ii. 61 (where it is asserted that only the title is of new make), and

the bibliographical note which Sabin added to his reprint of Stith in 1865, where he describes three varieties. There is a collation in the _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 3,796, not agreeing with either; cf. _Hist. Mag._ ii. 184, and _North American Review_, October, 1866, p. 605.—ED.]

[325] [Adams, _Manual of Historical Literature_, 557; _Hist. Mag._ i. 27; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,502; Tyler, _American Literature_, ii. 280; Allibone, ii. 2264; article by William Green in _Southern Literary Messenger_, September, 1863.—ED.]

[326] See Charles Campbell’s _Memoir of John Daly Burk_, 1868.

[327] Sabin, iii. 9273.

[328] [C. K. Adams, _Manual of Historical Literature_, 557; _Potter’s American Monthly_, December, 1876, the year of Campbell’s death.—ED.]

[329] [See this map in chapter i.—ED.]

[330] [The French explorations will be treated, and the illustrative maps will be given, in Vol. IV.—ED.]

[331] Lane, in 1585, heard of houses covered with plates of metal. _Hakluyt_, iii. 258. Others repeated similar stories about other places.

[332] Dee’s _Diary in the Publications_ of the Camden Society.

[333] [See chap. iv.—ED.]

[334] [See chapter iv.—ED.]

[335] It should be noted that Robert Salterne, who was with Pring at Plymouth, soon after took Orders in the Church of England. This leads to the conjecture that public worship may have been conducted at Plymouth in 1603; though the subject is not referred to.

[336] [See chap. ix. of Vol. IV—ED.]

[337] [These transactions of the French will be noted in detail in Vol. IV.—ED.]

[338] [This is counting Pring as the first, not usually reckoned such however, and Champlain as the second. See the Critical Essay.—ED.]

[339] [A heliotype of this map, somewhat reduced, is given at page 198. It is the second of the ten different states of the plate. See _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 54; and the Critical Essay—ED.]

[340] Gorges’ _Brief Narrative_, ch. xv. [The map made during the Raleigh voyage of 1585, now with the original drawings of De Bry’s pictures in the British Museum, shows a strait at Port Royal leading to an extended sea, like Verrazano’s, at the west. We have been allowed by Dr. Edward Eggleston to examine a photograph of this map.—ED.]

[341] [See chapter viii.—ED.]

[342] [See editorial note, A, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]

[343] On the signification of this word see “The Lost City of New England” in _Magazine of American History_, i. no. 1, and printed separately. The most notable monograph that has appeared in connection with the general subject is that by M. Eugène Beauvois, entitled, _La Norambegue. Découverte d’une quatrième colonie Pré-Colombienne dans le Nouveau Monde_. Bruxelles, 1880, pp. 27-32. This very learned author labors with great ingenuity to prove that the word is of old northern origin, and that by a variety of transformations, which he seeks to explain, it means Norrœnbygda, or the country of Norway; and that, consequently, it must be regarded as showing the early occupation of the region by Scandinavians. [Cf. also the paper by the same author on “Le Markland et l’Escociland,” in _Congrès des Américanistes; Compte rendu_, 1877, i. 224.—ED.] To the claim that the word is of Indian origin we may oppose the statement in Thevet’s _Cosmographie_ (ii. 1009), evidently derived by that mendacious writer from an early navigator, to the effect that, while the Europeans called the country Norumbega, the savages called it Aggoncy. Father Vetromile reported that he found an Indian who knew the word Nolumbega, meaning “still water;” yet he does not say whether he recognized it as an aboriginal or an imported word. [Vetromile, _History of the Abnakis_, New York, 1866, p. 49; and assented to by Murphy, _Verrazano_, p. 38. Father Vetromile says in a letter: “In going with Indians in a canoe along the Penobscot, when we arrived at some large sheet of water after a rapid or narrow passage, men would say _Nolumbeghe_.” Dr. Ballard, in a manuscript, says the coast Indians in our day have called it _Nah-rah-bĕ-gek_.—ED.]

[344] See his account in vol. iii. p. 129 of _The Principal Navigations, voiages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation made by Sea or overland, to the remote and farthest distant quarters of the Earth at any time within the compasse of these 1600 yeeres: Divided into three severall Volumes, according to the positions of the Regions whereunto they were directed, etc., etc. By Richard Hakluyt, Master of Arts, and sometime Student of Christ-Church in Oxford. Imprinted at London by George Bishop, Ralph Newberie, and Robert Barker_, 1598; in three volumes folio, the third, relating to America, printed in 1600. [This edition was reprinted (325 copies) with care in 1809-12 by George Woodfall, edited by R. H. Evans, and the reprint is now so scarce that it brings £20 to £30. Such parts of Hakluyt’s earlier edition of 1589, as he had omitted in the new edition (1598-1600), were reinserted by Evans, and the completed reprint including other narratives “chiefly published by Hakluyt or at his suggestion,” is extended to five volumes. See an account of the earlier publications of Hakluyt in the note following this chapter.—ED.]

[345] See _Purchas His Pilgrimes_, iii. 809.

[346] Bowen’s _Complete System of Geography_, two vols. folio, London, 1747, vol. ii. p. 686, where reference is made to Cape Lorembec. See also Charlevoix’s reference to Cap de Lorembec, in Shea’s edition, v. 284; also some modern maps.

[347] _Descripcion de las Indias ocidentales de Antonio de Herrera_, etc. 1601, dec. ii. lib. v. c. 3.

[348] This pilot has also been taken for Verrazano, said by Ramusio to have been killed and eaten by the savages on this coast. See also Biddle’s _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_, second edition, London, 1832, p. 272. See also Brevoort’s _Verrazano the Navigator_, p. 147 [and Mr. Deane’s chapter in the present volume.—ED.]

[349] Hakluyt, 111, 500.

[350] In 1525 the “Mary of Guilford,” 160 tons, and one year old, was reserved for the King’s use. _Manuscripts of Henry_ VIII. iv. 752. “John Rutt” was at one time master of the “Gabryll Royall.” In 1513 he was master of the “Lord Sturton,” with a crew of 250 men; and, in April of the same year, master of the “Great Galley,” 700 tons, John Hoplin being captain. Ibid., under “Ships.”

[351] Hakluyt, iii. 208; and De Costa’s _Northmen in Maine, a Critical Examination_, etc.,—Albany, 1870, p. 43,—[in refutation of the arguments of Kohl in his _Discovery of Maine_, p. 281, who contends for Rut’s exploration.—ED.]

[352] Folio, 557. A copy of the manuscript is preserved in the British Museum, Sloane manuscripts, 1447, and one is also in the Bodleian, Tanner manuscripts, 79. They present no substantial variations. Hakluyt accepts the relation in his “Discourse,” 2 _Maine Hist. Coll._ ii. 115-220, [but his editor, Charles Deane, thinks it “has all the air of a romance or fiction.” The Sloane copy was followed by P. C. T. Weston, who privately printed it in his _Documents Connected with the History of South Carolina_, London, 1856 (121 copies), with the following title: “The Land Travels of Davyd Ingram and others in the years 1568-69 from the Rio de Minas in the Gulph of Mexico to Cape Breton in Acadia.” A manuscript copy in the Sparks Collection (_Catalogue_, App. No. 30) is called “Relaçon of Davyd Ingram of things which he did see in Travellinge by lande for [from?] the moste northerlie pte of the Baye of Mexico throughe a greate pte of Ameryca untill within fivetye leagues of Cape Britton.” Mr. Sparks has endorsed it: “Many parts of this narrative are incredible, so much as to throw a distrust over the whole.”—ED.

[353] Purchas, iv. 1179. Ingram’s reference to Elephants reminds the reader of the Lions of the Plymouth colonists (Dexter’s _Mourt_, p. 75). In this connection consult the _Rare Travailes_ of Job Hortop, who was put ashore with Ingram, being twenty-two years in reaching England. Cabeça de Vaca, who came to America with Narvaez in 1528, was six years in captivity, and spent twenty months in his travels to escape. At this period there were Indian trails in all directions for thousands of miles; on these Ingram and his companions travelled. See, for the Indian trails, _Maine Hist. Coll._, v. 326.

[354] [The Sloane text, according to Weston, has a blank for the name of this river.—ED.]

[355] _Nouvelle France_, p. 598.

[356] _Œuvres_, iii. 22.

[357] Hakluyt, iii. 283. [See also chapter iv. of the present volume.—ED.]

[358] Williamson’s _History of North Carolina_, i. 53.

[359] Hawks, _History of North Carolina_, i. 196., ed. 1857.

[360] _Archæologia Americana_, iv. 11; and _Colonial State Papers_, i., under August 12, 1585.

[361] _Calendar of Colonial State Papers_, i. no. 2.

[362] [His patent is in Hakluyt, iii. 174, and in Hazard, i. 24.—ED.]

[363] [See chapter iii. in the present volume, for notices of earlier parts of Gilbert’s career. J. Wingate Thornton points out his pedigree in “The Gilbert Family,” in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1850, p. 223. In the same place, July, 1859, is one of Gilbert’s last letters (from the state-paper office), with an autograph signature which is copied in a later note.—ED.]

[364] See Richard Clarke’s narrative of “The Voyage for the discovery of Norumbega, 1583,” in Hakluyt, iii. 163; [and Edward Haies’s account of the voyage of 1583, Ibid., iii. 143, and also in E. J. Payne’s _Voyages of Elizabethan Seamen_, London, 1880, p. 175. Soon after Haies, in the “Golden Hind,” reached England, after seeing Gilbert, in the “Squirrel,” disappear, _A True Reporte of the late Discoveries_ (London, 1583) came out, purporting on the titlepage to be by Gilbert; but Hakluyt, who reprinted it in 1589 and 1600, interpreted the initials G. P., of the Dedication, as those of Sir George Peckham, who had in his tract urged another attempt under Gilbert’s patent, as Captain Carlyle had done in his discourse just before Gilbert sailed, which was also reprinted in Hakluyt. See also Hakluyt’s _Westerne Planting_, ed. by Deane, p. 201; George Dexter’s _First Voyage of Gilbert_, p. 4. The Rev. Abiel Holmes, D.D., printed in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, ix. 49, a memoir of Parmenius the Hungarian, who went down in Gilbert’s largest ship.—ED.]

[365] _Principal Navigations_, iii. 246. [Also chapter iv. of the present volume.—ED.]

[366] Ibid., iii. 193.

[367] _A Briefe and true Relation of the Discouerie of the North part of Virginia; being a most pleasant, fruitfull, and commodious Soile. Made this present yeare, 1602, by Captaine Bartholomew Gosnold, Captaine Bartholomew Gilbert, and divers other gentlemen their associats, by the permission of the honourable Knight, Sir Walter Ralegh, etc. Written by_ Mr. IOHN BRERETON, _one of the voyage. Whereunto is annexed a Treatise of_ Mr. EDWARD HAYES. 4º, London. Geor. Bishop, 1602.

[Of Brereton’s book there are copies in Harvard College Library (imperfect) and in Mr. S. L. M. Barlow’s collection. One in the Brinley sale, No. 280, was bought for $800 by Mr. C. H. Kalbfleisch of New York.

This narrative is followed in Strachey’s _Historie of Travaile_, book ii. ch. 6. Thornton in notes _c_ and _d_ to his speech “Colonial Schemes of Popham and Gorges,” at the Popham celebration, enumerates the evidences of the intended permanency of Gosnold’s settlement.

The site of Gosnold’s fort on Cuttyhunk was identified in 1797 (see Belknap’s _American Biography_), and again in 1817 (_North American Review_, v. 313) and 1848 (Thornton’s _Cape Anne_, p. 21).—ED.]

[368] 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, vol. viii. This reprint was made from a manuscript copy sent from England by Colonel Aspinwall. _Proceedings_, ii. 116.

[369] _Purchas his Pilgrimes_, iv. 1651; also in 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii. [A French translation of the accounts of Gosnold’s and Pring’s voyages appeared at Amsterdam, in 1715, in Bernard’s _Receuil de Voiages au Nord_; and in 1720, in _Relations de la Louisiane, etc._—Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ii. p. 102.—ED.]

[370] [This _Versameling_ was issued in 1706-7 at Leyden in two forms, octavo and folio, from the same type, the octavo edition giving the voyages chronologically, the folio, by nations. It was reissued with a new title in 1727. Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1887; and 1877, no. 1. Sabin, _Dictionary_, i. 3.—ED.]

[371] This subject was first brought to the attention of students by a paper on “Gosnold and Pring,” read before the New England Historic Genealogical Society [by B. F. De Costa], portions of which were printed in the Society’s _Register_, 1878, p. 76. This shows the connection between the voyage of Gosnold and the letter of Verrazano. See also, “Cabo de Baxos, or the place of Cape Cod in the old Cartology,” in the _Register_, January, 1881 [by Dr. De Costa], and the reprint, revised. New York: T. Whittaker, 1881. Also Belknap’s _American Biography_, ii. 123.

[372] “_New England_ was originally a Part of that Tract Stiled _North-Virginia_, extending from _Norimbegua_ (as the old Geographers called all the continent beyond South-Virginia) to Florida, and including also _New York_, _Jersey_, Pensylvania, Maryland, Virginia, _and Carolina_. Though Sir _Walter Raleigh’s_ Adventures and Sir _Francis Drake’s_ were ashore in this Country, yet we find nothing very material or satisfactory either as to its Discovery or its Trade, till the Voyage made hither in 1602 by Captain _Gosnold_, who, having had some Notion of the Country from Sir _Francis Drake_, was the first Navigator who made any considerable Stay here, where he made a small Settlement, built a fort, and raised a Platform for six Guns.”—Bowen’s _Complete System of Geography_, London, 1747, ii. 666. [There is a long note on the landfall of Gosnold on the Maine coast, in Poor’s _Vindication of Gorges_, p. 30.—ED.]

[373] The relation of Pring’s voyage is derived from Purchas, iv. 1654 and v. 829, where it is attributed to Pring himself. [It should be noted that the identifying of Whitson Harbor with the modern Plymouth was first brought forward by Dr. De Costa in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, January, 1878. It has generally been held that Pring doubled Cape Cod, and reached what is now Edgartown Harbor in Martha’s Vineyard, or some roadstead in that region. Such is the opinion of Bancroft, i., cent. ed., 90; Palfrey, i. 78; Barry, i. 12; and Bryant and Gay, i. 266—all these following the lead of Belknap.—ED.]

[374] _Voyages and Travels_, London, 1742, ii. 222. See on Raleigh’s Patent, Palfrey’s _New England_, i. 81, _note_. [Also chapter iv. of the present volume.—ED.]

[375] _Divers voyages touching the discouerie of America and the Islands adiacent vnto the same, made first of all by our Englishmen, and afterwards by the Frenchmen and Britons, etc., etc. Imprinted at London for Thomas Woodcocke, dwelling in paules Church-Yard, at the signe of the blacke beare_, 1582. [See further in the note following this chapter.—ED.]

[376] _The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, made by Sea or over Land, to the most remote and fartherest distant quarters of the Earth, etc. Imprinted at London by George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, Deputies to Christopher Barker, Printer to the Queenes most excellent Maiestie_, 1589. See further in the note following this chapter.—ED.

[377] _Virginia richly valued, By the description of the maine land of Florida, her next neighbor, etc., etc._ London, 1609.

[378] [See Editorial note, B, at the end of this chapter, and the chapter on “The Cabots.”—ED.]

[379] Hakluyt of Yatton. See _Divers Voyages_, ed. 1850, p. v. _note_.

[380] _American Biography_, ii. 135.

[381] Mr. McKeene in the _Maine Hist. Coll._, v. 307; _Hist. Mag._, i. 112.

[382] _Maine Hist. Coll._, vi. 291.

[383] _Memorial Volume_, published by the Maine Historical Society, p. 301. Other writers have treated the subject, or touched upon it in passing, and some from time to time have changed ground,—one blunder leading to another.

[Belknap had employed a well-known Massachusetts navigator, Captain John Foster Williams, to track the coast with an abstract of Rosier’s journal in hand. His theory, even of late years, has had some supporters like William Willis, in _Maine Hist. Coll._, v. 346. R. K. Sewall in his _Ancient Dominions of Maine_, 1859, and _Hist. Mag._, i. 188, follow McKeene; as does Dr. De Costa himself in the Introduction to his _Voyage to Sagadahoc_, and General Chamberlain in his _Maine, her place in History_. George Prince was the first to advocate the George’s River, and his views were furthered by David Cushman in the same volume of the _Maine Hist. Coll._ Prince, in 1860, reprinted Rosier’s _Narrative_, still presenting his view in notes to it.

This essay by Prince incited Cyrus Eaton, a local historian (whose story has been told touchingly by John L. Sibley in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiii. 438), to the writing of his _History of Thomaston, Rockland, and South Thomaston_, which he published at the age of eighty-one years, having prepared it under the disadvantage of total blindness. In this (ch. ii.) the theory of George’s River is sustained, as also in Johnson’s _Bristol, Bremen, and Pemaquid_, and in Bancroft. See p. 218.

More recent explorations to ascertain Waymouth’s anchorage are chronicled in the _Boston Daily Advertiser_, Aug. 23, 1879, and June 11, 1881.—ED.]

[384] The writer has two sketches of the mountains as seen from Monhegan; yet the _Maine Hist. Coll._, vi. 295, inform the reader that “the White Mountains with an elevation above the level of the sea of 6,600 feet, being distant 110 miles, could not on account of the curvature of the earth be seen from the deck of the “Archangel,” even with a naked eye.”

[385] 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii. 122.

[386] _The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia; expressing the cosmographie and comodities of the country, togither with the manners and customes of the people, gathered and observed as well by those who went first thither, as collected by William Strachey, Gent._ Edited by R. H. Major for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1849. p. 159.

[387] _Œuvres_, iii. 74. “Il nous dit qu’il y auoit un vaisseau à dix lieues du port, qui faisoit pesche de poisson, & que ceux de dedans auoient tué cinq sauuages d’icelle riuiere, soubs ombre amitié: & selon la façon qu’il nous despeignoit les gens du vaisseau, nous les lugeasmes estre Anglois, & nommasmes l’isle où ils estoient la nef: pour ce que de loing elle en auoit le semblance.”

[388] _A True Relation of the most prosperous voyage made this present yeare, 1605, by Captaine George Waymouth, in the Discouery of the Land of Virginia: where he discouered 60 miles of a most excellent River; together with a most fertile land. Written by Iames Rosier, a Gentleman employed in the voyage. Londini, Impensis Geor. Bishop, 1605._ [The copy of this tract in the Brinley sale, no. 280, was bought by Mr. C. H. Kalbfleisch, of New York, for $800. There are other copies in the New York Historical Society’s Library and in the private collection of Mr. S. L. M. Barlow.—ED.]

[389] Purchas, iv. 1659.

[390] 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii. 125. Mr. Sparks procured a transcript of the Grenville copy, and this was used by the printer in this reprint.

[391] _Pilgrimage_, London, 1614, p. 756.

[392] _A Brief Relation of the Discovery and Plantation of New England_, London, 1622, pp. 2-4.

[393] _Generall Historie of New England_, London, 1624, pp. 203-4.

[394] Sir Ferdinando Gorges’ _Briefe Narration of the Originall Undertakings of the advancement of plantations into the parts of America, especially showing the beginning, progress, and continuance of that of New England_, London, 1658, pp. 8-10. When first published, Sir Ferdinando had been dead some years, and his grandson, Ferdinando Gorges, Esq., included it in a general work, _America Painted to the Life_, etc.

[395] Fourth Series, i. 219.

[396] _Maine Hist. Coll._, iii. 286, with an introduction by W. S. Bartlet.

[397] _A Relation of a Voyage to Sagadahoc, now first printed from the original manuscript in the Lambeth Palace Library_, edited with preface, notes, and appendix, by the Rev. B. F. De Costa. Cambridge, John Wilson & Son, University Press, 1880. [The Preface reviews the story of the settlement; and the Appendix reprints the extracts from Gorges, Smith, Purchas, and Alexander, from which, previous to the publication of Strachey’s account, all knowledge of the colony was derived.—ED.]

[398] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xviii. (1880-1881) 82, 117.

[399] Smith’s _Generall Historie_, p. 203.

[400] [The literary history of this controversy is traced more minutely in the Editorial note C, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]

[401] [The Gorges papers, which might prove so valuable, have not been discovered. Dr. Woods examined some called such, in Sir Thomas Phillipps’s collection, but they proved unimportant. Hakluyt, _Westerne Planting_, Introduction, p. xx. The grant from James I. to Gorges, April 10, 1606, covering the coast from 34° to 45° north latitude, and which was afterwards the cause of not a little controversy with the Massachusetts colonists, is given in Hazard’s _Historical Collections_, i. 442, and in Poor’s _Vindication of Gorges_, p. 110.—ED.]

[402] See _Nova Britannia_, London, 1609, p. 1, no. vi., p. 11, in _Force’s Tracts_, vol. i.

[403] It should also be observed that Captain John Mason says: “Certain Hollanders began a trade, about 1621, upon the coast of New England, between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay, in 40° north latitude, granted to Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584, and afterwards confirmed and divided by agreement by King James, in 1606. The plantations in Virginia have been settled about forty years; in New England about twenty-five years. The Hollanders came as interlopers between the two, and have published a map of the coast between Virginia and Cape Cod, with the title of “New Netherlands.” _Calendar of State-papers_ (Colonial), 1574, p. 166, by Sainsbury, London, 1860, p. 143, under April 2 (1632?). Mason is in error respecting the beginning of the Dutch trade, which was in 1598.

[404] For studies and speculations concerning Sabino, Monhegan, Penobscot, and other names found in Maine, see Dr. Ballard in the _Report of the United States Coast Survey_, 1848, p. 243. Also Williamson’s _History of Maine_, i. 61, and the Rev. Dr. Henry Martyn Dexter’s edition of _Mourt’s Relation_, p. 83. [See Dr. Ballard on the location of Sasanoa’s River in _Hist. Mag._, xiii. 164.—ED.]

[405] Published by the Hakluyt Society in their volume edited by Asher, and entitled _Henry Hudson the Navigator_, London, 1860, p. 45. See also Read’s _Historical Inquiry concerning Henry Hudson_, etc., 1866, with the _Sailing Directions of Henry Hudson, prepared for his use in 1608, from the Old Danish of Ivar Bardsen, with an introduction and notes; also a dissertation on the Discovery of the Hudson River_, by B. F. De Costa, Albany, Joel Munsell, 1869. Also, Petitot’s _Memoires_, vol. xx. 141, 232, 421. [See further in ch. x. of the present volume.—ED.]

[406] Purchas, iv. 1758 and 1664.

[407] Purchas, iv. 1827.

[408] _Brief Narration_, c. xiv. See also Pinkerton’s _Voyages_, xiii. 206.

[409] See Biard’s Letter in Carayon’s _Première Mission_, p. 62.

[410] _Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec, 1858, 3 vols., vol. i. p. 44.

[411] _Colonial State Papers_, 1574, vol. i. articles 18 and 25, 1613.

[412] For authorities see Champlain’s _Œuvres_, iii. 17; also, Lescarbot’s _Nouvelle France_, ed. 1618, lib. iv. c. 13. A translation of the narrative of Father Biard is given in _Scenes in the Isle of Mount Desert_, by B. F. De Costa, New York, 1869. [Further accounts of these proceedings will be given in Vol. IV. of the present history.—ED.]

[413] See _A Description of New England: or The Observations and Discoueries of Captain Iohn Smith (Admirall of that Country), in the North of America, in the year of our Lord 1614: with the successe of sixe Ships that went out the next yeare, 1615, and the accidents befell him among the French men of Warre: with the proofe of the present benefit this countrey affoords, whither this present yeare, 1616, eight voluntary ships are gone to make further Tryall. At London printed by Humfrey Lownes for Robert Clerke; and are to be sould at his house called the Lodge, in Chancery lane, ouer against Lincolnes Inne, 1616._ Also _The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles ... from their first beginning An^o. 1584, to the present, 1626_. London, 1632. [See note D, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]

[414] _Brief Narration_, in _Maine Hist. Coll._, ii. 27, and Dexter’s _Mourt’s Relation_, p. 86.

[415] _Generall Historie._

[416] Bradford’s _Plimouth Plantation_ in 4 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, iii. 95. _Mourt’s Relation_ says that Hunt took seven Indians from Cape Cod. Dexter’s _Mourt’s Relation_, p. 86. Dermer says that Squanto was captured in Maine.

[417] See the Hakluyt Society’s publication, edited by Markham, _The Hawkins Voyages_, 1878.

[418] See the letter in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1874, p. 248; and the Cotton Manuscripts, British Museum. Also Neill’s _Colonization_, p. 91.

[419] Gorges in _Brief Narration_, ch. xiv., and _New England’s Trials_, p. 11, in Force’s _Tracts_. _Briefe Relation of the President and Council_, Purchas, iv. 1830; also in 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, i. Prince’s _New England Chronology_, Boston, 1736, p. 64, and Dermer’s letter in 2 _New York Hist. Coll._, i. 350.

[420] _Doc. Hist. of New York_, i. [This is a map “Della nuova Belgia è parte della nuova Anglia,” of which a portion is given in fac-simile in chapter ix. of the present volume. The editor of the _Doc. Hist._ gives no clew to its origin, but it can be traced to Carta II., in Robert Dudley’s _Dell Arcano del Mare_, Firenze, 1647.—ED.] See, on the tourists in the New World, _Verrazano the Explorer_, p. 65.

[421] [It may be worth mentioning that the map in the _Libro di Benedetto Bordone_, 1528, gives “Norbegia” as the form of the name. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, no. 91. The matter will be further considered in connection with the French explorers in another volume.—ED.]

[422] [It is described in the _Catalogue of the MS. Maps, etc., in the British Museum_, 1844, i. 23; and map no. 17 shows the east coast of North America from 6° N. to 51° N.; and no. 20, both hemispheres. Malte Brun describes it in his _Histoire de la Géographie_, Ed. Huot., i. 631.—ED.]

[423] [See further on this map in the chapter on “The Cabots,” where a fac-simile is given.—ED.]

[424] This map embraces the country from Newfoundland to Florida, showing a part of the Gulf of Mexico. It is found in a collection of eleven beautifully executed maps, bound in one large volume, preserved in the British Museum. [Cf. Kohl’s _Maps, Charts, etc., mentioned in Hakluyt_, 1857, p. 16; and Collinson’s _Frobisher’s Voyages_, published by the Hakluyt Society.—ED.] See _Verrazano the Explorer_, New York, 1880, p. 56. This map shows the _Euripi_ of Nicholas of Lynn. See _Inventio Fortunata_.

[425] _The Private Diary of John Dee_, edited by Halliwell, and published by the Camden Society, 1842, P. 5. [This diary is written on the margins of old almanacs, which were discovered in the Ashmolean Museum. Halliwell calls Disraeli’s account of Dee, in his _Amenities of Literature_, correct and able. Winsor’s _Halliwelliana_, p. 5.—ED.]

[426] [It measures 3¾ by 2¼ inches; and is carefully drawn on vellum, and accompanied by another, sketchily drawn, of the same date. _Catalogue of MS. Maps, etc., in the British Museum_, 1844, i. 30.—ED.]

[427] Dee’s _Diary_, p. 16, and Hakluyt, iii.

[428] [We can only regret that Gilbert’s “cardes and plats that were drawn with the due gradation of the harbours, bayes, and capes, did perish with the admirall.” Haies in Hakluyt.—ED.]

[429] See reproduction in the _Historical and Geographical Notes_ of Henry Stevens, 1869, and another in chapter i. of the present volume. [A fac-simile has also been separately issued in London, worth about thirty shillings. The map, which is a considerable advance on earlier maps and shows the English tracks down to about 1584, is dedicated to Hakluyt by F. G. (initials which have so far concealed the true name), and is so rarely found in copies that its presence more than doubles the value of the book, which without it may be put at eight guineas. Fifty years ago a good copy with a genuine map was not worth more than four guineas,—now twenty guineas. Rich’s _Catalogue_, 1632, No. 68. The _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, No. 370, does not show the map.—ED.]

[430] _Atlas zur Entdeckungsgeschichte Amerikas_, by Kunstmann and others, Munich, 1859, Plate xiii. [The original is said, in Markham’s _Davis’s Voyages_, p. 361, to be preserved in Dudley’s own copy of the _Arcano del Mare_, at Florence. The large map of 1593 in _Historiarum Indicarum Libri xvi_. _Maffeii_, also gives place to Norumbega; as does Wytfliet’s edition of _Ptolemy_, 1597. The _Speculum Orbis-terrarum_ of Cornelius de Judaeis, published at Antwerp, 1593, has a map, “Americæ pars borealis, Florida, Baccalaos, Canada, Corterealis.” The German edition of Acosta, 1598, gives a map of Norumbega and Virginia, making them continuous. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, nos. 517, 520.—ED.]

[431] Preserved in the Library of the Middle Temple. A tracing is in possession of the writer, from which a sketch of a section is given in note E, following this chapter.

[432] [See note F, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]

[433] See _Cabo de Baxos, or the Place of Cape Cod, in the old Cartology_, by B. F. De Costa, New York, 1881, p. 7.

[The Editor dissents from the views given in this elaborate tract and adopted in the text of the present chapter; and thinks that Cape Cod, and not Sandy Hook, is the conspicuous peninsula which appears on the early maps. In the general coast-line Cape Cod is a protuberant angle, while Sandy Hook is in the bight of a bay which forms an entering angle, and, unlike Cape Cod, is of no significance in relation to the trend of the continental shore. There is the least difficulty, in the matter of the bearings of one point from another, with considering this feature to be Cape Cod; and we must remember that the compass was the only instrument of tolerable precision which the early navigators had, and its records are the only ones to be depended upon. It is accordingly never safe to discard the record of it, unless under strong convictions as to a misreading of its evidence. The Editor does not receive such convictions from the moderate variations of latitude, which often were one or two degrees or even more out of the way in the old maps; nor from the coast names, which by no means were constant in position, and were not infrequently sadly confused and made to appear more than once under translated forms. The process of copying such from antecedent maps was far more liable to error than the transmission of the general direction and the sinuosities of the coast line. The cartographers sometimes scattered names, seemingly for little purpose but to fill up spaces. Coast names, before settlements were fixed, were of the utmost delusiveness, except sometimes in the case of isolated features, not to be confounded.—ED.]

[434] [See vol. iv. of this present work.—ED.]

[435] On the variations found in ten different impressions of the map, see Winsor, in the _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 52 [where a section of it, with the portrait of Smith, is given in heliotype. A reduced heliotype of the whole map is given herewith. Hulsius, when he translated Smith’s book for his voyages, made an excellent reproduction of the map, which appears in three of his sections. The earliest of the modern reproductions was that in 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, iii. Palfrey has given it, reduced by photolithography, but not very satisfactorily, in his _New England_, i. 95. It was re-engraved by Swett in 1865 for Veazie’s edition of the _Description_, and the plate was subsequently altered to correspond with later states of the original plate, and in this condition appears in Jenness’s _Isles of Shoals_. It is reduced from this re-engraving in Bryant and Gay’s _United States_, i. 518.—ED.]

[436] In his _Description_, p. 67, Smith says, “At last it pleased Sir _Ferdinando Gorge_, and Master Doctor _Sutliffe_, Deane of Exceter, to conceve so well of these proiects and my former imployments, as induced them to make a new adventure with me in those parts, whither they have so often sent to their continuall losse.”

[437] See his _Henry Hudson in Holland_, printed at The Hague, 1859, pp. 43-66.

[438] _Beschryvinghe van der Samoyeden Landt in Tartarien_, etc., Amsterdam, 1612. The language on the map is, “ende by Westen Nova Albion in mar del sur.” See also _Henry Hudson in Holland_, which shows how Hudson happened to make his voyage to our coast.

[439] _Verrazano the Explorer_, 1881, p. 57. Hakluyt, iii. 737. Endicott, in 1661, called New England “This Patmos;” _Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies_, London, 1880, p. 9.

[440] _True Travels_, p. 58.

[441] [It however still kept its place on the maps of De Laet, 1633, 1640, etc.—ED.]

[442] Bourne (d. 1582) first issued almanacs with _Rules of Navigation_ in 1567. In 1578 he printed an account of sea devices, making in it the earliest mention of Humphrey Cole’s invention of the log. Cruden’s _History of Gravesend_, 1843.

[443] In Dexter’s _Congregationalism_, pp. 277-78, are citations of English State Papers relating to this voyage and to journals of it.

[444] Dexter, _Congregationalism_, p. 314.

[445] Neal, _History of the Puritans_, iii. 347.

[446] Preface to _Christian Institutions_.

[447] Dexter, _Congregationalism_, pp. 395, 397.

[448] A full and evidently impartial account of this dissension, its method and its results, though anonymous, was published in London in 1575, under the title of _A Brieff discours off the troubles begonne at Franckford, in Germany, Anno Domini 1554, Abowte the Booke of common prayer and Ceremonies, and continued by the Englishe men there to thende of Q. Maries Raigne, in the which discours the gentle reader shall see the very originall and beginnenge off all the contention that hath byn, and what was the cause off the same (no place given)_. This, with an Introduction, was reprinted in London in 1846, as _A Brief Discourse of the Troubles begun at Frankfort in the Year 1554, about the Book of Common Prayer and Ceremonies_.

[449] _Exhort. ad Castita_, c. 7.

[450] _Village Communities_, p. 201.

[451] In Morton’s _New England Memorial_.

[452] Morton, p. 76.

[453] New York, 1880.

[454] The works of John Strype include _Historical Memorials_, six volumes; _Annals of the Reformation_, seven volumes; and his _Lives_ of Cranmer, Parker, Whitgift, Grindall, Aylmer, Cheke, and Smith, published at Oxford, 1812-1828, which should be accompanied by a _General Index_, by R. T. Lawrence, in two volumes.

Gilbert Burnet’s _History of the Reformation of the Church of England_ was originally published in London in three volumes in 1679, 1681, and 1715. There have been various editions since.

[455] University Press, Cambridge. Cf. _The Zurich Letters._

[456] [Cf. the Critical Essay appended to the chapter on the “Pilgrim Church” in the present volume.—ED.]

[457] _The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity_, London, 1594. The seventh and eighth books did not appear till 1618; and the whole was issued together in 1622. There have been various editions since.

[458] _Literature of Europe_, ii. 166.

[459] _Constitutional History of England._

[460] _The History of the Puritans, or Protestant Nonconformists: from the Reformation in 1517 to the Revolution in 1688. Comprising an Account of their Principles, their Attempts for a Further Reformation in the Church, their Sufferings, and the Lives and Characters of their Most Considerable Divines._ By Daniel Neal, M.A. Cf. Bohn’s edition of Lowndes, p. 1655.

[461] _The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth, considered principally with Reference to the Influence of Church Organization on the Spread of Christianity._ By Robert Barclay. London, 1876, 4º, 700 pp.

[462] [See the chapter on “The Founding of Pennsylvania” in the present volume.—ED.]

[463] _A History of the Free Churches of England, from A. D. 1688 to A. D. 1851._ By Herbert S. Skeats. London, 1868.

[464] See the _Annual Congregational Year-Book_.

[465] _Bampton Lectures_, p. 68.

[466] Among the more important volumes of a historical character prompted by the occasion above referred to, may be mentioned, _English Puritanism, its Character and History, etc._ (by P. Bayne); _The Early English Baptists_ (by B. Evans); _Church and State Two Hundred Years Ago_ (by J. Stoughton); _and English Nonconformity_ (by R. Vaughan).

[467] _Leaders of the Reformation; English Puritanism and its Leaders,—Cromwell, Milton, Baxter, Bunyan_; and _Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the Seventeenth Century._ These works were published in 1859, 1861, and 1872, respectively, and there have been later editions.

[468] _Dissent in its Relations to the Church of England: Eight Lectures, on the Bampton Foundation, preached before the University of Oxford in 1871._ By George Herbert Curteis, M.A., London, 1872.

[469] _History of Free Churches of England_, p. 14.

[470] _Constitutional History_, chap. iv.

[471] _The Church and Puritans: a Short Account of the Puritans; their Ejection from the Church of England, and the Efforts to restore them._ By D. Mountfield, M.A., Rector of Newport, Salop. London, 1881.

[472] _The Organization of the early Christian Churches: Eight Lectures delivered before the University of Oxford, in the year 1880. Bampton Lectures._ By Edwin Hatch, M.A. London, 1881.

[473] _Christian Institutions: Essays on Ecclesiastical Subjects._ By Dean Stanley, of Westminster. London, 1881.

[474] [Cf. also chapter ix.—ED.]

[475] _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ xviii. 20.

[476] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ xii. 98.

[477] _Calendar of Domestic State Papers_, Aug. 18, 1603.

[478] _Historical Magazine_, iii. 358.

[479] _Eighth Report of Royal Commission on Hist. MSS._, pt. 2, p. 45; Hanbury’s _Memorials_, i. 368.

[480] In the household of this Countess (widow of the fourteenth Earl), Thomas Dudley, later one of the founders of Massachusetts, was steward. The patentee did not go with the emigrants, and is never heard of again. Another John Whincop was matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in July, 1618, graduated B.A. in 1622, was a member of the Westminster Assembly in 1643, and died Rector of Clothall, Herts, May 6, 1653, in his fifty-second year.

[481] [We only know this compact in the transcript given in _Mourt’s Relation_, and in the copy which Bradford made of it in his MS. history.

Its last surviving signer was John Alden, who died in Duxbury, Sept. 12, 1686, aged eighty-seven; though that passenger of the “Mayflower” longest living was Mary, daughter of Isaac Allerton, who became the wife of Elder Thomas Cushman (son of Robert Cushman), and she died in 1699, aged about ninety.—ED.

[482] By New Style the 21st; through an unfortunate mistake originating in the last century (Palfrey’s _History of New England_, i. 171) the 22d has been commonly adopted as the true date.

[483] _Mourt’s Relation_, p. 21. Mr. S. H. Gay has suggested (_Atlantic Monthly_, xlviii. 616) that this landing was not at Plymouth, but on the shore more directly west of Clark’s Island (Duxbury or Kingston), and that consequently the commemoration of a landing at Plymouth on that day rests on a false foundation; but the Rev. Henry M. Dexter, D.D., has conclusively shown (_Congregationalist_, Nov. 9, 1881) that the soundings must have led the explorers, unless the deep-water channels have unaccountably changed since then, directly to the neighborhood of the rock which a chain of trustworthy testimony on the spot identifies as the first landing-place of any of the “Mayflower” company within Plymouth Harbor. Tradition divides the honor of being the first to step on Plymouth Rock between John Alden and Mary Chilton, but the date of their landing must have been subsequent to December 11.

[484] [The burials of that first winter were made on what was later known as Coale’s Hill, identical with the present terrace above the rock.

It perpetuates the name of one of the early comers.—ED.

[485] Printed in 1854 in _Mass. Hist. Coll._ vol. xxxii, with Introduction by Mr. Charles Deane; also separately (one hundred copies). [The original parchment was discovered, in the early part of this century, in the Land Office in Boston; and having been used by Judge Davis when he edited Morton’s _Memorial_, was again lost sight of till just before it fell to Mr. Deane to edit it. Besides the autographs of the Duke of Lenox, the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of Warwick, Lord Sheffield, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, it bore one other signature, of which a remnant only remains. It is now at Plymouth.—ED.]

[486] Bradford’s _History_, xi.; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, August, 1866, p. 345.

[487] _Mass. Hist. Coll._, xxviii. 298.

[488] [The main parts of it were also reprinted in the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton, in 1855. There is a memoir of Hunter in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvii. 300.—ED.]

[489] Priest, Tinker and Soule, are names found in the records of parishes near Scrooby (Palfrey’s _History of New England_, i. 160), and it is not unlikely that Degory Priest, Thomas Tinker, and George Sowle, of the “Mayflower,” may have come from this region. It is also said by Mr. W. T. Davis (_Harper’s Magazine_, lxiv. 254, January, 1882, “Who were the Pilgrims?”), that a William Butten’s baptism is found in Austerfield, under date of Sept. 12, 1589. But it would be hazardous to identify this man of thirty-one years with the “William Butten, a youth, servant to Samuel Fuller,” who died on the “Mayflower’s” voyage to America. It is also believed that Miles Standish was a scion of the Standish family of Duxbury Hall, Lancashire. [This view is encouraged, if not established, by the expressions of Standish’s own will, which is printed in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, v. 335. The story of Standish’s career has been more than once reviewed of late years, on account of the efforts, not yet completed, to erect a tower to his memory on Captain’s Hill, in Duxbury. Its proposed height is not yet reached; and when completed, it will bear his effigy on its top. There were _Proceedings_ printed to commemorate the consecration of the ground, Aug. 17, 1871, and on laying the corner-stone, in 1872. It is known that Standish was never of the Pilgrim communion; and “Was Miles Standish a Romanist?” is discussed in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, i. 390. The inventory of his books is given in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 54. Bartlett, _Pilgrim Fathers_, and the illustrated edition of Longfellow’s _Poems_, 1880, give some views connected with the English family. On the descendants of the Captain, see _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1873, p. 145; Winsor’s _Duxbury_; Savage’s _Dictionary_, etc.

Of the origin of Carver, their first governor, nothing is known. Cf. N. B. Shurtleff, in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1850, p. 105; 1863, p. 62; and 1872, p. 333. The Howlands were long supposed to be his descendants through the marriage of his daughter to the Pilgrim John Howland, and the modern inscription on the latter’s monument on the Burial Hill, at Plymouth, repeats a story seemingly disproved by the recovery of Bradford’s manuscript history, which states that Howland married a daughter of another Pilgrim, Edward Tilley. A recent revision of the story, by W. T. Davis, in the _Boston Daily Advertiser_, Nov. 25, 1881, rather urging the traditional belief, was met by Charles Deane, in _Ibid._, Dec. 7, 1881, who showed that John Howland, Jr., was born in Plymouth, in 1626, and could not have sprung from an earlier marriage of John, Sr., with Carver’s daughter. The decision turns upon the identity of “Lieutenant Howland,” as mentioned by Sewall, being met near Barnstable. It is barely possible that Joseph Howland, and not John, Jr., was meant; but Joseph did not live at Barnstable, as John, Jr. did. Cf. _Historical Magazine_, iv. 122, 251; and _New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, 1860, p. 13, 1880, p. 193.—ED.]

[490] [Cf. Mr. Deane’s memorandum, in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, October, 1870, p. 403.—ED.]

[491] [This book contains a full exposition of the influence which the Plymouth Pilgrims exerted upon the New England Congregational system. Cf. further Dr. Jas. S. Clark’s _Congregational Churches in Massachusetts_, 1858; the Appendix to the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s _Memorial_; and Dexter’s _Congregationalism_, p. 415.—ED.]

[492] [Winslow’s tract was reissued unchanged in 1649, as _The Danger of tolerating Levellers in a Civill State_. There are copies in the Lenox, Charles Deane, and Carter-Brown libraries. A copy is worth, perhaps, $100. Winslow’s report of Robinson’s sermon seems to have been a reminiscence of his own, twenty-five years after the event. It is not decided when it was delivered. It has usually been held to represent advanced and liberal views; but Dr. Dexter dissents, and says that “polity, and not dogma, is the keynote of the still noble farewell.” See _Congregationalism_, etc., pp. 403, 409; and Palfrey’s _History of New England_, i. 157. The whole subject of Robinson’s relation to the Leyden congregation is treated by Dr. Dexter, p. 359; and of his union with Johnson’s church at Amsterdam, on p. 318, note. The only copies of the original edition of 1646 known to the Editor are in Dr. Dexter’s and the Carter-Brown libraries.—ED.]

[493] [Dr. O. W. Holmes has thrown a little light on contemporary life in Leyden from _Scaligerana_, in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (June, 1874), xiii. 315.—ED.]

[494] See a memoir of Mr. Sumner, by R. C. Waterston, in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xviii. 189. also, a report of his speech at Plymouth, in 1859, in the _Hist. Mag._, iii. 332; and in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1859, p. 341.

[495] With the specific title: _John Robinson, Prediker der Leidsche Brownistengemeente en grondlegster der Kolonie Plymouth_. Leiden, 1846. [What is known of Robinson’s family and descendants can be learned from the _New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, 1860, p. 17; 1866, pp. 151, 292. The question of the Rev. John Robinson, of Duxbury, being a descendant, was set at rest negatively by Dr. Edward Robinson, in his _Memoir of the Rev. William Robinson_, New York. 1859.—ED.]

[496] The story of the manuscript and of its transmission to our times is given by the editor of the present volume, in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. xix.,—a paper also issued separately (75 Copies).

[497] [They are also given in Steele’s _Chief of the Pilgrims_, p. 316; in Neill’s _English Colonization_, ch. vi.; in Poor’s _Gorges_; and in the English calendars, _Colonial_, i. 43.—ED.]

[498] The Bibliographical Appendix to Dr. H. M. Dexter’s _Congregationalism as seen in its Literature_, mentions nine of these imprints, viz., nos. 459, 467, 470, 475, 476, 478, 481, 482, 495. Three or four others are also known. See the _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 530. [Brewster’s career has been made the subject of an extended memoir, _Chief of the Pilgrims_, Philadelphia, 1857, as it is somewhat unsatisfactorily called. It has merit in tracing the European existence of the Pilgrim Church, but is unfortunately disfigured (p. 350) in a minor part by some genealogical fabrications imposed upon the author, the Rev. Ashbel Steele. (Cf. Savage’s _Genealogical Dictionary, sub_ “Brewster.”) Dr. Dexter, _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1864, p. 18, in examining the evidence for his birth, puts it in 1566-67; so that at his death, in 1644, he was seventy-seven, or possibly seventy-eight. See Mr. Neill, _Hist. Mag._, xvi. 69, and cf. Mr. Deane, _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 98; also Poole’s _Index_, p. 160.

The well-known trembling autograph of the Elder (given in fac-simile on an earlier page) is one of the sights in the Record Office at Plymouth, where it appears attached to a deed, as recorded,—a practice not uncommon in the days when the colony was small. This was long thought to be the only signature known, while it was a cause of some surprise that no one of the four hundred volumes of his library (given by title in his inventory,—_Plymouth Wills_, i. 53) had been identified by bearing his autograph. Three of these books, however, have since been found,—one a Latin Chrysostom, Basil, 1522, now in the Boston Athenæum, bears his autograph, with the motto, “Hebel est omnis Adam,” which is also found, as shown in the fac-simile in Steele’s _Chief of the Pilgrims_, in another volume, similarly inscribed, now at Yale College Library. The fact that the Athenæum volume bears evidence, in another inscription, of having belonged to Thomas Prince, the grandson of the Elder, and son of the governor of the colony of the same name, and of his receiving it in July, 1644, while the Elder died in the preceding April, would seem to indicate that the Pilgrim’s collection of books was distributed among his relatives. The Rev. Dr. Dexter, in his _Congregationalism_, gives a fac-simile of an autograph of Brewster written at an earlier period than the others; and this is found in a third volume belonging to Dr. Dexter, and numbered 211 in his _Bibliography_. Hunter, in his _Founders of New Plymouth_, p. 86, has shown how close a resemblance the autograph of James Brewster, the master of the hospital near Bawtry, and friend of Archbishop Sandys, bears to the Elder’s signature.—ED.]

[499] [Dr. Punchard’s work was unfortunately left incomplete. See _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1880, p. 325, and _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xviii. 3. The painstaking student will doubtless compare these works with Dr. Waddington’s _Hidden Church_ and _Cong. Hist._, in which, however, Dr. Dexter seems to have little confidence. (Cf. his _Congregationalism_, pp. 70, 201, 211, 262, 322, and his article in the _Cong. Quarterly_, 1874.) The _Hidden Church_ was published in 1864, with an Introduction by E. N. Kirk. (Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1864, p. 219; and 1881, p. 195.)

In the archives of the English Church at Amsterdam there is a document, signed by Ant. Walæus and Festus Hommius, theological professors at Leyden, dated May 25-26, 1628, testifying to Robinson’s exertions to remove the schisms between the various Brownist congregations in the Low Countries, and his resolution, upon discouragement, to remove “to the West Indies, where he did not doubt to effect this object.” A photo-lithographic copy of this paper has been issued (Muller’s _Books on America_, 1877, no. 2,780). The contemporary rejoinders to Robinson’s arguments can be seen in Samuel Rutherford’s _Due Rights of Presbyteries_, London, 1644.

The student will not neglect Hanbury’s _Historical Memorials relating to the Independents_, London, 1639-44; R. Baillie’s _Anabaptism_, London, 1647, and Catherine Chidley’s _Justification of the Independent Churches_ (? 1650). The distinction between the Puritans and the Pilgrims is maintained in Dr. Waddington’s books; in Dr. I. N. Tarbox’s papers in the _Congregational Quarterly_, vol. xvii., and in the _Old Colony Hist. Soc. Papers_, 1878; in an appendix, p. 443, to Punchard, vol. iii.; in Benjamin Scott’s _Lecture_, London, 1866, reprinted in the _Hist. Mag._, May, 1867, from which is mostly derived a paper in _Scribner’s Monthly_, June, 1876. Scott also printed a lecture, “An Hour with the Pilgrim Fathers and their Precursors,” in 1869. (Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1871, p. 301; also, see _Hist. Mag._, May and November, 1867; October, 1869; _Essex Institute Hist. Coll._, vol. iv., by A. C. Goodell; besides Baylies, Palfrey, Barry, etc.) Dr. Dexter, _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvii. 64, has pointed out a curious instance of tampering with one of Robinson’s books. See further, _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, x. 393, and _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1859, p. 259.—ED.]

[500] [This charge was first printed by Morton in his _Memorial_, and the earliest mention of it known is in some papers of the Record Office, London, printed in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, December, 1868, p. 385. Neill, in his _English Colonization_, p. 103, intimates that Jones may have purposely guided his vessel to Cape Cod from an understanding with Pierce and Gorges. Neill identifies the “Mayflower” captain with Jones of the “Discovery,” a vessel despatched to Virginia. (Cf. Young’s _Chronicles_, p. 102, and Palfrey’s _New England_, i. 163.) O’Callaghan, _New Netherland_, i. 80, rejects the bribe theory. The name of Jones is preserved in Jones River, shown on the map of Plymouth Bay on a previous page.—ED.]

[501] [Our chief accounts of Bradford, other than from his own writings, are derived from Mather’s _Magnalia_, and from Hunter’s _Founders of New Plymouth_. Belknap, in his _American Biography_, gives a judicious summary of what was then known, and there is a brief one in Cheever. Besides what may be found in the general histories, the reader can find other accounts in Tyler’s _American Literature_, i. 116; by J. B. Moore in _Amer. Quart. Reg._ xiv. 155, and in his _Governors of New Plymouth_, etc.; by W. F. Rae in _Good Words_, xxi. 337; in the _Congregational Monthly_, ix. 337, 393. His will is in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1851, p. 385; and an account of his Bible in same, 1865, p. 12. For accounts of his descendants, see genealogy by G. M. Fessenden in _Register_, 1850, pp. 39, 233; also, 1855, pp. 127, 218; 1860, pp. 174, 195. Cf. also Durrie’s _Index to American Genealogies_, and Savage’s _Genealogical Dictionary_.

Bradford’s views on the Separatist movement, and on church government, are given in several “Dialogues between Old Men and Young Men;” one of which, written in 1648, and copied in the Records by Morton, is given by Dr. Young in his _Chronicles_, and another, probably written in 1652, was printed with comments by Charles Deane in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, October, 1870, vol. ix. p. 396. See also the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s _Memorial_. A letter of Bradford to Governor Winthrop on the early relations of the Plymouth Colony with the Bay, dated Feb. 6, 1631-32, is now in the possession of Judge Chamberlain, of the Boston Public Library; and, with its signatures of Bradford and his associates, it is the most precious autograph document of the Pilgrims in private hands. It is printed in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, ii. 240, annotated by Charles Deane. Some verses by Bradford, illustrating in a slender way the colony’s early history, were referred to in his will, and were printed as a fragment in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, iii. 77, by Dr. Belknap. The original manuscript came with Belknap’s papers to the Society,—_Proceedings_, iii. 317. Other verses of a similar character were printed in 3 _Collections_, vii. 27; still others are edited by Mr. Deane in _Proceedings_, xi. 465.—ED.]

[502] [Smith gave an abstract of Mourt in his _Generall Historie_; then Purchas, vol. iv., condensed it; and this condensation was reprinted, with notes, in 1802, by Dr. Freeman in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii. 203; but in 1819 Dr. Freeman and Judge Davis procured from a copy in the Philadelphia Library the parts omitted by Purchas in _Ibid._, xix. 26. (Cf. _Proceedings_, i. 279.) Dr. Young first printed it entire in his _Chronicles_. Dr. Cheever, in 1848, gave it with disorderly and homiletical editing in his _Journal of the Pilgrims_. Dr. Dexter used Charles Deane’s copy. There are other copies in the Carter-Brown and S. L. M. Barlow libraries. (Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 1,909; _Menzies Catalogue_, no. 1,447; _Crowninshield Catalogue_, no. 742; and _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1849, p. 282, and 1866, p. 281.) Rich, in his 1832 _Catalogue_, 164 and 171, priced a copy at £2 2_s._, and in his 1844 _Catalogue_ at £1 8_s._; Quaritch recently held one at £36. Doctors Young and Dexter agree that “G. Mourt” must represent George Morton. A previous note has given Dr. Dexter as the best authority for tracing the localities named in this journal. See, also, Freeman’s _Cape Cod_ and De Costa’s _Footprints of Miles Standish_.

Mourt makes no record of the landing from the “Mayflower” being upon a _rock_, nor does he indicate the precise spot, or fix a commemorative day. In an earlier note mention has been made of a recent controversy on these points. Mr. Gay found an earlier opponent than Dr. Dexter in Mr. William T. Davis, _Boston Daily Advertiser_, Nov. 17, 1881, to which Mr. Gay replied, Nov. 30, 1881; and again Mr. Davis rejoined, Dec. 3, 1881. As to the mistake of celebrating the 22d instead of the 21st December, which arose from the Committee of the Old Colony Club adding for the change of style one day too many, a Committee of the Pilgrim Society in 1850 recommended a change in the commemoration day; but though for a few years followed, it has not effected a permanent compliance, and by a recent vote of the Society the 22d has been re-established. The 1850 Report was printed. (Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, iv. 350, 369) Mr. Gay, in the _Popular History of the United States_, i. 393, takes another view of the mistake. It was in 1769 that the Plymouth people determined to institute a celebration, and fixed upon the day, December 11, Old Style, when the exploring party from the “Mayflower,” then in Provincetown harbor, first landed on the mainland and explored it.

Attempts have been made to trace the earlier and later career of the “Mayflower.” Mr. Hunter, in an appendix to his _Founders of New Plymouth_, p. 186, has shown how common the name was. She is thought to have been identical with one of Winthrop’s fleet ten years later; but the slaver “Mayflower,” with which she has been sometimes identified, was a larger vessel. Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1871, p. 91, and 1874, p. 50; _Calendar of State Papers_, Domestic Series, April 12, 1588.

Of Samoset, the Indian whom the colonists first encountered after landing, there are accounts in Dexter’s edition of Mourt’s _Relation_; Sewall’s _Ancient Dominion of Maine_, p. 101; _Popham Memorial_, by Professor Johnson, p. 297; Thornton’s _Pemaquid_, p. 54; and in _Maine Hist. Coll._, v. 186.

Mourt’s _Relation_ and Winslow’s _Good News_ give the earliest accounts of the Indians in the Pilgrims’ neighborhood, who had been nearly exterminated by a recent plague. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, v. 130.) Of Massasoit and his family,—this chief being the nearest sachem,—Fessenden’s _History of Warren, R. I._, gives an account. See also E. W. Peirce’s _Indian History, Biography, and Genealogy pertaining to the good Sachem Massasoit and his descendants_, North Abington, 1878. Drake, in his _Book of the Indians_, book ii. chap. ii., and in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1858, p. 1, examines the colonists’ relations with the Indians. See _Congregational Quarterly_, i. 129, for a paper, “Did the Pilgrims wrong the Indians?” Their efforts to Christianize them are examined in the Appendix to the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s _Memorial_.

It was at Plymouth (1631-1633) that Roger Williams drew up his treatise attacking the validity of the titles acquired under the patents granted by the king, in accordance with the common-law principle as understood at the time. Acceptance of his views as to the sole validity of the Indian title would have disturbed the foundations of the colony’s government; and it was not without satisfaction that the authorities saw Williams return to the Bay, where his factious and impracticable views on civil policy, quite as much or even more than any views on theology, led to his subsequent banishment. The later history of Williams was Massachusetts’ best vindication. Charles Deane has thoroughly examined his position as regards the patent, with an amplitude of references, in the Mass_. Hist. Soc. Proc._, February, 1873.—ED.]

[503] [The bibliography of this famous discourse is traced in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg_, April, 1861, p. 169; and in the _Hist. Mag._, ii. 344; iv. 57; v. 89. Cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, v. 156. Dr. Dexter notes three copies,—his own, the Bodleian’s, and Charles Deane’s. The sermon has been several times reprinted; is given in part by Dr. Young; also in the _Cushman Genealogy_, and was photo-lithographed (60 copies), in 1870, from Dr. Dexter’s copy, then in Mr. Wiggin’s hands, with a historical and bibliographical preface by Charles Deane. Dexter, _Congregationalism_, App., p. 30, gives the reprints.—ED.]

[504] [It was printed in London in 1624. There are copies in Charles Deane’s and the Carter-Brown collections. Rich (1844), £1 8_s._ Purchas, vol. iv., abridged it; and his abridgment was printed in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii. 239, with omissions supplied in xix. 74; cf. also _Proceedings_, i. 279. Young first printed it entire in his _Chronicles_, from a copy formerly in Harvard College Library; it is also in the Appendix of the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s _Memorial_.—ED.]

[505] [See a memoir of Judge Davis by Convers Francis, in 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, x. 186.—ED.]

[506] [The second edition, Boston, 1721, had a supplement by Josiah Cotton, with changes of title, indicating perhaps successive impressions. The third edition appeared in 1772, at Newport. In 1826 an edition appeared at Plymouth, followed the same year by Judge Davis’s at Boston. The last edition was issued by the Congregational Board in 1855, with notes and appendix of Bradford’s account of the church from the Colony records, and Winslow’s visit to Massasoit, from his _Good Newes_. The Harvard College copy of the 1669 edition has autographs of “W. Stoughton” and “John Danforth.” The Prince Library copy is imperfect, restored in manuscript, and has Prince’s notes. There were different imprints to the 1721 edition, the Harvard copy reading, “Reprinted for Daniel Henchman;” Charles Deane’s copy has “Reprinted for Nicholas Boone;” otherwise the two seem to be alike. See _Brinley Catalogue_, nos. 329, 330; Dexter’s _Congregationalism_, App. p. 94; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vi. 427; Tyler’s _American Literature_, i. 126.—ED.]

[507] [Certain of the letters, being the correspondence between the Plymouth and New Netherland Colonies in 1627, are reprinted in the _New York Hist. Coll._, 2d series, vol. i. See an account of the MS. in Cheever’s _Journal of the Pilgrims_, chap. xxiii.—ED.]

[508] [_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, i. 246, 279. S. G. Drake added a fifth part and an index to Baylies’, when he reissued the remainder-sheets of the original work, giving an account of the 1628 Kennebec patent, with an old map of that region. See, also, for the Pilgrims’ experiences on the Kennebec, R. H. Gardiner’s paper in the _Maine Hist. Coll._ ii., and the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1855, p. 80, and 1871, pp. 201, 274; for their Penobscot experiences, J. E. Godfrey’s paper in _Maine Hist. Coll._ vii. 29.—Ed.]

[509] [An “Old Colony Historical Society,” whose seat is at Taunton, began to publish papers of a Collection in 1878. The local aspect of the colony’s history is traced in various town and parish histories, to which clews will be found in F. B. Perkins’s _Check List of American Local History_, Colburn’s _Massachusetts Bibliography_, and in the historical sketch prefixed to the _Plymouth County Atlas_, Boston, 1879.

These local histories usually contain more or less genealogical information about the descendants of the “first comers,” as those who came in the first three vessels (“Mayflower,” 180 tons, in 1620; “Fortune,” 55 tons, in 1621; “Ann,” 140 tons, and “Little James,” 44 tons, 1623) are distinctively called; and various family histories have also traced the spread of Pilgrim blood throughout the American States. Savage’s _Geneal. Dict. of N. E._, and the bibliographies of American genealogies by Whitmore and Durrie, will indicate these. Dr. N. B. Shurtleff published the long-accepted list of the “Mayflower” passengers in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 47 (also separately privately printed); but several errors were corrected on the recovery of the Bradford manuscript, and the true list is printed in that _History_.—ED.]

[510] [A memoir of Dr. Young by Chandler Robbins will be found in 4 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, ii. 241.—ED.]

[511] _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1863, p. 366.

[512] [A Dutch translation of this, published in 1859, may indicate the interest still felt in the story in the land of their exile.—ED.]

[513] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiii. 390.

[514] See _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 114.

[515] See _Ibid._, iv. 367.

[516] [It was remodelled in 1880, when a fragment of the rock, which was taken from the larger portion in 1774, and after having been kept before the Court House till 1834, when it was placed before this hall, was taken back to its original site beneath the present monumental canopy.—ED.]

[517] The family tradition fixes the painting of it in 1651, and Vandyke, to whom it has been assigned, died in 1541. See the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xv. 324, for a notice of an alleged portrait of Miles Standish; also _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 65.

[518] [See Dr. Waddington’s description of a picture in one of the compartments of the Lords’ corridor at Westminster, representing with some misconception the same scene. _Historical Magazine_, i. 149. Sargent’s picture of the landing at Plymouth, well known from engravings, is in Pilgrim Hall. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, iv. 193.—ED.]

[519] [This monument, after a design by Hammatt Billings, was originally intended to be one hundred and fifty feet high; but it was reduced nearly one-half, as the necessary subscriptions failed. It bears a colossal figure of Faith, and four other typical figures surrounding the base, not all of which are yet in place. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1857, p. 283.—ED.]

[520] [This well-known production is for the historical student much disfigured by abundant anachronisms, which, as it happens, do not conduce to the effect of the poem. _Crayon_, v. 356; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, April, 1882.—ED.]

[521] [A collection of the minor commemorative poems, edited by Zilpha H. Spooner, was published as _Poems of the Pilgrims_, Boston, 1882, with photographs of associated localities. Cf. _Boston Daily Advertiser_, April 22, 1881.—ED.]

[522] The stories of these two colonies are told respectively in chapters v. and vi.

[523] The records of the Council for New England frequently refer to the subject of the renewal of their patent. Under the date of Aug. 6, 1622, we read: “Forasmuch as it has been ordered by the Lords of his Majesty’s Privy Council that the Patent for New England shall be renewed, as well for the amendment of some things therein contained as for the necessary supply of what is found defective,” etc. Then follow some minutes of additional changes desired by the patentees themselves.

[524] [See Vol. IV. chap. iv.—ED.]

[525] “Mr. Glanvyle moveth to speed the bill of fishing upon the coast of America, the rather because Sir Ferdinand Gorge hath executed a patent since the recess. Hath, by letters from the Lords of the Council, stayed the ships ready to go forth.

“Mr. Neale _accordant_, that Sir Ferdinando hath besides threatened to send out ships to beat off from their free fishing, and restraineth the ships, _ut supra_.

“Sir Edward Coke, that the patent may be brought in; and Sir T. Wentworth, that the party may be sent for.

“Ordered, the patent shall be brought in to the Committee for Grievances upon Friday next, and Sir Jo. Bowcer [Bourchier, one of the patentees] and Sir Ferdinando his son, to be sent for, to be then there, if he be in town, Sir Ferdinando himself being captain of Portsmouth” (Plymouth).

On the 24th, “Neale moveth again concerning ... restraint of fishing upon the coasts of ... it may be brought in at the next ... for grievances and the Com....

“Ordered, the patent, or in the default thereof [a copy?], shall be considered of by the said com[mittee] in the afternoon. Sir Jo. Barr [Bowcer?...] attend the said committee at that time.”—_Journal of the House of Commons._

[526] See chapter viii.

[527] Two parts of the territory were to be divided among the patentees, and one third was to be reserved for public uses; but the entire territory was to be formed into counties, baronies, hundreds, etc. From every county and barony deputies were to be chosen to consult upon the laws to be framed, and to reform any notable abuses; yet these are not to be assembled but by order of the President and Council of New England, who are to give life to the laws so to be made, as those to whom it of right belongs. The counties and baronies were to be governed by the chief and the officers under him, with a power of high and low justice,—subject to an appeal, in some cases, to the supreme courts. The lords of counties might also divide their counties into manors and lordships, with courts for determining petty matters. When great cities had grown up, they were to be made bodies politic to govern their own private affairs, with a right of representation by deputies or burgesses. The management of the whole affair was to be committed to a general governor, to be assisted by the advice and counsel of so many of the patentees as should be there resident, together with the officers of State. There was to be a marshal for matters of arms; an admiral for maritime business, civil and criminal; and a master of ordnance for munition, etc. (Cf. the Council’s “Briefe Relation,” in 2 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, ix. 21-25; S. F. Haven’s Lecture before the Massachusetts Historical Society, Jan. 15, 1869, on _The History of the Grants_, etc., pp. 18, 19.)

[528] Tradition has preserved the name of “Winter Harbor” there, and this name appears on a map of the New England coast, which is one of the collection known as Dudley’s _Arcano del Mare_, issued at Florence in 1646, and of which a reduced fac-simile is given herewith. Dudley was an expatriated Englishman, of the Earl of Leicester, and had a romantic story, which has been told by Mr. Hale in the _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, 1873. Dudley’s first wife had been a sister of Cavendish, and he is otherwise connected with American exploration; but there is no evidence that he had much other material for this map than Smith and the Dutch. [Dudley and his cartographical labors are also brought under notice in chap. ii. of the present volume, and in chap. ix. of Vol. IV.—ED.]

[529] Of thirty-six meetings recorded to have been held between May 31, 1622, and June 28, 1623, Sir F. Gorges was present at thirty-five meetings; Sir Samuel Argall, thirty-three; Goche, treasurer, twenty-two. The average attendance at a meeting was but four. One half the patentees originally named in the grant never attended a meeting.

[530] The record says that there was presented to the King “a plot of all the coasts and lands of New England, divided into twenty parts, each part containing two shares, and twenty lots containing the said double shares, made up in little bales of wax, and the names of twenty patentees by whom these lots were to be drawn.” The King drew for three absent members, including Buckingham, who had gone to Spain. There were eleven members present, who drew for themselves. Nine other lots were drawn for absent members.

[531] Yet it should be mentioned here that the grant to the Marquis, afterward Duke, of Hamilton of land between the Connecticut River and Narragansett, which lay dormant during his life, was claimed by his heirs at the Restoration, and at a later period, but was not allowed. The grant to the Earl of Sterling, between St. Croix and Sagadahoc, was in 1663 sold by his heir to Lord Clarendon, and a charter for it was granted next year to the Duke of York.

[532] Palfrey’s _History of New England_, ii. 51-56.

[533] Ibid. pp 57, 403-405; _Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society_, iii. 281-300.

[534] [See chap. x. of the present volume, and chap. x. of Vol. IV.—ED.]

[535] See chapter x.

[536] Hilton’s Point (Dover) about the year 1640 was called North-ham, in compliment to Thomas Larkham, who in that year arrived there from North-ham in England. Wiggin was governor here five years, George Burdett two, John Underhill three, and Thomas Roberts one.

[537] It is by virtue of this agreement that the lands are still held.

[538] [The so-called Endicott Rock, with its inscription dated 1652, fixed the northern limits of New Hampshire at the headwaters of the Merrimac River, and as part of Massachusetts. Cf. _Granite Monthly_, v. 224; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 311; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xviii. 400; _New Hampshire Historical Collections_, iv. 194.—ED.]

[539] Bacon, quoted by Palfrey, i. 535, 536.

[540] [What purported to be a portrait of Haynes appeared in C. W. Elliott’s _History of New England_; but it was later proved to be a likeness of Fitz John Winthrop, and the plate was withdrawn. Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 213.—ED.]

[541] At last, in 1696, what was termed “owning the covenant” was first introduced into the church at Hartford. Under the influence of the synod held in Boston in 1662 of Massachusetts churches alone, the “Half-Way Covenant” had been adopted in that colony. A want of a closer union among the churches was a growing feeling in the colony of Connecticut not provided for by the Cambridge Platform; and the Saybrook Platform, the result of a Connecticut synod held in 1708, was an attempt to provide for this want. This ecclesiastical document was printed in New London in 1710, in a small, thin volume called a _Confession of Faith_, etc.; and is the first book, says Isaiah Thomas, printed in Connecticut. Trumbull, i. 471, 482.

[542] Palfrey’s _History of New England_, vol. iii. p. 238.

[543] See Belknap, _History of New Hampshire_, i. 5. It was also printed by Dr. Benj. Trumbull, _History of Connecticut_, vol. i. 1818, App., from a copy furnished by Chalmers, under the impression that it had been “never before published in America,” and has since appeared in Brigham’s _Charter and Laws of New Plymouth_, pp. 1-18, Baylies’ _New Plymouth_, i. 160, and in the _Popham Memorial_, pp. 110-118.

[544] _Sabin’s Dictionary_, no. 52,619,—very rare.

[545] [Dr. Haven also contributed to the _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 87, a chapter on the subject of these early patents and grants. He closed a valuable life Sept. 5, 1881. Cf. _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, October, 1881, and _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xix. 4, 63.—ED.]

[546] See _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, for October, 1868, pp. 34, 35; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, May 1876, p. 364.

[547] See _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._ for October, 1875, pp. 49-63. Most of the grants of the Council are extant, either in the original parchments or in copies; and many of them have been printed. Some enterprising scholar will probably one day bring them all together in one volume, with proper annotations. It would be a convenient manual of reference.

[548] The rare list of these names in duplicate inserted in some copies of Smith’s tract may be seen in his _Generall Historie_, p. 206. [The map itself, with some account of it and of Smith, may be found in