

Horsey, Samuel, 332.

Horsmanden, Daniel, autog., 242; _Journal_, etc., 242; various editions, 242.

Horwood, A. J., on the Shaftsbury Papers, 356.

Hough, F. B., edits Pouchot, 616; edits Rogers’s _Journals_, 527, 592; _St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties_, 608.

Housatonic River in the Indian wars, 187.

Housatonic Valley plan, 184.

Houstoun, Sir Patrick, 391.

Hovey, Alvah, _Isaac Backus_, 159.

How, Nehemiah, _Captivity_, 186.

Howard, Mrs. A. H. C., 435, 447.

Howard, C. W., historical agent of Georgia, 400.

Howard, G. W., _Monumental City_, 271.

Howard, John, on Kentucky, 565.

Howard of Effingham, in Virginia, 264.

Howe, Geo., _Presbyterian Church in South Carolina_, 348.

Howe, Lord, at Schenectady, 520; with Abercrombie, 521; portrait, 522; killed, 522; burial and remains, 522; his character, 522; place of his death, 524.

Howe, S. S., 622.

Howe, Sir William, at Quebec, 543.

Howe, W. W., 65.

Howell, R. B. C., “Early Baptists in Virginia”, 282.

Howell’s _State Trials_, 241.

Howes, Job, 318.

Hoyne, Thomas, 71, 622.

Hoyt, A. H., _Pepperrell Papers_, 147, 437.

Hoyt, Epaphras, _Antiq. Researches_, 187.

Hoyt, W. C., on Wesley, 403.

Hubbard, F. M., 345.

Hubbard, Thomas, 450; autog., 427.

Hudson, Chas., _Marlborough_ (Mass.), 184; on the siege of Louisbourg, 438.

Hudson, F., _American Journalism_, 90, 248.

Hudson Bay Co., bounds, 85.

Hudson River, called “Groote Esopus”, 234; military roads from, to Lake George, 527.

Huguenots, intending for Carolina, stop in Virginia, 335; in Massachusetts, 96, 98, 184; in the middle colonies, 247; settlements in America before 1787, 350; society of, 98, 349; C. W. Baird on them, 98; writers on, 98; in Rhode Island, 98; in South Carolina, 349, 355; in Virginia, 265, 282.

Humphreys, David, _Works_, 609; _Historical Account_, 169, 239, 341; map of New England, 133.

Hunnewell, J. F., _Bibliography of Charlestown_, 177.

Hunter, Robert, governor of New York, 196; autog. and seal, 196; retires, 197; governor of New Jersey, 218.

Huntoon, D. T. V., 167.

Huske, John, his map of North America, 83; sketched, 84; _Present State of North America_, 83, 84.

Hutchins, Captain Thomas, describes the country from Fort Pitt to Presque Isle, 608; books on Louisiana, 71; _Environs du Fort Pitt et la Nouvelle Province Indiana_, 564; plan of Illinois villages, 564; _Topographical Description of Virginia_, 564.

Hutchinson, Eliakim, autog., 425.

Hutchinson, Elisha, autog., 425.

Hutchinson, Thos., 450; account of the congress of 1754, 612; _Case of Massachusetts Bay and New York_, 177; as a financier, 171, 176; _Dissertation on the Currencies_, 172; _Massachusetts Bay_, 162, 184, 618; bibliography of, 162; on the massacre at Fort William Henry, 594; the most conspicuous man in New England, 155; made chief justice, 155; holds other offices, 155; plan of union, 613; treats with Indians, 149; his youth, 122; on the Acadians, 457.

Hyde, Edw., governor of Carolina, 297, 298.

Hyde, Edw. _See_ Clarendon.

Hyde, Edw. _See_ Cornbury.

Iberville, Pierre le Moyne d’, his career, 14; portrait, 15; the Louisiana coast, 16; enters the Mississippi, 18; at Biloxi, 19; sails to France, 20; returns to Biloxi, 20; third voyage, 21; at Mobile, 21; rewarded, 23; dies, 23; his wife, 26; his narrative, 73; voyage of 1698, 73; sources in Margry, 73.

Ichicachas, 86.

Illinois, country of, 83; annexed to Louisiana, 35; bounds of, 564; plan of villages, by Thomas Hutchins, 564; histories of, 71; by Breese, 621; Indians of, 564; visited by Lamothe, 30; prosperous (1711), 51, 52; mines, 52; sources of history, 69.

Illinois River, fort on, 82.

_Imperial Magazine_, 607.

_Importance of the British Plantations_, 276.

Indian charity school, 246.

Indian geographical names, 564.

Indian tribes near Lake Erie, 565; tribes and their numbers in the southern colonies (1733), 365.

Indiana, Indians of, 564; old province of, 564.

Indians in the battle on the Monongahela, 580; of Canada, 563; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; classified by their English or French leanings, 583; conferences with, records in Massachusetts archives, 424; hold conferences only in their own tongue, 574; conferences with (1757), 596; councils (1707), 561; French movement to secure alliance with, 560; of Maine, conference at Boston (1713-14), 424; fac-simile of signatures, 425; conference at Portsmouth, 424; at Georgetown, 424; conferences (1752-54), 450; sign Dummer’s treaty in Boston, 432; treaties with, 420; (1745), 448; make massacre at Fort William Henry, 594; in the middle colonies, 245; relations with the Schuyler family, 245; treaties, 245; names given by them to streams, etc., 246; in Nova Scotia, papers concerning, 459; in Ohio, 564; relations with Moravians, 245; repelled by Braddock, 496; treaties with, 471, 612; in Virginia, 278, 279.

Indicott, John, 182.

Ingersoll, Jared, on Pitt, 601.

Ingersoll, J. R., 575.

Ingle, Captain Richard, 271.

Ingle, Edw., _Captain Richard Ingle_, 271; “County Government in Virginia”, 281; _Local Institutions of Virginia_, 281; _Parish Institutions of Maryland_, 271.

Ingoldsby, Lieutenant-governor of New York, 196.

Ingoldsby, Major Richard, governor of New Jersey, 218.

Innes, Colonel, 574.

Insurance, method of, established, 127.

_International Review_, 272.

_Iowa Historical Record_, 622.

Iowa, Historical Society, its _Annals_, 622.

Irish in Carolina, 331; in Pennsylvania, 217, 247.

Iron forging in Virginia, 265; mining, 223; working, 223; works suppressed, 118.

Irondequot, 568; coveted by French and English, 487.

Iroquois, called “Confederate Indians”, 83; conquer the Ohio Valley, 564; noted in Evans’s map, 564; conquests of, 484; extent of their conquests in the Ohio Valley, 565; their friendships, 2; peace with, in 1700, 4; their hereditary and conquered territories, 84; ceded to the English, 84, 565; allured by the Dutch, 583; incited by the English and French equally, 584; Morgan’s map of their distribution, 583; missions, 561; mythology of, 233; treaties with, 245; women among, 23. _See_ Five Nations, Six Nations.

Irving, W., on John Law, 76.

Isle-aux-Noix, plan of, 539; Bourlamaque at, 539.

Italians in Georgia, 372.

Jackson, R., 169.

Jackson, Rich., 615.

Jacob, _Life of Cresap_, 272.

Jacques Cartier, hill of, Vaudreuil at, 550.

Jaillot, Hubert, royal geographer, 79.

Jalot, 72.

Jamaica, map in Ogilby, 472.

James, Captain Thomas, voyage, 69.

James, G. P. R., _Great Commanders_, 603.

James River, 274.

Jamestown (Stono River) founded, 309.

Janes, _Wesley his own Historian_, 403.

Jans, Anneke, 230.

Janvier, _L’Amérique_, 85.

Jay, John, 349.

Jefferson, Peter. _See_ Fry, Joshua.

Jefferson, Thomas, _Notes on Virginia_, 273; its map, 273.

Jefferys, T., _General Topography of North America_, 38, 85, 444, 618; _Atlas_, 618; _History of the French Dominion_, etc., 38, 85, 444, 616; his map in it, 85; maps of Louisbourg (1745 and 1758), 442, 443, 444, 468, 469; his issue of Evans’s map, 565; his maps of the Acadian bounds, 482; maps of _Montreal_, 556; of _Lake Champlain_, 557; of _New York and New Jersey_, 557; map of Nova Scotia, 480, 481; map of Quebec, 549; map of the St. Lawrence River, 614; gulf, 614; maps of Virginia and New York, 565; plan of Ticonderoga, 525; plans of the siege of Quebec (1759), 542; publishes Fry and Jefferson’s _Virginia_, 575; publishes plans of Braddock’s defeat, 500; reëngraves Blodgett’s plan of the battle at Lake George, 586; republishes Evans’s map, 84; on the siege of Quebec (1759), 606; _Conduct of the French_, 482; _Conduite des François_, 482; _Remarks on the French Memorials_, 482.

Jenckes of Rhode Island, 141.

Jenings, Edw., 265.

Jenkins, Howard M., _Gwynedd_, 247.

Jenning, Isaac, _Memorials of a Century_, 238.

Jennings, David, _Dr. Cotton Mather_, 157.

_Jésuites Martyrs du Canada_, 431.

Jesuits in the English colonies, 164; in Louisiana, 43, 44.

Joannes, Major de, _La Campagne de 1759_, 605.

Jogues, Jesuit, in New York, 190.

Johannis, a coin, 230.

_Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science_, 271.

Johnson, B. T., _Foundation of Maryland_, 271.

Johnson, John, _Old Maryland Manors_, 271.

Johnson, Mrs., _Captivity_, 186.

Johnson, Lorenzo D., 438.

Johnson, Robt., 322.

Johnson, Samuel, plan of union, 614.

Johnson, Sir Nath., 317; governor of Carolina, 318; on the condition (1708) of Carolina, 344.

Johnson, Sir Wm., with Abercrombie, 523; _Treaty with the Shawanese_ (1757), 581; with Amherst (1760), 555; campaign of 1760, 608; his circular letter on the Lake George battle, 584; _Letter dated at Lake George_, 584; letters in the _Massachusetts Archives_, 584; his commission and instructions for Shirley, 584; jealous of Shirley, 585; received £5,000 from parliament, 585; favored revoking the purchase of lands from the Delawares (1754), 595; Niagara expedition (1759), 535, 601; his life, by Stone, 584; minor characteristics of him, 584; in fiction, 584; attached to Clinton in his feuds with De Lancey, 584; his papers, 232, 584; partly printed, 584; his council of war (Aug.), 584; his views on measures necessary to defeat the designs of the French, 571, 584, 613; sought to relieve Monro at Fort William Henry, 595; at the Albany congress (1754), 613; autog., 502; portrait, 503; his house, 503; views of it, 503; leads campaign to capture Crown Point (1755), 503; fights Dieskau, 504; wounded, 504; fails to follow up the victory, 505; builds Fort William Henry, 505; rewarded and made a baronet, 505; goes into winter-quarters, 505; Indian conferences (1753), 245; (1755-56), 581, 584, 589, 590; (1757), 596; propitiates the Indians, 581, 589; resigned as Indian agent, 204; sole Indian superintendent, 508; relations with the Indians, 487.

Johnson, governor of South Carolina, dies, 332.

Johnston, Gabriel, governor of Carolina, 301; dies, 303.

Johnston, James, 402.

Johnston, Thomas, 586.

Johnston, Wm., 578.

Johnston, _Cecil County_, 272.

Johnstone, Chevalier, on the siege of Louisbourg (1758), 464; _Memoirs of a French Officer_, 604.

Joliet, his maps, 79.

Joncaire, 6, 7; on the Canada Indians, 490, 563; near Niagara, 534; at Venango, 492.

Jones, C. C., on Count Pulaski, 401; _Dead Towns of Georgia_, 401; on the Georgia Historical Society, 400; _History of Georgia_, 406; edits _Acts of the Assembly of Georgia_ (1755-1774), 402; edits Purry’s tract, 347; “English Colonization of Georgia”, 357; _Tomo-chi-chi_, 399.

Jones, Hugh, _Present State_, 250; autog., 278.

Jones, H. G., _Andrew Bradford_, 248; on the Dublin (Pa.) Baptist church, 247.

Jones, M. M., 592.

Jones, Nobel, 391.

Jones, U. J., _Juniata Valley_, 249.

Jonquière, Adm. de la, 8; autog., 8; captured, 8; assumes the government of Canada, 9; dies, 10; in Quebec, 571; confers with the Cayugas, 571.

Joppa (Md.), 261.

Jordan, river, 338.

Joseph’s Town (Georgia), 372, 373, 379.

_Journal de Québec_, 619.

_Journal Historique_ (Louisiana), 55, 63. _See_ Beaurain.

_Journal Œconomique_, 67.

Joutel, _Journal Historique_, 81.

Juchereau, _Hôtel Dieu_, 562.

Judd, Sylvester, _Hadley_, 187.

Jumonville, 574; autog., 493; killed, 493.

Juniata, Indian depredations, 590.

Kalbfleisch, C. H., 93.

Kalm, Peter, on Niagara, 244; _En Risa tel Norra America_, 244; translation, 244.

Kankakee River, 52.

Kaokia, 53.

Kapp, F., _Deutschen in New York_, 246.

Kaskaskia, 53, 67, 69, 566.

Kaskaskias, 52.

_Katholische Kirche in den Vereinigten Staaten_, 431.

Kearsarge, name of, 180.

Keble, John, 225.

Keith, Chas. P., _Councillors of Pennsylvania_, 249.

Keith, Geo., in Boston, 103; his _Journal_, 104, 168, 243; portraits, 243.

Keith, Sir Wm., _British Plantations_, 280; _Present State of the Colonies_, 280; his house in Philadelphia, 258; notice of, 243; portrait, 243; tracts on his controversy, 243; governor of Pennsylvania, 211-214; dies, 214; treaty with Five Nations, 563; map in his _Virginia_, 272.

Kellet, Alex., 391.

Kendall, Duchess of, 113.

Kennebec, forts on, 151, 181, 182; marked as western bounds of Acadia, 475, 482; Plymouth claims upon, 474; _A Patent for Plymouth_, 474; survey of, 474; westerly limit of grant to Alexander, 479.

Kennedy, Archibald, _Importance of Gaining the Indians_, 612; his plan of union, 612; _Serious Considerations_, 612.

Kennedy, John P., _Swallow Barn_, 284.

Kent, Captain Richard, 356.

Kentucky, early explorers, 565; histories, 565.

Keppel, Admiral, 576; journal of one of his officers, 576; letter, 576; _Life of Keppel_, 578.

Ker, John, of Kersland, his _Memoirs_, 81; map, 81.

Kercheval, _Valley of Virginia_, 581.

Kerlerec, governor of Louisiana, 51.

Keulen, Gerard van, his map of New France, 81.

Kiawah, cassique of, 305; settled, 307. _See_ Charlestown, S. C.

Kickapoos, 564.

Kidd, pirate, 195.

Kidder, Fred., _Abnaki Indians_, 424; _Expeditions of Lovewell_, 431.

Kilby, Christopher, 147; his letters, 149.

Kilian, G. C., _Americanische Urquelle derer innerlichen Kriege_, 618, 619.

Kinderhook township, map, 236.

King, Colonel Richard, 562.

King George’s war, 434.

King, James, 400.

King William’s war (1688, etc.), 420.

Kingsley on Yale College, 102.

Kingston (Canada), 525.

Kingston (N. Y.), 237.

Kinlock, James, 325.

Kinsey, John, 220.

Kip, _Early Jesuit Missions_, 68.

Kirk, Louis, occurrences in Acadia, 476.

Kitchin, Thos., his maps, 83; map of Acadia, 474; map of the Cherokee country, 484; map of the St. Lawrence, 614; map of province of Quebec, 615; map of French settlement, 566; map of Nova Scotia, 482; of New England, 482.

Kleinknecht, C. D., _Nachrichten von den Colonisten zu Eben-Ezer_, 396.

Knight, Madam, her _Journey_, 168.

Knowles, Com., in Boston, 148; causes riot, 148; quarrel with Douglass, 158.

Knox, Captain John, _Historical Journal_ (1757-1760), 467, 616; account of siege of Louisbourg (1758), 467.

Knox, J. J., _United States Notes_, 176.

Kohl, J. G., his maps described in _Harvard University Bulletin_, 473.

Kussoe Indians, 311.

L’Assumption, Fort de, 82.

La Corne, in attack on Fort William Henry, 517.

La Croix, Paul, _Dix-huitième Siècle_, 34, 77, 412.

La Grange de Chessieux, _La Conduite des François justifiée_, 482.

La Harpe, B. de, 36, 63; autog., 63; defends Bienville, 44; at Cadadoquais, 40; at St. Bernard Bay, 40; translated, 72.

La Lande, de, account of Piquet, 571.

La Loire, MM., 29.

La Mothe Cadillac, 483; governor of Louisiana, 29; autog., 29. _See_ Cadillac.

La Prairie, 486.

La Presentation, 490.

La Salle, Nic. de, 27.

La Salle’s explorations, 13.

La Tour, his _Lettres Patentes_, 476; his territory in Acadia, 478, 479.

Labat, M., 421.

Labroguerie, map of Lake Ontario, 614.

Lachine, 555.

Lafargue, E. de, on Nova Scotia, 475; _Œuvres_, 475.

Lahontan, map of Acadia, 473; of Canada, 474.

Lahoulière’s account of siege of Louisbourg (1758), 467.

Lake. _See_ names of lakes.

Lake George, battle (1755), _A Ballad Concerning the Fight_, 557; three contemporary printed comments, 586; French accounts, 588; map, 585, 586, 589; view, 586; authorities, 583; Johnson’s letters, 584; various contemporary letters, etc., 584, 585; expense largely borne by Massachusetts, 585; men sent by Massachusetts, 585; rude map from _Gentleman’s Magazine_, 585; Dieskau’s map, 585; list of killed and wounded, 586; reasons for abandoning the campaign, 586; plan of the ambuscade, 586; contemporary French map, 388; other maps of, 526, 527; (1759), 589; modern map, 536; “Rogers’s Slide”, 593.

Lake St. Sacrement. _See_ Lake George.

Lalor, _Cyclopædia of Political Science_, 76.

Lamb, Martha J., _Homes of America_, 252.

Lamberville, Jac. de, 561.

Lambing, A. A., 580.

Lancaster (Mass.), 184; Acadians in, 461.

Lancaster (Pa.), treaty (1744), 487, 566; Colden’s account, 566; (1747), 245; (1748), 569; (1762), 245.

Land-bank schemes, 170, 173; _Model for Erecting a Bank of Credit_, 170.

Landgraves in Carolina, 291.

Lane, Daniel, 604.

Lane, John, 438.

Langdon, Sam., _Map of New Hampshire_ (MSS.), 485, 585.

Langevin, Jean, “Canada sous la Domination française”, 619.

Langlade, Chas. de, 568; at Monongahela, 580; papers on, 568.

Langworthy, Edw., projected a history of Georgia, 405.

Langy watches Abercrombie, 521, 522.

Lansdowne MSS., 475.

Lareau, Edmond, _Littérature Canadienne_, 619; “Nos Archives”, 617.

Laroche, John, 364.

Larrabee, Captain, 432; his garrison house, 183.

Larrabee, _Wesley and his Coadjutors_, 404.

Lastekas, 30.

Latimer, E. W., on Maryland colonial life, 272.

Latrobe, C. I., translates Loskiel’s _Moravian Missions_, 245, 582.

Laudonnière, _Histoire Notable_, 73.

Laval, P., _Voyage à Louisiane_, 86.

Law, John, and his schemes, 32; his bank, 33; fac-simile of note, 34; a fugitive, 35; grant on Arkansas River, 35; literature of, 75; portraits, 75, 76; _Œuvres_, 75; his proposal in _Verzameling_, etc., 76; contemporary publications, 76; laments of victims, 76; _Het Groote Tafereel_, etc., 76; satires, 76; lives of, 76; autog., 76; _Law, the Financier_, 76; account by Irving, 76; by many others, 77; in fiction, 77; in _Mémoires_, 77.

Law, Wm., on Georgia history, 401.

Lawrence, Governor Charles, 410; autog., 452; and the French neutrals, 416.

Lawrence, Wm. B., 68.

Lawrence, fort, map, 451, 452, 453. _See_ Fort.

Lawson, John, _New Voyage to Carolina_, 344; translations, 345; murdered, 345; his map, 345.

Lawyers, late in New England legislatures, 166.

Le Beau, Christine, 186.

Le Ber, Mdlle., 6.

Le Bœuf, 566.

L’Epinay, governor of Louisiana, 31; autog., 31.

Le Gac, _Mémoire_, 76.

Le Loutre, Abbé de, 146; his station 451, 452; letter to Lawrence, 453; character of, 457.

Lemoyne, Catholic missionary, 190.

Le Moyne family, 23. _See_ Lemoine.

Le Page du Pratz, 36; autog., 65; _Histoire de la Louisiane_, 65; translations, 65.

Le Petit, 46; narrative, 72.

Le Sueur, 80; account of, 67; on the upper Mississippi, 25; his explorations, 22.

Lea, Philip, map of Carolina, 315.

Leake, John, 257.

Lecky, _England in the Eighteenth Century_, 615.

Leddel, Henry, 458.

Lederer, John, 359; his _Discoveries_, 338; his map, 339; his travels, 340.

Lediard, _Naval History_, 562.

Lee, Chas., 607; at Abercrombie’s defeat, 597; letters on the siege of Niagara, 601; goes to Duquesne, 601.

Lee, Hon. Charles, Attorney-General U. S. A., 392.

Lee, Hannah F., on the _Huguenots in France and America_, 98, 349.

Lee, J. S., _Colonel Hawkes_, 186.

Lee family, their mansion, 275.

Leisler, Jacob, arrives in New Netherland, 189; autog., 189; proclaimed lieutenant-governor, 190; hanged, 190; his legislation, 192; authorities on, 241; his body reinterred, 195; _Letter from a Gentleman of New York_, 240; his attainder reversed, 240; papers, 240; _Loyalty Vindicated_, 240; _Modest and Impartial Narrative_, 240.

Lelièvre on John Wesley and the English translation, 403.

Lemercier, _Church History of Geneva_, 137.

Lemoine, J. M., on Garneau, 619; “Nos quatre historiens modernes”, 619; _Quebec Past and Present_, 619; _Picturesque Quebec_, 619; _Glimpses of Quebec_, 600; “Fraser’s Highlanders before Quebec”, 604, 605, 606; _Maple Leaves_, 604; on the death of Montcalm, 605; _Le régiments des Montagnards écossais_, 606; _La Mémoire de Montcalm vergée_, 594; “Les Archives du Canada”, 617; _Maple Leaves_, 15, 619; _Rues de Québec_, 549; “Sur les dernières années de la domination française en Canada”, 610. _See_ Le Moyne.

Lemoine brothers, 71.

Lémontey, P. E., _Histoire de la Régence_, 77.

Lery, Macdonald, A. C., de, 495.

Léry, his map, 238; plan of Detroit, 559; plan of Oswego, 567.

Lesdignierres, 63.

Leslie, Chas., _Short and Easy Method_, 126.

Leslie, letter on Braddock’s campaign, 578.

_Lettres édifiantes_, 68.

Levasseur, P. E., _Le Système de Law_, 77.

Leverett, Captain John, 421; orders from Cromwell (1656), 476.

Leverett, C. E., _John Leverett_, 421.

Lévis, Chevalier de, comes over with Montcalm, 505; in attack on Fort William Henry (1757), 516; attacks Murray, 552; plan of the campaign, 552; battle of Sainte-Foy, 552; attacks Quebec, 553; retreats, 554; his efforts to recover Quebec, 608; _Guerre du Canada_, 608; his instructions, 609; at Jacques Cartier, 550; letters, 608; his MS. record (1755-60), 589; sent from Quebec to confront Amherst, 545; in the siege of Quebec (1759), 605; at Ticonderoga (1758), 521, 523.

Lewis, John F., 276.

Lewis, Major Thomas, 276.

Libraries in Virginia, 276.

Lieber, O. M., 356.

Ligneres at Duquesne, 497; at Niagara, 535.

Lignery, De, treaty by (1726), 561.

Lindsey’s _Unsettled Boundaries of Ontario_, 80.

Linen-making, 119, 227.

Linn, J. B., _Buffalo Valley_, 249.

Linsey-woolsey, 227.

Lithgow, Wm., autog., 182.

Livingston, Edw., on the Albany congress, 613; on French intrigues with the Indians, 571.

Livingstone, Major, sent to Canada, 424; his journal, 424.

Livingston, Peter, & Co., 254.

Livingston, P. & R., 233.

Livingston, Robt., plan of a triple confederacy, 611.

Livingston, Wm., on Braddock’s campaign, 578; defends Shirley, 508; edits Mackemie’s trial, 241; _Review of the Military Operations_, 587. _See_ Smith, Wm.

Livingston family, 252.

Livingston manor, map, 237; other maps, 238.

_Livre d’Ordres_, 589.

Lloyd, David, 210, 214.

Lloyd, Thomas, 207; governor of Pennsylvania, 207.

Löber, M. C., tract on Georgia, 396.

Locke, John, 336; autog., 336; _Several Pieces_, 336; works, 337; his connection with Carolina, 356; the fundamental constitutions, 291; intended description of Carolina, 338; portrait, 337; _Familiar Letters_, 337.

Lodge, H. C., _Short History of the English Colonies_, 168, 247, 280, 621; on Virginia life, 284.

Lodge, _Portraits_, 337.

Logan, James, 209; goes to England, 211; president of the council, 215; his correspondence with Penn, 242; his portrait, 242; on defensive war, 243; on the French settlement in the Ohio Valley, 563.

Logan, J. H., _Upper Country of South Carolina_, 350.

Logan Historical Society, 576.

Logstown, 497, 564; treaty at (1752), 490, 570; position of, 570.

London, treaty at (1686-87), 476; bishop of, made head of the American church, 195.

_London Spy_, 99.

Londonderry (N. H.), 119.

Longfellow, H. W., verses on Lovewell’s fight, 432; _Evangeline_, 456, 459.

Longueil, at Detroit, 483; letter (1726), 561; governor of Montreal, 7; governor of Canada, 10.

Loomis, A. W., 599.

Lord, Rev. Joseph, 342.

Lords of Trade, 96.

Loring, Captain, on Lake Champlain, 538, 540.

Loring, Israel, 430.

Loring, Joshua, draught of Lake George, 585.

Loskiel, G. H., _Geschichte der Mission_, etc., 582; English version, 245, 582.

Lossing, B. J., _Cyclopædia of United States History_, 252; edits Washington’s diary (1789-91), 573; _Military Journals of two Private Soldiers_, 597; on Princeton College, 248.

Lotbinière, letter on Braddock’s defeat, 580; letter on Lake George battle (1755), 589; at Oswego, 592; at Ticonderoga, 505.

Lotteries, 145.

Loudon, Earl of, 153; autog., 510; portraits, 506, 507; sent over to assume command, 508, 591; correspondence with Shirley, 591; his despatches, 593, 595; his dilatoriness, 575; his intended attack on Louisbourg (1757), 515; returns, 520; his military orders as to rank, 510; his demand for officers’ quarters, 513; Pitt asks assistance for him, 593; recalled, 154, 596; _Conduct of a Noble Commander_, 596.

Louis XIV., baffled, 5.

Louis XV., De Tocqueville on, 77.

Louisbourg, fortified, 409, 434; cost of, 410; medal commemorating, 434; suggestions for the attack (1745), 434, 435; expedition to and siege of (1745), 146, 410; rolls of, 165; share of the different New England colonies, 437; offers of other colonies, 147; expenses ultimately borne by Great Britain, 412; which repays the colonies, 176; surrenders, 411; the news reaches Boston, 146; papers on the siege, 436; sermons on, 438; councils of war, 436; diaries, 438; (Pomeroy), 437; (Pepperrell), 437; letters, 437; other contemporary accounts, 437; _Accurate and Authentic Account_, 437; list of officers, 438; New Hampshire troops, 438; great risk of the attempt, 439; credit given to Warren, 439; accounts in the general histories, 439; French accounts, 439; _Lettre d’un Habitant_, 439; the town restored to France (1748), 148, 413; governors of (1745-1748), 459; attempted attack by Loudon (1757), 464, 515; the town strengthened, 464; siege by Amherst (1758), 165, 418, 464, 471, 604; planned by Knowles, 464, 467; English accounts, 464; diaries, 464; _Journal of the Siege_, 464; _Authentic Account_, 467; letters of Wolfe, 467; Wolfe at, 540; French accounts, 464, 467; papers in Parkman MSS., 464; account of defences, by Drucour, 467; colors taken to London, 467; present condition of the site, 439; maps of the town and sieges, 83, 439-448; _Set of Plans_, 444; siege of 1745 maps (Pepperrell’s), 446; (Gibson’s), 437; siege of 1758 maps, 465, 468, 469, 470, 471; (Folling’s), 467; chart of the harbor, 448; plan of island battery, 448; medals (1758), 471; views of the town, 466, 467, 471; of harbor, 466; (Pepperrell’s), 447, 448; (Jefferys), 448.

Louisiana, history of, 1, 13; limits of, 13, 28; French claims to, 13; Spanish claims to, 13; English claims to, 13; La Salle in, 13; Tonty in, 14; immigrants from Canada, 24; English traders, 25; Indian wars, 25; its name, 25; its government under Sauvolle, 25; Iberville held it to be distinct from Canada, 25; government of, 27; grants to Crozat, 28; English traders in, 29; legal tribunals in, 31, 43; population, 27, 31, 49, 55; under L’Epinay, 31; Company of the West, 31; absorbs Illinois, 35; convicts sent to, 36; effect of Law’s collapse, 42; currency of the company, 43; ecclesiastical government, 43; Company of the Indies ceases, 49; sold to Spain, 58; descriptions occasioned by Law’s scheme, 76; geographical names in, 79; frontier posts of the French and the English, 84; the encroachments of the French, 84; papers in Spanish archives, 74; papers from the Paris archives, 74; sources of history, 63; histories, 64; separate papers, 65; boundary question, 69; historical society, 72; help from Paris archives, 73; archives of the state despoiled, 74; maps of, 79; (1720), 76; (1763), 615; (Dumont’s), 82; (of the rival claims), 83; (Delisle’s), 72; (German), 345; Acadians in, 463.

Louvigny, 14.

Lovelace, John, governor of New York, autog., 195; governor of New Jersey, 218; dies, 196; sermon on his death, 241.

Lovell, James, 145.

Lovewell, John, 127; his fight and death, 431; autog., 431; sources, 431; map of his fight, 433.

Lovewell’s war, 430.

Lowdermilk, _Cumberland_, 574, 577.

Lowry, Jean, _Captivity_, 590.

Loyalhannon Creek, 529; variously spelled, 529.

Luard, _Dress of British Soldiers_, 109, 547.

Lucas, Jonathan, 308.

Ludwell, Philip, 296.

Luna, Tristan de, 359.

Lurting, Colonel, Robt., 253.

Lyman, General Phineas, at Lake George, 502; builds Fort Lyman, 504; defeats Dieskau, 504; letter to his wife, 585; overlooked by Johnson, 585; defended by President Dwight, 587.

Lynde, Samuel, _Bank of Credit_, 171.

Lyne, James, plan of New York, 253.

Lyon, Lemuel, journal, 597.

Lyttleton, Wm. H., governor of Carolina, 333; letters, 350.

Lyttleton papers, 350.

M’Cluny, J. A., _Western Adventure_, 579, 581.

M’Kinney describes Fort Duquesne, 498.

MacMasters, J. B., on a free press in the middle colonies, 248.

MacMurray, J. W., edits Pearson’s _Schenectady Patent_, 249.

Macaulay, _Chatham_, 596.

Mackay, Alex., 322.

Mackay, Hugh, 376.

Mackay, _Popular Delusions_, 76.

Mackellar, Patrick, 498.

Mackemie, Francis, authorities on, 282; _Narrative of his Imprisonment_, 282; in Virginia, 268; favors towns in Virginia, 279; _Plain and Friendly Persuasive_, 279; prosecuted by Cornbury, 241; his _Trial_ edited by Wm. Livingston, 241.

Mackenzie, Alex., 169.

Mackenzie, G., 459.

Mackinnon, D., _Coldstream Guards_, 577.

Macleod, Daniel, _Memoirs_, 549.

Macy, _Nantucket_, 118.

Madawaska River, Acadians upon, 463.

Maerschaick, F., surveyor of New York, 255; his plan of New York, 257.

_Magazine of Western History_, 621.

Magne, 74.

Mahon, _England_, 621; on Wolfe, 603.

Maine, Province of, bounds, 134; garrison houses in, 183; histories of, 163, 181; Indian wars in, 420; plan of the coast, by Jos. Heath (1719), 474; by Phineas Jones (1751), 474; by John North (1752), 474; towns in, 181.

Malartic, diary, 594; letters, 608.

Malbranchia (Mississippi), 17.

_Manhattan Magazine_, 247.

Manifesto Church in Boston, 101.

Manitoba, 86; historical and scientific society of, 622.

Mante, Thomas, _History of the Late War_, 616.

Manufactory Bank, 171, 173.

Manufactures in the colonies, 222; opposed by England, 223.

Maps, _Catalogue of Printed Maps in British Museum_, 233; incorrectness of early, a useful element for the historian, 338.

Maquas in Boston, 107; pictures of, 107. _See_ Five Nations.

March, Colonel, before Port Royal, 408, 421.

Marcou, Mrs. Jules, _Belknap_, 163.

Marest, Gabriel, 561.

Margry, Pierre, _Découvertes et Établissements_, 73; titles of separate volumes, 73; on Vérendrye’s discovery, 567.

Maricheets, 452.

Maricourt, 14.

Marietta (Ohio), 570.

Marigny de Mandeville, memoirs, 71.

Marin, 57, 492, 527; journal of, 16.

Marion, Joseph, 127.

Markham, governor of Delaware, 207; rules for Penn in Pennsylvania, 208.

Marlborough, Duke of, his victories, 106.

Marmontel, J. F., _Régence du Duc de Orleans_, 77.

Marquette and Joliet’s account of discovery, 72.

Marquette’s maps, 79.

Marsh, Perez, 586.

Marshall, John, diary (1707), 421.

Marshall, John (Va.), _History of the Colonies_, 620.

Marshall, O. H., on Céloron, 570; on the Niagara frontier, 534.

Marshall, Ralph, 307.

Marshe, Wm., journal of conference at Lancaster, 566.

Martel, T. B., 610.

Martin, Clement, 391.

Martin, E. K., _Mennonites_, 246.

Martin, Felix, _De Montcalm en Canada_, 607; _Le Marquis de Montcalm au Canada_, 607.

Martin, F. X., account of, 72, 354; _Louisiana_, 65; _North Carolina_, 354.

Martin, J. H., _Bethlehem_, 249.

Martin, governor of North Carolina, 305.

Martyn, Benj., _Reasons for Establishing Georgia_, 394; _Progress of Georgia_, 395; secretary of trustees of Georgia, 366.

Martyn, Henry, 395.

Marvin, A. P., _Lancaster_, 184.

Maryland, Acadians in, 461, 462; archives, 617; papers in the Maryland Historical Society, 617; _Calendar of State Archives_, 270; _Archives of Maryland_, 270; histories of, 259, 271; editions of laws, 260, 271; views on the early Toleration Act, 271; life of the province, 272; religion, 272; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; Copley the first royal governor, 259; Episcopal Church established, 259; Francis Nicholson, governor, 260; John Hart ruled for the proprietary, 260; the assembly claim the common law, 261; currency troubles, 261; as a crown province, 259; tobacco crop, 259; life in, 259; absence of towns, 259; boundary disputes with Pennsylvania, 239, 261, 263, 272, 273; map used, 272; disputes with Virginia, 263, 273; map showing present and charter boundaries, 273; _Report of Commissioners on the Maryland and Virginia Bounds_, 273; population, 261; institutional life, 261; Horatio Sharpe, governor, 262; money voted for the French war, 262; Catholics, 262; war on the proprietary, 262; her records, 270; history of their preservation, 270; refuses to assist Braddock, 580.

_Maryland Gazette_, 261.

Mascarene, Paul, 139, 409; autog., 450; description of Nova Scotia, 409; his “Events at Annapolis” (1710-1711), 423.

Mason, Arthur, 110.

Mason, Edw. G., 69; _Illinois in the Eighteenth Century_, 52.

Mason, _Newport_, 141.

Mason and Dixon’s line, 263, 273; their journals, 273; authorities on, 273.

Massachusetts, expedition from, to New Mexico (1678), 69; provincial charter, 91, 477; printed, 92; original of, 92; population, 92; seal of, 93; seals of governors, 93; document on the arms of, 93; quarrels with the governors over their salaries, 94, 104, 116, 130, 131, 132, 133; witchcraft court, 94; bill making representatives necessarily residents of towns represented by them, 95; London agents, 106, 107; paper money, 113; loss in Indian wars, 113; Burgess commissioned governor, 115; Shute, governor, 115; Wm. Dummer, lieutenant-governor, 116; freedom of press, 117; tracts on her depressed condition (1717, etc.), 119; picture of the province sloop, 123; under Dummer, 124; explanatory charter, 124; cost of the war (1723), 127; Burnet removes General Court to Salem, 130; sends Jona. Belcher to England, 131; made governor, 132; Spencer Phips, governor, 139; Shirley, governor, 143; exhausted by the Louisbourg expedition, 146; Brief State of the Services, etc., 147; relations with its agents, 147; Spencer Phips governor in Shirley’s absence, 149, 153; capital offences in, 152; Pownall, governor, 153; cost of the war, 153; refuse to have troops quartered on the people, 154; her troops (1759), 154; Bernard, governor, 155; authorities on her history, 162; documentary history, 164; her appeal in 1699, 164; fines traders with the French, 164; trees reserved for royal navy, 164; negative of the governor, 164; encroachments on the royal prerogative, 164; her archives cared for, 164; report on them, 165; papers on the revolution of 1689, 165; on the Andros period, 165; French archives, 165, 617; copies from England, 165; council records, 165; records of House of Representatives, 165; their printed journals, 165; muster rolls of French and Indian wars, 165; legislative history, 166; _Province Laws_, 166, 167; _Acts and Resolves_, edited by Ames and Goodell, 167; cost of printing Massachusetts Colony Records, Plymouth Colony Records, and provincial laws, 167; histories of manners, 169; financial history, 170; banks, 170; penny bills, 171; manufactory bank, 171; silver scheme, 171; volumes marked “Pecuniary” in her archives, 173; pamphlets on the subject, 174, 175; old tenor v. new tenor, 176; depreciation table, 176; emblems of Massachusetts, 177; towns in, 92; names of her towns, 181; frontier towns, 184, 187; border wars, 184; massacres, 187; _Brief State of the Services_, etc., 457; despatches of the governor to the secretary of state (1745-51), 459; troops in Crown Point expedition, 585; Acadians in, 461; papers on them in the archives, 461; town histories referring to them, 461; declined to receive others, 462; intercepted, 463; expense of supporting Acadians, 462; Bernard refuses to receive them, 462; bounds on Popple’s map, 134; boundary disputes, 177; claims land at the west, 180; bounds on New Hampshire, 180; on Rhode Island, 180, 232; on Connecticut, 180; map of, 88.

Massachusetts, fort, 187. _See_ Fort.

“Massachusetts”, frigate, 437.

Massacre Island, 17.

Mather, Cotton, _Bills of Credit_, 170; _Life of Phips_, 170; his character, 101, 129; his library, 101, 162; favors Jos. Dudley’s appointment, 103; quarrels with him, 104; disappointed in not being president of Harvard College, 105; his _Le Vrai Patron_, 106; his Iroquois tract, 107; _Question and Proposal_, 108; answered by John Wise, 108; his _Winthropi Justa_, 212; and Governor Shute, 116; _Decennium Luctuosum_, 420; diary, 168; _Duodecennium Luctuosum_, 430; incites or writes _Memorial_ against Jos. Dudley, 422; _Magnalia_, 156; _Manuductio ad Ministerium_, 156; his style, 157; lives of, 157; map in his _Magnalia_, 88; his _Parentator_, 125; tries to have a synod, 126; on Sebastian Rasle, 127; _Waters of Marah_, 127; praises Shute, 118; receives a doctorate, 119; _Testimony against Evil Customs_, 119; favors inoculation, 120; attacked, 120; despised by Douglass, 120; and Wm. Dummer, 123; his reputation in successive generations, 157; his literary fecundity, 157; authorities, 157; _The Terror of the Lord_, 128; _Boanerges_, 128; dies, 129; judged by James Savage, 129.

Mather, Increase, diary, 168; his character, 101, 125, 126; goes to England, 87; and the new charter of Massachusetts Bay, 91; returns to Boston, 93; laments the decline of theocratic views, 93; made D. D. by Harvard, 94; relations to the college, 98; relations with Sam. Sewall, 100; _Order of the Gospel_, 101; attacked by the Manifesto Church party, 101; declines to go to England, 114; and the _New England Courant_, 121; dies, 125; portrait, 125; memoirs, 125.

Mather, Samuel, _Life of Cotton Mather_, 157.

Mathers, the, Quincy and Grahame upon, 621.

_Mather Papers_, 166.

Mathews, Alfred, 565.

Matler’s Rock, 237.

Matthews, A., 577.

Mauduit, Jasper, 462.

Maule, Thomas, 95; _Truth Held Forth_, 95; _New England Persecutors_, 95; genealogy of, 95; _Tribute to Cæsar_, 562.

Maurault, Abbé, J. A., _Histoire des Abénakis_, 421, 619.

Maurepas, lake, 41.

Maurice, J. F., _Hostilities without Declaration of War_, 574.

Maury, Ann, _Huguenot Family_, 276.

Maury, Jas., on Evans’s map, 564.

Maxwell, Thomson, 598, 602.

Maxwell, _Virginia Register_, 284.

Mayer, Brantz, edits _Sot-Weed Factor_, 272; _Logan and Cresap_, 272.

Mayer, F. B., 271; _Old Maryland Manners_, 272.

Mayer, Lewis, _Ground Rents in Maryland_,271; on Maryland Papers, 617.

Mayhew, Jona., his bold utterances, 150.

Mayo, John, lays out Richmond, 268.

Mayo, Colonel William, 268.

McCall, Hugh, _History of Georgia_, 405.

McGill, A. T., 273.

McHenry, James, 575.

McLeod, Rev. John, 376.

Meade, _Old Churches, etc., of Virginia_, 279, 282, 284.

Mease, James, _Picture of Philadelphia_, 252.

Mecklenburg declaration of independence, 304.

Meginness, J. F., _Valley of the Susquehanna_, 249.

Melchers, Julius, 560.

Melish, John, _Description of United States_, 53.

Mellish, T., 331.

Melon, _Essai politique_, 75.

Melvin, Eleazer, 182.

_Mémoires sur le Canada_, 57; MS. of, 57.

_Memoirs of the Principal Transactions of the Last War_, 568.

Mennonists, 217, 246; authorities on, 246.

Menwe. _See_ Five Nations.

Mercer, Colonel, killed at Oswego, 510.

Mercer, Colonel Hugh, at Pittsburgh, 600.

Mercer, John, 278.

Merrimac River, 88; in Popple’s map, 134.

Merriman, Sergeant, diary, 602.

_Methodist Quarterly_, 403.

Meursius, Jacob, map, 472.

Mexico, St. Denys in, 71.

Miami Confederacy, 563.

Miami, fort at, 559.

Miamis, 564.

Miamis, French on the, 490, 566.

Michelet, Jules, _La France sous Law_, 77.

Michilimackinac, French at, 566; map, 559.

Micmacs, country of, 480; threatening, 452; accounts of, 452; _Customs and Manners of the Micmakis_, 452.

Middle Colonies in the eighteenth century, 189; life in, 247; literature of, 248; publications in, 248; population of, 246.

Middleton, Arthur, governor of Carolina, 328; conflicts with the Assembly, 329.

Middleton, Henry, 350.

Middleton, map of Braddock’s march, 500.

Mildmay, Wm., 475.

_Military History of Great Britain, 1756-57_, 592.

Miller, John, _Province and City of New York_, 253.

Miller, secretary of Carolina, 294.

Mills, _Boundaries of Ontario_, 86.

Mills, rolling, prohibited, 149.

Minas, basin of, view of entrance, 449; battle of, 448; English and French accounts, 448, 449.

Minet, his maps, 79.

Mingoes, 484. _See_ Five Nations.

Minnesota, historical chart of, 622; historical society of, 622.

Minot, G. R., on the Acadians, 458; _Massachusetts Bay_, 162; portrait, 162.

Minquas, 484.

Misère, 55.

Mississippi Bubble, 75. _See_ Law, John.

Mississippi River, mouths of, map (1700), 22; called St. Louis, 86; entered by Iberville, 18; maps of, by De Fer, 23; by Le Blond de la Tour, 23; by De Pauger, 23; by Sérigny (1719), 41; its scouring action, 42; map of lower parts, by Le Page, 66; by Bellin, 66; other maps, 66; explored by the English, 69; name of, 70; spelling of name, 79.

Mississippi Valley, maps of, 79; maps supporting the English and French claims, 83.

Missouri Indians, 39.

Missouri River, French on the, 566.

Mistasin, lake, 84.

Mitchell, John, _Contest in America_, 83, 615; his _Map of the British Colonies_, 83.

Mittelberger, Gottlieb, _Reise_, 244.

Moales, John, 271.

Mobile Bay, 17, 66; plan, 71; visited by Iberville, 21.

Mobilians, 86.

Mohawk River, 236; map, 595.

Mohawk Valley, map, 238.

Mohawks, 484; conference with (1753), 245; (1758), 245; missions among, 246.

Mohegan case, 111, 232; authorities on, 111; Cæsar, a Mohegan sachem, 112.

Moidores (coin), 230.

Moll, Herman, his maps, 80, 234; map of South Carolina, 315; map of Virginia and Maryland, 273; survey of St. Lawrence Gulf, 614; map of New England, 133, 234; _New Survey_, 81, 133, 351; _World Displayed_, 474; _Carolina, divided into Parishes_, 348; _Map of Dominions of the King of Great Britain in America_, 344; made maps for Oldmixon, 344, 474; view of Niagara Falls (1715), 567.

Mombert, J. I., _Lancaster County_, 249, 566.

Mompesson, chief justice, 196.

Moncacht-Apé, story of, 77.

Monckton, Robert, governor of New York, autog. and seal, 206; commands in expedition against Beauséjour, 452; in Nova Scotia, 415; portrait and autog., 454; account of, 454; wounded at Quebec, 550; at Fort Pitt (1760), 610.

Moncrief, Major, _Expedition against Quebec_, 604.

Monette, J. W., _Mississippi Valley_, 71.

Monk, George. _See_ Albemarle.

Monongahela, battle of, authorities on, 575; French reports, 575; ballads, 575. _See_ Braddock.

Montague, Captain Wm., 437.

Montague, Lord Chas. Greville, 333.

Montanus, _Nieuwe en Onbekende Weereld_, 472; its maps, 472.

Montbeillard, Potot de, _Mémoires_, 605.

Montcalm, Marquis de, autog., 505; succeeds Dieskau, 505; at Ticonderoga, 505; suddenly attacks Oswego, 510; captures it, 510; again at Ticonderoga, 511; goes into winter-quarters, 512; jealousies of Vaudreuil, 514; advances (1757) on Fort William Henry, 516; retreats to Canada, 520; again at Ticonderoga awaiting Abercrombie’s attack, 521; repels it, 523 (_see_ Ticonderoga); strengthens Ticonderoga, 527; disputes with Vaudreuil, 530; promoted, 532; apprehensive, 533; at Quebec, 540; his headquarters, 540; his policy of delay, 544; on the Plains of Abraham, 548; portraits, 548; advances on Wolfe, 548; killed, 550; buried, 550; his remains disturbed, 550; monuments to his memory, 551; his early career, 592; his despatches to the department of war, 592; his instructions as to Oswego, 592; on Rigaud’s attack on Fort William Henry, 593; his letter on his own attack on Fort William Henry, 594; his instructions, 594; letter to Webb, 594; contemporary English view of his conduct during the massacre, 595; Cooper’s view in the _Last of the Mohicans_, 595; his conduct respecting the massacre at Fort William Henry, variously considered, 595; letters on Abercrombie’s defeat, 598; dispute with Vaudreuil respecting the loss of Fort Frontenac, 599, 600; disheartened (1759), 600; at siege of Quebec (1759), 604; letters, 604; contemporary accounts of death and burial, 605; letters owned by the present Marquis de Montcalm, 605; correspondence with Bourlamaque, 605; letters entrusted to Roubaud, 606; _Lettres de Montcalm à Messieurs de Berryer et de la Molé_, 606; known to be forgeries, 606; have deceived many, 606; essay on M. by Creasy, 607; books by Martin, 607; by Bonnechose, 607; his commission (1756), 591; map of his campaigns, 618; his papers, 599. _See_ Quebec, Wolfe, etc.

Monteano, Manuel de, 386.

Montgomerie, John, governor of New York, 198; governor of New Jersey, 220.

Montgomery, Richd., on Wolfe’s attack on Quebec, 547.

Montigni, 561.

Montour, Andrew, interpreter, 10, 490, 570; his family, 490.

Montreal, 486; defended by Vaudreuil, 534; threatened by Amherst, 555; surrounded, 556; surrender, 558, 609; raided upon, 489, 568; trade with Albany, 567; Gage at, 610; treaty at (1701), 560; views of, 554; plans of, 555, 556.

Montresor, James, his journal, 594; portrait, 594.

Montresor, Colonel John, plan for the campaign (1759), 533, 601; at siege of Quebec, 604; traverses the Kennebec route (1760) with despatches, 609; his map, 609; accompanied Murray up the St. Lawrence, 609; journal of Louisbourg (1758), 467; his journals, 594, 609; portrait, 594; map of the St. Lawrence, 614.

Montreuil, Chevalier de, 617.

Montreuil, Dieskau’s adjutant, 588; letter, 588, 605.

Moor, Robt., 364.

Moore, Colonel James, his march (1712), 345; defeats the Apalatchees, 319; defeats the Tuscaroras, 299; governor of South Carolina (1700), 316.

Moore, Colonel Maurice, his march (1713 and 1715), 345; sent against the Yemassees, 321.

Moore, Francis, _Voyage to Georgia_, 396, 401.

Moore, Geo. H., 117; _Final Notes on Witchcraft_, 164, 617; on Massachusetts legislation, 166.

Moore, James, 318, 341, 359; his account of his incursion into Florida, 342; fights the Yemassees, 322; made governor of South Carolina by the people, 327.

Moore, James (jr.), dies, 332.

Moore, J. W., _North Carolina_, 355.

Moore, on Wesley, 403.

Moorhead, John, 132.

Moravians, their historical society, 246; its publications, 246; monuments erected by it, 246; in Connecticut, 246; at Shekomeko in New York, 246; at Wechquodnach, 246; in Philadelphia, 246; their _Manual_, 246; intermediate in the war with the Indians, 595; in Georgia, 374; in New York, 257; in North Carolina, 348; in Pennsylvania, 217; their schools, 231; founded Bethlehem, 245; in New York, 245, 246; relations with Indians, 245; sources of their history, 245.

Morden, Robert, _New Map of Carolina_, 340, 341.

Moreau, C., 610; _L’Acadie française_, 424.

Morgan, Daniel, with Braddock, 498.

Morgan, Geo., 564.

Morgan, Geo. H., _Harrisburg_, 249.

Morgan, L. H., _League of the Iroquois_, 235.

Morilon du Bourg, 476.

Morris, Colonel, his sloop “Fancy”, 252.

Morris, F. O., 575.

Morris, Lewis, 196, 219, 220; chief justice of New York, 198; governor of New Jersey, 220; dies, 221.

Morris, Major, marauding expedition to Bay of Fundy (1758), 464.

Morris, Robt. Hunter, governor of Pennsylvania, 215.

Morris, Roger, 496; his house, 252.

Morris, Wm., 219.

Moseley, Edw., 299.

Moss, L., _Baptists and the National Centenary_, 282.

Mother Goose, 121.

Motley, John L., 563.

Mougoulachas, 18, 19.

Moulton, Captain Jere., scouting expedition, 430.

Mount Defiance (Ticonderoga), 523.

Mountgomery, Sir Robt., _Discourse_, 392; plan of Azilia, 392; _Golden Islands_, 392; his grant in Georgia, 359.

Mt. Pleasant (Va.), 570.

Mudyford, Thomas, 288.

Munro, Colonel, at Fort William Henry (1757), 515; surrenders, 517.

Munsell, Frank, _Bibliography of Albany_, 249.

Munsell, Joel, notes on Mrs. Grant’s _American Lady_, 509; _Annals of Albany_, 509.

Murdoch, B., _Nova Scotia_, 419, 460.

Murphy, A. D., projected history of North Carolina, 354.

Murray, Colonel A., autog., 460.

Murray, F., _French Financiers_, 76.

Murray, General James, his campaign against Lévis, 552; plan of the campaign, 552; his retreat, 553; commands above Quebec, 545; holds Quebec, 550; approaches Montreal, 555; journal at Quebec, 608; his despatches, 608; letters, 608.

Musgrove, Mary, 369.

Muskets, first made in America, 149.

Muskhogee Confederacy, 370.

Muskingum, river, 563.

Muys, M. de, 27.

Nanfan, lieutenant-governor of New York, 195.

Nansemond, Va., 307.

Nantucket, her whalers, 118.

Napier, letter to Braddock, 575, 576.

Narragansetts, 342.

Narragansett Bay, fortifications of, 142.

Narragansett country claimed by Rhode Island and Connecticut, 181.

Nason, Elias, annotates Baxter’s journal, 424; _Dunstable_, 184; _Frankland_, 144.

Nassau, isle of, 70.

Nassonites, 40.

Natchez, fort, 66, 82; trading post, 29. _See_ Rosalie.

Natchez Indians, 21, 23; attack the French, 30; massacre, 46 (_see_ St. André); wars, 46; defeated by Choctaws, 48; authorities, 68.

Natchitoches, 40; island, occupied, 30.

Navigation laws, 138.

Neal, Daniel, _New England_, 157; judged by Watts, 158; by Prince, 158.

Nearn, T., 80.

Negro plot in New York city, 201. _See_ New York.

Neill, E. D., on the Calverts, 271; on Governor Evans, 243; _Vérendrye and his Sons_, 568; _Virginia Carolorum_, 335; _Virginia Colonial Clergy_, 279.

Nelson, John, 476.

_Neptune Americo-Septentrional_, 429.

Nervo, _Les Finances françaises_, 77.

_Neu-gefundenes Eden_, 348.

_New American Magazine_, 597.

_New and Complete History of the British Empire in America_, 350, 618.

New Biloxi, 36.

New England (1689-1763), chapter on, 87; restrictive acts in, 95; her politics little cared for in England, 114; her exports (1716), 116; the king’s rights to the woods, 116; oppressed by acts of parliament, 118; industries, 118; war declared (1722), 122; earthquake (1727), 128; the Great Awakening, 133; Catholic view of modifications of faith in, 133; sends troops to the West Indies, 135; smuggling, 138; war of 1744, 145; population (1745), 145; expedition against Canada (1746), 148; frontier forts, 149; population (1755), 151; earthquake (1755), 152; their lead in military matters, 152; sources of her history, 156; legislative history, 166; manners of, 167; authorities on, 167, 168; Chalmers’s notes on, 352, 354; coast life, 169; town system, 169; religious history, 169; organizations for propagating the gospel, of similar names, 169; financial history, 170; reimbursed for the cost of siege of Louisbourg, 176; disputed bounds, 177; forts and frontiers, 181; local histories, 181; earliest discussion of the Catholic question in, 186; her people on the Carolina coast, 295; her territory ravaged by Indians (1703-4), 5, 7, 420, 483; her military system, 591; confederacy (1643), 611; maps, 133; (1688), 88; (Moll’s), 133; (1732, Popple’s), 134; (1755), 238; Douglass on maps, 133; (Salmon’s), 234; (Pownall’s), 565; (Kitchin’s), 482. _See_ names of New England States.

_New England Courant_, 121.

_New England Journal_, 131.

_New England Weekly Journal_, 135.

New France, _Collection de Manuscrits relatifs à l’Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, 473; general historians, 619; English writers on, 619.

New Hampshire, annexed to Massachusetts, 90; without political government, 90; the Mason claim, 110; John Usher, governor, 110; George Vaughan, governor, 110; Vaughan, ruling, 123; John Wentworth, governor, 123, 129; united with Massachusetts under Burnet, 139; Waldron, secretary, 139; his correspondence with Belcher, 139; authorities on her history, 163; _Provincial Papers_, 166, 167; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; issues of the press, 166; judicial history, 166; fac-similes of her five-shillings bill, 174; three-pounds bill, 175; Crown Point currency, 590, 591; failed to use the Louisbourg money to help her bills, 176; Stevens’s _Books on New Hampshire_, 180; frontier posts of, 183; Acadians in, 46; Indian wars, 183; regiments at Lake George, 585; troops in the field, 591; men killed at Fort William Henry, 595; towns of, 183; bounds and boundary disputes, 134, 180; maps (1756), 485; (1761), 485.

New Hampshire Grants, and the controversy over them, 166, 178, 179, 238.

New Inverness (Georgia), 377.

New Jersey, Alexander’s drafts used by Pownall, 565; apathy of, at the time of Braddock’s expedition, 580; finally alarmed, 580, 583; boundary disputes with New York, 222, 238; Catholics in, 191; _Celebration of the Proprietors_, 238; population, 246; Baptists in, 247; paper money in, 230, 247; laws, 252; first brick house in, 258; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; copper ore in, 225; divided into East and West, 217; surrendered by the proprietors, 217; united, 217; history of, 217, etc.; education in, 231; Governor Belcher’s papers on, 166; Rutgers College, 230; Princeton College, 230; trade of, 228; treaty with Indians (1756), 590.

New London, Acadians at, 461; governors at, 108.

New Orleans founded, 36; map by Le Page du Pratz, 37; in Dumont, 38; by N. Bellin, 38; by Jefferys, 38; view of (1719), 39; by Pauger, 42; Ursulines in, 44.

New York City, negro plot in, 201, 242; smuggling in, 229; Trinity Church, 230; King’s College, 230; Columbia College, 230; monographs on phases of New York, 248; its police, 249; old coffee houses, 249; its markets, 249; its ferries, 248; Catholic churches, 248; views of, engraved, 250-252; Popple’s, 250, 252; Blakewell’s, 251, 252; from _London Magazine_, 251, 252; keys to landmarks, 252-254; other views, 252; City Hall, 252; Fort George, 252; Broadway and its history, 252; Wall Street and its history, 252; tombs of Trinity, 252; domestic architecture, 252; Dutch houses, 252; Rutgers mansion, 252; Cortelyou house, 252; Van Cortland house, 252; Roger Morris house, 252; Beekman house, 252; Livingston house, 252; Verplanck house, 252; plans of the city, 253; Miller’s, 253; key to, 253; other plans, 253; Lyne’s plan, 253; Popple’s, 253; map of harbor, 253, 254; fac-simile, 254; Grim’s plan, 254; _Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church_, 254; plan of environs made for Lord Loudon, 254; city arms, 255; Maerschalk’s plan (1755), 255; Bellin’s, 257.

_New York Gazette_, 248.

_New York Mercury_, 85, 601.

New York Province, threatened by the Catholics, 189; Papists not tolerated, 190, 191; early Catholics in, 190; Bill of Rights (1691), 191, 193; money raised by a general tax, 192; charter of liberties, 192; a crown province, 192; form of government, 193; legislative struggle for supremacy, 194; courts established, 194; seals of governors, 196; oppressed by war, 197; trade with Canada, 198; courts of equity, 198; court of exchequer, 200; MS. sources of her history, 231; Duke’s laws, 231; Dongan’s laws, 232; other laws, 232; Bradford’s editions of, 232; council minutes, 232; land records, 232; _Calendar_ of them, 232; records of Indian affairs, 233; sources on religious life, 233; papers on trade and manufactures, 233; sources of the rules of the different governors, 241; Bayard trial, 241; Episcopal Church in, 244; population of, 246; German element in, 246; French and German names in, 247; life in, 247; paper money in, 247; no bibliography of its historical literature, 248; local histories, 249; local historical societies, 249; education in, 241; manufactures in, 226; Huguenots in, 247; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; and the New Hampshire Grants, 178; bounds of, 84, 177, 238; _Report of the Regents of the University on the Bounds_, 238; maps, 88, 234, 235, 238; (manorial grants), 236, 237; (French grants), 238; (New York harbor), 235.

New lights, 135, 145.

Newbern (N. C.), 303.

Newcastle, Del., fort at, 210.

Newfoundland, map of, 482; naval engagement at, 452.

Newport, R. I. (1729), 141; privateers, 166.

Newspapers, 90.

Newton, J. H., _History of the Panhandle_, 570.

Niagara (cataract), view by Moll, 567; described by Kalm, 244; (Jagara on Colden’s map), 491.

Niagara (fort), plans, 534, 567; strengthened, 490; French at, 483; Joncaire at, 6, 7; project to seize (1706), 560; attacked by Prideaux, 533, 600; taken, 536; articles of capitulation, 601; letters, 601; French accounts, 601; rivalry for, 566.

Niagara (river), map (1759), 534.

Niaouré Bay (Sackett’s Harbor), 510.

Nicholas, a Huron, 568.

Nichols, A. H., 467, 604.

Nichols, Timothy, 604.

Nichols, _Literary Anecdotes_, 367.

Nicholson, Gen. Francis, in Boston, 107, 108; goes to New York, 109; governor of Maryland, 260; sent to Virginia, 264; his character, 260, 264; his ambition, 264; helps to found William and Mary College, 264; in the “Burwell affair”, 264; recalled, 264; made royal governor of Carolina, 327; attacks Port Royal (1710), 107, 408; autog., 422, 425; his journal of the siege of Port Royal, with other papers, 423; plan by which the fleet sailed, 424; advocates a union of the colonies, 611.

Nihata, 80.

Niles, Samuel, _French and Indian Wars_, 425; poem on Louisbourg, 438.

Nimégue, treaty at (1678), 476.

Nitschman, David, 377.

Noble, Arthur, 436; account of, 448; attacked at Grand Pré, 413.

Norfolk, Va., 267.

Norridgewock, 118; conference at, 430.

North, John, survey of the coast of Maine (1752), 474.

North Carolina, history of, 294; at first known as Albemarle County, 294; Quakers in, 294; New Englanders monopolizing the trade, 295; Culpepper rebellion, 295; Seth Sothel, governor, 296; sent to England, 296; Philip Ludwell, governor, 296; Carey’s rebellion, 297; aims of the popular party, 297; murders by Tuscaroras, 298; Virginia and South Carolina send help, 298; journals of the lower house missing, 299; causes operating to check the prosperity of the colony, 300; population, 297, 300, 303; bad governors, 300; the crown buys out seven of the proprietors, 301; under royal government, 301; bounds upon South Carolina, 302; Bath County, 302; educational failure, 303; printing introduced, 303; laws, 303; commerce, 303, 305; immigration from Pennsylvania and Virginia, 304; indemnified for war expenses, 305; sources of her history, 335; charters, 336; printed with the fundamental constitutions, 336; seal of the proprietors, 336; _Revised Statutes_, 336; Hilton’s discoveries, 337; _Brief Description of the Province of Carolina_, 337; changes in the coast line, 338; boundary with Virginia, first shown, 340; _Carolina described more fully than heretofore_, 340; laws, 345; surrender of title, 347; German settlements, 348; Moravians in, 348; Swiss in, 348; Chalmers’s notes on, 352; Culpepper revolution, 352; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; later histories of, 354; Williamson’s, 354; Martin’s, 354; Wheeler’s, 354; Hawks’s, 355; Moore’s, 355; maps, 336, 337, 338, 340, 350; bounds on Virginia, absence of legislative records, 356; Barrington’s account, 356; Byrd’s estimate of the people, 275.

_North Carolina Gazette_, 303, 350.

North (Hudson) River, map, 236, 237. _See_ Hudson.

Northern Neck of Virginia, its bounds, 276; _Survey of the Northern Neck_, 276; fac-simile of it, 277.

Northumberland Papers, 603.

_Northwest Review_, 621.

Norton, Charles Eliot, 242.

Norton, John, _Redeemed Captive_, 187.

Norumbega defined by Montanus, Dapper, and Ogilby, 479.

Nourse, H. S., on the Acadians, 461; _Lancaster_, 184.

_Nouvelles des Missions_, 68.

_Nouvelles Soirées canadiennes_, 607.

Nova Belgica, map of, 234.

Nova Scotia, separated from Massachusetts, 96; governors of, 409; emigrants invited to settle, 414; Halifax founded, 414; first assembly, 415; expulsion of Acadians, 415 (_see_ French Neutrals); _Public Documents_, 418; histories of, 419; tracts to encourage settlers, 450; _Genuine Account_, 450; _Beschreibung von Neu-Schottland_, 450; counter statements in Wilson’s _Genuine Narrative_, 450; _Account of the Present State of Nova Scotia_, 452; _French Policy defeated_, 452; papers of Andrew Brown upon, 458; council records sent to England, 458; records arranged, 458; T. B. Akins as record commissioner, 458; synopsis of records, 459; royal instructions, 459; proclamations, 459; _Historical Society Collections_, 419; _Letter from a Gentleman_, 460; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; maps of, 482; (Jefferys) 480, 481; maps made by order of Lawrence, 482; Montresor’s surveys, 482; map, by Kitchin, 482; of the coasts, by Des Barres, 482. _See_ Acadia.

Noyes, Nic., _New England’s Duty_, 420.

O’Callaghan, E. B., on the battle of Minas, 449; edits _Clarke’s Voyage_, 243; edits _Voyage of Sloop Mary_, 422; annotates Wilson’s _Orderly Book_, 602; edits Bobin’s _Letters_, 243.

O’Reilley, governor of Louisiana, 73.

O’Sullivan, D. A., 615.

Oakes, Thomas, 87.

_Occasional Reflections on the Importance of the War_, 596.

Ochagach, 568.

Ocmulgee River, 359.

Oconee River, 359.

Ogden, John C., _Excursion to Bethlehem_, 245.

Ogdensburg, 490, 571.

Ogeechee River, 373, 375, 379.

Ogilby, his map of Carolina, 338; assistance sought from Locke, 338; _America_, 472; its map, 472.

Ogle, Samuel, 261.

Oglethorpe, General James Edward, his attack on the Spanish, 342; _Report_ on its failure, 342; his origin, 361; his early life, 361; portrait, 362, 406; named in charter of Georgia, 364; reached Georgia with the first settlers, 367; in Charlestown (S. C.), 370; meets the Indians, 370; goes to England with Tomo-chi-chi, 376; made colonel, 380; commander-in-chief of forces in Georgia and Carolina, 380; attacks St. Augustine, 381, 385; maps of, 382, 383; opposes Spanish attack on St. Simon, 386; departs, 387; fac-simile of his handwriting, 393; lives of, 394; notices in general histories and periodicals, 394; his _New and Accurate Account_, 394, 401; letter of, 394; _Curious Account of the Indians_, 396; _Poem to, on his arrival_, 396 (_see_ St. Augustine _and_ St. Simon Island); tracts against him, 398; attacked by Tailfer, 399; Spalding’s _Oglethorpe_, 401; letters of, 401.

Ohio Company, 10, 490; charged with circulating stories of French encroachments, 580; founded (1748), 570; sends out Gist, 570; grants to, 570.

Ohio, Indians in, 564; desert the French, 529; distracted, 490; migrations, 564; side with the French after Braddock’s defeat, 583; treaties, 245, 566.

Ohio River, held to be the main stream with the Mississippi, 483; Indian names along the, 564; divides Canada from Louisiana, 563; English claim on, based on the Iroquois conquest, 564; forks of the, 273; fort at, 493; Ward surrenders the post, 573; the French officer’s summons, 573; the French building a fort (1732) on, 563; the Indians in the country, 563.

Ohio Valley, prehistoric axe-cuts in, 565; English in, 566; their knowledge of it derived from the French, 566; grants made by them, 10; their traders seized, 10; French in, 9, 484, 566, 571, 572; Céloron’s plates, 9; (Duquesne), 11, 490; French and English conflict in, precipitated by Dinwiddie, 12; _Wisdom and Policy of the French_, 566; _French Encroachments Exposed_, 564; _Present State of North America_, 566; statement of English claim (Franklin), 565; as viewed by the French, 566; English view in _State of the British and French Colonies_, 566; maps of (Evans), 565; (Pownall’s), 566; (showing English claims), 566.

_Ohio Valley Historical Series_, 579.

Ojibways, history of, 622.

Old French war, 453; general contemporary accounts of, 615; maps of, 618.

Old lights, 135.

Oldmixon, John, autog., 344; _British Empire in America_, 273, 344, 474; German edition, 344.

Oldschool, Oliver (Dennie), _Portfolio_, 594.

Oliphant, Mrs., on Wesley, 403; _Historical Sketches of the Reign of George II._, 403.

Oneida Historical Society, 249.

Onondaga, salt springs, 226.

Onondagas, conference (1734), 567; French treaty with, 487.

Ontario, French vessels on, 490; map (1757), 614.

Orangeburg (S. C.), 348.

Orchard, Robin, 92.

Orleans, Fort, founded, 55.

Orleans, Island of, map of, 549; Wolfe at, 543; history of, 543.

Orme, Robt., 496; his letters, 575, 576, 579; plan of Braddock’s field, 500; journal, 575.

Ormsby, John, 600.

Orr, Hugh, 149.

Orris, Luis de, 69.

Osages, 55.

Osborn, Sir Danvers, governor of New York, 204.

Ossabaw Island, 279, 370.

Ossoli, _Methodism at its Fountain_, 404; _Art, Literature, and Drama_, 404.

Oswego, 186, 601, 614; a bone of contention, 487, 566; garrisoned, 7; summoned by the French (1727), 485; captured, 510, 511, 591; Gage’s failure, 601; letters, 601; Indians at, 592; authorities on, 591, 592; French sources, 592; despatches, 567; Beauharnois on, 567; _La Prise des Forts_, 592; English sources, 511; Walpole’s paper, 567; plan of (1727), 567; (1757), 511, 512; situation, 567; description, 512; view, 512; importance of, 591.

Otis, Christine, 186.

Otis, James, sues the custom-house officers for the province, 155; treats with Indians, 149; writs of assistance, 156.

Otis, Colonel James, 155.

Ottawa River, bounds of Canada under treaty of Utrecht, 85.

Ottawas on the Sandusky and Maumee rivers, 563.

Ottens, _Atlas_, 235; his maps, 79.

Otter Creek, 585.

Ouabache (Ohio River), 26.

Ouatanon, 559.

Oumas, 18.

Outagamis, 6.

Owens, Wm., 308.

Oxford, Mass., abandoned, 96.

Oyster beds, and the Virginia boundary line, 263.

Paddock, Ichabod, 118.

Padoucahs, 55.

Page du Pratz, map of Louisiana, 85; fac-simile, 86.

Paine, Nath., _Early Paper Currency_, 170.

Paine, T. O., 182.

Palfrey, F. W., 160.

Palfrey, J. G., _New England_, 160; his details, 161; portrait, 161; abridged edition of his _New England_, 161; on the Acadians, 459.

Palissado (Mississippi), 18.

Palmer, Anthony, 215.

Palmer, Eliakim, 149.

Palmer, W. P., 278.

Palmer, _Lake Champlain_, 587.

Pan Handle, boundary of, 240.

Panet, Jean Claude, journal at Quebec (1759), 605.

Panionassas, 55.

Paper manufacture, 223.

Paper money, 112; in Carolina, 323; forbidden in the colonies by Parliament, 203; in Maryland, 261; in Massachusetts, 170; in the middle colonies, 247; in New Jersey, 230; in Pennsylvania, 212.

Papineau, L. J., portrait, 619; and the archives of Canada, 617.

Papists not tolerated in New York, 190. _See_ Catholics.

Pardo, Juan, 359.

Paris, treaty of (1712), 476; treaty of (1763), _see_ Peace of 1763.

Parke, Colonel, of Virginia, 265.

Parker, Henry, 388.

Parker, J., on New Jersey boundaries, 238.

Parker, _Londonderry_, 119.

Parkman, Francis, _Historical Handbook of the Northern Tour_, 541; _Montcalm and Wolfe_, 460; on the Acadians, 460; controversy with P. H. Smith, 460; on Washington’s expedition to Le Bœuf, 572; on the battle of Lake George (1755), 584, 587; on Braddock’s defeat, 576; on the campaign of 1760, 609; on the comparative resources of the French and English colonies, 600; on the siege of Louisbourg (1758), 467; his MSS., 617; on the Montcalm forgeries, 606; on the Quaker and anti-Quaker quarrels in Pennsylvania, 582; on the siege of Quebec (1759), 607.

Parkman, G. F., 604.

Parkman, Wm., 597.

Parks, W., 278.

Parsons, Usher, _Life of Pepperrell_, 437.

Partridge, Oliver, on Abercrombie’s defeat, 597; on Robt. Rogers, 598.

Partridge, Richard, 221.

Partridge, Saml., 187.

Pasquotank (North Carolina), 295.

Passamaquoddy Indians, treaty with (1760), 471.

Pastorius, _Continuatio_, etc., 239.

Patten, Thos., 554; map of Montreal, 556.

Patterson, Dr. Geo., _History of Pictou_, 419; on Samuel Vetch, 423.

Pattin, John, 490.

Paulding, J. K., _Sketches_, 284.

Paxton, Captain, 96.

Paxton, Chas., 155.

Payer, T., 233.

Peabody, W. B. O., _Cotton Mather_, 157; on Cotton Mather’s diary, 168; _Life of Oglethorpe_, 394.

Peace of 1763, 58, 156, 471; authorities, 614; boundary claims, 614; _Mémoire Historique_, 614; _Appeal to Knowledge_, 615; royal proclamation, 615; map of the acquired territory, 615. _See_ Paris.

Pean, M. T. H., 610.

Pearce, S., _Luzerne County_, 249.

Pearlash, 225.

Pearson, Jonathan, _Schenectady Patent_, 190, 249.

Pejebscot (Brunswick, Me.), 181; Indian conference (1699), 420.

Pelham, Henry, his administration in England, 203.

Pelham, Peter, 141.

Pelham, Fort (Mass.), 187.

Peltries, trade in, 1.

Pemaquid, 181; fort, 96, 104; Indian conference at (1693), 420; rights of the English to, 474; surrendered by Chubb, 96.

Pemberton, Ebenezer, 121.

Penhallow, Samuel, _Wars of New England_, 424; fac-simile of title, 424; edited by W. Dodge, 425; his papers, 430; his mission to the Penobscots, 425; his family, 425; letters, 425.

Penicaut, 25, 71; _Annals of Louisiana_, 67, 73; relation, 72.

Penicooke Indians, 420.

Penn, Hannah, 214.

Penn, John (son of Richard), 216.

Penn, John (son of Wm.), 215.

Penn, Richard, 215.

Penn, Thomas, 215; his correspondence with Richard Peters, 242.

Penn, Wm., agent of Rhode Island, 110; arrested in England, 207; regains his province, 208; in prison, 210; dies, 211; correspondence with Logan, 242, 247; used and printed, 242; _Essay upon Government_, 611; the Catholics, 191; his view of his rights, 214; and the Susquehannas, 245.

Pennoyer, Jesse, 602.

Pennsylvania in the eighteenth century, 207; put under Governor Fletcher of New York, 208; charter of 1701 from Penn, 209; Quaker influence in politics, 209; mortgaged by Penn, 210; votes money for the war, 211, 213; court of chancery, 212; sends Franklin to England, 216; dreads Spanish attacks, 216; most flourishing of the colonies, 216; its mines, 224; smuggling in, 228; penal laws in, 191; Penn’s leniency to Catholics, 191; overrun by Indians (1753), 204; French occupation of the western part, 617; sources of her history, 242; correspondence of Penn and Logan, 242; travels in, 243; Swedes in, 246; Welsh in, 246; Germans in, 246; Baptists in, 246, 247; foreign names in, 247; life in, 247; Presbyterians in, 247; paper money in, 212, 247; university of, 231, 248; publications in, 248; local history, 249; governors and councillors, 249; domestic architecture in, 258; tracts to induce German immigration, 348; Indian forays within, after Braddock’s defeat, 581, 582, 583; authorities, 581; records of her troops, 581; defences erected, 581; list of forts, 581; plans of some, 581; _Etat présent_, 582; frontiers defended by Franklin, 583; Franklin drafts militia act, 583; politics at the time of Braddock’s expedition, 580, 582; held back in the war by the Quakers, 493; movement against the Indians (1755-56), 589; conferences at Easton, 589; _Several Conferences of the Quakers_, etc., 589; _A True Relation_, etc., 590; narratives of captivities, 590; Acadians in, 462; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; maps of, 239, 582; Kitchin’s map (1761), 239; map of Indian purchases, 240; land claimed by Connecticut, 180; “Walking Purchase”, 240; boundary disputes, 278. _See_ Maryland, Quakers, etc.

_Pennsylvania Gazette_, 248.

_Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, 249.

Pennypacker, S. W., _Phœnixville_, 249; translates Scheffer’s Mennonite Emigration, 246; his _Sketches_, 246.

Penobscots, conferences with, 430, 433, 434, 450; their conduct in Boston, 433; received under protection (1760-63), 471; war with, 452.

Penobscot River forts, 183.

Pensacola, 70, 86; captured, 36; founded, 17; Spanish at, 17; plans of, 39.

Pentagoet, wines seized at (1687), 476.

Pepin, Lake, 7.

Pepperrell, Sir Wm., attacks Louisbourg, 410, 436; portrait, 435; autog., 435; genealogy, 435; his sword, 435; his house, 435; his papers, 436; correspondence with Shirley, 436; with Commodore Warren, 436; his arms, 436; his life by Parsons, 436; other accounts, 437; his plan of siege of Louisbourg, 446; returns to Boston from Louisbourg, 147; dies, 154; in command (1757) of Massachusetts militia, 153.

Pequods, 342.

Percival, Andrew, 313.

Percival, John, Earl of Egmont, 363, 364, 395; MS. records of Georgia, 400.

Perier, governor of Louisiana, 46; autog., 46; fights the Natchez, 48.

Periwigs, 99.

Perkins, A. T., _Copley_, 141, 169; on portraits of Smybert, etc., 141.

Perkins, F. B., _Check-list Local History_, 181.

Perkins, John, 74.

Perkins, J. H., “English Discoveries in the Ohio Valley”, 566; _Memoir and Writings_, 565.

Perles, Rivière aux (Louisiana), 41.

Perry, A. L., on Fort Shirley, 187; proposed _History of Williamstown_, 188.

Perry, W. S., _American Episcopal Church_, 169, 272; on Wesley and Whitefield, 404; _Historical Collection of the American Colonial Church_, 272.

Perth Amboy, 228; harbor, map of, 253, 254.

Peters, Richard, 597; correspondence with Thomas Penn, 242; his letter, 243.

Peters, Samuel, gives name to Vermont, 178.

Petersburg (Georgia), 401.

Peyster, F. de, _Life of Bellomont_, 98.

Peyster, J. W. de, 602; edits _Wilson’s Orderly Book_, 527.

Peyton, J. L., _Augusta County, Va._, 281.

Peyton, Sir Yelverton, 384.

Philadelphia, 214; election riots (1742), 215; commerce of, 216; _Sylvan City_, 252; early organized government in, 252; views of, 257; Heap’s, 258; view of state-house, 258; Bellin’s plan, 257; Chalmers’ papers on, 354; conferences at (1747), 569; histories of, 249, 252; Westcott and Scharf’s, 249; made a city, 209; population, 216; college of Philadelphia, 231; map, by Scull and Heap, 240; Indian treaty at (1742), 245; (1747), 245; Moravians in, 246; Watson’s _Annals_, 247.

_Philadelphia American_, 462.

Philips manor house, 252.

Philipse, Adolph, his lands, 237.

Phillips, Henry, Jr., _Historical Sketches_, 170; _Paper Money in Pennsylvania_, 247; _Paper Currency of the American Colonies_, 247.

Phillips, Richard, governor of Acadia, 122, 409.

Phipps, Constantine, 95, 103.

Phips, Spencer, 152, 450; lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, 139, 144; dies, 153.

Phips, Sir Wm., expedition to Quebec, 90; cost of, 91; goes to England, 91; made governor of Massachusetts, 92; returns to Boston, 93; goes to England, 94; dies, 95; lives, 95; his will, 95.

Pichon, _Cape Breton_, 452; his journal, 452; _Lettres_, 467; papers, 467. _See_ Tyrrell.

Pickawillany. _See_ Picktown.

Pickering, Charles, mines copper, 224.

Pickett, A. J., _History of Alabama_, 406.

Picktown (Pickawillany), 571.

Picquet. _See_ Piquet.

_Picturesque Canada_, 459.

Pidansat de Mairobert, M. F., _Discussion Sommaire_, 482.

Pieces of eight, 229.

Pierrepont, H. E., _Fulton Ferry_, 249.

Pigwacket fight, 127, 431. _See_ Lovewell, Symmes.

Pike, Jas. S., _New Puritan_, 420.

Pike, Richard, 183.

Pike, Robert, _Life_ of, by J. S. Pike, 420.

Pinckney, Mrs. E. L., _Journal and Letters_ (1739-1762), 402.

Pine-tree, emblem of Massachusetts, 177.

Pinhorn, Wm., 219.

Piquet, 4; intrigues with the Iroquois, 489; at La Présentation, 571; plan of his mission, 571; account of it, 571; accounts of him, 571.

Piracy, action on, in Pennsylvania, 208; in Rhode Island, 102.

Pirates on Cape Cod, 118; on the Carolina coast, 323; in the Chesapeake, 260.

Pistoles (coin), 230.

Pitkin, _Civil and Political History of the United States_, 613.

Pitt, Wm., _A Review of Mr. Pitt’s Administration_, 616; his influence on the French war, 520; rehabilitates provincial officers in rank, 521; sends Amherst to take Louisbourg, 521; on Amherst’s delays, 602; his plan of campaign (1759) criticised, 601; his letter to the governors, 601; to Amherst, 601; on the campaign of 1760, 608; his rise to power, 596; recalls Loudon, 596.

Pittman, Philip, _European Settlements on the Mississippi_, 47, 71.

Pittsburg, named by Forbes, 530; plan of fort, 532; threatened (1759), 535. _See_ Fort Duquesne.

Pittsfield (Mass.), 128, 187.

Placentia (Newfoundland), 409.

Plains of Abraham. _See_ Quebec.

Plaisted, Ichabod, autog., 425.

Plymouth Colony, 88; annexed to Massachusetts, 89; records, printed, cost of, 167.

Point Leveé (Quebec), 543.

Point-aux-Trembles, 552.

Poirier, Pascal, 457.

_Politique danois, Le_, 574.

Pollard, Benj., his portrait, 137.

Pollock, Colonel, 298.

Pomeroy, Seth, 579; his journal of the Lake George campaign (1755), 502, 585; letter, 585; his account of the fight of July 8, 585; journal of the siege of Louisbourg, 437; his letter, 437.

Pont le Roy, 525.

Pontbriand, Bishop, _Jugement sur le Campagne de 1759_, 605; _Lettres_, 605.

Pontchartrain, 18.

Pontchartrain, Fort (Detroit), 566.

Pontchartrain, Lake, 22, 41.

Pontiac meets Rogers, 559.

Poole, R. Lane, _Huguenots of the Dispersion_, 349.

Poontoosuck (Pittsfield, Mass.), 145, 187.

Pope, F. L., 177.

Popple, Henry, _Map of British Empire in America_, 81, 235, 474; the French edition, 235; map of New England, 134; map of Lake Champlain and vicinity, 486; map of the St. Lawrence River, 614; his view of Quebec, 488.

Porcher, F. A., 355.

Port Royal (Carolina), 289, 307, 375. _See_ Beaufort.

Port Royal (Nova Scotia, _later called_ Annapolis) surrendered (1670), 476; attacked (1707) by March, 106, 408, 421; expedition to (1709), 107; taken by Nicholson (1710), 108, 408, 423; articles of capitulation, 408; English authorities, 424; _Journal of an Expedition_, 423; documents, 408; French authorities, 423; defined by the treaty of Utrecht, 478; becomes Annapolis Royal, 408, maps (Bellin), 428.

Portages between the lakes and the Mississippi Valley, 7, 71, 570; shown on Colden’s map, 491; accounts of, 492.

Porter, John, 296.

Porter, Noah, _Bishop Berkeley_, 140.

Post, C. F., sent to the Ohio Indians, 530; his _Second Journal_, 575, 599.

Post office in the colonies, 267.

Postlethwayt, _Dictionary of Commerce_, 235.

Potash, 225.

Potato introduced, 119.

Potherie, La, _Histoire de l’Amérique_, 81.

Potomac Company, 271.

Potomac River, maps of, 274, 276, 277.

Pottawatomies, 564.

Potter, C. E., _Military History of New Hampshire_, 438, 584.

Potter, E. R., on Rhode Island paper money, 170; _French Settlements in Rhode Island_, 98.

Pouchot, on Braddock’s defeat, 580; his map, 85; _Mémoires sur la dernière Guerre_, 85, 616; English translation edited by Hough, 616; at Niagara, 505; on the siege of Niagara, 601; rebuilds Niagara, 534; surrenders it, 536; plan of attack on Fort Lévis, 609; surrenders Fort Lévis, 555.

Poughkeepsie, 237.

Poullin de Lumina, _Histoire de la Guerre_, 616, 617.

Poussin, G. T., _De la puissance Américaine_, 51, 69.

Povey, Thomas, 103.

Powhatan seat (mansion), 275.

Pownall, John, 83.

Pownall, Thomas, _Administration of the Colonies_, 69, 565; _Topographical Description of North America_, 69, 565; at the Albany Congress, 1754, 613; governor of Massachusetts, 153; portraits, 153; letter books, 153; governor of New Jersey, 222; plan for barrier colonies, 613; _Proposals for securing the Friendship of the Five Nations_, 590; reissues Evans’s map, 85, 565; view of Boston, 108; treaty with Indians, 471.

Pownall, Fort, 183.

Prairie du Rôcher, 53.

Preble, G. H., notes on early ship-building, 437.

Preble, Major Jed, brings off Acadians, 461.

Presbyterianism, histories of, 132; in Pennsylvania, 247; in Virginia, 267, 282.

Prescott, Wm. H., 621.

_Present State of Louisiana_, 73.

Présentation, La, plan of, 3.

Presque Isle (Lake Erie), 492, 535.

Press, freedom of, established by the Zenger trial, 199.

Prideaux, his instructions for the Niagara campaign, 601; sent against Niagara (1759), 533; killed, 535.

Prince, Thomas, 121, 474; _Christian History_, 135; _Chronological History of New England_, 137, 163; his other publications, 137; and the D’Anville fleet, 147; and the Great Awakening, 135; his library, 121, 164; portraits, 122; prints _Memoirs of Roger Clap_, 137; sermon on the Louisbourg victory, 438.

Prince Papers (Plymouth Colony), 166.

Princeton College, 231, 247; _Account of_, 247; _Princeton Book_, 247.

Printing in the middle colonies, 223; forbidden in Virginia, 264; presses to be licensed, 195.

Prisoners, exchanges of (1713), 110.

Pritt, J., _Mirror of Olden Time Border-Life_, 579.

Privateers of Boston, 144.

_Proposals for Uniting the English Colonies_, 596.

_Publick Occurrences_, 90.

Puellin de Lumina, _Guerre contre les Anglois_, 574.

Pulteney, Wm. (Earl of Bath), perhaps author of _Letter Addressed to two Great Men_, 615; _Thoughts on the Present State of Affairs_, 613.

Punshon, W. M., _Lectures_, 404.

Purry, I. P., _Mémoire_, 347; description of Carolina, 348; _Proposals_, 348.

Purrysbourg, 348, 373, 375, 379.

Putnam, Israel, captured (1758), 527; at Lake George, 503; his partisan exploits, 593; his scouts (1756), 513.

Putnam, Rufus, his _Journal_, 594.

Pyrlæus, Christopher, his MS. on the Indians, 246.

Quakers, make affirmations, 211; smugglers, 229; bibliography of, 243; on defensive war, 243; _Several Conferences between the Quakers and the Six Nations_ (1756), 575; in North Carolina, 287, 294; _A True and Impartial State_, 582; Parkman’s view of the authorities on this quarrel, 582; made obnoxious in the _Brief State_, 582; _An Answer_, 582; _A Brief View_, 582; _État Présent_, 582; defended in _An Humble Apology_, 582.

Quarry, Colonel Robt., 104, 210, 218.

Quatrefage, M. de, on Moncacht-Apé, 77.

Quebec, attacked by Phips, 90; De Lery’s report on the fortifications, 488; Montcalm at, 540; the French camp, 540; the English fleet approaches (1759), 540; fire-ships, 540, 544; plans of the siege, 83, 542, 543, 549, 604; views of the town, 488, 542, 549; rude plan of the town, 543; length of the conflict on the Plains of Abraham, 549; captured by Wolfe, 58; held by Murray, 550, 551; French ships run the batteries, 551; threatened by Lévis, 552; map of the vicinity, 552; plan of the town (1763), 553; attacked by Lévis, 553 (_see_ Ste. Foy); authorities on the siege of 1759: _Memoirs of a French Officer_, 604; _Dialogue in Hades_, 604; English printed authorities, 606; French, 607; forces engaged, 607; council of war held by Ramezay, 607; articles of capitulation, 607; the key to the defence of Canada, 608; journals of the siege, French and English, 603, 604, 605; letters on, 604; monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, 605; Literary and Historical Society of, 616; _Mémoires sur le Canada_, 616. _See_ Montcalm _and_ Wolfe.

Queen Anne’s war (1702, etc.), 420.

Querdisien-Trémais, 58.

Quidor, 203.

Quincy, Josiah, the elder, 149.

Quincy, Josiah (d. 1864), _History of Harvard University_, 157; _Grahame Vindicated_, 621; his view of the Mathers, 157, 621; republishes Grahame’s _History_, 621.

Quinipissas, 18.

Quint, A. H., on Cotton Mather, 157.

Raffeix, his map, 79.

Raikes’s _Honorable Artillery Company of London_, 456.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, story of his being in Georgia, 395.

Ramage, B. J., _Local Government, etc., in South Carolina_, 355.

Rameau, E., _Une Colonie Féodale_, 424; portrait, 619; _La France aux Colonies_, 463; on Cadillac, 560; _Notes sur Détroit_, 560; _La Race française en Canada_, 600.

Ramezay at the battle of Minas, 449; in Quebec, 540; his council of war, 607; _Mémoire_, 607.

Ramsay, David, _South Carolina_, 355; _Soil, Climate, etc., of South Carolina_, 355.

Randall, O. E., _Chesterfield_, N. H., 179.

Randolph, E., on William and Mary College, 278.

Rapidan River, 274; map, 277.

Rappahannock River, 274; map, 276, 277.

Raritan River, 254.

Rasle, Sebastian, letter to Shute, 118; his warnings, 122; attempts to seize, 430; alleged letters, 430; killed, 430; his scalp in Boston, 127; diverse French and English accounts, 430; letters edited by T. M. Harris, 431; lives of, 431; his character, 431.

Ratzer, Bernard, map of New York and New Jersey boundary (1769), 238.

Raudin, his map, 79.

Rawson, Grindall, 420.

Ray, F. M., 597.

Raynal, G. T., _Histoire Philosophique_, 456; on the Acadians, 457, 458.

Raystown, 529.

Rea, Caleb, _Journal_, 597.

Reading, John, 219, 221, 222.

Reck, P. G. F. von, 374; _Nachricht_, 395.

Red River, explored by Bienville, 22; (Riv. Rouge), 66.

Redemptioners, 261.

Reed, W. B., on the Acadians in Pennsylvania, 462; _Contributions to American History_, 462.

Reichel, W. C., on the Moravians, 246; on Indian names, 246; edits Heckewelder’s _Indian Nations_, 583; _Memorials of the Moravian Church_, 583.

Reichell, L. T., _Moravians in North Carolina_, 348.

Religion, intolerance in, 230.

Rémonville, Sieur de, 14; memoir, 73.

Renault (Renaud), 52.

Reveillaud, E., _Histoire du Canada_, 619.

_Revue d’Anthropologie_, 77.

_Revue Canadienne_, 549.

_Revue Contemporaine_, 79.

Reynolds, John, 390.

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, his portraits of Amherst, 531.

Rhett, Wm. (the elder), dies, 332.

Rhett, Colonel Wm., 317.

Rhode Island, her heterogeneous population, 102; and the Port Royal expedition, 107; her militia, 110; Governor Cranston, 110, 129; Dudley’s enmity, 111; act against Romanists, 124; in Popple’s map, 134; Callender’s _Century Sermon_, 17; ejects Governor Jenckes, 141; Wm. Wanton, governor, 141; John Wanton, governor, 141; Dean Berkeley in, 141; James Franklin in, 141; in the war with Spain, 142; at the siege of Louisbourg, 146, 410; fear of D’Anville, 147; rejects the Albany plan (1754), 151, 613; Sunday in, 153; Hannah Adams on her history, 160; authorities on, 163; claim of the governor of Massachusetts to command her militia, 164; validity of acts, 164; _Colonial Records_, 166, 617; pirates and privateers, 111, 166; reckless in issuing paper money, 129, 166, 171, 172; financial history, 170; _Money the sinews of trade_, 171; fac-simile of her twelve-pence bill, 172; her arms, 172, 173; her three-shillings bill, 173; failed to use the Louisbourg payment to help her bills, 176; boundary disputes with Massachusetts, 180, 232; Chalmers’s papers on, 354.

_Rhode Island Gazette_, 141.

Ribault in Georgia, 357.

Rice, J. H., 578.

Rice, John L., 178.

Rice, Nath., 301, 303.

Richards, T. A., 527.

Richardson, C. F., and H. A. Clark, _College Book_, 102, 278.

Richebourg, Claude Philippe de, 265; on the Natchez war, 68.

Richmond, Fort, 181.

Richmond, portraits of some people of, 268.

Rickson, Colonel, 602.

Rider, S. S., 612; _Bills of Credit_, 170.

Ridgley, David, 271.

Ridley, Gloucester, 400.

Rigaud’s attack on Fort William Henry, 513.

Rigaudière, plan of siege of Louisbourg (1745), 439.

Rigg, James H., _Relations of Wesley and of Wesleyan Methodism_, 403; _Living Wesley_, 403.

Ritter, Abraham, _Moravian Church in Philadelphia_, 246.

Rivers, W. J., “The Carolinas”, 285; on the expedition against St. Augustine (1740), 350; _Sketch of the History of South Carolina_, 356; _Chapter in the Early History_, 356.

Rivière-aux-Bœufs. _See_ French Creek.

Rix dollar, 229.

Robbins, Chandler, _Second Church in Boston_, 157.

Roberts, _History of Florida_, 39.

Robin, C. C., _Nouveau Voyage_, 284.

Robinson, Beverley, and Morrison, Malcom, 233.

Robinson, Pickering, 391.

Robinson, Sir Thomas, urges resistance to French encroachments, 573.

Robjohns, Sydney, 606.

Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, _Voyage_, 284.

Rocky Mountains discovered, 567.

Rocque, Jean, 450.

Rocque, Mary Ann, _Set of Plans_, 444.

Rogerenes, 112.

Rogers, Robt., 186; his scouts (1756), 508, 513; report of his capture, 520; with Abercrombie, 521; attacks Langy, 522; opposes Marin, 527; his expedition against the St. Francis Indians, 540, 602; portrait, 558; sent to receive surrender of Detroit, 559, 610; meets Pontiac, 559, 610; at Fort William Henry, 585; his reports, 592; his _Journals_, 592, 610; editions of, 592; edited by Hough, 527; proposed memoir, 592; his atrocities, 593; other accounts of his scouts, 593; his defeat (1758), 596; orderly book, 598; authorities on his fight with Marin, 598; _Concise Account of North America_, 610, 616.

Rollo, Lord, 555.

Rolof Johnston’s kill, 237.

Romana, Cape, 337.

Romer, Wolfgang, 108.

Rosalie, Fort, map of, 47.

Roubaud (Jesuit), his letter on Montcalm’s attack on Fort William Henry, 594; his “Deplorable Case”, 594.

Rouge, Sieur le, his map, 83.

Rous, John, 146, 436; at Louisbourg, 437; autog., 437; his career, 438; at St. John, 452.

Rouse, Wm., 423.

Rouville, Hertel de, 105.

Rowan, Matthew, 303.

Rowlandson, Mrs., _Narrative_, 185.

Royal African Company, 328.

Royal Americans (soldiers), 559.

Royce, C. C., 563.

Ruffin, Edmund, 275.

Ruggles, Timothy, at Lake George, 504.

Rundle, Thos., 400.

Rupp, I. D., _Names of Germans_, etc., 247; his local histories, 249; _Early History of Western Pennsylvania_, 572, 573.

Russel, Wm., 391.

_Russell’s Magazine_, 344.

Russell, Chamber, 450.

Russell, Wm., _History of America_, 618; _History of Modern Europe_, 618.

Rutgers College, 230.

Rutland, attacked by Indians, 430.

Ryswick, peace of, 96, 407, 476, 483.

Sabbath-day Point (Lake George), 526.

Sabine, Lorenzo, on Robert Rogers, 593; address on Wolfe’s victory, 603.

Sacks, 564.

Sackville Papers, 603.

Sagadahock country, disputed bounds of, 96; truce at, 420.

Saguenay River, map, 614.

Sainsbury, W. N., 335; _Report of the Department Keeper of the Public Records_, 336.

St. André, massacre, 68. _See_ Natchez.

St. Andrews, Fort (Cumberland Island), 375.

St. Augustin (near Quebec), 552.

St. Augustine, 375, 379; attacked, 318, 381; Spaniards at, 358; plans and maps, 381, 382, 383; described, 384; _Impartial Account of the Expedition under Oglethorpe_, 397; _Report of the Committee of Assembly of South Carolina_, 397; _The Spanish Hireling_, 397; _A Full Reply_, 397; _Both Sides of the Question_, 397; _The Hireling Artifice_, 398; Campbell’s _Journal_, 398.

St. Bernard Bay, 40.

St. Castin, Baron de, 424.

St. Castin family, 430.

St. Castin (the younger), seized in Boston, 430.

St. Catharine’s Island (Georgia), 370, 375, 379.

St. Christopher Island (Georgia), 372.

St. Clair’s expedition (1791), 402.

St. Clair, Sir John, account of, 578; portrait, 578.

St. Denys, Juchereau, 25; his identity, 25; in Mexico, 29, 71; his goods seized, 30; on the Red River, 22; memoirs, 65.

St. Francis Indians, 183; their village destroyed, 540.

St. Genevieve, 55.

St. George’s, Fort (Georgia), 382.

St. George’s (Me.), conference with Indians at (1724), 430.

St. Germain-en-Laye, treaty at (1632), 476.

St. Jerome River, 28. _See_ Ouabache.

St. John’s Indians, 434; treaty with (1760), 471.

St. Joseph’s (Lake Michigan), 566.

St. Joseph’s Bay, 35.

St. Lawrence River, maps of, 542, 543, 557, 614.

St. Louis, Fort, 66, 70.

St. Louis, river, 28. _See_ Mississippi.

St. Luc, De la Corne, 534; _Naufrage de l’Auguste_, 610.

St. Lucia Island, 476.

St. Mary River, 358.

St. Mary, Straits of, map, 559.

St. Mary’s (Md.), 260, 274.

St. Mary’s (Nova Scotia), returned Acadians at, 463.

St. Mary’s River (Md.), 277.

St. Philip River, 28. _See_ Missouri.

St. Philippe, village, 53.

St. Pierre, island, 462.

St. Pierre, Legardeur de, at Le Bœuf, 492; letter to Dinwiddie, 573.

St. Regis Chapel bell, 186.

St. Simon Island, 370; map of, 379; attacked by the Spanish, 386.

St. Vincent, Earl, at Quebec, 543.

Sainte-Foye, battle of, 552; plan of, 608; accounts of, 608; eye-witnesses of, 608; monument, 609.

Sale, John, 433.

Salisbury, E. E., _Family Memorials_, 168.

Salmon, Thomas, _History of all Nations_, 234; _Modern Gazetteer_, 234; _Geographical and Historical Grammar_, 159; _Modern History_, 394.

Salt-making, 226.

Saltonstall, Gurdon, 111, 424; his house, 102; in Boston, 107; portrait, 112; autog., 112; dies, 143.

Salzburgers in Georgia, 374; authorities, 395; _Journals of Von Reck and Bolzius_, 395; _Urlsperger Tracts_, 395.

Sandford, Robt., 288; explores South Carolina coast, 305; _Relation of his Voyage_, 306.

Sandusky, French at, 566.

Sandy Hook, 254.

Sanson, Nic., his maps, 79.

Santa Rosa Island, 39.

Sapelo Island, 370.

Saratoga, fort at, destroyed by the French, 487; called Fort St. Frederick, 487; site of, 487; lake, 236.

Sargent, Hon. Daniel, 436.

Sargent, Henry, 163.

Sargent, L. M., on the Huguenots, 98; _Dealings with the Dead_, 98.

Sargent, W., _Diary_, 402.

Sargent, Winthrop, _Braddock’s Expedition_, 575.

Saunders, Admiral, at Quebec, 546; sails, 550.

Saunders, Romulus, 74.

Saunders, W. L., 294; _North Carolina_, 304.

Saunderson, _Charlestown, N. H._, 179.

Saussier, 54.

Sauvolle, 17; _Journal_, 72.

Savage, Jas., on C. Mather, 157; the antiquary, 337, 621.

Savannah laid out, 367; bird’s-eye view of, 368; situation of, 369, 375, 379; lots granted, 372; map of the county of Savannah from the _Urlsperger Tracts_, 373; view of, 394; De Brahm’s plan of, 401; chart of Savannah Sound, 401.

Savile, Samuel, 168.

Saw-mills, 223.

Sayle, Sir Wm., governor of Carolina, 293, 307; dies, 308.

Scaife, W. B., on the bounds of Maryland and Pennsylvania, 273.

Schaeffer Eugene, translates Zinzendorf’s diaries, 246.

Scharf, J. Thomas, _History of Philadelphia_ (with Westcott), 249; _Chronicles of Baltimore_, 271; _History of Baltimore City_, 272; _History of Maryland_, 272.

Scheffer, J. G., De Hoop, on the Mennonites in Pennsylvania, 246.

Schele de Vere, on a Protestant Convent, 246.

Schenectady attacked (1690), 190; fort at, plans of, 520; fight near (1748), 569.

Schlatter, Michael, his travels in Pennsylvania, 244.

Schoolcraft, _Notes on the Iroquois_, 587.

Schooner, origin of, 177.

Schrübers, J. G., map on Acadia, 482.

Schuyler, Arent, 225; his estate shown on map, 254.

Schuyler, G. W., _Colonial New York_, 560.

Schuyler, John, 186.

Schuyler, John (son of Arent), 225.

Schuyler, Peter, 7; map of his patent, 236; holds Magdalen Island, 237; letters, 241.

Schuyler, Philip, 560; and the Moquas, 107.

Schweinitz, _David Zeisberger_, 245, 582.

Schwenckfeld, 217.

_Scot in British North America_, 423.

Scotch-Irish, 118.

Scotch in Georgia, 376; to settle near Lake George, 241; in Pennsylvania, 217.

Scott, E. G., _Development of Constitutional Liberty_, 119, 166, 247, 284.

Scott, J. M., 179.

Scottow, Joshua, _Old Men’s Tears_, 92.

Scudder, H. E., _Men and Manners_, 169; edits _American Commonwealths_, 271.

Scull, G. D., on the corporation for propagating the gospel, 169; account of Daniel Coxe, 335; edits the Montresor Journals, 594.

Scull, N. (with Heap, G.), map of Philadelphia, 240; map of Pennsylvania, 240; assists Evans in his map, 565.

Scutter, M., his maps, 234.

Sea of the West, 8.

Seabury, S., 233.

Searing, Dr. James, 597.

Sedgwick, Theo., _Edw. Livingston_, 241.

Seguenot, Francis, 186.

Semple, _Baptists_, 282.

Senecas, 568; in Ohio, 484, 497.

Senex, John, map of Louisiana, 81; _Map of Virginia_, 273; based on Smith’s, 273.

Sérigny, 23, 80.

Seventh-day Baptists, 112.

Seville, treaty of, 359.

Sewall, Jos., 126.

Sewall, Samuel, _Selling of Joseph_, 99; portrait, 100; his relations with the Mathers, 100; his political tribulations, 113; and Shute, 116; riding the circuit, 120; on the _Kennebec Indians_, 122; his character, 99; drawn by Dr. Ellis, 167; his diary, 167, 168; used by historians, 167, 168; bought for Massachusetts Historical Society, 167; printed, 167; his letter-books, 167; his autog., 425; his family, 168.

Sewall, Stephen, dies, 155.

Seward, Wm., _Journal_, 244.

Seymour, John, governor of Maryland, 260.

Shaftsbury, Earl of, 291.

Shaftsbury papers, 306, 356; account of them by Horwood, 356.

Shaler, N. S., _Kentucky_, 565.

Shamokin, 270.

Shanapins, 497.

Shapley, Nicholas, his map of Carolina coast, 337.

Sharpe, Horatio, on Braddock’s council, 578; his letter on Braddock’s defeat, 579; governor of Maryland, 261; portrait, 262.

Shawanoes, expedition against, 270, 589; treaty with (1757), 596. See Shawnees.

Shawnees, 563, 564; in the Scioto and Miami Valleys, 563; history of, 564.

Shea, John G., _Early Voyages up and down the Mississippi_, 67; reprints _Relation du Voyage_, 68; _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, 72; on Puritanism in New England, 162; _Catholic Question in New England_, 186; edits Miller’s New York, 253; _Early Southern Tracts_, 272; on Wesley, 403; edits _Relation sur la bataille du Malangueulé_, 498, 580; on Beaujeu, 498; _Relation du Canada_ (1696), 561; notes on Washington’s diary, 573; _Registres des Baptesmes au Fort Duquesne_, 580.

Sheffield (Mass.), settled, 127.

Sheffield, _Privateersmen of Newport_, 142.

_Shelburne Papers_, 164, 241, 245, 356, 549, 612, 613, 615.

Sheldon, Mrs., _Early History of Michigan_, 560.

Shenandoah River, 274.

Sherburn, Jos., 436.

Ship Island, 42 (Isles-aux-Vaisseaus), 66.

Shipbuilding, 223.

Shippen, Edw., mayor of Philadelphia, 209; his house in Philadelphia, 258.

Shippen Papers, 243, 578.

Ships, English, of the seventeenth century, 136; earliest man-of-war built in America, 136; built for the royal navy in America, 136; style of (1732), 488.

Ships-of-the-line, 136.

Shingoes, town, 497.

Shirley, John, letters, 583.

Shirley, J. M., _Jurisprudence in New Hampshire_, 186.

Shirley, Wm., governor of Massachusetts, 143; portrait, 142; his character, 144; defamed by Douglass, 159, 439; treaties with Indians, 145; plans eastern defences, 149; returns to Boston (1753), 150; his marriage, 150; plans defences to the westward, 150; confers with Franklin, 150; commissioned to raise a regiment, 150; on the Kennebec, 151; goes to confer with Braddock 151, 495; goes to England, 152; correspondence with Governor Wentworth, 436; with Pepperrell, 436; organizes the Louisbourg expedition (1745), 146, 435; letters, 437; _Letter to Duke of Newcastle_, 437; his speech on his return from the siege, 448; his portrait given to Boston, 448; commissioner to consider the bounds of Acadia, 475; a winter attack upon Crown Point, 487, 489; his son with Braddock, is killed, 495, 500; his son’s letters, 578; succeeds Braddock in general command, 152, 501; hears news of Braddock’s defeat, 501; pushes for Oswego, 501; abandons the campaign, 502; quarrels with Johnson, 502, 585; plans a new campaign, 502; still aiming at Niagara (1756), 506; cabal against him, 507; superseded, 508; his campaign of 1755 defended, 508; Franklin’s opinion, 508; Loudon countermands his Niagara plans, 510; _Memoirs of the Principal Transactions_, 568; letters, 568; _Account of the French Settlements_, 568; correspondence with Stoddard (1746), 569; his instructions for the Niagara campaign, 583; his letters on it, 583; _The Conduct of Shirley briefly stated_, 583; council of war decides to abandon the Niagara campaign, 583; defends Livingston, 586; _Conduct of Major-General Shirley_, 587; assemblesa congress of governors (Dec., 1755), 589; proposes a winter attack on Ticonderoga, 589; explains his views, 589; correspondence with Loudon, 591; understands the value of Oswego, 591; selects John Winslow for the Crown Point expedition, 591; on a plan of union, 612; instigates the congress of 1754, 612; urges acceptance of the plan of the Albany congress, 613; his own comments, 613; confers with Franklin, 613.

Shirley, Fort (Mass.), 187; (Me.), 181.

“Shirley galley”, 437.

Shirley’s war, 434.

Short, Richard, 549.

Shrewsbury (N. J.), iron works, 224.

Shute, Chaplain, 597.

Shute, Colonel Samuel, 115; governor of Massachusetts, 115; goes to England, 123, 124, 129; meets the Indians (1717), 424; letter to Rasle, 430; correspondence with Wentworth, 166; his _Memorial_, 124; correspondence with Vaudreuil, 430; declares war against the Indians (1722), 430.

Sibley, J. L., on Cotton Mather, 157; carries Chalmers’s _Introduction_ through the press, 353.

Sicily Island (Arkansas), 48.

Silk industry in Georgia, 372, 387.

Sillery, battle of. _See_ Sainte-Foye.

Silver scheme in banking, 171, 173.

Simms, J. R., _Trappers of New York_, 584; _Scoharie County_, 584; _Frontiersmen of New York_, 249, 584.

Simms, W. G., on Charleston (S. C.), 315; _South Carolina_, 355.

Simon, J., 107.

Simons, N. W., 607.

Sinclair, Sir John, 529. _See_ St. Clair.

Six Nations and the Catawbas, 203; conference with them (1751), 204; (after 1713), 487; truce with the Cherokees, 567; conference at Albany (1745), 568. _See_ Five Nations.

Skene, Alex., 325; dies, 332.

Skidoway Island, 372.

Slade, Wm., _Vermont State Papers_, 179.

Slaughter, Philip, _Memorial of William Green_, 281; _Saint George’s Parish_, 282; _St. Mark’s Parish_, 282, 284; _Bristol Parish_, 282.

Slavery in the middle colonies, 228; in Carolina, 309; permitted in Louisiana, 28, 36, 45.

Sloops-of-war, 136.

Sloper, Wm., 364.

Sloughter, governor, arrives in New York, 190; calls a general assembly, 193; dies, 193.

Small-pox, inoculation for, 120; literature of, 120.

Smibert, the artist, 435. _See_ Smybert.

Smiles, Samuel, _Huguenots_, 247.

Smith, C. C., on the Huguenots, 98; “Wars on the Seaboard”, 407.

Smith, Geo., on English Methodism and Wesley, 403.

Smith, Colonel James, _Remarkable Occurrences_, 579; _Treatise of Indian War_, 579; sketch of, 579.

Smith, Jos., _Bibliotheca Quakeristica_, 243.

Smith, J. E. A., _Pittsfield_, 187.

Smith, Paul, 307.

Smith, Philip H., _Green Mountain Boys_, 179; _Acadia_, 460; controversy with Parkman, 460.

Smith, Samuel, _Necessary Truth_, 243.

Smith, Samuel (of Georgia), 364, 400; Sermon, 394; _Design of the Trustees of Georgia_, 394.

Smith, Wm., _Connecticut Claims in Pennsylvania_, 180; the historian, 199; on the French enterprise, 571; said to have had a share in Livingston’s _Military Operations_, 587; account of the congress of 1754, 612; New York, 618; _Histoire de la Nouvelle York_, 618; autog., 618. _See_ Franklin, B.

Smith, _British Dominions in America_, 618.

Smollett, _England_, 606, 621; on Wolfe’s victory, 606.

Smucker, Isaac, 565.

Smuggling, 227, 228, 229; in New England, 138.

Smybert, John, 140. _See_ Smibert.

Smyth, J. F. D., _Travels_, 284; praised by John Randolph, 284.

Smyth, Wm., on John Law, 76; _Lectures on Modern History_, 353.

Snelling, Captain, 438.

Snow, Captain, 578.

Snow, a kind of vessel, 438.

Snow-shoes, 183.

Society for the propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts, 341; its history, 341; its MS. correspondence, 233.

Society for the propagation of the Gospel in New England, 101.

Sola bills, 388.

_Some Considerations on the Consequences of the French Settling on the Mississippi_, 80.

Somers (Conn.), 180.

Sonmans, Peter, 218, 219.

Sothel, Seth, 296, 313.

Soto, papers on, 72.

South Carolina, proprietary government, 305; Kiawah settled, 307; named Charlestown, 307; the Palatine, 308; first slaves, 309; population, 309, 310, 335; religious harmony, 309; Granville Palatine, 309 struggle of the popular party against the fundamental constitutions, 310, 312; laws, 310; landgraves and cassiques, 310, 311; different sets of the fundamental constitutions, 311, 312; popular demands, 314; rules of the proprietors, 315; map of Cooper and Ashley rivers, showing settlers’ names, 315; map of Carolina by Philip Lea, 315; Archdale, governor, 316; conditions of living (1700), 317; expedition against St. Augustine, 318; Episcopacy to be established, 319; act establishing religious worship, 320; dissenters, 320; the laws for Episcopacy annulled, 320; the proprietary charter threatened, 320; High-Church party fails, 320; peaceful times under Craven, 321; parish system, 321; war with the Yemassees, 321; the frontiers garrisoned, 322; end of proprietary rule, 323-327; issue of paper money, 323; cupidity of the proprietors, 324; struggles of the popular party, 325; war with Spain, 325; the people elect Moore governor, 326; the king commissions Francis Nicholson, 327; under royal government, 327; scheme of government, 328; Middleton’s rule, 329; intrigues to prevent French alliances with the Indians, 329; campaign against the Spaniards, 329; dispute about Fort King George, 330; slaves tampered with by the Spaniards, 331; negro insurrection, 331; immigration of Germans and Swiss, 331; war with Cherokees, 333; development of the people’s power, 333; essay on the sources of South Carolina history, 335; _Statutes at Large_, 336; descriptions of the country, 340; Wilson’s map, 340; Episcopacy in, 342; contemporary tracts, 342; French and Spanish invasion (1706), 344; tracts to induce German and Swiss immigration, 345; map of the campaigns of 1711-1715, 345, 346; Yamassee war (authorities), 347; laws, 347; records disappear, 347; tracts on the struggle with the proprietors, 347; _Liberty and Property Asserted_, 347; surrender of title, 347; German settlements, 348; tracts to induce Swiss immigration, 348; Presbyterians in, 348; Episcopacy in, 348; map showing parishes, 348, 351; Huguenots in, 349; Indian map of, 349; expedition against St. Augustine (1740), 350; _South Carolina Gazette_, 350; _South Carolina and American General Gazette_, 350; maps of, 350, 351; De Brahm’s MS. account, 350; names of proprietors, 352; Chalmers’s papers on, 352; Statutes at Large, 355; modern histories, 355; Ramsay’s, 355; Carroll’s _Historical Collection_, 355; Simms’s, 355; De Bow’s, 355; Historical Society, 355; their _Collections_, 355; abstracts of papers in State Paper Office, 355, 356; _Review of Documents and Records in the Archives of South Carolina_, 356; _Topics in the History of South Carolina_, 356; absence of legislative records, 356; map of (1733), 365; shows Huguenot settlement, 365; westerly extension of, 365; north bounds of, 365; map from Urlsperger Tracts, 379. _See_ Charlestown.

South Sea Scheme, 76, 77.

Southack, Cyprian, his maps, 88, 106; _Coast Pilot_, 254.

_Southern Lutheran_, 348.

_Southern Quarterly Review_, 355.

Southey, Robert, _Wesley_, 403; proposed life of Wolfe, 602.

Souvolle, 19; left in Biloxi, 20; dies, 21.

Spangenberg, Gottlieb, 374; _Account of Missions among the Indians_, 246; travels through Onondaga, 246.

Sparhawk, N., 436.

Sparks, Jared, 621; on Braddock’s march, 500, 576; as an editor, 572.

Spaulding, Thos., _Life of Oglethorpe_, 394.

Spencer, Edw., 271.

Spikeman, Capt., 593.

Spinning-schools, 119.

Spiritu Sancto Bay, 81.

Spotsilvania, 277.

Spotswood, Alex., governor of Virginia, 265; conciliates the Indians, 265; his speeches, 266; portrait, 266; his arms, 266; removed, 267; made department postmaster-general, 267; dies, 267; his _Official Letters_, 281, 563; his character, 267, 281; his journey over the mountains, 563; known as “Tramontane Expedition”, 563; Knights of the Golden Horseshoe, 563; map of their route, 563; his family, 281; his letter-book, 345; urging the settlement of the Ohio Valley, 483; his marks in the Valley, 570.

Sprague, W. B., 233; _American Pulpit_, 246.

Stafford, Captain Henry, 437.

Stamp Act (of 1755), 177; (of 1765), 227.

Stanhope, Earl, on Methodism, 403. _See_ Mahon.

Stanley, A. P., 597.

Stanwix, General, builds a fort, 527, 528; at Duquesne, 533; on the Pennsylvania border, 595; at Pittsburgh, 600.

Stanwix, Fort, plan of, 528; map of its vicinity, 528; its history, 528.

Staple, _Providence_, 169.

Staples, H. B., _Province Laws_, 167, 176.

Stark, Caleb, _French War_, 592; _John Stark_, 592; Robert Rogers, 592, 593; his officers, 593.

Stark, John, with Abercrombie, 522; at Lake George, 503; observations on Langdon’s map, 585.

Staten Island, Huguenots of, 247; map of, 254.

Steam-engine, first one in the colonies, 225.

Stephen, Adam, 574.

Stephens, Samuel, 289, 294.

Stephens, Thomas, _Brief Account_, 398; _Hard Case_, 398.

Stephens, Colonel Wm., 386; governor of Georgia, 387; _State of the Province of Georgia_, 395; _Journal_, 397, 398; dies, 397; records of Georgia (MS.), 400.

Sternhold and Hopkins’s psalms, 126.

Stevens, Abel, on Methodism, 403.

Stevens, Henry (G. M. B.), _Books on New Hampshire_, 180; on Georgia records, 400; on the Dinwiddie Papers, 572; on Dieskau’s despatches, 589; on the Montcalm forgeries, 606.

Stevens, Hugh, Sr., 179.

Stevens, John, _Voyages and Travels_, 344.

Stevens, J. A., on Pepperrell, 435; on New York coffee-houses, 249.

Stevens, Captain Phineas, 183.

Stevens, Simon, 597.

Stevens, Wm. B., _Discourse_, 401; _History of Georgia_, 405; _Observations on Stevens’s History_, 405.

Stewart, Andrew, on Moncacht-Apé, 77.

Stewart, _Political Economy_, 76.

Stickney, M. A., 594.

Stillé, C. J., “Religious Tests in Provincial Pennsylvania”, 243.

Stith, _Virginia_, 280.

Stobo, Robert, plan of Duquesne, 498, 575; letters, 498; notice of, 498, 575; with Wolfe at Quebec, 546; _Memoirs_, 575.

Stoddard, Amos, _Sketches of Louisiana_, 68.

Stoddard, Captain, 185.

Stoddard, Colonel John, 110, 188, 569.

Stoddard, Jonathan, 128.

Stokes, Anthony, _Constitution of the British Colonies_, 405.

Stone, W. L., _Life and Times of Sir Wm. Johnson_, 584; on the Lake George campaign (1755), 584.

Stoner, Nicholas, 584.

Stony Point, 237.

Story, Joseph, 621.

Story, Thomas, his _Journal_, 243.

Stoughton, Governor, correspondence with Frontenac, 420.

Stoughton, John, plan of siege of Fort William Henry, 518.

Stoughton, J. A., _Windsor Farms_, 518.

Stoughton, Wm., lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, 92; rules Massachusetts, 95; his character, 99; dies, 103.

Streatfield, Thomas, 602.

Strobel, P. A., _Salzburgers and their Descendants_, 396.

Strong, M. M., _Territory of Wisconsin_, 568.

Subercase, 476; attacks Newfoundland, 421; character of, 423.

Suffield, Conn., 180.

Sufflet de Berville, 610.

Sugar Act, 155.

Sugar cane in Louisiana, 51.

Sunbury (Georgia), 401.

Sullivan, James, on the Penobscots, 430.

Sulte, Benj., _Histoire des Canadiens_, 619; _La Vérendrye_, 567; _Champlain et le Vérendrye_, 567; _Le Nom de Vérendrye_, 568.

Sumner, W. G., _American Currency_, 176.

Surgères, Chevalier de, 16, 18, 21.

Surriage, Agnes, 152.

Susane, _Ancienne Infanterie française_, 497.

Susquehanna River, fort on, 80.

_Susquehanna Title Stated_, 240.

Susquehanna Valley lands, claimed by Connecticut, 180.

Susquehannas, 484.

Suze, treaty at (1629), 476.

Swain, D. L., historical agent of North Carolina, 355.

Swedes in Pennsylvania, 246.

Sweet, J. D., 264.

Swiss in Carolina, 331, 345, 347.

Symmes, Thomas, _Lovewell Lamented_, 431, 432; _Historical Memoirs_, 431; _Original Account_, 431.

Tache, E. P., 609.

Taensas, 20, 66.

Tailer, Wm., 408; lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, 132; dies, 139; autog., 425.

Tailfer, Patrick, _True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia_, 399, 401.

_Tait’s Magazine_, 603.

Talbot, John, 243.

Talbot, Sir Wm., 338.

Talcott, Jos., 143.

Tamoroa, 53.

Tanguay, Abbé, _Dictionnaire Généalogique_, 14, 186.

Tassé, Jos., _Langlade_, 568, 580; _Canadiens de l’Ouest_, 568; on Piquet, 571; _Sur un Point d’Histoire_, 598.

Taylor, A. W., _Indiana County, Pennsylvania_, 249.

Taylor, H. O., _Constitutional Government_, 281.

Taylor, John, 185.

Taylor, _Wesley and Methodism_, 403.

Teach, the pirate, captured, 266.

Teedyuskung, king, 596.

Temple and Sheldon, _Northfield_, 185.

_Temple Bar_, 394.

Temple, letters on Acadia, 476; order from Charles II., 476; to Captain Walker, 476; surrender of Acadia, 476.

Texas occupied by the Spanish, 29; claimed by the French, 40; history of, by Yoakum, 69.

Thacher, Oxenbridge, 156.

Thackeray, W. M., _The Virginians_, 284.

_The Eclipse_, 177.

Thiers, on John Law, 77.

Thomas, Gabriel, map of Pennsylvania, 239.

Thomas, George, governor of Pennsylvania, 215, 437.

Thomas, John, diary, 419.

Thomas, _Jumonville_, 574; _Œuvres_, 574.

Thomassy, R., _Géol. prat. de la Louisiane_, 22, 68.

Thomaston, Me., 181.

Thomlinson, John, correspondence, 180.

Thompson, Jas., _Expedition against Quebec_, 604.

Thompson, Thos., _Missionary Voyages_, 244.

Thomson, Chas., _Alienation of the Delaware and Shawanese Indians_, 245, 575; its map, 577; annotated by Governor Hamilton, 575; at Easton conference (1757), 596.

Thornton, John, _Map of Virginia_, 273.

Thorpe, Thos., _Catalogue of MSS._, 354.

Three Rivers, 486.

Thunderbolt Island, 372, 373.

Thurloe, _State Papers_, 336.

Ticonderoga, road to (1759), 485; attacked by Abercrombie (1758), 523; his defeat, 523; view of its ruins, 523; map of the attack, 524; called “Cheonderoga”, 524; other plans, 524, 525; accounts of the fort (1758), 525; its situation, 526; attacked by Amherst (1759), 536; abandoned, 536; plan of the fort, 537; described after its capture, 537; contemporary French map, 588; descriptions of defences, 597; authorities on Abercrombie’s attack, 597, 598; losses, 597; _Journal de l’Affaire du Canada_, 598.

Tiddeman, Mark, map of New York harbor, 235.

Tilden, _Poems_, 587.

Timberlake, Henry, _Draught of the Cherokee Country_, 393; _Memoirs_, 393.

Timlow, H. R., 248.

Titcomb, Moses, 502.

Tobacco in Maryland, 259; a legal tender, 261; in Virginia, 263, 265, 267, 280; the plants cut by mobs, 263; method of cultivating, 280; _Present State of Plantations_ (1709), 280; in North Carolina, 303.

Tomachees, 70.

Tomo-chi-chi, chief of the Yamacraws, 369; portrait, 371; in England, 376, 399; portrait in _Urlsperger Tracts_, 395; _Tombo-chi-qui, or the American Savage_, 399.

Tonicas, 20, 66.

Tonti, Henri de, 14, 18, 19, 21; on affairs at Detroit, 561; his remonstrance, 561; search for La Salle, 19; dies, 24.

Toomer, J. W., 349.

Toronto, 490.

Torrey, H. W., 167.

Toulouse, Fort, 29.

Tourville, diary of Louisbourg (1758), 464.

Tower, Thos., 364.

Town system of New England, 169.

Townsend, Chas., urges the seizure of the Ohio, 490; said to have arranged the English _Memorials_, 476.

Townshend, General, succeeds Wolfe at Quebec, 550; his portrait, 607; criticised in a _Letter to an Hon. Brigadier-General_, 607; _A Refutation_, 607.

Townshend, Penn, 102; autog., 425.

Tracy, _Great Awakening_, 135.

Trahan, Jos., recollections of Montcalm, 605.

Travelling, 244.

Treby, Sir Geo., 91.

Trent, James, 212.

Trent, Wm., 564.

Trent, _Journal_, 563.

Trenton, New Jersey, 212.

Trescott, W. H., 356.

Trinity River (La.), 40.

Trott, Nicholas, 317, 318, 324, 341; charges against, 324; chief justice of South Carolina, 347; edits laws, 347; _Laws relating to Church and Clergy_, 347; dies, 332.

Truck-houses in Maine, 182.

Trumbull, Benj., Connecticut, 163; _Connecticut Title to Lands_, etc., 180.

Trumbull, Jonathan, his papers, edited by C. Deane, 181.

Trumbull, J. H., _First Essays at Banking_, 170.

Tryon, Wm., governor of North Carolina, 305.

Tuckerman, H. T., _America and her Commentators_, 141, 244.

Tunkers. _See_ Dunkers.

Turcotte, _L’île d’Orléans_, 543.

Turell, _Benj. Colman_, 168.

Turner, Dawson, his sale, 602.

Turner, James, 85.

Turtle Creek, 497.

Tuscaroras commit murder (1711), 298; defeated by Barnwell, 298; by Moore, 299; join the Five Nations, 299, 583.

Tuttle, C. W., 90.

Twightwees, 491, 569.

Tybee Island, 370, 373, 375.

Tyerman, his _Whitefield_, 135, 404; _Life and Times of Wesley_, 403; _Oxford Methodists_, 404.

Tyler, M. C., on Dean Berkeley, 141; on Cotton Mather, 157; on Sam. Sewall, 168.

Tyng, Edw., at Louisbourg (1745), 410, 437; autog., 437; at Annapolis, 146.

Tyng, S. H., on the Huguenots, 247.

Tynte, Colonel Edw., governor of Carolina, 320.

Tyrell papers, 459.

Tyrrell, T. S. (Pichon), 467.

Tyson, Job R., _Social and Intellectual State of Pennsylvania_, 248.

Uchees, 370, 371.

Uhden, H. F., _Geschichte der Congregationalisten_, 159.

Ulster County Historical Society, 249.

Universalists, beginning of, 135.

Uring, Nath., _Travels_, 168.

Urlin, _Wesley’s Place in Church History_, 403.

Urlsperger, J. A., his _Tracts_, 395; edited by Samuel Urlsperger, 395; details of the publication, 395, 396; supplement called _Americanisches Ackerwerk Gottes_, 396.

Urlsperger, Samuel, edits _Urlsperger Tracts_, 396; correspondence with Fresenius, 396.

Urmstone, Rev. John, 297.

Ursuline Nuns in New Orleans, 44; _Relation du Voyage_, 68. _See_ Hachard.

Usher, John, 110.

Utrecht, treaty of (1713), 6, 110, 409, 476, 484; its intended limits of Acadia a question, 475, 478, 479; _Actes, Mémoires_, etc., 475; considered by J. W. Gerard, 475.

Valentine’s _Manual of the City of New York_, 252; his _History of New York_, 252.

Vallette, Laudun, 35; _Relation de la Louisiane_, 39; reprinted as _Journal d’un Voyage_, etc., 39.

Van Braam, 494.

Van Cortlandt, Stephen, his manor, 237; family, 252.

Van Dam, Rip, autog., 198; Zenger libel suit, 198; claims to act as governor of New York, 200; his grants of land, 236; likeness, 241.

Van Keulen, _Paskart van Carolina_, 336.

Van Rensselaer, Cortlandt, _Sermons_, 587, 602.

Van Rensselaer, Kilian, map of his manor, 236; its addition, 237; other maps, 238.

Van Rensselaer family, 252.

Vander Aa, map of Virginia and Florida, 336.

Vanderdussen, Colonel, 332.

Vandyke, Elizabeth, her patent, 237.

Vassal, John, 288.

Vatar, Thomas, 254.

Vauclain, 616.

Vaudreuil, Philippe de, 5, 421; autog., 5, 424; dies, 6, 485.

Vaudreuil, Pierre François, Marquis de, governor of Louisiana, 50; correspondence, 53; marquis (1755), 57; autog., 57, 530; letters, 73; letters captured, 430; succeeds Duquesne, 495; disputes with Montcalm, 530; at Quebec, 540, 548, 604; holds council of war, 550; retreats, 550; tries to return, 550; in France, 559; report on the Lake George battle (1755), 588; conferences (1756), 590; instructions for his conduct towards the English, 590; letters about siege of Oswego, 592; letters on Montcalm’s attack on Fort William Henry, 594; palliates the Fort William Henry massacre, 595; reproaches Montcalm after Abercrombie’s defeat, 598; on the siege of Niagara, 601; plan of the campaign (1759), 601; and the surrender by Ramezay, 607; letters, 608; on the battle of Sainte-Foy, 609; council of war in Montreal (1760), 609; defence in Paris, 610.

Vaughan, George, 110.

Vaughan, Sam., on Braddock’s march, 500; sketch of plan of Fort Pitt, 599.

Vaughan, Wm., autog., 434; suggests the Louisbourg expedition, 434; account of, 434; letters, 436.

Vaugondy, Robt. de, his map of North America, 83.

Velasco, Luis de, 359.

Venango, 11, 492, 566; fort at, 492; ruins of, 492; plan of, 492.

Venning, W. M., 169.

Vérendrye’s explorations, 78.

Vérendrye, discovers Rocky Mountains, 8, 567; papers on, 567, 568; his maps, 568.

Verelst, Harman, 397.

Vergennes, _Mémoire Historique et Politique de la Louisiane_, 67; autog., 67.

Vergor, Colonel de, 547.

Vermont first settled, 127; constitution formed, 178; bibliography of, 179.

Vernon, Admiral, 135.

Vernon, James, 364.

Vernon to Lord Lexington (1700), 476.

Vernon River, 373.

Verplanck family, 252.

Verreau, Abbé, 589, 603; _Canadian Archives_, 594.

Vertue, George, 80.

Vesey, Wm., on Lovelace, 241.

Vesour, Fernesic de, 518.

Vetch, Colonel Samuel, 107, 124; and a union of the New England governors, 611; at Annapolis Royal, 408, 423; memoir, 419; autog., 422; _Voyage of the Sloop Mary_, 422; arrested, 423; accounts of, 423; governor of Port Royal, 423.

Veulst, J., 107.

Vial, Theo., _Law et le Système du Papier Monnaie_, 77.

Vicars, Captain John, 591.

“Vigilant”, French frigate, captured, 438.

Viger, D. B., 605.

Viger, Jacques, portrait, 619.

Villebon, letter to Stoughton (1698), 476.

Villiers, Chevalier de, 56.

Villiers, Coulon de, 494.

Villiers, journal, 574.

Vincennes (town), 566; founded, 53; (Vinsennes), 53.

Vinton, J. A., _Gyles Family_, 421.

Virginia, history of, 259, 263; boundary disputes with Maryland, 263; Lord Culpepper, 263; Cohabitation Act, 263; “paper towns”, 263; becomes a royal province, 264; printing forbidden, 264; Williamsburg made the capital, 264; Spotswood, governor, 265; _Habeas Corpus_ introduced, 265; character of the people, 267; Presbyterians in, 267; morals of the people, 268; laws, 268, 278; part in the French war, 269; Dinwiddie as governor, 269; debt, 270; Loudon, governor, 270; maps of, 272; map (1738), 274; limits under the charters, 84, 275; _Report of Commissioners on the Bounds of Virginia and Maryland_, 275; _Final Report_, 275; bounds upon North Carolina, 275; early mansion houses, 275; eastern peninsula of, 276; libraries in, 276; grant of the Northern Neck, 276; boundary disputes with Pennsylvania, 278; documentary records, 278; _Calendar of Virginia State Papers_, 278; Indians of, 278; successive seals, 278; Purvis collection of laws, 278; descriptions of the country, 278; map of colonial Virginia, 280; her single staple, 280; _Case of the Planters_, 280; histories of Virginia, 280; Doyle’s account, depends on documents in England, 280; spread of her population, 280; historical society, its new series of collections, 281; _Statutes at Large_, 281, 355; institutional history, 281; Valley of, and its illustrative literature, 281; contrasted with Massachusetts, 281; ecclesiasticism in, 282; parish registers, 282; Huguenots in, 282; society in, 282; dearth of letter-writers, 282; Presbyterians in, 282; Baptists in, 282; map of, 350; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; Acadians in, 462, 463; Fry and Jefferson’s map used by Evans, 565; John Henry’s map, 565; politics at the time of Braddock’s expedition, 580, 581; forts in the backwoods described, 581; Indian forays within after Braddock’s defeat, authorities upon, 581, 583; movements against the Indians (1755-56), 589.

_Virginia Gazette_, 268.

Virginians remove to Carolina, 287.

Vivier, Father, 53.

Volney, C. F., _États-Unis_, 53.

_Voyage au Canada, 1751-1761, par T. C. B._, 611.

Wabash, French on the, 566. _See_ Ouabache.

Wade, Captain Robert, 270.

Wadsworth, Benj., 102; _King William Lamented_, 103; chosen president of Harvard College, 126; on the Indian war (1722), 430; his journal, 611.

Wainwright, Captain, 408.

Waite, _American State Papers_, 69.

Waldo, Samuel, at Louisbourg, 410; letters, 436.

Waldo patent (Me.), 181.

Waldron, Richd., 139.

Waldron, W. W., _Huguenots of Westchester_, 247.

Walker, C. I., _Detroit_, 560.

Walker, Dr., on Braddock’s advance, 578.

Walker, Henderson, 296.

Walker, Sir Hoveden, 108, 483; his fleet shattered, 6, 109, 561; his _Journal_, 109, 561; _Letter from an Old Whig_, 562; Dudley’s proclamation, 562.

Walker, J. B., 593.

Walker, N. McF., 79.

Walker, Timothy, 579.

Walking Purchase, 240.

Walpole, Horace, _George the Second_, 467.

Wallace, _Life of William Bradford_, 248.

Waller, Henry, 581.

Walsh, Robt., _Appeal from the Judgment of Great Britain_, 458, 462; on the Acadians, 458; defends Grahame, 620.

Walton, Captain, 124.

Walton, Colonel, 408.

Wanton, John, 141.

Wanton, Wm., 141.

War of the Spanish Succession, 420.

Warburton, Geo., _Conquest of Canada_, 467, 621.

Ward, Ensign, 573.

Ward, Ned, in Boston, 99; _Trip to New England_, 99.

Warde, Admiral Geo., 602.

Warde, General, 602.

Warner, C. D., _Baddeck_, 459.

Warner, Seth, journal, 602.

Warren, Commodore Peter, correspondence with Pepperrell, 436; admiral, 176; at Louisbourg, 439; autog., 439; accounts of, 439; owns lands on the Mohawk, 502.

Warren (Pa.), 570.

Washburn, Emory, _Judicial History of Massachusetts_, 162.

Washington, George, on the Ohio (1753-54), 12; given command of a district (1751) in Virginia, 268; his interest in Western lands, 271; at Le Bœuf, 492, 572; attacks Jumonville, 493; at Fort Necessity, 493; sent to build fort at the forks of the Ohio, 493; charged with assassinating Jumonville, 494; accompanies Braddock, 496; on Forbes’ expedition (1758), 529; his plan for a line of battle in a forest, 529; _Monuments of Washington’s Patriotism_, 529; Gist’s journal, 572; his French war letters revised by him, 572; his _Journal to the Commandant of the French on the Ohio_, 572; the London edition has a map, 572; reprints, 572; original MS., 573; diary (1789-91), 573; his journal of events (1752-54), captured by the French, 573; known only in a French version, 573; included in _Mémoire Contenant le Précis des Faits_, 573; translated as _The Conduct of the Late Ministry_, 573; two editions in New York, 573; appeared in London as _The Mystery Revealed_, 573; given in re-Englished form in Livingston’s _Review of Military Operations_, 573; route in 1754, 575; mentioned in Davies’s sermon, 578; letter on Braddock’s campaign, 578; commands borderers at Winchester, 581; map of this region, 581; on the Virginia border (1757), 595; his letters to Bouquet on the Duquesne expedition (1758), 599; his opinion of the Forbes and Braddock routes, 599.

Waterford (Pennsylvania), 492.

Waterhouse, Samuel, _Monster of Monsters_, 177.

Waters, H. F., 337.

Watkins, Lyman, 528, 599.

Watson, James, 531.

Watson, John, 273.

Watson, John F., _Annals of Philadelphia_, 247, 249; _Annals of New York_, 252.

Watson on Wesley, 403.

Watson, _County of Essex, New York_, 522.

Watts, Geo., 400.

Watts, Isaac, 137; his hymns, 126; and Cotton Mather, 157; on Neal’s _New England_, 158.

Watts, Samuel, 450.

Wawayanda, 223.

Webb, Colonel, succeeds Shirley, 508; at German Flats, 510; at Fort Edward, 515; fails to relieve Fort William Henry, 517; his correspondence, 594; his reports, 594.

Webster, Richard, _Presbyterian Church_, 132, 282.

Wedgwood, Julia, _John Wesley_, 403.

Wedgwood, W. B., edits Horsmanden’s Journal, etc., 242.

_Weekly Rehearsal_, 137.

Weise, A. J., _History of Albany_, 249.

Weiser, Conrad, 244; on the Indians, 563; journals, 563, 567, 574; on Indian characteristics, 566; letters, 566, 568, 569; sent to the Six Nations, 567.

Weiss, Charles, on the Huguenots, 349.

Weld, _Travels_, 284.

Wells, Edw., _New Sett of Maps_, 79.

Wells (Me.), Indian conference at, 420.

Welsh, W. L., _Cutting through Hatteras Inlet_, 338.

Welsh in Pennsylvania, 217, 246; authorities, 247.

Wendell, Jacob, 128.

Wentworth, Benning, 139, 436; autog., 139; governor of New Hampshire, 140; his house, 140; correspondence, 166, 436.

Wentworth, John, governor of New Hampshire, 123; his genealogy, 123.

Werner, E. A., _Civil List of New York_, 248.

Wesley, Charles, in Georgia, 377.

Wesley, John, in Georgia, 402; _Extract of his Journal_, 402; lives of, 403; his literary executors, 403; his journals, 403; _Narrative of a Remarkable Transaction_, 404; troubles with Oglethorpe, 404; portraits, 404.

West, Joseph, governor of Carolina, 308.

West, Samuel, 307.

West Indies, expedition to, 165.

West Point, 237.

Westbrook, Colonel Thomas, 124, 430; raids on the Penobscots, 430; autog., 430; journal of his scout, 432.

Westcott, Thompson, _Historic Buildings of Philadelphia_, 258; on Philadelphia history, 249.

Western, Fort (Me.), 181.

Western Reserve, 180.

_Western Review_, 580.

Westminster, treaty at (1655), 476.

Weston, David, 159.

Weston, Nathan, _Fort Western_, 181.

Weston, P. C. T., _Documents_, 350.

Westover papers, 275; mansion, 275; library, 276.

Whale-fishery, 118.

Wharton, Samuel, 564.

Whately, Richard, on the Fairfaxes of Virginia, 268.

Wheeler, J. H., _North Carolina_, 354; _Reminiscences and Memoirs_, 355.

Wheeler, Sir Francis, 94.

Wheildon, W. W., _Curiosities of History_, 434.

White, Jos., 587.

White, Christopher, his brick house in New Jersey, 258.

White, Geo., _Statistics of Georgia_, 405; _Historical Collections_, 405.

White, R. G., on old New York, 252.

White, Bishop, _Memoir of the Protestant Episcopal Church_, 341.

White men barbarized, 4.

Whitefield, George, 133; his _Journals_, 135, 168, 244, 404; literature respecting, 135; in Virginia, 268; in Georgia, 380, 404; favors slavery in Georgia, 387; his portrait, 288; lives of, 404; opposed by Alex. Garden, 404; _Orphan House in Georgia_, 404; plan of the building, 404; _Letter to Governor Wright_, 404.

Whitehead, W. A., on New Jersey boundaries, 238; _Eastern Boundary of New Jersey_, 238.

Whitehead, on Wesley, 403.

Whiting, Colonel, 408.

Whiting, Nathan, at Lake George, 504, 594.

Whitmore, W. H., 586; _Peter Pelham_, 141; _Massachusetts Civil List_, 162; assistant editor of Sewall papers, 167; on the Virginia Cavaliers, 268.

Whittemore’s _Universalism_, 135.

Whittier, J. G., on _Border War_ (1708), 184; edits Woolman’s _Journal_, 244.

Whittlesey, Colonel Chas., _Early History of Cleveland_, 559; on the customs of the Indians, 563.

Wier, Robt., 549.

Wilberforce, _Protestant Episcopal Church in America_, 342.

_Wilbraham Centennial_, 602.

Wilhelm, L. W., _Local Institutions of Maryland_, 261, 271; _Sir George Calvert_, 271.

Wilkes papers, 600.

Wilkinson, Peter, _French and Indian Cruelty Exemplified_, 592.

Wilks, Francis, 131.

Willard, Jos., on the Huguenots, 98.

Willard, Rev. Joseph, 430.

Willard, Josiah, 165.

Willard, Samuel, on Stoughton, 103.

William, King, his death, 103; sermons on, 103; his influence in America, 103.

William and Mary, accession of, 87.

William and Mary College founded, 264, 265; a bequest to it from Spotswood, 267; authorities on, 278; _Present State of the College_ (1727), 278; _History of the College_ (1874), 278; oration by E. Randolph, 278; view of the college, 279; its successive buildings, 279.

William Henry, Fort (Me.), 181.

William Henry, Fort (N. Y.), 186.

Williams, Alfred, 581.

Williams, Catharine R., _Neutral French_, 459; account of, 459.

Williams, Eleazer, 185; “the Lost Dauphin”, 185.

Williams, Colonel Eph., 187; at Lake George, 503, 504; killed, 504; grave and monument, 587.

Williams, Israel, 188; his papers. 188; his correspondence with Hutchinson, 188; efforts to found a college in Hampshire, 188; papers, 585; on Abercrombie’s campaign, 597.

Williams, I., engraver, 528.

Williams, John, 110; _Redeemed Captive_, various editions, 185; his house, 185; at Quebec, 604.

Williams, Joseph, on Fort Halifax, 182.

Williams, J. S., _The American Pioneer_, 526.

Williams, Stephen W., 185.

Williams, Surgeon Thomas, his letters (1755-56), 586.

Williams, Colonel Wm., 145, 187; his papers, 188; on Abercrombie’s defeat, 597.

Williams, Wm. Thorne, 405.

Williams College, 188.

Williamsburg, Va., account of, 264.

Williamson, Hugh, _North Carolina_, 354.

Williamson, Joseph, 183.

Williamson, Peter, _Occasional Reflections_, 596; _Some Considerations_, 596; _Brief Account of the War_, 615.

Williamson, W. D., _Orono_, 154; _Maine_, 163.

Wills Creek (Cumberland), 493, 495.

Wilmington, Lord, 301.

Wilmington (N. C.), 303.

Wilson, D., on Wolfe, 603.

Wilson, Jas. Grant, edits Mrs. Grant’s _American Lady_, 247; on Samuel Vetch, 423.

Wilson, John, _Genuine Narrative_, 450.

Wilson, Samuel, _Carolina_, 340; its map, 340.

Wilson, commissary, orderly-book, 602.

Wimer, Jas., _Events in Indian History_, 580.

Winchell, _Final Report of Geological Survey of Minnesota_, 78, 622.

Wind-mills, 223.

Winnebagoes, 564.

Winnepeesaukee, Lake (Wenipisiocho), 134.

Winslow, Edward, governor of Plymouth, portrait carried to Plymouth, 456.

Winslow, John, on the Kennebec, 151; plans Fort Halifax, 181; sent to Nova Scotia, 415; his speech to the Acadians, 417; journal of siege of Beauséjour, 419; sent against Beauséjour, 452, his journal, 452; autog., 455; portrait, 455; his sword, 456; his journal in Acadia, 458; printed, 419, 458; other papers, 458; to lead the expedition on Lake Champlain (1756), 506; his journal of the expedition against Crown Point, 591; his letter, 591; in England, 601.

Winslow, Josiah (killed, 1724), 127.

Winslow, Josiah (Governor), portrait carried to Plymouth, 456.

Winsor, Justin, maps of Louisiana and the Mississippi, 79; “New England”, 87; writes _Report on Massachusetts Archives_, 165; sketch of block-house, 185; “Cartography and Bounds of the Middle Colonies”, 233; notes on the middle colonies, 240; on “Maryland and Virginia”, 259; “Sources of Carolina History”, 335; “Authorities on the French and Indian Wars of New England and Acadia”, 420; on maps and bounds of Acadia, 472; “Struggle for the Great Valleys of North America”, 483; “Intercolonial Congress and Plans of Union”, 611; “Cartography of the St. Lawrence and the Lakes”, 614; “General Contemporary Sources of the War, 1754-1760”, 615; “General Historians of the French and English Colonies”, 619; “Bibliography of the Northwest”, 621.

Winthrop, Adam, 139.

Winthrop, Fitz-John, 111; his advance on Montreal, 90; in England, 94.

Winthrop, Prof. John, on earthquakes, 152.

Winthrop, Wait, 103; autog., 425.

Wisconsin, settled, 568.

Wise, John, 422; _Church’s Quarrel Espoused_, 108; address on, by Dexter, 108; _Word of Comfort_, 171.

Wishart, George, 135.

Wistar, 223.

Wiswall, Ichabod, 89.

Witchcraft in Massachusetts, 94.

Wittmeyer, A. V., on the Huguenots, 350.

Wococon, 338.

Wolcott, Governor, on the siege of Louisbourg, 438.

Wolfe, General James, portrait, 541; other likenesses, 541; leaves Louisbourg for Quebec, 540; at Island of Orleans, 543; at Point Levi, 544; entrenches at Montmorenci, 544; his proclamations and devastations, 544; goes above the town, 544, 545; attacks at Montmorenci, 545; ill, 545; his phrase, “Choice of difficulties”, 545; evacuates Montmorenci, 545; lands at Wolfe’s Cove, 546, 547; on the Plains of Abraham, 547; his good-luck, 547; attacks and is killed, 549; accounts of his death, 549; his body sent to England, 550; monuments to his memory, 551; lives of, 602; letters, 602, 603; correspondence with Amherst, 603; his secret instructions, 603; despatches, 603; his _Instructions to Young Officers_, 603; his orders before Quebec, 603; imaginary conversation in Hades with Montcalm, 604. _See_ Quebec and Montcalm.

Wolfe’s Cove, 546; views of, 546, 549.

Wood, J. P., _Parish of Cramond_, 76; his _Life of Law_, 76.

Wood Creek, 486, 526, 585; map of, 595.

Woodbridge, John, _Severals_, etc., 170.

Woodbridge, Tim., 597.

Woodhull, Colonel Nath., his _Journal_, 609.

Woodstock, Conn., 180.

Woodward, Dr. Henry, 306.

Woodward and Safery’s line, 180.

Woolen manufactures forbidden, 226.

Woolman, John, _Journal_, 244.

Woolsey, Theo., on Yale College, 102.

Woolsey, Colonel, 597.

Woolson, C. F., 315.

_Worcester Magazine_, 432.

Worley, the pirate, 323.

Wormley, Miss, _Cousin Veronica_, 284.

Wormsloe quartos, 401.

Wraxall, Peter, secretary for Indian affairs, 233, 590.

Wright, Sir Jas., governor of Georgia, report and letters (1773-1782), 391, 401.

Wright, J., _Complete History of the Late War_, 616.

Wright, Robert, _Memoir of Oglethorpe_, 394; _Life of Wolfe_, 602.

Wright, Thomas, 448.

Writs of assistance, 155.

Wyandots on the Ohio, 563.

Wymberley-Jones, Geo., prints De Brahm, 401.

Wynne, M., _British Empire in America_, 618.

Wynne, Thos. H., edits Byrd’s _Dividing Line_, 275.

Yale, Elihu, portrait, 102.

Yale College founded, 102; authorities on, 102; and Episcopacy, 120; and Dean Berkeley, 141.

Yamacraw Bluff, 361, 367.

Yamacraws, 369; pacified, 370, 371.

Yardley, Francis, 336.

Yazoo (Yasoue), 70.

Yazoos, 46.

Yeamans, Sir John, 289; in Carolina, 289, 293; governor, 308; goes to Barbadoes, 311; explores South Carolina coast, 305.

Yeates, Judge, visits Braddock’s field, 500.

Yemassee Indians, 318; make war, 321.

Yoakum, _History of Texas_, 69.

Yonge, Francis, 324; _Proceedings of the People of South Carolina_ (1719), 347; _Trade of South Carolina_, 347.

Yonge, Henry, 391.

Yonkers, Philipse, manor house, 252.

Zeisberger, David, 245; life by Schweinitz, 245.

Zenger libel suit, 198, 199; reports of, 242; collection of material by Zenger, 242.

Zinzendorf, _Diary of his Journeys_, 246.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] [See Vol. IV. p. 351.—ED.]

[2] [There were two stations established to draw off by missionary efforts individual Iroquois from within the influences of the English. One of them was at Caughnawaga, near Montreal, and the other was later established by Picquet at La Présentation, about half-way thence to Lake Ontario, on the southern bank of the St. Lawrence river. Cf. Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_, i. 65.—ED.]

[3] [“Hundreds of white men have been barbarized on this continent for each single red man that has been civilized.” Ellis, _Red Man and White Man in North America_, p. 364.—ED.]

[4] [See Vol. IV. p. 195.—ED.]

[5] [See _post_, chap. ii.—ED.]

[6] [See chapters vii. and viii.—ED.]

[7] [See _post_, chap. viii.—ED.]

[8] [The treaty of Utrecht, made in 1713, had declared the Five Nations to be “subject to the dominion of Great Britain,” and under this clause Niagara was held to be within the Province of New York; and Clinton protested against the French occupation of that vantage-ground.—ED.]

[9] While waiting until the Court should name a successor to M. de Vaudreuil, M. de Longueuil, then governor of Montreal, assumed the reins of government.

[10] [See Vol. IV. p. 307.—ED.]

[11] [See the map in Vol. IV. p. 200.—ED.]

[12] [See Vol. II. p. 468.—ED.]

[13] [Parkman (_Montcalm and Wolfe_, vol. i. chap. ii.) tells the story of this expedition under Céloron de Bienville, sent by La Galissonière in 1749 into the Ohio Valley to propitiate the Indians and expel the English traders, and of its ill success. He refers, as chief sources, to the Journal of Céloron, preserved in the Archives de la Marine, and to the Journal of Bonnecamp, his chaplain, found in the Dépôt de la Marine at Paris, and to the contemporary documents printed in the _Colonial Documents of New York_, in the _Colonial Records_, and in the _Archives_ (second series, vol. vi.) of Pennsylvania.—ED.]

[14] [There is some confusion in the spelling of this name. A hundred years ago and more, the usual spelling was _Allegany_. The mountains are now called _Alleghany_; the city of the same name in Pennsylvania is spelled _Allegheny_. Cf. note in _Dinwiddie Papers_, i. 255.—ED.]

[15] [_Mémoire sur les colonies de la France dans l’Amérique septentrionale._—ED.]

[16] [Céloron’s expedition was followed, in 1750, by the visit of Christopher Gist, who was sent, under the direction of this newly formed Ohio Company, to prepare the way for planting English colonists in the disputed territory. The instructions to Gist are in the appendix of Pownall’s _Topographical Description of North America_. He fell in with George Croghan, one of the Pennsylvania Scotch-Irish, then exploring the country for the Governor of Pennsylvania; and Croghan was accompanied by Andrew Montour, a half-breed interpreter. The original authorities for their journey are in the _New York Colonial Documents_, vol. vii., and in the _Colonial Records of Pennsylvania_, vol. v.; while the Journals of Gist and Croghan may be found respectively in Pownall (_ut supra_) and in the periodical _Olden Time_, vol. i. Cf. also _Dinwiddie Papers_, index. In the _Pennsylvania Archives_, second series, vol. vi., are various French and English documents touching the French occupation of this region.—ED.]

[17] Prior to this time there had been such an occupation of some of these posts as to find recognition in the maps of the day. See map entitled “_Amérique septentrionale_, etc., par le S^r. D’Anville, 1746,” which gives a post at or near Erie, and one on the “Rivière aux Beuf” (French Creek).

[18] [See, _post_, the section on the “Maps and Bounds of Acadia,” for the literature of this controversy.—ED.]

[19] [See _post_, chap. viii.—ED.]

[20] Minister of Marine to M. Ducasse (Margry, iv. 294); Same to same (Margry, iv. 297). See also despatches to Iberville July 29 (Margry, iv. 324) and August 5 (Margry, iv. 327).

[21] [See the section on La Salle in Vol. IV. p. 201.—ED.]

[22] Margry, iv. 3.

[23] In 1697 the Sieur de Louvigny wrote, asking to complete La Salle’s discoveries and invade Mexico from Texas (Lettre de M. de Louvigny, 14 Oct. 1697). In an unpublished memoir of the year 1700, the seizure of the Mexican mines is given as one of the motives of the colonization of Louisiana. Parkman’s _La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West_, p. 327, _note_. The memorial of Louvigny is given in Margry, iv. 9; that of Argoud in Margry, iv. 19.

[24] Daniel’s _Nos gloires_, p. 39; he was baptized at Montreal, July 20, 1661. (Tanguay’s _Dictionnaire généalogique_.)

[25] [See Vol. IV. pp. 161, 226, 239, 243, 316.—ED.]

[26] The Minister in a letter alludes to the reports of Argoud from London, August 21, about a delay in starting (Margry, iv. 82).

[27] Charlevoix says the expedition was composed of the “François” and “Renommée,” and sailed October 17. According to Penicaut the vessels were the “Marin” and “Renommée.” The _Journal historique_ states that they sailed from Rochefort September 24. This work is generally accurate. Perhaps there was some authority for that date. The vessels had come down from Rochefort to the anchorage at Rochelle some time before this, and the date may represent the time of sailing from Rochelle. Margry (iv. 213) in a syllabus of the contents of the Journal of Marin, which he evidently regarded as a part of the original document, gives the date of that event as September 5. In the same volume (p. 84) there is a despatch from the Minister to Du Guay, dated October (?) 16, in which he says that “he awaits with impatience the news of Iberville’s sailing, and fears that he may be detained at Rochelle by the equinoctial storms.”

[28] The French accounts all say that Pensacola had been occupied by the Spaniards but a few months, and simply to anticipate Iberville. Barcia in his _Ensayo cronológico_ (p. 316) says it was founded in 1696.

[29] Report in Margry, iv. 118, and Journal in Ibid., iv. 157. A third account of the Journal of the “Marin” says there were twenty-two in one _biscayenne_, twenty-three in the other; fifty-one men in all (Journal in Margry, iv. 242). The six men in excess in the total are probably to be accounted for as the force in the canoes. These discrepancies illustrate the confusion in the accounts.

[30] Despatch of the Minister, July 23, 1698, in Margry, iv. 72; Iberville’s Report, in Margry, iv. 120

[31] [See Hennepin’s maps in Vol IV. pp. 251, 253.—ED.]

[32] Margry, iv. 190.

[33] The date of this letter is given in the Journal “1686” (Margry, iv. 274). This is probably correct. [See Vol. IV. p. 238.—ED.].

[34] Ten guns, says the Journal, in Margry, iv. 395. One of twenty-four, one of twelve guns; the latter alone entered the river, says Iberville to the Minister, February 26, 1700, in Margry, vol. iv. p. 361. See also Coxe’s _Carolana_, preface.

[35] [See _post_, chap. v.—ED.]

[36] Journal, in Margry, iv. 397.

[37] Instructions, in Margry, iv. 350.

[38] Minister to Iberville, June 15, 1699, in Margry, iv. 305; Same to same, July 29, 1699, in Ibid., iv. 324; Same to same, Aug. 5, 1699, in Ibid., iv. 327.

[39] [See Vol. IV. p. 239.—ED.]

[40] _Journal historique_, etc., pp. 30, 34.

[41] The language used in the text is fully justified by the accounts referred to. Students of Indian habits dispute the despotism of the Suns, and allege that the hereditary aristocracy does not differ materially from what may be found in other tribes. See Lucien Carr’s paper on “The Mounds of the Mississippi Valley historically considered,” extracted from _Memoirs of the Kentucky Geological Survey_, ii. 36, _note_. See also his “The Social and Political Position of Woman among the Huron Iroquois Tribes,” in the _Report of Peabody Museum_, iii. 207, _et seq_.

[42] Pontchartrain to Callières and Champigny, June 4, 1701, in Margry, v. 351. Charlevoix speaks of Saint-Denys, who made the trip to Mexico, as Juchereau de Saint-Denys. Dr. Shea, in the _note_, p. 12, vol. vi. of his _Charlevoix_, identifies Saint-Denys as Louis Juchereau de Saint-Denys. The founder of the settlement on the “Ouabache” signed the same name to the Memorial in Margry, v. 350. The author of _Nos gloires nationales_ asserts (vol. i. p. 207 of his work) that it was Barbe Juchereau who was sent to Mexico. Spanish accounts speak of the one in Mexico as Louis. Charlevoix says he was the uncle of Iberville’s wife. Iberville married Marie-Thérèse Pollet, granddaughter of Nicolas Juchereau, Seigneur of Beauport and St. Denis (see Tanguay). This Nicolas Juchereau had a son Louis, who was born Sept. 18, 1676. Martin says the two Juchereaus were relatives.

[43] The establishment was apparently made on the Ouabache (Ohio), _Journal historique_, etc., pp. 75-89. Iberville, writing at Rochelle, Feb. 15, 1703, says “he will go to the ‘Ouabache,’” in letter of Iberville to Minister (Margry, iv. 631). Penicaut speaks of it as on the Ouabache (Margry, v. 426-438).

[44] _Journal historique_, etc., p. 106. Charlevoix (vol. ii. liv. xxi. p. 415) says: “It could not be said that there was a colony in Louisiana—or at any rate it did not begin to shape itself—until after the arrival of M. Diron d’Artaguette with an appointment as _commissaire-ordonnateur_.”

[45] _Journal historique_, etc., p. 129, and Le Page du Pratz, i. 15, 16. Saint-Denys was evidently duped by the Spaniards. Crozat was anxious for trade. Saint-Denys arranged matters with the authorities at Mexico, and joined in the expedition which established Spanish missions in the “province of Lastekas.” In these missions he saw only hopes of trade; but the title to the province was saved to Spain by them, and no trade was ever permitted.

[46] The following itinerary of this expedition is copied, through the favor of Mr. Theodore F. Dwight, from a rough memorandum in the handwriting of Thomas Jefferson,—which memorandum is now in the Department of State at Washington.

“Oct. 25. Graveline and the other arrived at Rio Bravos at Ayeches, composed of 10 cabbins, they found a Span. Mission of 2 Peres Recollets, 3 souldiers and a woman; at Nacodoches they found 4 Recollets, with a Frere, 2 souldiers and a Span. woman; at Assinays or Cenis 2 Peres Recollets, 1 souldier, 1 Span. woman. The presidio which had been 17 leagues further off now came and established itself at 7 leagues from the Assinayes; it was composed of a Capt^n, ensign and 25 souldiers. They reached the presidio 2 leagues W. of the Rio Bravo where there was a Capt. Lieut. and 30 souldiers Span. and 2 missions of St. Jean Baptiste and St. Bernard. All the goods of St. Denys were seized and in the end lost. On the return of Graveline and the others they found a Span. Mission at Adayes, founded Jan. 29, 1717.”

[47] The livre is substantially the same as the franc, and by some writers the words are used interchangeably.

[48] There were outstanding, when the bank collapsed, notes of the nominal value of 1,169,072,540 livres. Statements of the amounts in hand, of those which had been burned, etc., showed that there had been emitted more than 3,000,000,000 livres (Forbonnais, ii. 633).

[49] This is exclusive of an issue of 24,000 shares by the Regent. The par value of the 600,000 shares was 300,000,000 livres; but the value represented by them on the basis of the premiums at which they were respectively issued, amounted to 1,677,500,000 livres.

[50] Forbonnais, _Recherches et considérations sur les finances de France_, ii. 604, says shares rose as high as eighteen to twenty thousand francs.

[51] The commanders of the post in the early days of the colony have been generally spoken of as governors. Gayarré (i. 162) says, “The government of Louisiana was for the second time definitely awarded to Bienville.” He was, as we have seen, _lieutenant du roy_. As such he was at the head of the colony for many years, and he still held this title when he was by letter ordered to assume command after La Mothe left and until L’Epinay should arrive (Margry, v. 591). In 1716 he was “commandant of the Mississippi River and its tributaries” (_Journal historique_, etc., pp. 123, 141). His power as _commandant-général_ was apparently for a time shared with his brother Sérigny. In a despatch dated Oct. 20, 1719, quoted by Gayarré, he says, “Mon frère Sérigny, chargé comme moi du commandement de cette colonie.” M. de Vallette Laudun, in the _Journal d’un voyage_ (Paris, 1768), on the 1st of July, 1720, says, M. de Bienville “commands in chief all the country since the departure of his brother, Monsieur de Sérigny.” In 1722 Bienville applied for the “general government” (Margry, v. 634).

[52] Margry, v. 589; Shea’s _Charlevoix_, vi. 37.

[53] Vergennes, p. 161. “The inhabitants trembled at the sight of this licentious soldiery.”

[54] The Penicaut narrative apparently assigns the year 1717 as the date of the original foundation of New Orleans. Margry (v. 549) calls attention in a note to the fact that the _Journal historique_, which he attributes to Beaurain, gives 1718 as the date. Gravier, in his Introduction to the _Relation du voyage des dames religieuses Ursulines_, says that New Orleans was founded in 1717. He cites in a note certain letters of Bienville which are in the Archives at Paris; but as he does not quote from them, we cannot tell to what point of the narrative they are cited as authority.

[55] [From Le Page du Pratz, _Histoire de la Louisiane_, ii. 262.—ED.]

[56] [Cf. Vol. II. _index_.—ED.]

[57] [There is a “Plan de la Baye de Pansacola,” by N. B., in Charlevoix, iii. 480. Jefferys’s “Plan of the Harbor and Settlement of Pensacola,” and the view of Pensacola as drawn by Dom Serres, are contained in Roberts’s _Account of the First Discovery and Natural History of Florida_ (London, 1763), and in the _General Topography of North America and the West Indies_ (London, 1768), no. 67. The map shows Pensacola as destroyed in 1719, and the new town on Santa Rosa Island.—ED.]

[58] For the points involved in the discussion of the Louisiana boundary question, see Waite’s _American State Papers_ (Boston, 1819), vol. xii.

[59] Vergennes, p. 153; Champigny, p. 16.

[60] Thomassy, p. 31.

[61] Champigny, p. 127, _note_ 5. “They were obliged to change boats from smaller to smaller three times, in order to bring merchandise to Biloxi, where they ran carts a hundred feet into the ocean and loaded them, because the smallest boats could not land.”

[62] “Clérac” is thus translated by authority of Margry, v. 573, _note_. He says it means a workman engaged in the manufacture of tobacco, and is derived from the territory of Clérac (Charcute-Inférieure). With this interpretation we can understand why one of the grants was “Celle des Cléracs aux Natchez” (Dumont, ii. 45).

[63] [See Vol. IV. p. 161.—ED.]

[64] Natchez is never mentioned by the French writers except with expressions of admiration for its soil, climate, and situation. Dumont (vol. ii. p. 63) says “the land at Natchez is the best in the province. This establishment had begun to prosper.” The number of killed at the massacre is stated at “more than two hundred” by Father Le Petit (_Lettres édifiantes_, xx. 151). Writers like Dumont and Le Page du Pratz state the number at more than seven hundred. Even the smaller number is probably an exaggeration. The value of the tobacco produced at Natchez is alluded to in Champigny; but the place does not seem to have rallied from this blow. Bossu, in 1751, speaks of the fertility of its soil, “if it were cultivated.”

[65] The Capuchin in charge of the post at Natchez was away. The Jesuit Du Poisson, from the Akensas, happened to be there, and was killed.

[66] Clairborne in his _Mississippi as a Province, Territory, and State_, places the fort of the Natchez in Arkansas, at a place known as “Sicily Island,” forty miles northwest from Natchez.

[67] “I am the only one of the French who has escaped sickness since we have been in this country.” Du Poussin from the Akensas, in Kip, p. 263.

[68] Poussin (_De la puissance Américaine_, Paris, 1843, i. 262) says: “Nevertheless, about this time (1751) the inhabitants began to understand the necessity of seriously occupying themselves with agricultural pursuits.”

[69] _The Present State of the Country and Inhabitants, European and Indians, of Louisiana_ (London, 1744).

[70] [Cf. Breese, _Early History of Illinois_, and Vol. IV., p. 198.—ED.]

[71] “The minute of the surrender of Fort Chartres to M. Sterling, appointed by M. de Gage, governor of New York, commander of His Britannic Majesty’s troops in North America, is preserved in the French Archives at Paris. The fort is carefully described in it as having an arched gateway fifteen feet high; a cut stone platform above the gate, and a stair of nineteen stone steps, with a stone balustrade, leading to it; its walls of stone eighteen feet in height, and its four bastions, each with forty-eight loop-holes, eight embrasures, and a sentry-box; the whole in cut stone. And within was the great storehouse, ninety feet long by thirty wide, two stories high, and gable-roofed; the guard-house, having two rooms above for the chapel and missionary quarters; the government house, eighty-four by thirty-two feet, with iron gates and a stone porch, a coach-house and pigeon-house adjoining, and a large stone well inside; the intendant’s house, of stone and iron, with a portico; the two rows of barracks, each one hundred and twenty-eight feet long; the magazine thirty-five feet wide and thirty-eight feet long, and thirteen feet high above the ground, with a door-way of cut stone, and two doors, one of wood and one of iron; the bake-house, with two ovens and a stone well in front; the prison, with four cells of cut stone, and iron doors; and one large relief gate to the north; the whole enclosing an area of more than four acres.”—_Illinois in the Eighteenth Century_, by Edward G. Mason, being No. 12 of the _Fergus Historical Series_, p. 39.

[72] [See map, Vol. IV. p. 200.—ED.]

[73] _Lettres édifiantes et curieuses_ (Paris, 1758), xxviii. 59. Father Vivier says that five French villages situated in a long prairie, bounded at the east by a chain of mountains and by the River Tamaroa, and west by the Mississippi, comprised together one hundred and forty families. These villages were (Bossu, seconde édition, Paris, 1768, i. 145, _note_) Kaskaskia, Fort Chartres, St. Philippe, Kaokia, and Prairie du Rocher. There were other posts on the lines of travel, but the bulk of the agricultural population was here. The picture of their life given by Breese is interesting.

Vincennes is said by some authorities to have been founded as early as 1702. See Bancroft (New York, 1883), ii. 186; also _A Geographical Description of the United States_ by John Melish. C. F. Volney, the author of _Tableau du climat et du sol des États-Unis d’Amérique_ (Paris, 1803), was himself at Poste Vincennes in 1796. He says (p. 401): “I wished to know the date of the foundation and early history of Poste Vincennes; but spite of the authority and credit that some attribute to tradition, I could scarcely get any exact notes about the war of 1757, notwithstanding there were old men who dated back prior to that time. It is only by estimate that I place its origin about 1735.” In _Annals of the West_, compiled by James R. Albach, the authorities for the various dates are given. The post figures in some of the maps about the middle of the century.

[74] “We receive from the Illinois,” he says, “flour, corn, bacon, hams both of bear and hog, corned pork and wild beef, myrtle and bees-wax, cotton, tallow, leather, tobacco, lead, copper, buffalo-wool, venison, poultry, bear’s grease, oil, skins, fowls, and hides” (Martin’s _History of Louisiana_, i. 316).

[75] Pownall in his _Administration of the Colonies_ (2d ed., London, 1765, appendix, section 1, p. 24) gives a sketch of the condition of the colonies, derived mainly from Vaudreuil’s correspondence. He says that Vaudreuil (May 15, 1751) thought that Kaskaskia was the principal post, but that Macarty, who was on the spot (Jan. 20, 1752), thought the environs of Chartres a far better situation to place this post in, provided there were more inhabitants. “He visited Fort Chartres, found it very good,—only wanting a few repairs,—and thinks it ought to be kept up.”

[76] Fort Chartres is stated by Mr. Edward G. Mason, in _Illinois in the Eighteenth Century_ (Fergus Historical Series, no. 12, p. 25), to be sixteen miles _above_ Kaskaskia. In the _Journal historique_, etc. (Paris and New Orleans, 1831), p. 221, the original establishment of Boisbriant is stated to have been “eight leagues below Kaskaskia,” and (p. 243) it is stated that it was transferred “nine leagues _below_” the village. French, in his _Louisiana Historical Collections_, published a translation of a manuscript copy of the _Journal historique_ which is deposited in Philadelphia. His translation reads that the transfer was made to a point “nine leagues _above_ Kaskaskia.” Martin, who worked from still another copy of the _Journal historique_, states that the establishment was transferred to a point twenty-five miles _above_ Kaskaskia. The “au dessous” (p. 243 of _Journal historique_, or, as ordinarily cited, “La Harpe”) was probably a typographical error.

[77] This ground was partly prospected by Dutisné, who, Nov. 22, 1719, wrote to Bienville an account of an expedition to the Missouris by river and to the Osages and Paniouassas by land. Bournion, whose appointment was made, according to Dumont, in 1720, went up the river to the Canzes, and thence to the Padoucahs in 1724. Le Page du Pratz gives an account of the expedition. The name of this officer is variously given as Bournion in the _Journal historique_, Bourgmont by Le Page du Pratz, Bourmont by Bossu, and Boismont by Martin.

[78] Neyon de Villiers.

[79] [See _post_, chap. viii.—ED.]

[80] [“The English colonies ... at the middle of the century numbered in all, from Georgia to Maine, about 1,160,000 white inhabitants. By the census of 1754 Canada had but 55,000. Add those of Louisiana and Acadia, and the whole white population under the French flag might be something more than 80,000.” Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_, i. 20.—ED.]

[81] [See _post_, chap. vii.—ED.]

[82] [“In the dual government of Canada the governor represented the king, and commanded the troops; while the intendant was charged with trade, finance, justice, and all other departments of civil administration. In former times the two functionaries usually quarrelled; but between Vaudreuil and Bigot there was perfect harmony” (Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_, ii. 18). Foremost among the creatures of Bigot, serving his purposes of plunder, were Joseph Cadet, a butcher’s son whom Bigot had made commissary-general, and Marin, the Intendant’s deputy at Montreal, who repaid his principal by aspiring for his place. It was not till February, 1759, when Montcalm was given a hand in civil affairs, that the beginning of the end of this abandoned coterie appeared (see Ibid., ii. 37, for sources). Upon the interior history of Canada, from 1749 to 1760, there is a remarkable source in the _Mémoires sur le Canada_, which was printed and reprinted (1873) by the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. It reached the committee from a kinsman of General Burton, of the army of General Amherst, who presumably received it from its anonymous author, and took it to England for printing. Smith, in his _History of Canada_ (1815), had used a manuscript closely resembling it. Parkman refers to a manuscript in the hands of the Abbé Verreau of Montreal, the original of which he thinks may have been the first draught of these _Mémoires_. This manuscript was in the Bastille at the time of its destruction, and being thrown into the street, fell into the hands of a Russian and was carried to St. Petersburg. Lord Dufferin, while ambassador to Russia, procured the Verreau copy, which differs, says Parkman, little in substance from the printed _Mémoires_, though changed in language and arrangement in some parts (Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_, ii. 37). The second volume of the first series of the _Mémoires_ of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec also contains a paper, evidently written in 1736, and seemingly a report of the Intendant Hocquart to Cardinal Fleury, the minister of Louis XV. In the same collection is a report, _Considérations sur l’état présent du Canada_, dated October, 1758, which could hardly have been written by the Intendant Bigot, but is thought to have been the writing of a Querdisien-Trémais, who had been sent as commissioner to investigate the finances, and who deals out equal rebuke upon all the functionaries then in office.—ED.]

[83] [_Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle France, avec le journal historique d’un voyage fait par ordre du roi dans l’Amérique septentrionale_ (Paris, 1744). It is in three volumes, the third containing the _Journal_ (cf. Vol. IV. p. 358), of which there are two distinct English translations,—one, _Journal of a Voyage to North America_, in two volumes (London, 1761; reprinted in Dublin, 1766); the other, _Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguierres_ (London, 1763), in one volume. A portion of the _Journal_ is also given in French’s _Historical Collections of Louisiana_ part iii. (Cf. Sabin, no. 12,140, etc.; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. nos. 1,285, 1,347, 1,497.) The Dublin edition of the _Journal_ has plates not in the other editions (_Brinley Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 80). There is a paper on “Charlevoix at New Orleans in 1721” in the _Magazine of American History_, August, 1883.—ED.]

[84] [_History and General Description of New France_, translated, with Notes, by John Gilmary Shea (New York, 1866), etc., 6 vols. (See Vol. IV. of the present work, p. 358.) Charlevoix’s _Relation de la Louisiane_ is also contained in Bernard’s _Recueil de voyages au nord_ (Amsterdam, 1731-1738).—ED.]

[85] Upon these expeditions the United States partly based their claims, in the discussions with Spain in 1805 and 1818, on the Louisiana boundary question.

[86] Jean de Beaurain, a geographical engineer, was born in 1696, and died in 1772. He was appointed geographer to the King in 1721. His son was a conspicuous cartographer (_Nouvelle biographie générale_).

[87] The libraries of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia) and of the Department of State (Washington) each have a copy of this manuscript. A copy belonging to the Louisiana Historical Society is deposited in the State Library at New Orleans. [From the Philadelphia copy the English translation in French’s _Historical Collections of Louisiana_, part iii., was made. A. R. Smith, in his London _Catalogue_, 1874, no. 1,391, held a manuscript copy, dated 1766, at £7 17_s._ 6_d._, and another is priced by Leclerc (_Bibl. Amer._, no. 2,811) at 500 francs. This manuscript has five plans and a map, while the printed edition of 1831 has but a single map. The manuscripts are usually marked as “Dédié et présenté au roi par le Chevalier Beaurain,” who is considered by Leclerc as the author of the drawings only.—ED.]

[88] Ferland, ii. 343; Garneau, ii. 94. For characterizations of these and other authorities on Canada, see Vol. IV. of this History, pp. 157, 360.

[89] [It consists of two series of lectures, the first entitled _The Poetry, or the Romance of the History of Louisiana_, and the second, _Louisiana, its History as a French Colony_. He says in a preface to a third series, printed separately in 1852 at New York,—_Louisiana, its History as a French Colony, Third Series of Lectures_ (Sabin, vol. vii. nos. 26,793, 26,796),—that the first series was given to “freaks of the imagination,” the second was “more serious and useful” in getting upon a basis more historic; while there was a still further “change of tone and manner” in the third, which brings the story down to 1769. This was published at New York in 1851. Mr. Gayarré had already published, in 1830, an _Essai historique sur Louisiane_ in two volumes (Sabin vol. vii. nos. 26,791, 26,795), and _Romance of the History of Louisiana, a Series of Lectures_, New York, 1848 (Sabin, vol. vii. nos. 26,795, 26,797, 26,799).—ED.]

[90] This was published at New Orleans in 1846-1847 in two volumes (Sabin, vol. vii. no. 26,792).

[91] Published as _History of Louisiana: the Spanish Domination, the French Domination, and the American Domination_,—the three parts respectively in 1854, 1855, and 1866.

[92] [There are many papers on Louisiana history in _De Bow’s Review_, and for these, including several reviews of Gayarré, see Poole’s _Index to Periodical Literature_, p. 772, where other references will be found to the _Southern Literary Messenger_, etc.—ED.]

[93] [The original edition was published at Paris in 1758. An English version, _The History of Louisiana, or the Western Parts of Virginia and Carolina; containing a Description of the Countries that lie on both sides of the River Mississippi_, appeared in London in 1763 (two vols.) and 1774 (one vol.), in an abridged and distorted form (Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,352; Sabin, x. 223; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, nos. 910-912). H. H. Bancroft (_Northwest Coast_, i. 598) mentions a different translation published in 1764; but I have not seen it. Field says of the original: “It is difficult to procure the work complete in all the plates and maps, which should number forty-two.”—ED.]

[94] The authorities upon which are based the statements of most writers upon the history of Louisiana have been exhumed from the archives in Paris, but there are French sources for narratives of the adventures of Saint-Denys which are still missing. Le Page du Pratz (i. 178) says: “What I shall leave out will be found some day, when memoirs like these of M. de Saint-Denis and some others concerning the discovery of Louisiana, which I have used, shall be published.”

[95] [It was issued in two volumes at Paris in 1753 (Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 996; Leclerc, no. 2,750, thirty francs; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 463).—ED.]

[96] _Journal historique_, etc., p. 310.

[97] _Nouvelle biographie générale, sub_ “Butel Dumont.”

[98] _Considérations géographiques, etc., par Philippe Buache_ (Paris, 1753), p. 36. See Vol. II. p. 461.

[99] He tells of a rattlesnake twenty-two feet long, in vol. i. p. 109; and of frogs weighing thirty-two pounds, in vol. ii. p. 268.

[100] [It was published at Paris in 1768, and an English translation, _Travels through that part of North America formerly called Louisiana_ (by J. R. Forster), was printed in London, in 2 vols., in 1771, and a Dutch version at Amsterdam in 1769. The original French was reprinted at Amsterdam in 1769 and 1777.—ED.]

[101] Vergennes, p. 157. “In considering the savages who were drawn into an alliance with us by our presents, and who received us into their houses, would it have been difficult to attach them to us if we had acted toward them with the candor and rectitude to which they were entitled? We gave them the example of perfidy, and we are doubly culpable for the crimes they committed and the virtues they did not acquire.”

[102] [See Vol. IV. pp. 199, 316. The book forms no. 8 of Munsell’s _Historical Series_. See accounts of Le Sueur and other explorers of the Upper Mississippi in Neill’s _Explorers and Pioneers of Minnesota_. There are extracts from Le Sueur’s Journal in La Harpe’s _Journal historique_ and in French’s _Historical Collections of Louisiana_,