chapter 114) for the preventing of the growth of heresy and blasphemy,

by which the “maintaining with obstinacy” of any one of a number of enumerated heresies—such as that Christ is not ascended into heaven bodily, or that the bodies of men shall not rise again after they are dead—was made a felony punishable with death.

In 1649 Governor Stone invited a body of Puritans who were banished from Virginia, on account of their refusal to conform to the Church of England, to settle in Maryland. These Puritans, the fruits of a mission which had been sent from New England to “convert the ungodly Virginians,” numbered over one hundred. Stone having promised them liberty in the matter of religion and the privileges of English subjects, they accepted the invitation, and in this year settled at a place which they called Providence,—now the site of Annapolis. The settlement was, at the next Assembly, erected into a county, and named Anne Arundel, in honor of Lord Baltimore’s wife, recently deceased, who was a daughter of the Earl of Arundel. The conditions of plantation required every person taking up land in the Province to subscribe an oath of fidelity to his lordship, acknowledging him to be “the true and absolute lord and Proprietary of this province.” The Puritans objected to this oath as being against their consciences, because it required them to acknowledge an absolute power, and bound them to obey a government which countenanced the Roman religion. It is clear that these refugees from intolerance were eager to be intolerant themselves. During a temporary absence of Stone in November, 1649, Greene, the deputy-governor, foolishly proclaimed Charles II. king, and granted a general pardon in furtherance of the common rejoicing. Although this act was promptly disavowed, it afterwards became a formidable weapon against Lord Baltimore.

Notwithstanding their scruples, the Providence Puritans sent two burgesses to the Assembly of 1650, one of whom was elected speaker of the lower house. At this session there was first made a permanent division of the Assembly into two houses, which lasted till the Revolution of 1776. The lower house consisted of the burgesses, and the upper of the governor, secretary, and council. The majority of this Assembly were Protestants; but they made a law enacting, as “a memorial to all posterities” of their thankfulness, fidelity, and obedience to the Proprietary, that, “being bound thereunto by the laws both of God and man,” they acknowledged him “to be the true and absolute lord and Proprietary of this province,” and declaring that they would maintain his jurisdiction till “the last drop of our blood be spent.” Another act was passed altering the oath of fidelity prescribed by the conditions of plantation. The new oath afforded ample opportunity for mental reservation. By it the subscribers bound themselves to maintain “the just and lawful” right and dominion of the Proprietary, “not in any wise understood to infringe or prejudice liberty of conscience in point of religion.”

Lord Baltimore’s trimming at this crisis aroused the displeasure of Charles II. Although a powerless exile, he deposed the Proprietary, and appointed Sir William Davenant royal governor of Maryland, on the ground that Baltimore “did visibly adhere to the rebels in England, and admitted all kinds of sectaries and schismatics and ill affected persons into the plantation.” Baltimore afterwards used this assertion to prove his fidelity to Parliament. Sir William collected a force of French and sailed for Maryland, but was captured in the channel.

Lord Baltimore was soon after threatened from a much more formidable quarter. The revolt of the island of Barbadoes called the attention of Parliament to the necessity of subjecting the colonies to its power, and by an act passed Oct. 3, 1650, for reducing Barbadoes, Antigua, “and other islands and places in America” to their due obedience, the Council of State was authorized to send ships to any of the plantations, and to commission officers “to enforce all such to obedience as do or shall stand in opposition to Parliament.” When the news of this act reached Maryland, the Puritans of Providence thought that the days of the Proprietary dominion were numbered, and they consequently refused to send burgesses to the Assembly which met in March, 1651. Upon information of their conduct and of the perturbed state of the Province being transmitted to Lord Baltimore, he sent in August, 1651, a long message to the governor and Assembly. He declared that the reports concerning the dissolution of his government were unfounded, and directed that in case any of the inhabitants should persist in their refusal to send burgesses to the Assembly, they should be proceeded against as rebels. He also requested the governor and council to use their best endeavors to suppress such false rumors, and suggested that a law be made punishing those spreading false news.

But they who asserted that the Proprietary dominion was about to fall, did not “spread false news.” That steps were not immediately taken to execute the Act of 1650 was probably owing to the fact that Scotland was now in arms under the banner of Charles II. But after the “crowning mercy” of the battle of Worcester, the Council of State, Sept. 20, 1651, appointed two officers of the navy, and Richard Bennett and William Clayborne of Virginia, commissioners under the act. They were directed to use their “best endeavors to reduce all the plantations within the Bay of Chesapeake to their due obedience to the Parliament and the Commonwealth of England.” Maryland was at first expressly named in these instructions; but before they were issued, Baltimore went before the committee of the Council and showed that Governor Stone had always been well affected to Parliament; proved by merchants, who traded to Maryland, that it was not in opposition, and declared that when the friends of the Commonwealth had been compelled to leave Virginia he had caused them to be well received in his province. The name of Maryland was thereupon stricken out of the instructions; but when they were finally issued, a term was used under which the Province might be included.

Clayborne and Bennett were in Virginia; the other commissioners soon after sailed with a fleet carrying a regiment of men, and one hundred and fifty Scotch prisoners who were to be sold as servants in Virginia. A part of the fleet finally reached Jamestown in March, 1652. The commissioners speedily came to terms with Sir William Berkeley, and then turned their attention to Maryland. They appeared at St. Mary’s toward the last of March, and demanded submission in two particulars: first, that all writs and proclamations should be issued in the name of the Keepers of the Liberties of England, and not in that of the Proprietary; and second, that all the inhabitants should subscribe the test, called “the engagement,” which was an oath of allegiance to Parliament. The instructions of the commissioners expressly authorized them to insist upon these terms. The governor and council acceded to the second demand, but refused the first on the ground that process in Maryland had never run in the name of the king, and that it was not the intention of Parliament to deprive Lord Baltimore of his rights in the Province. The commissioners immediately removed Stone and appointed a council of six to govern the Province independently of the Proprietary. Bennett and Clayborne then returned to Virginia, where they appointed themselves respectively governor and secretary of that colony. A few months later Stone, deeming that he could best subserve the interests of the Proprietary by temporizing, submitted to the terms of the commissioners, who, finding that Stone was too popular a man to be disregarded, reinstated him in his office June 28, 1652.

Now that Virginia and Maryland were both under the authority of the same commissioners, the Virginians thought that the time had arrived when an attempt to regain their lost territory was likely to prosper. In August, 1652, a petition was presented to Parliament praying that Virginia might have its ancient limits as granted by the charters of former kings, and that Parliament would grant a new charter in opposition to those intrenching upon these limits. This petition was referred to the committee of the navy with directions to consider what patent was proper to be granted to Virginia. The committee reported Dec. 31, 1652. They found that Kent Island had been settled three years before the settlement of Maryland; that Clayborne had been unlawfully dispossessed of it; that Baltimore had exacted oaths of fealty to himself; that several laws of Maryland were repugnant to the statutes of England, such as the one protecting Papists; that persons of Dutch, French, and Italian descent enjoyed equal privileges with the English in Maryland; and that in March, 1652, the governor and council of Maryland had refused to issue writs in the name of the Keepers of the Liberties of England. No action was taken upon this report. Baltimore had previously presented a paper containing reasons of state why it would be more advantageous for the Commonwealth to keep Maryland under a separate government than to join it to Virginia. These reasons were adapted to the existing condition of affairs, and are sufficiently ingenious.

The Province seems to have been quiet during the year 1653. In England, Cromwell turned Parliament out of doors, and the whole strength of the nation was devoted to the Dutch War. Lord Baltimore thought the time propitious for an attempt to recover his colony. Accordingly, in the latter part of the year, he directed Stone to cause all persons who had failed to sue out patents for their land, or had not taken the amended oath of fidelity to the Proprietary, to do so within three months upon pain of forfeiture of their land. Stone was also directed to issue all writs and processes in the name of the Proprietary. In pursuance of these instructions Stone issued a proclamation in February, 1654, requiring those seated upon lands to obtain patents, and swear allegiance to Lord Baltimore. A few weeks later he commanded all officers of justice to issue their writs in the name of the Proprietary, and showed that this change would not infringe their “engagement” to the Commonwealth. In May he proclaimed Cromwell Lord Protector. But the Puritans were not mollified by this act. Before the proclamation of February had been issued, information as to Baltimore’s instructions had reached the Puritans on the Severn and Patuxent; and they had sent petitions to Bennett and Clayborne, in which they complained that the oath of fidelity to be required of them was “a very real grievance, and such an oppression as we are not able to bear,” and prayed for relief according to the cause and power wherewith the commissioners were intrusted. The open disaffection of the Puritans caused Stone in July, 1654, to issue a proclamation in which he charged Bennett and Clayborne, and the whole Puritan party, with leading the people into “faction, sedition, and rebellion against the Lord Baltimore.” The commissioners, still acting under their old authority, resolved again to reduce Maryland. They put themselves at the head of the Providence party, and advanced against St. Mary’s. At the same time a force levied in Virginia, threatened an invasion from the south. Stone, deeming resistance hopeless, submitted. The commissioners deposed him, and by an order dated Aug. 1, 1654, committed the government of the Province to Captain Fuller and a Puritan council. An Assembly was called to meet in the ensuing October for which Roman Catholics were disabled from voting or being elected members. And thus the fugitives from oppression proceeded to oppress those who had given them an asylum. “Ingratitude to benefactors is the first of revolutionary virtues.” The new Assembly met at the house of an adherent on the Patuxent River. Its first act was one denying the right of Lord Baltimore to interfere in the affairs of the Province. An act concerning religion was passed, declaring that none who professed the Popish religion could be protected in the Province, “but to be restrained from the exercise thereof.”

When the news of the deposition of his officers reached Lord Baltimore he despatched a special messenger with letters to Stone, upbraiding him for having yielded the Province without striking a blow, and directing him to make every effort to re-establish the proprietary government. Stone, thus commanded, resolved to dispute the possession of the government with the Puritans. He armed the population of St. Mary’s, and caused the records, which had been removed to the Patuxent, and a quantity of ammunition to be seized. In March, 1655, he advanced against Providence with about two hundred men and a small fleet of bay craft. He sent ahead of him envoys with a demand for submission which was rejected. The Puritans obtained the aid of Roger Heamans, master of the “Golden Lion,” an armed merchantman lying in the port, and prepared for resistance. Stone landed his men near the town on the evening of the 24th of March, and on the next morning the hostile forces advanced against each other. The battle-cry of the Puritans was, “In the name of God fall on!” that of their opponents, “Hey for St. Mary’s!” The fight was short and decisive. The Puritans were completely victorious. About fifty of Stone’s men were killed or wounded, and nearly all the rest, including Stone himself, who was wounded, were taken prisoners. The loss of the Puritans was trifling, but they did not use their victory with moderation. A drum-head court-martial condemned ten prisoners to death, upon four of whom the sentence was executed. Among those thus tried and condemned was Governor Stone, but the soldiers themselves refused to take his life. It is said that the intercessions of the women caused the lives of the others to be spared. They were however kept in confinement, and the estates of the “delinquents” were confiscated.

Each party was now anxious to find favor in the sight of the Protector. Lord Baltimore presented the affidavit of certain Protestants in the Province as to the high-handed proceedings of the Puritans; while the commissioners transmitted documents to prove that he was hostile to the Protector. In the course of the year several pamphlets were published on either side of the controversy. Cromwell, however, does not appear to have concerned himself about the dispute, since both parties acknowledged his supremacy. In January, 1655, Baltimore had obtained from him a letter to Bennett, directing the latter to forbear disturbing the Proprietary or his people in Maryland. Soon after the receipt of this letter Bennett abandoned the governorship of Virginia and went to England. He there made such representations to the Protector, that, in September, 1655, Cromwell wrote to the “Commissioners of Maryland,” explaining that his former letter related only to the boundary disputes between Maryland and Virginia. After the battle of Providence, Cromwell referred the matter to the Commissioners of the Great Seal, and declared his pleasure that in the mean time the government of Maryland should remain as settled by Clayborne. The Commissioners of the Great Seal reported to the council of state in the following year. This report was not acted upon, but was itself referred to the Commissioners for Trade. It was probably favorable to Lord Baltimore, for he made another effort to wrest his Province from the hands of the Puritans. In July, 1656, he appointed Josias Fendall governor of the Province, with all the powers formerly exercised by Stone. Fendall was in reality only a persistent and unscrupulous revolutionist, but his activity had hitherto been exercised on behalf of the Proprietary. Even before his appointment his conduct had excited the suspicions of the Puritan council. He was arrested by them on the charge of “dangerousness to the public peace,” and kept in confinement till September, 1656, when he was released upon taking an oath not to disturb the existing government until the matter was determined in England.

On the 16th of September, 1656, the Commissioners of Trade reported to the Lord Protector entirely in favor of Baltimore. The report was not acted upon, and Bennett and Matthews, the agents of the Puritans, continued the contest. In October they sent to the Protector a paper entitled, _Objections against Lord Baltimore’s patent, and reasons why the government of Maryland should not be put into his hands_. These objections merely recite the old grievances. Baltimore did not wait for the report to be confirmed, but, confident that his province would be restored to him, directed Fendall to assume the administration of affairs. He also directed large grants of land to be made to those who had been conspicuous for their fidelity to him, and instructed the Council to make provision, out of his own rents, for the widows of those who had lost their lives in his service. Towards the close of the year the Proprietary sent his brother, Philip Calvert, to Maryland as a member of the Council and secretary of the Province. Maryland was now divided between the rival governments. The Puritans held undisputed sway over Anne Arundel, Kent Island, and most of the settlements, while Fendall’s authority seems to have been confined to St. Mary’s County. But there were no acts of hostility between the opposing factions. In September, 1657, the Puritans held another Assembly at Patuxent, at which they again passed an act in recognition of their own authority, and imposed taxes for the payment of the public charges.

Such was the posture of affairs when an agreement was reached by Lord Baltimore and the Puritan agents in England. The favor with which the Protector regarded the old nobility, and his failure to notice the remonstrances which the Puritan agents had addressed to him, caused the latter to despair of setting aside the adverse report of the Commissioners of Trade. The new agent of Virginia, Digges, acted as the intermediary between Baltimore and Bennett and Matthews, and the articles of agreement were signed on the 30th of November, 1657. After reciting the controversies and the “very sad, distracted, and unsettled condition” of the Province, they provide for the submission of those in opposition to the Proprietary and their surrender of the records and great seal. Lord Baltimore, on his part, promised “upon his honor” that he would punish no offenders, but would grant land to all having claims under the conditions of plantation, and that any persons desiring to leave the Province should have liberty to do so. The Puritans now desired the protection of the Toleration Act, and Lord Baltimore therefore stipulated that he would never assent to its repeal. Fendall, who had gone to England for the purpose of consulting the Proprietary, immediately returned to Maryland with a copy of this agreement. At the same time Bennett wrote to Captain Fuller, apprising him of the engagement which had been made on behalf of his party. Fendall arrived in the Province in February, 1658; and the Providence council were requested to meet the officers of Lord Baltimore in order to treat for the performance of the agreement. A meeting of the rival councillors accordingly took place in March. The Puritans, fatigued by the long struggle, were not unwilling to submit, but insisted upon making some changes in the articles of surrender. Fendall accepted their terms, and the new agreement was signed on the 24th of March, 1658. It was stipulated that the oath of fidelity should not be pressed upon the people then resident in the Province, but that, in its place, each person should subscribe an engagement to submit to Lord Baltimore, according to his patent, and not to obey any in opposition to him. It was further agreed that no persons should be disarmed; that there should be a general indemnity for all acts done since December, 1649, and that the proceedings of the Puritan assemblies and courts, in cases relating to property rights, should not be annulled. Proclamation was then made of this agreement and of the governor’s commission, and writs were issued for an Assembly to be held in the ensuing April. At this Assembly the articles of surrender were confirmed. And thus, after six years of civil broils, the Proprietary sway was re-established.

But the spirit of that revolutionary epoch was not yet extinct in Maryland. Another attempt to subvert the authority of Lord Baltimore was made in the following year. This time the leader was Fendall himself, who, after having broken faith with the Puritans, now broke faith with the Proprietary. Upon the confusion which followed the death of Cromwell, Fendall thought that the opportune moment had come for shaking off the rule of his feudal lord. At a session of the Assembly held in March, 1660, the burgesses, in pursuance of Fendall’s scheme, sent to the upper house a message, in which they claimed to be a lawful assembly, without dependence on any other power, and the highest court of judicature. “If any objection can be made to the contrary,” the message concluded, “we desire to hear it.” A conference between the houses was held, at which Fendall stated that he was only commissioned to confirm laws till the Proprietary should declare his dissent, but that in his opinion the true meaning of the charter was that the laws made by the freemen and published by them in his lordship’s name should at once be of full force. On the same day the lower house came in a body to the upper, and declared that they would not permit the latter to continue its sittings, but that its members might take seats among them. Fendall then dissolved the upper house, and, surrendering the powers he had received from the Proprietary, accepted a new commission from the burgesses. Philip Calvert protested against the proceedings, and left the house. The burgesses sought to fortify their authority by making it a felony to disturb the government as established by them.

Lord Baltimore made short work of these treacherous proceedings. As soon as the tidings reached him, in the following June, he appointed Philip Calvert governor. Soon after he obtained from Charles II. a letter commanding all the inhabitants of the Province to submit to his authority. Philip Calvert was sworn in at the Provincial Court held at Patuxent in December, 1660, and had no difficulty in obtaining control of the Province. No one ventured to disobey the commands of a monarch who had just been restored to the throne amid universal enthusiasm. Fendall, indeed, attempted to excite an insurrection, but, failing in this, surrendered himself voluntarily. Lord Baltimore had instructed his deputy not to permit Fendall to escape with his life; and subsequently, while proclaiming a general amnesty, he excepted Hatch and “that perfidious and perjured fellow Fendall, whom we lately entrusted to be our lieutenant of Maryland.” Notwithstanding these instructions, Fendall was punished only by a fine and disfranchisement.

Charles II. was duly proclaimed, and the power of King and Proprietary permanently revived. The tranquillity which now came to the exhausted colony was destined to last, without interruption, till the mighty wave of another revolution in England proved fatal to the lord paramount of Maryland. Clayborne, who has been called the evil genius of the Province, now disappears from its history. His courage and energy have won the admiration of some writers; but, according to the settled principles of public law, his claim upon Kent Island was entirely without foundation. Towards the close of 1661 Charles Calvert, the eldest son of the Proprietary, was appointed governor, and remained in that office till the death of his father. The history of the Province becomes the record of peaceful progress under his wise and just administration. The population, which in 1660 was 12,000, had increased, five years later, to 16,000. In 1676 Lord Baltimore wrote to the Privy Council that the population was 20,000. The provincial assemblies continued to be held at St. Mary’s, and new counties were from time to time erected.

The cultivation of tobacco was, from the earliest period, the main occupation of the colonists. Indeed, the prosperity of all the middle colonies reposed chiefly upon this foundation. It was almost the sole export of Maryland. There were no manufactures and no large towns in the Province. It was an agricultural community, scattered along the shores of the noble bay, and of the Potomac and other tributary streams which intersected the country in every direction. The abundance of these natural highways relieved the infant State from a large part of the burden of maintaining roads. Every large planter had at his own door a boat-landing, where he received his supplies, and from which his tobacco was taken to be shipped upon foreign-bound vessels. The high price of tobacco in the second quarter of the seventeenth century (ten times its present value), and the large demand for it by Dutch traders, led the colonists to devote themselves so exclusively to its cultivation, that, on more than one occasion, they suffered from a scarcity of food. Beginning in 1639, numerous acts were passed to enforce the planting of cereals. In order to maintain the excellence of the tobacco exported, the Assembly in 1640 enacted the first tobacco-inspection law,—and thus began a system which has, in some form, been maintained down to the present day. According to the Act of 1640, no tobacco could be exported till scaled by a sworn viewer; and when a hogshead was found bad for the greater part, it was to be burned.

Tobacco was not only the great staple of the Province, but also its chief currency. Taxes were assessed, fines imposed, and salaries paid in tobacco. After the Restoration the restrictive measures, to which we shall refer, and the overproduction of tobacco caused great depreciation in the value of the article. The consequent inconvenience was such that in 1661 the Assembly prayed the Proprietary to establish a mint for the coining of money. Lord Baltimore, by a doubtful stretch of his palatinate prerogatives, caused a large quantity of shillings, sixpences, and groats to be coined for the Province. These coins were put into circulation under an act, passed in 1662, requiring every freeman to take up ten shillings’ worth of them per poll for every taxable person in his custody, and to pay for the same in tobacco at the rate of two pence per pound. But their introduction did not give permanent relief, and tobacco continued to be the chief medium of exchange. Its value decreased so much, that, early in 1663, commissioners were appointed by Virginia and Maryland to consider the evil and its remedy. They could only suggest a diminution of the quantity raised. In the following year the Virginia agents represented to the Privy Council the necessity of lessening the cultivation of tobacco in Virginia and Maryland, and offered proposals for effecting it. These proposals did not meet the approval of Lord Baltimore. The Privy Council ordered that there should be no cessation of the planting of tobacco; but, in order to encourage the planters in cultivating other articles, directed that pitch, tar, and hemp, of the production of those colonies, should be imported into England free of duty for five years. In 1666 an agreement was made between delegates from Virginia, Maryland, and Carolina, providing for a total cessation in the planting of tobacco for one year. The legislatures of these colonies passed acts to enforce this agreement; but the Maryland act was vetoed by Lord Baltimore, upon the ground that it would work great injury to the poorer sort of planters, as well as cause a loss of revenue to the Crown. For various reasons these efforts to control the market by limiting the supply never succeeded.

The colonists did not then fully perceive where the root of the evil lay. There was not too much tobacco but too few buyers; and the number of buyers had been artificially lessened. The real cause of this colonial distress was the famous Navigation Act and the statutes which had been made in pursuance of the policy then begun. The Navigation Act, passed by the Long Parliament in October, 1651, provided that no goods should be imported from Asia, Africa, or America but in English vessels, under the penalty of the forfeiture of both goods and ship. Originally designed as a blow at the commercial supremacy of the Dutch, this Act became, to use the language of Burke, the corner-stone of the policy of England with regard to the colonies. This Act was supplemented by still more restrictive statutes passed in 1660 and in 1663 (15 Car. II. c. 7). The result of these regulations was that the colonists could buy nothing except from English merchants, and could sell nothing except to English merchants. They were not even permitted to export their own goods in their own vessels. They suffered from a triple monopoly of sale, of purchase, and of transportation. They bought in the dearest and sold in the cheapest market.

The chief source of the revenue derived by the Proprietary from the Province arose from the quit-rents which, from the earliest period, had been charged on all grants of land. These rents were at first payable in wheat. In later grants they were made payable in money or the commodities of the country, at the option of the Proprietary, until 1671, when an export duty of two shillings per hogshead was imposed on all tobacco, one half of which went to the support of the government, and the other half was granted to the Proprietary in consideration of his commuting his money quit-rents and alienation fines for tobacco, at the rate of two pence per pound. After 1658 another source of Proprietary revenue was an alienation fine of one year’s rent, which was made a condition precedent to the validity of every conveyance. In 1661 there was given to the Proprietary a port and anchorage duty of half a pound of powder and three pounds of shot on all foreign vessels trading to the Province. The fines and forfeitures imposed in courts of justice inured to the Proprietary as the fountain of justice and standing _in loco regis_. The royal nature of the Proprietary dominion was also shown in the use of his name in all writs and processes, as the name of the king was used in England. Provincial laws were enacted in his name, by and with the advice and consent of the upper and lower houses. Indictments, including those upon the penal statutes of England, charged the offences to be against his peace, good rule, and government.

The first mention of negro slaves occurs in an act passed in 1664; but they had probably been previously introduced into the Province from Virginia, where slavery existed before the settlement of Maryland. In 1671 an act was passed to encourage their importation, and slavery was thenceforth established. It was long, however, before slaves took the place of indented servants, who formed a large part of the population down to the time of the Revolution. They at first consisted of those who had signed an indenture of service for a limited number of years and were brought into the Province by the masters themselves. Subsequently the traffic in servants was taken up by shipowners and others, who sold them for the remainder of their term to the highest bidders. The term of service, which was at first five years, was reduced by the Act of 1638 to four years. Upon the expiration of his indenture a servant was entitled to fifty acres of land and a year’s supply of necessaries. These servants were called “Redemptioners,” and many of them became valuable citizens. After the Restoration the practice of kidnapping men in English seaports and selling them as servants in the colonies became very common. Among the Maryland papers is the petition of one Mrs. Beale to the king, complaining that the master of a ship had taken her brother as his apprentice on a voyage to Maryland, and there sold him as a servant. The lord mayor and aldermen of London complained to the Council that “certain persons, called spirits, do inveigle, and, by lewd subtilities, entice away” youth to be sold as servants in the plantations. Owing to its equable climate, Maryland had more of these indented servants than any other colony, and the statute book contains many acts relating to them. The practice of sending convicts to America, however, was warmly resisted, and in 1676 an act was passed to prevent it.

A temporary exception to the universal religious toleration, which was a capital principle of government in Maryland, occurred in the case of the Quakers. The first Quaker missionaries appeared in Maryland in 1657. Two years later other preachers of that sect visited the Province and caused “considerable convincement.” Their refusal to bear arms, or to subscribe the engagement of fidelity, or to give testimony, or to serve as jurors, was mistaken for sedition.

On July 23, 1659, under Fendall’s administration, an order was passed directing that if “any of the vagabonds and idle persons known by the name of Quakers” should again come into the Province, the justices of the peace should arrest them and cause them to be whipped from constable to constable out of the Province. There is no evidence that this penalty was ever enforced. The most active Quaker missionary simply received a sentence of banishment; and after the suppression of Fendall’s rebellion there was no persecution of the Quakers. They found a refuge in Maryland from the intolerance of New England and Virginia. In 1672 George Fox arrived in the Province and attended two “general meetings for all Maryland Friends,” which he describes in his journal as having been largely attended, not only by Quakers but by “other people, divers of whom were of considerable quality in the world’s account.” Maryland was also sought by many French, Bohemian, and Dutch families. In 1666 the first act of naturalization was passed admitting certain French and Bohemians to the rights of citizenship, and from that time forward numerous similar acts were passed.

On the 30th of November, 1675, died Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, after having inscribed his name upon one of the fairest pages in the history of America. The magnificent heritage left him by his father was beset with difficulties; but his courage, perseverance, and skill had triumphed over the hostility of Virginia and the intrigues of Clayborne, over domestic insurrection and Puritan hatred. The first ruler who established and maintained religious toleration is entitled to enduring honor in the eyes of posterity. His name is that of one of the most enlightened and magnanimous statesmen who ever founded a commonwealth.

In the year following his death, Governor Charles Calvert, now the Lord Proprietary, called an assembly at which a thorough revision of the laws of the Province was made. Among the laws continued in force was the Toleration Act of 1649. In the same year Lord Baltimore appointed Thomas Notley deputy-governor, and then sailed for England, where he remained three years. Upon his arrival he found that a clergyman of the Church of England, named Yeo, residing in Maryland, had written to the Archbishop of Canterbury, under the date of 25th May, 1676, begging him to solicit from Lord Baltimore an established support for the Protestant ministry. “Here are ten or twelve counties,” he writes, “and in them at least twenty thousand souls, and but three Protestant ministers of the Church of England. The priests are provided for, and the Quakers take care of those that are speakers, but no care is taken to build up churches in the Protestant religion. The Lord’s day is profaned. Religion is despised, and all notorious vices are committed, so that it is become a Sodom of uncleanness and a pest-house of iniquity.” There is reason to believe that this letter was an exaggerated libel. At any rate the writer considered it easy to cure the evil. It would be sufficient to impose an established church upon the Province. The Archbishop referred the letter to the Bishop of London, who asked the Privy Council to “prevail with Baltimore to settle a revenue for the ministry in his province.” The Privy Council wrote to Baltimore communicating the unfavorable information with regard to the dissolute life of the inhabitants of his province, and desiring an account of the number of Established and Dissenting ministers there. Lord Baltimore replied that in every county of the Province there were a sufficient number of churches which were supported by the voluntary contributions of those attending them, and that there were, to his knowledge, four clergymen of the Church of England in the Province. He also urged that at least three fourths of the inhabitants were Presbyterians, Independents, Baptists, and Quakers, the members both of the Church of England and of the Church of Rome being the fewest, “so that it will be a most difficult task to draw such persons to consent unto a law which shall compel them to maintain ministers of a contrary persuasion to themselves, they having already assurance by an Act for Religion that they shall have all freedom in point of religion and divine worship, and no penalties imposed upon them in that particular.” The Council, however, directed that some provision should be made for the ministry of the Church of England, and that the laws against vice should be enforced. Baltimore returned to Maryland in 1680, but nothing was done to carry out the orders of the Council.

Soon after his return the restless Fendall, in conjunction with John Coode, attempted to stir up an insurrection of the Protestants against the Proprietary. Baltimore, having early notice of the proceedings, arrested Fendall. He was punished by fine and banishment, and the enterprise ended almost as soon as it began. The great preponderance of the Protestant population, and the course of affairs in England were fast making the position of a Catholic Proprietary untenable. Complaints of the favor shown to Catholics were constantly sent to England. In October, 1681, the Privy Council wrote to Baltimore that impartiality must be shown in admitting Catholics and Protestants to the council and in the distribution of arms. In reply to these complaints a declaration was issued in May, 1682, signed by twenty-five Protestants of the Church of England residing in the Province. This declaration certified that places of honor, trust, and profit were conferred on the most qualified, without any regard to the religion of the participants, and that in point of fact most of the offices were filled with Protestants, one half of the council, and by far the greater part of the justices of the peace and militia officers, being Protestants. The subscribers published to the world the general freedom and privilege which all the inhabitants of the Province enjoyed in their lives, liberties, and estates, and in the free and public exercise of their religion.

The first Proprietary had finally come off successful in the long contest for his territory with Virginia and Clayborne. The second Proprietary was now called upon to begin a longer and less successful struggle with William Penn. The charter limits of Maryland included the present State of Delaware and a large part of Pennsylvania. In 1638 a settlement of Swedes was made on the Delaware, which was brought under subjection to the government of the States General in 1655.[872] In 1659 the governor and council, in pursuance of Lord Baltimore’s instructions, ordered Colonel Utie to “repair to the pretended governor of a people seated on the Delaware Bay, within his lordship’s province, and to require them to depart the province.” Utie had an interview with the authorities of New Amstel, and threatened them with war in case of a refusal to leave. They replied that the matter must be left to their principals in England and Holland. Towards the close of the year the Dutch sent Augustine Hermann and Resolved Waldron as ambassadors to Maryland. They had an interview with the governor and council in which the claim of Holland to the territory in question was formally presented. The governor asserted the title of Lord Baltimore and demanded the submission of the settlements. This demand was rejected and the interview terminated. The Dutch power in America was soon after brought to an end by the Duke of York, to whom Charles II. in 1664 granted all the territory between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers.[873] In 1680 Penn asked for a grant of the territory west of the Delaware and north of Maryland. In his patent, which passed the seals in March, 1681, the southern boundary of his province was a “circle of twelve miles drawn around New Castle to the beginning of the forty degrees of latitude,”—a description which it was impossible to gratify. In April, 1681, the King wrote to Baltimore notifying him of Penn’s grant, and directing him to aid Penn in seating himself, and to appoint some persons to make a division between the provinces, in conjunction with Penn’s agents.[874] Lord Baltimore met Penn’s deputy, in September, 1682, at Upland (now Chester), when it was found, by a precise observation, that the fortieth degree of latitude was beyond Upland itself. The knowledge of this fact caused Penn to be anxious to obtain a grant of Delaware. Though the Duke of York’s grant did not extend south of the Delaware, Penn, by dint of importunity, obtained from him in August, 1682, a grant of the territory twelve miles around New Castle, and southward, along the river, to Cape Henlopen. Penn asked for that which he knew to be within the boundaries of Maryland, and beyond the power of the Duke to grant. He also received a release of the Duke’s claim to the territory of Pennsylvania, and soon afterwards sailed for his province.

On August 19, 1682, he had procured from the King a letter to Baltimore directing the latter to hasten the adjustment of the boundaries. An interview between the two Proprietaries took place in December, when Penn handed to Lord Baltimore the King’s letter. Baltimore insisted upon the fortieth degree as his northern boundary, and the conference was fruitless. They had another interview, at New Castle, in the following year, which also made it apparent that no agreement between the rival Proprietaries was possible. Penn now raised against the Maryland charter an objection similar to that which had been urged by Virginia and Clayborne,—that Delaware had been settled by the Dutch before the grant of the charter, and that, if this were not the case, Baltimore had forfeited his rights by failure to extend his settlements there.

Both Penn and Lord Baltimore now resolved to go to England to contest the matter before the King and Council. Baltimore called an assembly—the last over which he presided in person—in April, 1684. He acquainted them with the necessity he was under of going to England, and assured them that his stay would be no longer than requisite for the decision of the differences between Penn and himself. The Assembly then proceeded to revise the laws of the Province; after which the Proprietary appointed a council of nine, under the presidency of William Joseph, to govern the Province during his absence, and sailed for England. Baltimore found that he was no match in court influence for Penn. In November, 1685, the Board of Trade decided that the Maryland charter included only “lands uncultivated and inhabited by savages, and that the territory along the Delaware had been settled by Christians antecedently to his grant, and was therefore not included in it;” and they directed that the peninsula between the two bays should be divided equally by a line drawn from the latitude of Cape Henlopen to the fortieth degree, and that the western portion was Baltimore’s and the eastern Penn’s. The Revolution, however, came in time to prevent the execution of this decision, and the vexed question was not finally settled till the middle of the following century.

The accession of James II. brought increased danger to Lord Baltimore. To a king who designed the subversion of the liberties of the colonies as well as of England, the liberal charter of Maryland was especially odious. In April, 1687, an order in Council was made directing the prosecution of a writ of _quo warranto_ against the Maryland charter. In that age the issuing of such a writ seldom failed to achieve its object; but before judgment could be obtained against Baltimore the Revolution of 1688 had occurred, and the Stuart dynasty was at an end. The tidings that a writ had been issued against Baltimore’s charter alarmed the imaginations of the provincials. When the Assembly met in November, 1688, President Joseph sought to counteract this state of feeling in a manner which only served to increase the anxiety. In his opening speech he claimed his right to rule _jure divino_, tracing it from God to the King, from the King to the Proprietary, and from the Proprietary to himself. He then took the unprecedented step of demanding an oath of fidelity from the Houses. The burgesses at first refused, and were with difficulty persuaded to yield. The Assembly showed its loyalty to the monarch, who was then a fugitive from his kingdom, by passing an act for a perpetual thanksgiving for the birth of the prince, and fixed a commemoration of it each succeeding tenth day of June.

Upon the accession of William and Mary the Privy Council directed Lord Baltimore to cause their majesties to be proclaimed in Maryland. He immediately despatched a messenger with orders to his council to proclaim the king and queen with the usual ceremonies. This messenger unfortunately died at Plymouth, and, although William and Mary had been acknowledged in the other colonies, the Maryland council shrank from acting without orders from the Proprietary, while they alarmed the inhabitants by collecting arms and ammunition. Information of this delay was sent to the Board of Trade from Virginia. Baltimore was consequently summoned before it, when he explained that he had sent the required directions to Maryland, but that they had failed to arrive. He was ordered to despatch duplicate instructions, but before they reached the Province the Proprietary’s power was overthrown. The absence of all colonial records from the close of the session of 1688 to the year 1692 makes it difficult to understand the exact cause of this revolution. Enough appears from other sources, however, to show that it was a rebellion fostered by falsehood and intimidation,—“a provincial Popish plot.” In April, 1689, John Coode and other disaffected persons formed “An Association in arms for the defence of the Protestant religion, and for asserting the right of King William and Queen Mary to the Province of Maryland and all the English dominions.” Early in July they began to gather in large numbers on the Potomac. They alleged that the Catholics had invited the northern Indians to join them in a general massacre of the Protestants in the following month, and that they had taken arms to defeat this conspiracy. When a similar rumor had been set on foot, in the preceding March, a declaration had been published, signed by several of those who were now Associators, asserting that the subscribers had examined into all the circumstances of the pretended design, and “found it to be nothing but a sleveless fear and imagination fomented by the artifice of some ill-minded persons.” But in July the Association availed itself of this baseless rumor to obtain the adherence of those who were foolish enough to believe it; while to others they asserted that their purpose was only to proclaim William and Mary.

By these means the neutrality or support of the greater part of the population was secured, and the Associators moved upon St. Mary’s. The council prepared for resistance, but, upon the approach of Coode with greatly superior forces, they surrendered the State House and the provincial records. The Association then published a “Declaration of the reasons and motives for the present appearing in arms of their Majesties’ Protestant subjects in the Province of Maryland.” This Declaration, dated July 25, 1689, signed by Coode and many others, was printed at St. Mary’s.[875] It is an ingenious and able paper, but certainly an audacious calumny, which could only have found credence in England. It set forth that, by the contrivances of Lord Baltimore and his officers, “the tyranny under which we groan is palliated,” and “our grievances shrouded from the eye of observation and the hand of redress.” These grievances were then stated in general terms. In the mean time Joseph and his council retired to a fort on the Patuxent. When Coode marched against them with several hundred men they were again compelled to surrender, and the Associators became masters of the situation. On the third of August, 1689, they sent an address to the king and queen congratulating them upon having restored the laws and liberties of England to their “ancient lustre, purity, and splendor,” and declaring that, without the expense of a drop of blood, they had rescued the government of Maryland from the hands of their enemies, and would hold it securely till a settlement thereof should be made. A convention was called to meet on the 23d of August, to which however several counties refused to send delegates. The convention sent an address to the King asking that their rights and religion might be secured under a Protestant government. The matter was now to be determined in England, and addresses from all the counties and from both parties poured in to the King. Many Protestants favored the Proprietary, and, in their addresses, denounced the falsehoods of the Associators. A number of the Protestants of Kent County declared in their address that “we have here enjoyed many halcyon days under the immediate government of Charles, Lord Baron of Baltimore, and his honorable father, ... by charter of your royal progenitors, wherein our rights and freedoms are so interwoven with his Lordship’s prerogative that we have always had the same liberties and privileges secured to us as other of your Majesty’s subjects in the Kingdom of England.” The greater number of signers, however, sided with the revolutionists. A friend of Lord Baltimore wrote that “people in debt think it the bravest time that ever was. No courts open nor no law proceedings, which they pray may continue as long as they live.” The same writer asserted that the best men and the best Protestants stood stiffly up for the Proprietary’s interest.

Those who had benefited by a Protestant Revolution in England were naturally disposed to look with favor upon a similar Revolution in America. And thus it came to pass that the Proprietary government “fell without a crime.”

King William on Feb. 1, 1690, in pursuance of the recommendation of the committee of the Council for Trade and Plantations, wrote to those in the administration of Maryland, acknowledging the receipt of their addresses and approving their motives for taking up arms. He authorized them to continue in the administration, and in the mean time to preserve the public peace. Lord Baltimore struggled hard to retain his province, although his chance of obtaining justice was desperate. He presented to the King and Council various affidavits and narratives showing the falsity of the charges against his government. In January, 1690, he petitioned the Board of Trade to grant a hearing to such inhabitants and merchants as had lived in and dealt with Maryland for upwards of twenty-five years, at the same time forwarding a list of their names. A few days later he requested the Board to hear his account of the disturbances, to the end that the government might be restored to him. In August, however, the Council directed the attorney-general to proceed by _scire facias_ against Baltimore’s charter. Chief-Justice Holt had previously given an opinion that the King could appoint a governor of Maryland whose authority would be legal; and the attorney-general and solicitor-general were directed to draft a commission of governor.

On the 12th of March, 1691, Queen Mary wrote to the Grand Committee of Maryland that the Province was taken under the King’s immediate superintendence, that Copley would be governor, and, until his arrival, they were to administer the government in the names of their Majesties. In the following August Sir Lionel Copley was commissioned by the king and queen. He reached Maryland early in 1692, and the Province became a royal colony for a quarter of a century. The Proprietary was still allowed to receive his quit-rents and export duty, but all his other prerogatives were at an end.

CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

THE earliest publication relating to Maryland was a pamphlet which appeared in London in 1634. It is entitled _A Relation of the Successful Beginnings of the Lord Baltemore’s Plantation in Maryland: being an extract of certaine Letters written from thence by some of the Adventurers to their friends in England_.[876] The similarity of the language of this relation with Father White’s _Relatio Itineris_ would seem to show that he was its author. The relation describes the first settlement and the products of the soil, and narrates the naïve wonder of the Indians at the big ships and the thunder of the guns. It is dated “From Saint Marie’s in Maryland, 27 May, 1634.”

The next publication was, _A Relation of Maryland_, London, Sept. 8, 1635,—a work of great value to the student. It was evidently prepared under the direction of Lord Baltimore, and is an extensive colonizing programme. It recounts the planting of the colony and their intercourse with the Indians, and describes the commodities which the country naturally afforded and those that might be procured by industry. It also contains the “conditions propounded by the Lord Baltemore to such as shall goe or adventure into Maryland,” and gives elaborate instructions as to what the adventurers should take with them, together with an estimate of the cost of transporting servants and providing them with necessaries.[877]

A very full account of the voyage of the “Ark and Dove” to Maryland is contained in a letter written by Father Andrew White, S. J., to the General of the Order. The originals of this letter, as well as of different letters from the Jesuit missionaries in Maryland from 1635 to 1677, were discovered, about fifty years ago, by the Rev. W. M. Sherry, who was afterwards Provincial of the Jesuits in Maryland, in the archives of the Society in Rome. The copy he then made of these manuscripts is now in the possession of Loyola College, Baltimore. In 1874 and 1877 the Maryland Historical Society published this _Relatio Itineris_, and extracts from the annual letters, in the original Mediæval Latin, with a translation by Mr. Josiah Holmes Converse. This publication also contains an account of the colony in which the character of the country and its numerous sources of wealth are set forth in the glowing colors of anticipation. The original of this _Declaratio Coloniæ_ was also found at Rome. It was probably written by Lord Baltimore soon after the grant of his patent, and sent to the General of the Society at the time of his request that priests might be sent out to the colony. These publications are enriched with the notes of the late Rev. E. A. Dalrymple, S. T. D.[878] then Corresponding Secretary of the Maryland Historical Society. The letters, which have been frequently used in the preceding narrative, throw much light upon the early days of the Province, and give a vivid picture of the activity of the missionaries.[879]

The reduction of Maryland at the time of the Commonwealth caused several pamphlets upon its affairs to be published in London. The first of these was _The Lord Baltemore’s case concerning the Province of Maryland, adjoyning to Virginia in America with full and clear answers to all material objections touching his Rights, jurisdiction, and Proceedings there_, etc. London, 1653. This tract was probably called forth by the report of the committee of the Navy on Maryland affairs in December, 1652. Although written by Lord Baltimore, or under his direction, it is a temperate and reliable statement. It contains his reasons of state why it would be more advantageous for the Commonwealth to keep Maryland and Virginia separate.

An answer to this pamphlet was published in London in 1655, entitled, _Virginia and Maryland, or The Lord Baltemore’s printed case uncased and answered_, etc.[880] This work is of value in giving a full statement of the Puritan side of the controversy down to 1655. It has the proceedings in Parliament in 1652 relating to Maryland, copies of the instructions of the commissioners for the reduction, and other documents.

There are four pamphlets bearing upon the battle of Providence in March, 1655. The first is called, _An additional brief narrative of a late Bloody design against The Protestants in Ann Arundel County and Severn in Maryland in the County of Virginia.... Set forth by Roger Heaman, Commander of the Ship Golden Lyon, an eye-witness there_. London, July 24, 1655. The author gives a detailed but unfair account of the fight, and of his connection with it, and of the previous proceedings of Governor Stone. Heamans was answered by John Hammond, “a sufferer in these calamities,” in a tract, called _Hammond_ vs. _Heamans; Or, an answer to an audacious pamphlet published by an impudent and ridiculous fellow named Roger Heamans_, etc. The author was the person despatched by Stone, early in 1655, to remove the records from Patuxent. He declares that he “went unarmed amongst these sons of Thunder, and myself alone seized and carried away the records in defiance.” In the same year were published both _Babylon’s Fall in Maryland_, etc., by Leonard Strong, and John Langford’s _Refutation of Babylon’s Fall_, etc. Strong, the author of the former pamphlet, was one of the leading Puritans of Providence, and afterwards their agent in London, where he wrote the tract. It is a party work, containing a garbled statement of the facts. Langford’s _Refutation_ has a letter from Governor Stone’s wife to Lord Baltimore describing the conduct of the Puritans and their treatment of her husband. Langford was rewarded for this work by Lord Baltimore with a gift of fifteen hundred acres of land in Maryland.[881]

In 1656 John Hammond published his _Leah and Rachel; or, the Two fruitfull Sisters Virginia and Maryland_. _Their present condition impartially stated and related_, etc.[882] This pamphlet is favorable to Lord Baltimore and condemns the Puritans.

A highly curious production is, _A Character of the Province of Maryland_, by George Alsop. London, 1666.[883] Alsop had been an indented servant in Maryland, and gives a favorable account of the condition of Maryland apprentices. The tract is written in a jocular style, and was designed to encourage emigration to the Province. It contains some interesting details concerning the Indian tribes.

Various causes, chief among which are Ingle’s Rebellion, time, and negligence, have resulted in the destruction of a large part of the early records of the Province. The principal portion of what now remains relating to the period before the Protestant Revolution is contained in the following manuscript folio volumes:—

1. Liber Z. The Proprietary Record-book from 1637-1642. This is the oldest record-book extant. It contains a full account of the proceedings of the Assembly held in 1638, and of the process against William Lewis for his violation of the proclamation prohibiting religious disputes. This volume also has the records of the Council acting as a county court, and of proceedings in testamentary causes. Many of the original signatures of Leonard Calvert, Secretary Lewger, and others are scattered through the volume.

2. A. 1647-1651. The original second Record-book of the Province. The first fifty-eight pages and several of the last are wanting. It has in it proceedings of assemblies, court records, appointments to office, demands and surveys of land, wills, etc.

3. Y. 1649-1669. Journals and acts of different assemblies, commissions from the Proprietary, etc. This volume contains the Toleration Act of 1649[884] and the proceedings of Fendall’s revolutionary assembly in 1660.

4. H. H. 1656-1668. Council proceedings. The original volume containing instructions from the Proprietary, commissions of Fendall and others, ordinances, and the proceedings against the Quakers.[885]

5. A. M. 1669-1673. Council Proceedings. A copy probably made in the last century.

6. F. 1637-1642. Council Proceedings and other documents in vol. i. of the Land-Office Records. This copy of the original, which is lost, was made in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, and is certified by a Judge of the Provincial Court to be correct. This volume contains Governor Leonard Calvert’s commission, Clayborne’s petition to the King, orders of the Privy Council, etc.

7. A. 1647-1650. Council and Court Proceedings. Some part of the original is lost. A copy in vol. ii. of the Land-Office Records.

8. B. 1648-1657. Council and Court Proceedings and Acts of Assembly. The original is lost. A copy is in vols. i. and iii. of the Land-Office Records. This volume contains the proceedings of Captain Fuller’s council and of the Puritan Assembly in 1654, lists of servants for whose importation land was demanded, etc.

9. Vellum folio. 1636-1657. Council Proceedings. A copy made in the eighteenth century. This volume has Stone’s commission, the conditions of plantation in 1648 and 1649, the proceedings of Bennett and Clayborne in the reduction of Maryland, and of Stone and the Puritans. The documents in this volume are not arranged in chronological order.

10. Vellum folio. 1637-1658. Proceedings of Assemblies. A copy.

11. F. F. 1659-1699. Upper House Journals. A copy. Contains a full account of the proceedings.

12. X. 1661-1663. Council-book. This original volume contains instructions from the Proprietary to Philip Calvert and Fendall, demands and grants of land, etc.

13. 1676-1702. Votes and Proceedings of the Lower House. A copy made by the State Librarian in 1838 from the original papers, which are not now to be found. It has the proceedings of the Assemblies in 1676,1683, and 1684.

14. C. B. 1683-1684. The original Council-book for land.

The first five of the above volumes are in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, having been entrusted to its guardianship by a resolution of the Legislature in 1847. The remaining folios are in the Land Office at Annapolis.

The three following manuscript volumes are in the office of the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, at Annapolis:—

15. Liber W. H. Laws: erroneously lettered on the back 1676-1678. This volume contains laws made at different Assemblies from 1640 to 1688. They are not placed in strict chronological order. These copies were made in the seventeenth century, and many of the transcripts are attested by Philip Calvert as _Cancellarius_.

16. W. H. and L. 1640-1692. Laws made at some of the Assemblies held during these years.

17. C. and W. H. 1638-1678. Laws. A copy from older books made in 1726, and certified to be correct.

The two following original volumes are in the State Library at Annapolis:—

18. Proprietary, 1642-1644. Contains proceedings of the Council sitting as the Provincial Court, proclamations, commissions, etc. A part of this volume has been transcribed into one of the Land-Office Records.

19. Provincial Court of Maryland. Records. March, 1658-November, 1662. This volume is in bad condition and several pages are wanting. It contains the records of the Council as a Court, oaths of officers, depositions, etc.

A calendar of the state papers contained in Nos. 1-13 of the above volumes, and in some of a later date, was compiled in 1860 by the Rev. Ethan Allen, under the direction of J. H. Alexander.[886] No systematic publication of extracts from these records has ever been made. After the death of Mr. S. F. Streeter, in 1864, his large collection of manuscripts pertaining to the provincial history of Maryland was placed in the hands of Henry Stockbridge Esq., who prepared them for publication, and in 1876 some extracts from these with notes by Mr. Stockbridge were published by the Maryland Historical Society in a volume entitled, _Papers Relating to the Early History of Maryland_, by S. F. Streeter. This volume contains the proceedings and acts of the Assembly of 1638, with a list of the members and their occupations, the record of the case against William Lewis, the first will, the first marriage license and various court proceedings.

The Legislature of Maryland at its January session, 1882, passed an act directing that all the records and state papers belonging to the period prior to the Revolution be transferred to the custody of the Maryland Historical Society, and appropriating the sum of two thousand dollars to be expended by the Society in the publication of extracts from these documents.

In 1694, when the capital was removed from St. Mary’s to Annapolis,—then called Anne Arundel Town,—the Assembly directed that the records should be transported on horses, and in bags sealed with the great seal and covered with hides. The persons charged with this duty afterward reported to the Assembly that they had safely delivered the books to the sheriff of Anne Arundel County. There is a full list of these volumes in the Journal of the Lower House, and one perceives with regret that the greater part of them no longer exist. Many state papers were greatly damaged during this removal, and others were lost in the fire which destroyed the State House in 1704. When the government of the Province was restored to Lord Baltimore in 1716, an act was passed appointing commissioners to inspect the records and to employ clerks to transcribe and bind them. The preamble to the act set forth the loss of several important records, and that a great part of what remained was “much worn and damnified;” which was partly owing to the want of proper books at first. On such general revisions of the laws as were made in 1676, 1692, and at other times, it was customary to make transcripts in a “Book of Laws” only of those acts which were continued in force. The record of the laws not re-enacted was then neglected.

Very little care was bestowed upon the state papers generally. Many of the volumes cited by Bacon in his _Laws of Maryland_, published in 1765, are not now to be found. In 1836 the State librarian (Ridgely) made three reports to the governor and council upon the early records, which contain a partial list of those then discovered. He says that in the treasury department he found “the remains of two large sea-chests and one box which had contained records and files of papers which were in a state of total ruin.” He also discovered many early records, whose existence had not been suspected, in different public offices, and some “under the stairway as you ascend the dome.”[887]

Other original authorities for the history of the Province, second in importance only to its own records, are the documents preserved in the state-paper office in London. The peculiar nature of the palatinate proprietorship of Maryland, and the fact that the Proprietary generally resided in England, have caused the Maryland papers to be more abundant than those of any other colony. It was customary to send to the Proprietary documents concerning all the public affairs of the Province. A large number of these, as well as of the papers directly transmitted to the Privy Council or the Board of Trade, are in the state-paper office.[888] In 1852 Mr. George Peabody gave to the Maryland Historical Society a manuscript index, prepared by Henry Stevens, to the Maryland papers, then accessible in that office. This index contains abstracts of 1,729 documents relating to Maryland affairs between the years 1626 and 1780; and the abstracts are somewhat more full than those in Sainsbury’s _Calendars of State Papers_.[889]

Additional papers have been placed in the state-paper office since the Peabody Index was made, and it is therefore necessary to consult both calendars. There are other manuscripts relating to Maryland in the British Museum, the Bodleian Library, and elsewhere in England, of which no calendars have been published.[890]

A letter of Captain Thomas Yong to Sir Tobie Matthew, written from Virginia in July, 1634, describes his interviews with Clayborne and Captain Cornwallis, and passes an unfavorable judgment upon the former. Yong gives an account of various plots of Clayborne and other Virginians against the colony at St. Mary’s, and of Clayborne’s refusal to attend a conference which had been arranged for the adjustment of the controversy. The letter is printed in _Documents connected with the history of South Carolina_, edited by P. C. J. Weston, London, 1856, p. 29, and in 4 _Mass. Hist. Coll._ ix. p. 81 (Aspinwall Papers), and in the Appendix to Streeter’s _Papers Relating to the Early History of Maryland_.

* * * * *

There are scarcely any remains of the buildings erected in the Province before 1688. Lord Baltimore wrote to the Lords of the Committee for Trade and Plantations in 1678 that “the principal place or town is called St. Mary’s where the General Assembly and provincial court are kept, and whither all ships trading there do in the first place resort; but it can hardly be called a town, it being in length by the water about five miles, and in breadth upwards towards the land not above one mile,—in all which space, excepting only my own house and buildings wherein the said courts and offices are kept, there are not above thirty houses, and those at considerable distance from each other, and the buildings (as in all other parts of the Province), very mean and little, and generally after the manner of the meanest farm-houses in England. Other places we have none that are called or can be called towns, the people there not affecting to build near each other, but so as to have their houses near the water for convenience of trade, and their lands on each side of and behind their houses, by which it happens that in most places there are not above fifty houses in the space of thirty miles.”[891]

The principal building at St. Mary’s was the State House, erected in 1674, at a cost of 330,000 pounds of tobacco. In 1720 it was given to the parish of William and Mary to be used as a church; and in 1830, being very much decayed, it was pulled down, and a new edifice built in the neighborhood. Lord Baltimore’s house—called the Castle—stood on the plain of St. Mary’s, at the head of St. John’s Creek. The spot is marked by a few mouldering bricks and broken tiles, and a square pit overgrown with bushes.[892] At St. Inigoe’s manor, near St. Mary’s, there is preserved the original round table at which the first council sat, besides a few other relics.[893]

The earliest historian of Maryland was George Chalmers, whose _Political Annals of the present United Colonies_ was published in London in 1780. Chalmers was a Maryland lawyer, who returned to England at the outbreak of the Revolution. He had access to the English state papers in writing his work, and his account of Maryland is fair and, for the most part, accurate.[894]

The ablest man who has written upon the history of the Province was John V. L. McMahon. He was born in Cumberland, Maryland, in 1800, and, after graduating at Princeton, began the practice of the law in Maryland, where he soon became one of the leaders of a very able bar. The first volume of his _Historical view of the Government of Maryland from its Colonization to the Present Day_ was published in 1831. Though the author did not die till 1871, this volume was never followed by its promised successor. The manuscript of the second volume is in the possession of McMahon’s heirs. The volume published brings the history of the Province down to the Revolution, but its strictly historical part is less than one half of the whole, and treats the subject only in outline. The remainder of the book is devoted to an examination of the legal aspects of the charter, the sources of Maryland law, and the distribution of legislative power under the State government. The work is founded on an original study of the records, so far as was thought necessary for its limited historical scope.[895]

_The History of Maryland from its first settlement in 1633 to the Restoration in 1660_, in two volumes, by John Leeds Bozman, was published in 1837. The manuscript of this work was offered to the State in 1834, after the death of its author, on condition of its being printed within two years. The offer was accepted by the Legislature, and the book was published under its direction. The first volume is introductory, and the history of the Province proper is contained in the second volume. The work is based on an exact study of the original records, and is a very careful and accurate summary in great detail. Bozman did not have access to the papers preserved in the English state-paper office, and much other material has been brought to light since he wrote. His strict pursuance of the chronological order often results in sacrificing the interest of the narrative. The appendix to the second volume has a valuable collection of extracts from the records. The work as a whole may be said to furnish materials for the history of the Province rather than to be the finished history itself.[896]

_The History of Maryland from its first Settlement, in 1634, to the year 1848_, in one volume, by James McSherry, a lawyer of Frederick City, Maryland, was first published in 1849. It is written in an agreeable style, and, so far as relates to the period under consideration, gives a clear summary of the leading occurrences, but does not appear to have been founded on original investigation of the sources.

In Burnap’s _Life of Leonard Calvert_, published in Sparks’s _American Biography_,[897] there is an excellent history of the colony to the death of Governor Calvert in 1647. Dr. Burnap was for many years pastor of the Unitarian Church in Baltimore. His chief authorities were Bozman and Father White’s _Relatio Itineris_.

To Mr. George Lynn-Lachlan Davis, a member of the Baltimore Bar, who died a few years ago, is due the credit of having settled the vexed question of the religious faith of the legislators who passed the Toleration Act of 1649. His work was based on an examination of wills, rent-rolls, and other records. His conclusions are those stated in the preceding narrative. The result of his investigations was published in 1855 in a volume entitled, _The Day Star of American Freedom: or, The Birth and Early Growth of Toleration in the Province of Maryland_. It also contains a summary of all that is known of the entire personal history of each member of the Assembly of 1649.[898]

The Rev. E. D. Neill’s _Terra Mariæ: or, Threads of Maryland Colonial History_, published in 1867, is a digressive account of the career of the first Lord Baltimore, with some notices of men more or less connected with the Province in its early days. He quotes many letters of the seventeenth century, but rarely refers to the source from which he drew them.[899] What the volume contains relative to the internal affairs of the Province is not always accurate. Mr. Neill has published several pamphlets and articles on the early history of Maryland, in which he endeavors to show that Maryland never was a Roman Catholic colony, that a majority of the colonists were from the beginning Protestants, and that the Church of England was established by the charter.[900]

The latest and most comprehensive _History of Maryland_ is that by Mr. J. T. Scharf, in three octavo volumes, published in 1879. This work extends from the earliest period to the present day. Mr. Scharf publishes in full many valuable documents from the English state-paper office, among which is an English translation of the charter of Avalon.[901]

Histories of Kent, Cecil, and some other counties in the State have also been published.[902]

* * * * *

The subject of religious toleration in Maryland—its causes and significance—has given rise to much discussion both within and without the State. We shall refer only to a few of the many pamphlets and articles which have appeared on this topic. In 1845 the late John P. Kennedy delivered a discourse before the Maryland Historical Society on the _Life and Character of the first Lord Baltimore_. He maintained that toleration was in the charter and not in the Act of 1649, and that as much credit was due to the Protestant prince who granted as to the Catholic nobleman who received the patent, and that the settlement of the Province was mainly a commercial speculation. This discourse was reviewed in 1846 by Mr. B. U. Campbell, who contended with so much show of reason that the honor of the policy of toleration must be attributed to the Proprietary and the first settlers, that Mr. Kennedy felt called upon in the same year to reply to the review.[903] In 1855 the Rev. Ethan Allen published a pamphlet on _Maryland Toleration_, in which he upheld Clayborne’s side of the controversy with Lord Baltimore, denied that Maryland was a Catholic colony, and asserted that protection to all religions was guaranteed by the charter. This question was also referred to in the discussion between Mr. Gladstone and Cardinal Manning, concerning the Vatican decrees, in 1875. Cardinal Manning had pointed to the toleration established by Catholics in Maryland to refute Mr. Gladstone’s assertion that the Roman Church of this day would, if she could, use torture and force in matters of religious belief. Mr. Gladstone replied, in his _Vaticanism_, that toleration in Maryland was really defensive, and its purpose was to secure the free exercise of the Catholic religion, because it was apprehended that the Puritans would flood the Province.[904]

Students of Maryland history are fortunate in possessing an admirable edition of the laws of the Province, compiled in 1765 by Thomas Bacon, chaplain to the last Lord Baltimore. It contains all the laws then in force, and the titles of all the acts passed in the several assemblies from the settlement. There are references to the books where the different acts are recorded, and numerous notes upon historical and legal points.

The chief impetus to the study of the history of Maryland and to the preservation of its archives has been given by the Maryland Historical Society, which was organized in 1844.[905] One of the originators of this Society was Mr. Brantz Mayer, an accomplished man of letters, who until his death, two years ago, was active and efficient in promoting its welfare. The Society has a large membership and occupies a suitable building in Baltimore. Its library contains about 20,000 volumes, including nearly every book relating to the history of Maryland. The collection of manuscripts bearing upon the Colonial and Revolutionary history of the State is large and valuable. It has also many rare American maps, coins, and pamphlets, and a large collection of Maryland newspapers from the year 1728. The Society has published about eight volumes, relating chiefly to the history of Maryland. It now has a permanent publication fund, which it also owes to the generosity of George Peabody.

Notwithstanding the loss of many original records, there is still in the State archives an abundance of historical material which has never been adequately worked up by any writer. This material is now better known and more accessible than formerly. Many documents in the state-paper office are now being made known for the first time by the calendars published under the direction of the Master of the Rolls. It is probable that the papers in the British Museum and Bodleian Library will also be calendared. This varied treasure of interesting and important material relating to the provincial history of Maryland has never been thoroughly searched, and the history in which a satisfactory use of it is made remains to be written.

INDEX.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are made when additional information about the book is conveyed.]

AA, VAN DER, _Versameling_, 79, 188.

Abelin, J. P, 167.

Accomac, 147, 179.

Achter Kol, 429.

Acomenticus, charter of, 364; river, 322. _See_ Agamenticus.

Acosta, map in (1598), 196.

Acquines (Hawkins), 82.

Adams, _Annals of Portsmouth_, 366.

Adams, Charles-Francis, Jr., edits _Morton’s New English Canaan_, 348; on “old planters” about Boston Harbor, 347.

Adams, Clement, 36, 41, 43, 44, 47.

Adams, C. K., _Manual of Historical Literature_, 166, 368.

Adams, Henry, on the Pocahontas story, 162.

Adams, J. Q., on the New England Confederacy, 354.

“Admiral”, ship, 171.

Adventurers in Virginia, 127.

Agamenticus, 190. _See_ Acomenticus.

Aggoncy, 184.

Agnese, Baptista, map (1554), 218; his portolanos, 218.

Agostino, 77.

Agriculture in New England, 316.

Ahasimus, 422.

Aitzema, _Histoire_, 415.

Albany, 390, 407.

Alcocke, John, autog., 338.

Alden, John, in Duxbury, 272, 273; autog., 268; last survivor of the signers of the Pilgrims’ compact, 271.

Aldsworth, 321.

Alexander, James, 452; his Bill in Chancery, 452.

Alexander, J. H., 556.

Alexander, Sir William, 327; his map, 306, 341; his grant, 299; his _Encouragement to Colonies_, 305.

Alexandria, province of, 306.

Allard, C., view of New York, 416; map of New York, 417.

Allard, _Minor Atlas_, 384,

Allen, Rev. Ethan, 556, 557, 560; _St. Ann’s Parish_, 561; _Maryland Toleration_, 561.

Allen, James, autog., 319.

Allen, Nathaniel, 479.

Allen, S. M., 562.

Allen, Zachariah, 377; _Founding of Rhode Island_, 377.

Allerton, Isaac, 273, 276, 277; autog., 268; assistant, 275.

Allyn, John, 334; autog, 335, 374.

Alsop, George, _Province of Maryland_, 555.

Amadas, Philip, 108, 111, 122.

Amazons, 118.

America, part of Asia, 69; earliest English publications on, 199; earliest instance of the name on maps, 214.

American Antiquarian Society, 344.

Amsterdam, English Brownists in, 261.

Amyrault, Moses, 474.

Anderson, J. S. M., _History of the Church of England in the Colonies_, 155, 286.

Andress, Lawrence, 436.

Andringa, Joris, 397.

Andros, Sir Edmund, his rule in Plymouth, 282; in Connecticut, 335; in Rhode Island, 339; governor of New York, 398, 429; administration, 400; knighted, 401; vice-admiral, 401; arrests Carteret, 401; portrait, 402; governor of New England, 407, 444; New York added, 409; in Massachusetts, 321; imprisoned, 411; interferes in New Jersey, 433, 434; collects duties in New Jersey, 431.

_Andros Tracts_, 362.

Andrus, Silas, 371.

Anian straits, 68, 80, 203; sought by Drake, 69; gulf, 68; regnum, 68.

“Ann”, ship, 292.

Ann, Cape. _See_ Cape Ann.

Annapolis in Maryland, 535, 561.

Anne Arundel county in Maryland, 535; town, 557.

Anonaebo, 77.

Antillæ, 201.

Antinomian controversy, literature of, 349, 351, 352; in Rhode Island, 336.

_Antiquary_, a London periodical, 160.

Apian’s map (1532), 199.

Appleton, W. S., 543.

Aquedneck, 336, 376, 377. _See_ Rhode Island.

Arber’s _English Garner_, 346.

Arboledo, Cape, 77.

_Archæologia Americana_, or Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, 123.

“Archangel”, ship, 175, 191.

Archdale, 324.

Archer, Gabriel, 130; his Relation, 131; his account of Newport’s explorations, 154.

Arctic regions, Cabot in, 36, 39; discoveries in 1586, 42; bibliographies, 97. _See_ Northwest Passage.

Arembec, 170, 185. _See_ Norumbega.

Arenas, C. de las, 197, 213.

Argall, Samuel, 159, 301, 305; arrested, 142; expedition to Acadia, 140; elected deputy-governor of Virginia, 141; on the Maine coast, 178, 179, 193; at Jamestown, 134, 139.

Arica, 67.

“Ark”, ship, 524.

Arlington, Lord, 150.

Armor, _Governors of Pennsylvania_, 475.

Armstrong, Edward, 510, 516; edits Budd’s _Good Order_, 451; edits the Penn Correspondence, 506; on Penn’s landing, 513.

Arnold, James N., 381.

Arnold, S. G., _History of Rhode Island_, 376.

Arran, Earl of, 370.

Arundell, Earl of, 297.

Asher, G. M., _Hudson the Navigator_, 99, 104; _List of Maps and Views of New York_, 417.

Ashley, Anthony, 207.

Ashton, Robert, _Works and Life of Robinson_, 286.

Aspinwall, Colonel Thomas, 350; his library, 159; on the Narragansett Patent, 379; Papers, 164.

Assacumet, 180.

Astrolabe, 207.

Atherton Company, 338. _See_ Narragansett.

Atkinson, Joseph, _History of Newark_, 456.

Atlas, earliest marine, 207.

Atwater, E. E., _History of New Haven Colony_, 375.

Augusta (Me.), 365.

Austerfield, 283, 284; map of vicinity, 259; church at, 260.

Avalon, 519, 523; charter, 561.

“Ayde”, ship, 87.

Baccalaos, 3, 9, 10, 12, 14, 26, 27, 29,32, 37, 42, 56, 101, 185, 203, 213, 215, 216.

Backus, Isaac, 377; _History of New England_, 377; _Church History of New England_, 377.

Bacon, Francis, aspersions on Ralegh, 120; his _Declaration_ about Ralegh, 121; autog., 121; his _Certain Considerations_, 247; _Controversies of the Church of England_, 217.

Bacon, Leonard, _Genesis of the New England Churches_, 285; _Thirteen Historical Discourses_, 359, 371; on New Haven’s civil government, 375.

Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., 151.

Bacon, Thomas, 561; _Laws of Maryland_, 561.

Bacon’s laws (Virginia), 152.

Bacon’s rebellion, 151; authorities, 164.

Badajoz, junta at, 4, 48.

Baffin, William, 93; autog., 94; authorities, 99.

Baffin’s Bay, 99; Luke Fox’s map, 98.

Bagaduce, 190. _See_ Pentagöet.

Bagnall, Anthony, 131.

Bagnall, Walter, 322.

Baillie, R., _Anabaptism_, 288.

Baker, _Northamptonshire_, 457.

Balboa, 65.

Ballard, Edward, 210.

Baltimore, Lord. _See_ Calvert.

Baltimore (town), histories of, 561.

Bamfield, 483.

Bancroft, George, 154, 160, 162; on the Cabots, 43; controversy with Josiah Quincy, 378; on the Quakers, 509.

Baptists, 228, 377; in Pennsylvania, 494.

Barber, _Connecticut Historical Collections_, 375.

Barcia, _Ensayo Chronologico_, 48.

Barclay, Alex., 199, 202.

Barclay, David, 435.

Barclay, Robert, 435, 443; governor of East Jersey, 436; autog., 436; his _Apology_, 436, 503.

Barclay, Robert (of our day), _Inner Life_, 251, 504.

Bardolo, G. G., 26.

Barentz, 217.

Barker, James N., _Settlements on the Delaware_, 463, 512.

Barker, J. W., _History of New Haven_, 372.

Barker, Thomas, 435; autog., 484.

Barlow, S. L. M., _Bibliotheca Barlowiana_, 159.

Barlow, William, _Navigator’s Supply_, 208.

Barlowe, Arthur, 108, 122.

Barney, C. G., 163.

Barret, Charles, 457.

Barrow, Sir John, _Chronological History of the Voyages to the Arctic Regions_, 97; _Life of Drake_, 79; _Naval Worthies_, 102.

Barrowism, 219, 254.

Barry, J. S., _History of Massachusetts_, 286, 344; and the Bradford MS., 286.

Bartlett, John Russell, _Bibliography of Rhode Island_, 354, 380; _Naval History of Rhode Island_, 380; _Catalogue of the Library of John Carter Brown_, 380; edits _Rhode Island Records_, 377.

Bartlett, W. H., _Pilgrim Fathers_, 258, 284, 292.

Baudet, _Leven van Blaeu_, 216.

Bay Psalm-book, 350.

Baylie, _Dissuasive_, 351.

Baylies, Francis, _Memoir of New Plymouth_, 291.

Bayne, Peter, _English Puritanism_, 252.

Beach, _Indian Miscellany_, 167.

Beare, James, 102.

Beauvois, Eugene, _La Norambegue_, 184.

Becher on Frobisher, 103.

Bedford, Cape, 90, 91.

Beechey, _Voyage towards the North Pole_, 98.

Behaim, Martin, his astrolabe, 207; globe, 212, 217; life by Ghillany, 8.

Behring’s Straits, 69.

Belknap, Jeremy, _American Biography_, 94, 188, 291; on Pilgrim history, 291; founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 344; his life, 344; papers, 344, 368; _History of New Hampshire_, 367.

Bell, C. H., on the Wheelwright deed, 366.

Belle isle, 213.

Belleforest, _Cosmographie_, 36.

Bellingham, Richard, governor of Massachusetts, 318.

Bennet, Richard, 148, 149, 537.

Bergen, 422, 428.

Bergenroth, 57.

Berkeley, John, 144, 145; in New Jersey, 422; autog., 422; sells his right, 430.

Berkeley, Sir William, 147, 537; autog., 147; governor of Virginia, 149; _Discourse_, 157.

Bermuda, 216; Gates wrecked at, 134, 135, 156.

Bermuda in Virginia, 138.

Bernard, _Recueil de voiages_, 188.

Berry, John, 428, 436, 443.

Berry, Leonard, 118.

Bertius, Peter, 46.

_Beschrijvinghe van Virginia_, 415.

Besse, Joseph, on William Penn, 505; _Sufferings of the People called Quakers_, 359, 503.

Beste, George, _True Discourse_, 36, 102, 204.

Bevan, Sylvanus, 475.

Beverley, Robert, _History of Virginia_,164.

Bezar, John, 479.

Bible, authority of the, 227, 229.

Biddle, Craig, 507.

Biddle, Richard, _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_, 14, 43.

Biddle, William, 441.

Billings, Hammatt, 293.

Billington Sea, 272.

Binckes, 397.

Birch, Thomas, _Lives of Bacon_, 121; General Dictionary, 121.

Biscayan fishermen, 12.

Bishop, George, _New England Judged_, 359.

Bishop, _History of American Manufactures_, 166.

Bittle, Edward, 515.

Blackstone, William, autog., 311.

Blackwell, Captain John, 495.

Blaeu map (1685) of New England, 381, 384; atlas, 381; globes, 216.

Blagrave, John, _Solace for Navigators_, 208.

Blanco, Cape, 8, 213.

Bland, Colonel Richard, 158.

Blaxton. _See_ Blackstone.

“Blessing”, ship, 134.

Block, Adrian, 376; on the Connecticut River, 368.

Block Island, 382.

Blome, Richard, _Present State_, etc., 384, 449.

Bloody Point (Maine), 367.

Bloody Statute, The, 231.

Blue Hills (Massachusetts), 198, 342. _See_ Cheviot Hills, Massachusetts Mount.

Blue Laws, 371, 372.

Blundeville, Thomas, _Universall Maps_, etc., 207; his _Exercises_, 207, 208, 217.

Bodega Bay, 74, 75, 80.

Body of Liberties, 314, 350, 371.

Bollen, James, autog., 428.

Bollero’s map, 200.

Bolling, Robert, 141, 162.

Bolling, Thomas, 163.

Bonavista, Cape, 216.

Booth’s Bay, 191.

Bordone, _Libro_, 194.

Boston, 282, 283; site of, visited by Smith, 179; by Dermer, 183; in Smith’s map, 198; publication of its Record Commissioners, 343; Harbor, old planters about, 347; histories of, 362.

Boterus, _Welt-beschreibung_, 102.

Bourchier, Sir John, 300.

Bourje, T. P., map of New York, 418.

Bourne, Edward E., 210.

Bourne, William, _Regiment of the Sea_, 207, 208.

Bouton, Nathaniel, 363, 366; edits _Provincial Papers_, 367.

Bowden, _Friends in America_, 314, 504, 508.

Bowen, C. W., _Boundary Disputes of Connecticut_, 374.

Bowen, _Geography_, 185, 188.

Boyle, Robert, 356; autog., 356.

Bozman, J. L., 560; _History of Maryland_, 559.

Bradford, Alden, _History of Massachusetts_, 344.

Bradford Club, 384.

Bradford, William, notices of him, 289; _Plymouth Plantation_, 286, 289; fac-simile of writing, 289, 292; will, 289; Bible, 289; descendants, 289; _Dialogues_, 289; letter to Winthrop, 289; his verses, 289; part author of _Mourt’s Relation_, 290; Letter-book, 291; fac-simile of record of his baptism, 260; autog., 268, 278; at Plymouth, 273; his manuscripts, 283; life by Cotton Mather, 283.

Bradford, William, printer, 493, 515, 516.

Bradstreet, Simon, autog., 338.

Brain, James, 435.

Brant, Sebastian, _Ship of Fools_, 199, 201, 202.

Brantly, William T., “The English in Maryland”, 517.

Brasil Island, 101.

Brawnde, Edward, 181.

Brayton, G. A., _Defence of Gorton_, 354.

Brazil, Prisilia, 201; Brasiliam, 201.

Breda, Treaty of, 395, 415, 421.

Bremen (Maine), 365.

Brent, Giles, 532.

Brent, Margaret, 459; autog., 533.

Brereton, John, _Brief and True Relation_, 187.

Breton, Cape. _See_ Cape Breton.

Brevoort, J. C., his _Verrazano_, 12; as an historical scholar, 20, 28, 41, 53; drawings of old New York, 419, 420.

Brewster, Edward, 137.

Brewster, Jonathan, autog, 349.

Brewster, William, at Scrooby, 258; teaching Elder, 277; date of birth, 287; printer while in Holland, 287; life by Steele, 285, 287; autog., 268, 287; his library, 287; at Leyden, 263; in Duxbury, 273; his sword, 274; his chair, 278; _Brief Relation of New England_, 192.

Brigham, William, on Jones of the “Mayflower”, 288; edits _Plymouth Laws_, 292.

Brinley, George, 374; _Catalogue of his Library_, 211; rich in Connecticut history, 375.

Bristol (England), 2, 5.

Bristol (Maine), 365.

Bristol manuscripts, 53.

Brock, Robert A., “Virginia”, 127.

Brockenbrough, W. H., _History of Virginia_, 165.

Brockholls, Anthony, 398, 401, 402, 404, 435.

Brodhead, J. R., _History of New York_, 413, 414; oration to commemorate the English Conquest, 414.

Bronson, Henry, on early government of Connecticut, 375.

Brook, Lord, 326, 331.

Brooks, N. C., 554.

Brown, Alexander, on Virginia history, 162.

Brown, B. F., 560.

Brown, G. W., _Civil Liberty in Maryland_, 559.

Brown, Henry Armitt, 456.

Brown, John, of Pemaquid, 321.

Brown, John Carter, his library, 380; rich in Arctic books, 97; autog., 381.

Brown, Nicholas, 381.

Brown, Peter, 273.

Brown University, 381.

Browne, Fox, his _English Merchants_, 78.

Browne, Robert, and Brownists, 261; his autog., 261.

Browning, Charles, 559.

Brownists, 219, 248, 261.

Bruce, E. C., 123.

Brun, Malte, _Histoire de la Géographie_, 195.

Brunswick (Maine), 365.

Brydges, Sir E., _Restituta_, 102.

Buck, W. J., _Montgomery County_, 509; _Bucks County_, 510.

Buckley, John, 341.

Budd, Thomas, 441; _Good Order_, etc., 450, 499.

Bugg, Francis, _Picture of Quakerism_, 503.

Bulfinch, Thomas, _Oregon and El Dorado_, 126.

Bulkley, Gershom, _People’s Right to Election_, 375.

Bulkley, Peter, autog., 356.

Bull, Henry, _Memoirs of Rhode Island_, 376.

Bullock, William, _Virginia impartially examined_, 157.

Burdett, George, 326.

Burk, John, _History of Virginia_, 165.

Burke, Edmund, _European Settlements_, 509.

Burke, Bernard, _Commoners_, 457; _Landed Gentry_, 457.

Burleigh, Lord, 86.

Burlington (New Jersey), 432, 441, 456.

Burnap, _Life of Leonard Calvert_, 560.

Burnet, Gilbert, _Reformation_, 248.

Burney, _Voyages in the South Sea_, 78.

Burras, Anne, 132.

Burrough, Edward, 359; autog., 359.

Burrough, Stephen, 207.

Burton, Robert, _English Hero_, 83.

Burtsell, R. L., New Jersey colonized by Catholics, 457.

Burwell, Nathaniel, 164.

Butler, B. F. (of New York), on Smith’s _History of New York_, 412.

Butler’s _Hudibras_, 237.

Butrigarius, 26.

Butten, William, 284.

Button, Sir Thomas, 93.

Button’s Bay, 96.

Buzzard’s Bay, 278.

Byllynge, Edward, 435, 440; in New Jersey, 430; autog., 430; trustees of, 432; dies, 442; difficulties with the Province, 451; tracts on the difficulty, 451.

Bylot, Robert, 93.

Byrd, Colonel William, 145, 148, 158, 159, 161.

Cabell, N. F., _Agriculture in Virginia_, 166.

Cabot, Anthony, 18.

Cabot, John, maps now lost, 8, 24, 35, 36; license (1497-98), 43; date of his discovery, 44; career, 1, 52; family, 3; first voyage, 2, 8, 32, 33, 51, 216; second voyage, 3, 8, 57; first printed notice, 23; letters patent, 37; portrait, 58.

Cabot, Sebastian, _mappe monde_, 6; described, 20, 217; fac-simile, 22; notices of, 24, 34, 43; rejected by Kohl, 45; career, 2, 12, 52; voyage with Pert, 4; in Spain, 4, 48; portrait, 5, 31, 47, 58; not a knight, 32; earliest notice of, in print, by Peter Martyr, 14, 15; life of, by Richard Biddle, 14, 43; voyage of 1516-7, 28; maps, 39, 41, 44, 45 lives of, 43; intrigue with Venice, 49; refuses to return to Spain, 51; pension, 51, 56; on ascertaining longitude, 207.

Cabot family, 58.

Cabrillo, 68.

“Cacafuego”, ship, 67.

Cadwalader, John, 464.

Cadwalader, R. M., _Law of Ground Rents_, 512.

Cæsar, Sir Julius, 47; autog., 205.

Caines, island, 68.

Calamy’s _Nonconformist Memorial_, 252.

Campbell, B. U., 554, 561.

Campbell, Charles, _History of Virginia_, 164.

Campbell, J. W., _History of Virginia_, 164.

Campbell, Lord Neill, 443.

Campbell’s _Lives of the Admirals_, 102.

_Calendar of State-Papers_, 193, 343. _See_ Sainsbury, Noel.

California, 67; visited by Portuguese, 68; gold, 72; Gulf of, called “Mare Vermeo”, 79.

Callender, John, _Historical Discourse_, 376.

Callender, _Voyages_, 79.

Calvert, Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, receives charter of Maryland, 520; his grants to settlers, 528; appoints Protestants to office, 533; deposed by Charles II, 536; struggles to preserve his province, 537, 539, 540; succeeds, 541; his quit-rents, 544; portrait, 546, 558; dies, 547; Papers, 558; tracts, 554.

Calvert, Charles, third Lord Baltimore, 542, 547; contest with Penn, 548; struggles to preserve his province, 552; autog., 542.

Calvert, George, first Lord Baltimore, 517; autog., 146, 518; portrait, 518, 558; made Baron Baltimore, 519; a Roman Catholic, 519; in Newfoundland, 519; in Virginia, 519; arms, 520, 558; dies, 520; his descendants, 520; tracts, 553, 554.

Calvert, George, the younger, 524.

Calvert, Leonard, 147, 459, 524, 555; autog., 524; dies, 533; life by Burnap, 560.

Calvert, Philip, 556; autog., 535.

Calvert, Philip, the younger, 540, 542.

Calvert pedigree, 559.

Cambridge Platform, 314, 334, 354.

Cambridge, Press at, 350.

Camden Hills (Maine), 176, 190, 191.

Canada, 101, 213, 216; as an island, 203.

Canada Company, 327.

Canaries, islands, as the first meridian, 214.

Candish. _See_ Cavendish.

Cantino’s map, 218.

Cape Ann, 311; settlement at, 346.

Cape Breton discovered, 2; landfall of Cabot, 24, 56; mentioned, 101, 201, 213, 216.

Cape Cod, 381; visited by Gosnold, 173; on the old maps, 197; Pilgrims at, 267; plan of the harbor, 270.

Cape Fear, 213.

Cape. _See_ the various names of capes.

Captain’s Hill, 272, 273, 284.

Captivities, a hobby of collectors, 361.

Carey’s Swan’s Nest, 93.

Carleill, J., _Discourse_, 205.

Carpenter, Samuel, 493.

Carr, Sir Robert, 421; in Maine, 364; autog., 388, 422.

Cartagena, 63, 80.

Cataya. _See_ Cathay.

Cates, Thomas, _Summary_, 82.

_Carter-Brown Catalogue_. _See_ Brown, John Carter.

Carteret, Sir George, in New Jersey, 422; autog, 423; receives new grant, 430; dies, 433.

Carteret, James, 427.

Carteret, Philip, governor, 424, 430; autog., 424; hostility to his government, 426; relations with Andros, 433; imprisoned, 434.

Cathay, 3, 88, 91.

Cartier’s _Voyage_, 204.

Cartwright, Colonel George, autog., 388.

Cartwright’s _Admonition_, 233.

Carver, John, 284; at Leyden, 263; governor, 271; his sword, 274; dies, 274; his chair, 278.

Cary, Colonel Archibald, 145.

Casco, 190, 382; Treaty of, 361.

Cass, Lewis, 515.

Castine (Maine), 190, 365. _See_ Bagaduce, Pentagöet.

Caulkins, Miss, _History of Norwich_, 375; _History of New London_, 375.

Cavendish, Thomas, 74, 77; in Virginia, 111; portrait, 83; voyages, 84.

Cayley, Arthur, _Life of Ralegh_, 121.

Cedri, island, 67, 68.

Cecil, Sir Robert, 517; autog., 206.

Ceely, Christopher, 82.

Chaffin, John, 441.

Challer’s Cape, 90.

Chalmers, George, _Political Annals_, 159, 340, 414, 559; _Revolt of the American Colonies_, 559.

Chamberlain, Joshua, _Maine, her Place in History_, 190, 210, 211, 366.

Champernoun, 365, 366.

Champernoun, Henry, 105.

Champernoun, Sir Philip, 105.

Champlain on the New England coast, 174; On the Maine coast, 191, 193.

Champlain, Lake, 327, 381, 382, 383, 384.

Chandler, Peleg W., _Criminal Trials_, 349.

Charles II. proclaimed in Massachusetts, 316; dies, 406.

Charles City, 147.

“Charles”, ship, 95.

Charlton Island, 95.

Charter Oak, 375. _See_ Connecticut.

Chasteaux, 213.

Chauveton, _Histoire Nouvelle du Nouveau Monde_, 36.

Chaves, Alonzo de, 49.

Cheever, _Journal of the Pilgrims_, 290.

Chesapeake Bay, 213, 216; De Laet’s map (1630), 125; explored by John Smith, 131; maps of 167, 465, 501, 525; visited by Spaniards, 167. _See_ Virginia, maps of.

Chester, Joseph L., 364.

Chester (Pennsylvania), 483.

Cheviot Hills (in Massachusetts), 198, 342. _See_ Blue Hills.

Chiapanak, 213.

Chicheley, Sir Henry, 151, 152.

Child, Major John, 354.

Child, Dr. Robert, 354; _New England’s Jonas_, 354, 355.

Childley, Catharine, _Independent Churches_, 288.

Chilton, Mary, 272.

China, Gulf of, 67; routes through the continent to, 183.

Christison, Wenlock, 505; autog., 314.

“Christopher”, ship, 65.

Church, Colonel Benjamin, his sword, 274; autog., 361; notes on Philip’s War, etc., 361; spurious portrait, 361.

Church, Thomas, autog., 361; _Entertaining Passages_, 361; edited by Dr. H. M. Dexter, 361.

Church members. _See_ Freemen.

Churchill, Charles, his likeness passed off for Colonel Church’s, 361.

Churchill’s _Voyages_, 96.

Churchyard, Thomas, on _Frobisher’s Voyage_, 36, 204.

Chytræus, _Variorum in Europa Itinerum Deliciæ_, 9, 21, 45, 46.

Cibola, 80.

Cimaronnes, 65.

Cladera, _Investigaciones_, 212.

Claesz, _Voyages_, 79.

Claiborne. _See_ Clayborne.

Clarendon, Lord, 310.

_Clarendon Papers_, 414.

Clark, Daniel, autog., 374.

Clark, James S., _Congregational Churches_, 285.

Clark, Dr. John, portrait, 315.

Clark’s Island, 271, 272.

Clarke, Dorus, 372.

Clarke, John (sectary), 220.

Clarke, John, of Rhode Island, 336, 337, 338.

Clarke, Dr. John, 378; _Ill Newes from New England_, 358, 378.

Clarke, Sir Richard, 187.

Clarke, R. H., 415, 554, 561.

Clarke, Samuel, _Life of Drake_, 83.

Clarke, _Maritime Discovery_, 205.

Clarkson, Thomas, _Life of Penn_, 505; _Portraiture of Quakerism_, 504.

Claudia, island, 213, 216.

Clayborne, William, 144, 146, 148, 458, 522, 526; incites the Indians, 527; war with Baltimore, 527; regains Kent Island, 532; his rebellion, 533; disappears, 542; commissioner, 537; in the archives, 556; Yong’s account of, 558; defended, 561, 562.

Claypoole, James, 481, 492, 497; autog., 484; his letter-book, 497.

Cleeves, George, 322, 323.

Clement, John, _History of Fenwicke’s Colony_, 456.

Clerk, Robert, 212.

Cluverius, _Introductio_, etc., 184.

Clyfton, Richard, 259, 262.

Coale, James, autog., 273.

Coale, Josiah, 473, 476, 505.

Coast names in maps, 197.

Cobbett, Thomas, _Civil Magistrate’s Power_, 378.

Cod, Cape. _See_ Cape Cod.

Coddington, William, 377; in Rhode Island, 336; autog., 336; portrait, 378; commission as governor revoked, 378; controversy with Massachusetts, 378; _Demonstration of True Love_, 378; deed to, 379.

Coddington usurpation, 337, 377. _See_ Rhode Island.

Codrington, Thomas, 437, 443.

Coffin, Joshua, _History of Newbury_, 315.

Coke, Sir Edward, 300, 307.

Colburn, Jeremiah, _Bibliography of Massachusetts_, 292, 363.

Colden, Cadwallader, on Smith’s _History of New York_, 412.

Coleman, James, _Pedigree of Penn Family_, 507.

Colliber, S., _Columna Restrata; or English Sea Affairs_, 84, 124.

Collier, J. P., _Rarest Books in the English Language_, 154.

Collier, William, 266.

Collinson, Richard, _Voyages of Frobisher_, 99, 102.

Columbia College, 411.

Columbus’ third voyage, 218.

Colve, Anthony, 397.

Commelin, Isaac, _Begin en Voortgangh_, 79.

Commerce of New England, 316.

Comokee, 216.

Compass (sea), 208.

Conant, Roger, 311.

“Concord”, ship, 172.

Congregationalism a modification of Barrowism, 254; bibliography of, 246, 285, 293.

Connecticut, first settled, 310; “Old Patent”, 310; history of, 330; first constitution, 330; secures a charter, 334, 374; _quo warranto_ against its charter, 335; charter concealed, 335; first book printed in, 334; sources of its history, 368; origin of name, 368; Indian names in, 368; the three towns, 368; original constitution of them, 368; Say patent, 369; notes on the constitutions, 369; royal letters to the governors, 369; laws, 334, 371, 374, 375; capital laws, 371; disputes with the Dutch, 373; education in, 373; charter uniting New Haven, 334, 373; colonial secretaries, 374; genealogies, 375; early constitutions, 375; quarrels with Rhode Island, 374; boundary disputes, 374; _Records_ published, 375; histories of, 375; laws under Andros, 375; local histories, 375; _Gazetteer_, 376; bounds with New York, 391, 398, 399, 405, 414; claims to land in Pennsylvania, 463. _See_ New Haven.

Connecticut River explored, 368; rights of the Dutch to, 369; English settle on it, 369; map (1666), 333.

Connecticut Valley Historical Society, 344.

Conner, P. S. P., _Sir William Penn_, 506.

Conrad, R. T., 513.

Constable’s hook, 422.

Constitution of Government, first written, 330.

Contarini, 49.

Converse, J. H., 533.

Convicts sent to Virginia, 152, 160, 545. _See_ Virginia.

Coode, John, 548; his rebellion, 551.

Cooke, John, 283; autog., 268.

Cooley, W. D., 82.

Cooper, Captain Michael, 181.

Cooper, Thomas, 435.

Coote, C. H., 215.

Cope, Gilbert, 510.

Copiapo, 67.

Copland, Rev. Patrick, 144, 166.

Copley, Sir Lionel, 553.

Copper in New England, 197.

Cornelius, Cape, 489.

Cornell, W. M., _History of Pennsylvania_, 509.

Cornwall county, Maine, 325.

Cornwallis, Thomas, 524, 528; autog., 524.

Coronelli, map of New England, 384.

Cortambert, E., 217.

Cortereal, 56, 69; Terra Cortesia, 201; Cortereali, 201.

Cortes, Martin, _Art of Navigation_, 207.

Cortes’ conquest of New Spain, 204.

Cosa, Juan de la, his map, 2, 8, 194, 217; fac-simile, 8.

_Cosmographiæ Introductio_, 214.

Cothren, W., _Ancient Woodbury_, 375.

Cotton, John, writings, 255; _Way of the Churches Cleared_, 334, 351; _Moses, his Judicials_, 350; portrait, 351; his books, 351; controversy with Roger Williams, 351, 378; with Hooker, 352; _Bloudy Tenet_,351; _Keyes of Heaven_, 351; _Milk for Babes_, 352; and the Cambridge Platform, 354; tracts edited by Guild, 377.

Cotton, John, of Plymouth, autog., 356.

Cotton, Josiah, 291.

Coxe, Brinton, 452.

Coxe, Daniel, 442.

Cozones, island, 79.

Cradock, Mathew, 311; autog., 311.

Craig, Neville B., 514.

Crandall, John, 378.

Crane Bay, 382. _See_ Plymouth.

Craney Island, 111.

Crashaw, Ralegh, 132.

Crashaw, William, 136; sermon, 155.

Cressap, Thomas, 514.

Creuxius, map of New England, 382; _Historia Canadensis_, 382.

Crispin, William, 479.

Croatoan, 112.

Croese, Gerard, _Historia Quakeriana_, 503, 504.

Crosby, _Early Coins of America_, 543.

Cross-staff, 207, 208.

Croswell, Edwin, 372.

Croswell, Rev. Harry, 372.

Croswell, Sherman, 372.

Croswell, Rev. William, 372.

_Crowninshield Catalogue_, 206.

Cruden, _History of Gravesend_, 207.

Cuba, name applied to North America, 201.

Cudworth, James, 359.

Cullick, John, autog., 374.

Culpepper, Lord, 150, 152.

Cumberland Isles, 90, 91.

Cunningham, William, _Cosmographicall Glasse_, 200.

Curteis, G. H., Bampton Lectures,—_Dissent in its Relation to the Church of England_, 252, 253.

Cushman, David Q., _History of Sheepscot_, 365.

Cushman, Mary, 283.

Cushman, Robert, at Leyden, 263; negotiates in London, 266; in Plymouth, 275; his _Sermon_, 290.

Cushman, Thomas, autog., 271.

_Cushman Genealogy_, 291.

Cutt, John, 330.

Cuttyhunk, 173, 188.

Cyppo Bay, 67.

Dale, Sir Thomas, 137; governor of Virginia, 138; sails for England, 141.

Dalrymple, E. A., 554; dies, 554; his library, 554.

Dalrymple, Sir John, 559.

Daly, Charles P., _Early History of Cartography_, 9, 218.

Damariscotta River, 190.

Damariscove Islands, 191.

Danby, Sir Thomas, 458.

Danckaerts, _see_ Dankers.

Danckers’ _Atlas_, 417; map of New York, 417.

Danforth, Thomas, in Maine, 326; autog., 326.

Dankers, Jasper, _Journal_, 420.

Dankers’ and Sluyter’s _Journal_, 505, 558.

Danvers, Sir John, 158.

Dapper, _Die unbekante neue Welt_, 184.

Dare, Virginia, 114.

Darnall, C., 511.

D’Avezac, 217.

Davenant, Sir William, 536.

Davenport, John, portrait, 332; autog., 332; _Civil Government in a New Plantation_, 371; memoir by Dexter, 375.

Davies, James, _Voyage to Sagadahoc_, 192.

Davies, Richard, autog, 484.

Da Vinci, Leonardo, his map, 14, 214.

Davis, G. L. L., _Daystar of American Freedom_, 560.

Davis, J., _First Settlers of Virginia_, 162.

Davis, Judge John, 291.

Davis, John, of Sandridge, navigator, 73, 99; voyages, 89; autog., 89; authorities, 99; his _World’s Hydrographical Description_, 99, 205; his maps, 99; _Seaman’s Secrets_, 207.

Davis, John, of Limehouse, 99.

Davis, William T., on the Pilgrims, 284, 290.

Davis, W. W. H., _Bucks County_, 510. Davis Straits, 89.

Davis Island, 90.

Davison, William, 258.

_Day-breaking, The_, 355.

Day, Sherman, _Historical Collections_, 508.

Daye, Stephen, 350.

Dealy, P. F., 415.

Dean, John Ward, _Memoir of Nathaniel Ward_, 350.

Deane, Charles, his library, _passim_; on the Cabots, 1; on Virginia history, 153-155, 158, 159, 167; on the Smith-Pocahontas story, 161; edits Hakluyt’s _Westerne Planting_, 208; notice of J. G. Kohl, 209; on the Popham question, 210; on Smith’s _New England Trials_, 211; on John Smith, 212; interest in Pilgrim _History_, 259, 260, 284, 285; edits _Plymouth Patent_, 275; edits Bradford’s _History_, 286; edits Bradford’s _Dialogue_, 289; on Roger Williams, 290; edits Cushman’s _Sermon_, 291; on “New England”, 295; on the Narragansett Patent, 379; on J. F. Watson, 509.

De Bry, _Voyages_, 123, 167.

De Bure globe, 214.

De Costa, B. F., on “Norumbega”, 169; _Northmen in Maine_, 185; _Cabo de Baxos_, 188, 197; _Footprints of Miles Standish_, 290; edits _Voyage to Sagadahoc_, 190, 192; _Hudson’s Sailing Directions_, 193; _Mount Desert_, 194; _Verrazano the Explorer_, 199.

Dee, Dr. John, 196; his map (1580), 196; diary, 171, 196.

Deerfield, attack on, 384.

De Forest, J. W., _Indians of Connecticut_, 368.

De Laet, his map of Virginia, 125; map of the Chesapeake, 167; _Nieuwe Wereldt_, 184; map of New England, 381.

Delafield, M. L., 412.

Delaware Bay, 137, 423, 465.

Delaware, northern bounds of, 477; bought by Penn, 480; confirmed to Penn, 489; mentioned, 548, 549.

De la Warre, Lord, _Relation_, 81, 156; governor of Virginia, 133; autog., 133; goes to Virginia, 136; in Virginia, 142; portrait, 142; autog., 156.

“Deliverance”, ship, 136.

Delfthaven, 293; Pilgrims at, 267.

Demarcation, papal line of, 4.

Denison, Daniel, autog., 338.

Denison, George, autog., 338.

Dennis, Robert, 148.

Dennis, Samuel, 437.

Denonville, 415; and the Iroquois, 408.

Denton, Daniel, _Brief Description of New York_, 419.

De Peyster, General J. W., 415.

De Quir, 104.

Derby (Connecticut), 375.

Dermer, Captain, 181-183, 194.

Desolation, land, 91, 100.

De Vries, David Pieterson, 422.

Dexter, F. B., “The Pilgrim Church and Plymouth Colony”, 257; _Life of John Davenport_, 375; on Gotfe and Whalley, 375; on relations of New Netherland and New England, 375.

Dexter, George, _First Voyage of Gilbert_, 187.

Dexter, Henry M., _Congregationalism_, 238, 239, 245, 246, 293; his historical labors, 246; his bibliography of Congregationalism, 246; Visits to Scrooby, 284, 285; interest in Pilgrim history, 285; explores their Leyden life, 288; edits _Mourt’s Relation_, 288, 290; edits Church’s _Entertaining Passages_, 361; _As to Roger Williams_, 378; recovers a tract by Williams, 378.

“Diamond”, ship, 134.

_Diarium Europæum_, 496.

Digges, Sir Dudley, 94, 103.

Digges, Edward, 149.

Diman J. L., edits Cotton’s Reply to Williams, 378.

Dipping-needle, 207.

“Discovery”, ship, 91-93, 128, 173, 289.

Disraeli, Isaac, _Amenities of Literature_, 122.

Dissenters, 221; in Virginia, 148. _See_ Nonconformists.

Dixon, Jeremiah, autog., 489.

Dixon, William Hepworth, _William Penn_, 306.

Dixwell, Colonel John, 374. _See_ Regicides.

“Dominus Vobiscum”, ship, 185.

Doncker, Hendrick, New England in his _Paskaert_, 382.

Dongan, Colonel Thomas, 439; governor of New York, 403, 407; autog., 403; checks Penn’s attempt to extend bounds of Pennsylvania, 404; retires, 409; references, 415.

Doppelmayr, 212.

Dorchester Antiquarian Society, 344.

Dorchester Fishing Company, 311.

Dort, Benjamin, 509.

Dorr, H. C., _Planting of Providence_, 377.

Doughty executed, 66.

Douglass, William, 346; _Summary of British Settlements_, etc., 346.

“Dove”, ship, 524.

Dover (New Hampshire), 327; Neck, 326; Hilton patent of, 367. _See_ Hilton.

Downing, Sir George, 333; intrigues of, 387, 389; pamphlets against, 415; his agency, 415; Downingiana, 415.

Doyle, J. A., _The English in America_, 168.

Drake, Francis, 207; with Hawkins, 63; called “The Dragon”, 64; voyages to West Indies, 64; autog., 65; sees the Pacific, 65; voyage round the world, 65; on northwest coast, 69; and the Indians, 70; takes possession of the country, 72; authorities, 79; _World Encompassed_, 74, 79; _Sir Francis Drake Revived_, 79, 82; discovers California coast, 465; at home, 73; knighted, 73; again with Hawkins, 73; dies, 73; crowned by the Indians, 80; _Le Voyage de Drack_, 79; _Le Voyage Curieux_, 79; _Expeditio Francisci Draki_, 80; portrait, 81, 84, 168, 465; his library, 81; Cates’s _Summary_, 82, 123; expedition with Norris, 82; his log-book, 82; Maynarde’s account, 82; lives of, 83; bibliography of, 84; _Journalen van drie Voyagien_, 84; latest notices, 84; at Roanoke Island, 112; on the New England coast, 188.

Drake, S. G., _Researches among the British Archives_, 160; _Book of the Indians_, 290; editor of Baylies’ _New Plymouth_, 291; accounts of, 360; reprints tracts on Philip’s War, 360; _Old Indian Chronicle_, 360; _Narrative Remarks_, 361; _History of King Philip’s War_, 361; edits Increase Mather’s _Early History of New England_, 361; edits Hubbard’s _Narrative_, 361; edits Church’s _Entertaining Passages_, 361; _History of Boston_, 362; _Memoir of Prince_, 346.

Drake’s Bay, 69; where was it? 74, 80.

Dresser, Matthæus, _Historien von China_, 123.

Drew, John, 91.

Drogeo, 90, 101.

Drummond, John, 435.

Du Creux. _See_ Creuxius.

Dudley, Joseph, portrait, 320; autog., 320, 356; president of the Council, 320, 407.

Dudley, Robert, his maps, 74; _Arcano del Mare_, 74, 194, 196, 303; his Coast of New Albion map, 76, 77; map of New England, 381.

Dudley, Thomas, 265; _Letter to Countess of Lincoln_, 346.

Duke’s Laws, 391, 414, 510, 511. _See_ York, Duke of.

Dungan, Rev. Thomas, 494.

Dunlap, William. _History of New Netherlands and New York_, 413.

Dunlop, James, on the Penn-Baltimore controversy, 514.

Duponceau, P. S., 512, 513.

Durfee, Job, 377.

Durrie, D. S., _Index to American Genealogies_, 289.

Dusdale, Robert, 441.

Dutch, The, on the New England coast, 193; on the Connecticut, 369; in Pennsylvania, 494, 515; embassy to Maryland, 557. _See_ New Netherland.

Dutch Gap, 138.

Duxbury, map of harbor, 272; settlements at, 273.

Dwight, Theo., Jr., _History of Connecticut_, 375.

Dyer, Mary, 505.

Dyre, William, 440.

East India Company, 92, 103.

East Jersey, population of, 436; laws, 437; Brief Account of, 438, 449; Board of Proprietors, 439; bounds with New York, 442; Records, 452. _See_ New Jersey.

Easter Point, 90.

Eastman, S. C., _Bibliography of New Hampshire_, 368.

Easton, John, _Narrative of Philip’s War_, 360.

Eaton, Cyrus, _History of Thomaston_, etc., 190.

Eaton, Francis, autog., 268.

Eaton, Theophilus, 333, 334; memoir, 371; code of laws, 371; _New Haven’s Settling in New England_, 354, 371.

Ebeling, Professor, _Erdbeschreibung von America_, 508.

Eden, Richard, 35; _Treatise of the Newe India_, 27, 199, 204; fac-simile of title, 200; _Decades_, 14, 29, 30, 35, 47, 200; acquaintance with Sebastian Cabot, 30; _A Brief Correction_, etc., 201; edits Cortes’ _Art of Navigation_, 207, 208; _Book concerning Navigation_, 207.

Edmundson, William, 494; _Journal_, 452, 503.

Education in Connecticut, 373; in Virginia, early efforts, 144; in Pennsylvania, 492

Edward VI., autog., 6.

Edwards, Edward, _Life of Ralegh_, 122.

Egle, W. H., _History of Pennsylvania_, 508.

Elbridge, 321.

El Dorado, 116, 126.

Eldridge, John, 430.

Elephants, 186.

Eliot, John, the Apostle, 315; his labors, 355; autog., 356; _Indian Bible_, 356; letters, 356; portrait, 356; _Christian Commonwealth_, 356; _Tracts_, 356; _Briefe Narrative_, 356; and the Bay Psalm-book, 350.

Eliot, John, Jr., 360.

Elizabeth, Queen, autog., 106.

Elizabeth (New Jersey), 424; history of, 456.

Elizabeth Islands (Tierra del Fuego), 66.

Elizabeth city, 147.

“Elizabeth”, ship, 65, 90, 139, 173.

Elizabethtown, Bill in Chancery, 452; answers to, 452, 453.

Ellis, Arthur B., _History of First Church in Boston_, 256, 354.

Ellis, George E., “Religious Element in the Settlement of New England”, 219; on intruders and dissentients in Massachusetts, 378; _Life of William Penn_, 506.

Ellis, Thomas, account of Frobisher’s voyage, 102.

Elton, Romeo, edits _Callender’s Discourse_, 376; _Life of Roger Williams_, 378.

Emley, William, 441.

Emott, James, 437.

Endicott, John, sent to New England, 311; portrait, 317; autog., 317; at Salem, 346.

Endicott’s company at Salem, 242.

Endicott Rock, 329.

England, her title to North America, 1, 39, 40, 41; laggard in colonization, 184.

English in New York, The, 385.

English Public Record Office, 343.

Engronelant. _See_ Greenland.

Epenow, 180.

Erasmus’s _Encomium of Folly_, 237.

Eriwomeck, 467.

Esopus, 390

Essex Institute, 344.

Estland, 101.

Estotiland, 91, 101.

Etechemins, 382.

Etting, F.M., 474.

_Evangelical and Literary Magazine_, 168.

Evans, B., _Early English Baptists_, 252.

Evans, Charles, 504; _Friends in the Seventeenth Century_, 504.

Evelin, Robert, 458; _Directions for Adventurers_, 459; autog., 458.

Evelyn, George, 562; at Kent Island, 528.

Everett, Edward, on the Pilgrims, 293.

Evertsen, 397.

Exeter (New Hampshire), 329.

Fabritius, Jacob, 494.

Fairbairn, Henry, defence of Penn against Macaulay, 506.

Fairfield (Connecticut), 333.

Fairman, Thomas, 494.

“Falcon”, ship, 106.

Falkland Islands, 66.

Falkner, David, 501, 502; _Curieuse Nachricht_, 502.

Falling Creek, 145; massacre, 163.

False Cape, 489.

Farmer, John, 367; edits Belknap’s _History_, 368.

Farmer and Moore, _Collections of New Hampshire_, 367.

Farollones, 77.

Farrar, Canon, on Ralegh, 126.

Farrar’s Island, 138.

Farre, Elias, 441.

Farrer, John, _Discovery of New Britaine_, map in, 464. _See_ Ferrar.

Fear, Cape. _See_ Cape Fear.

Featherstone, Richard, 131.

Fell, Margaret, 504.

Felt, J. B., 343; _History of Salem_, 363; _Customs of New England_, 363; _Reply to White_, 255; _Ecclesiastical History of New England_, 256; arranged Massachusetts archives, 343.

Fendall, Josias, 540, 541, 542; autog., 540; arrested, 548.

Fenwick, George, 332.

Fenwick, John, _Proposals_, 449; buys grant in New Jersey, 430; comes over, 431; a prisoner to Andros, 431; released, 432; representation, 441; memoir by Johnson, 456; _Historical Account of Salem_, 455; history of his colony by Clement, 456.

Fenwick of Connecticut, 370.

Ferdinando, Simon, 113; in Norumbega, 171, 186.

Ferrar, Domina Virginia, her map of the Chesapeake, etc., 168.

Ferrar, John, 168. _See_ Farrer.

Ferryland, 519.

Fessenden, _History of Warren, Rhode Island_, 290.

Figurative map, 381.

Finæus, Orontius and his map, 10, 11.

“First-comers” to Plymouth, 292.

Fisher, J, F., 513; on William Penn, 506.

Fisher, Mary, 505; autog., 314.

Fisheries, grant of, 296; act against monopolies of, 298, 299, 300, 301, 307.

FitzGeffrey, _Life of Drake_, 83.

FitzHugh, Colonel William, 161.

Five Nations. _See_ Iroquois.

Fleet, Henry, 526; his _Journal_, 561.

Fletcher, Francis, in the _World Encompassed_, 79; Drake’s chaplain, 66.

Florida, 25, 37, 42, 201; early described by the English, 60, 61; Indians, 78; account in English, following Ribault, 200.

Florio, John, 204.

Flower, Enoch, 492.

Foley, Henry, _Records of the English Jesuits_, 457.

Folsom, George, 210; _Catalogue of Documents relating to Maine_, 208; _Saco and Biddeford_, 364; _Catalogue of Original Documents_, 364; on Samuel Argall, 463.

Forbes, Alexander, his _California_, 78.

Force, Peter, _Historical Tracts_, _passim_.

Ford, Philip, autog., 484; _Vindication of Penn_, 498.

Forest, Mrs. Thomas, 132.

Forster. W. E., _William Penn and T. B. Macaulay_, 506.

Fort Nassau, 422.

Fort Orange, 390.

“Fortune”, ship, 275.

Foster, John, printer, of Boston, 361.

Foulke, W. P., 515.

Fox, George, 442; letter from Roger Williams, 378; his ministry, 469; portrait, 470; plan of settlement in America, 476; tracts, 497; _Journal_, 503; Swathmore manuscripts, 504; in Maryland, 547. _See_ Quakers.

Fox, Luke, 95; his _Northwest Foxe_, 95, 99.

Fox, Richard, 148.

Fox Channel, 94, 95.

Fox Island, 190.

Frame, Richard, _Short Description_, etc., 500.

Frampton, John, _Joyfull Newes_, 204, 205; edits Medina’s _Arte de Navegar_, 207.

Francisca, 201. _See_ New France.

Frank, manor of, 497.

Frankfort globe, 214, 215, 217.

Frankfort Land Company, 490, 502; _Curieuse Nachricht_, 502.

Franklin, Benjamin, _Historical Review_, 508.

Frascator, 24, 25, 26.

Free Society of Traders, 482, 497; receipt and seal of, 498; their articles, etc., 498.

Freeman, _History of Cape Cod_, 290.

Freemen to be church members, 313.

French claim to the Iroquois country, 406.

Friends. _See_ Quakers.

Friesland, 100, 101.

Frobisher, Martin, 35, 36; his voyages, 86; portrait, 87; autog., 87; relics of, 89; authorities, 99, 102; used the Zeno map, 100; Beste’s _True Discourse_, 102, 204; _De Forbisseri Navigatione_, 102; lives, 102; his Straits, 86, 91, 98; misplaced, 100; map of, 103; map, 195; Settle’s account of his _Voyage_, 203; Churchyard’s account of his _Voyage_, 204.

Froude, _History of England_, 79; _Forgotten Worthies_, 99.

Fuller, Samuel, 284; autog., 268; cradle, 278.

Fuller, Thomas, _Holy and Prophane State_, 83; _Worthies of England_, 102, 161.

Fundy Bay, visited, 176.

Furlano’s map, 68.

Furman, Gabriel, 420.

Futhey, J. S., and Cope, Gilbert, _Chester County_, 510.

“Gabriel”, ship, 86.

“Gabryll Royall”, ship, 186.

Gævara, Antonio de, 207.

Gali. _See_ Gaulle.

Galvano, Antonio, _Tradado_, 32.

Gammelt, William, _Memoir of Roger Williams_, 378.

Garde, Roger, autog., 364.

Gardiner, Lion, 331, 349; autog., 348.

Gardiner, R. H., 210, 291.

Gardiner, S. R., _Prince Charles_, etc., 122, 285, 517; _Personal Government of Charles I._, 524.

“Gargarine”, ship, 170.

Garrett, J. W., 558.

Gastaldi, 25.

Gates, Sir Thomas, 133, 159; autog., 133; wrecked, 134; reaches Jamestown, 136; returns to England, 137; again comes over, 138.

Gaulle, Francis, 80.

Gay, Sidney Howard, on Pilgrims’ history, 290; _Popular History of the United States_, passim.

Genealogies of New England, 363; of Virginia, 160.

“George”, ship, 142.

George, Staughton, 510.

George’s River, 190, 191.

Gerard, J. W., 420.

Germans in Pennsylvania, 490, 502, 515.

Germantown (Pennsylvania), 491, 501, 515.

Gerritsz, H., on Hudson, 103.

Ghillany, _Erdglobus von Behaim_, etc., 214; _Martin Behaim_, 8, 212.

Giants, 201.

Gibbons, Ambrose, 327, 328.

Gibbons, Edward, 531.

Gibson, William, 435; autog., 484.

“Gift of God”, ship, 176.

Gilbert, Bartholomew, 187.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 89, 105, 171, 187; _Discourse of Discovery_, 35, 200; his voyage, 39; his expeditions (1578), 106, 122; (1583), 107; at Newfoundland, 108; autog., 187; his _True Report_, 187; his charts lost, 196; his map (1576), 203.

Gilbert, Sir John, 118.

Gilbert, Otho, 105.

Gilbert, Raleigh, 176.

Gilbert family, 187.

Gilbert’s Sound, 90.

Gillett, E. H., _Civil Liberty in Connecticut_, 375.

Girardin, L. H., 165.

Gladstone, W. E., on Maryland toleration, 561, 562.

Globes, early, 212; paper on, 215.

_Glorious Progress of the Gospel_, 355.

Goche, Dr. Barnabe, 301, 305.

“Godspeed”, ship, 91, 128.

Godfrey, Edward, 324.

Godfrey, J. E., 291.

Goffe and Whalley, 374, 375. _See_ Regicides.

Gold, supposed to be found by Frobisher, 87; supposed to be in New England, 180, 181, 183.

“Golden Hind”, ship, 187.

“Golden Lion”, ship, 539.

Gomara, _Historia General de las Indias_, 26, 27; account of Cortes, 204.

Gomez, 16, 195.

Gondomar, Count, 119.

Goodell, A. C., 210.

_Good Speed to Virginia_, 155.

Gookin, Daniel, Sr., 145, 159.

Gookin, Daniel, Jr., goes to New England, 145.

Goos, Peter, _Zee-Atlas_, 418.

Gordon, Robert, 435.

Gordon, T. F., _History of New Jersey_, 455; _History of Pennsylvania_, 508.

Gorgeana, 190, 322, 323, 324, 364.

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 175; autog., 175, 275, 364; plans of colonization, 180, 184, 192, 296; grant to, 192; _Brief Narration_, 192, 193, 365; papers, 192; his fame, 210; fort named after him, 210; patent for New England, 297, 299, 300; his grants under it, 299; defends his patent, 307; attacks the Massachusetts Charter, 318; his province of New Somerset, 322, 323, 324; dies, 324, 365; tomb, 366; pedigree, 366; Laconia patent, 327, 328; his patent on the Maine coast, 341; grants to, in Maine, 310, 363; commission as governor of New England, 363; deed to Edgecomb, 363; chosen governor, 302, 310. _See_ New England.

Gorges, Ferdinando, the younger, papers regarding him in the State-Paper Office, 364; patent, 322; seeks to recover his patrimony, 324; sells it to Massachusetts, 325; _America Painted to the Life_, 192, 365.

Gorges, Robert, sent to New England, 303; at Wessagusset, 304, 311.

Gorges, Thomas, 323; autog., 364.

Gorges, William, in Maine, 322.

Gorges and Mason Grant, 191.

_Gorges Tracts_, 365.

Gorton, Samuel, 336, 337; autog., 336; his trouble with Massachusetts, 354; _Simplicitie’s Defence_, 354, 378; edited by Staples, 354; defence of, by Brayton, 354; in Rhode Island, 378; letter to Morton, 378.

Gosling, John, 441.

Gosnold, Anthony, 132.

Gosnold, Captain Bartholomew, 128; dies, 129; on the New England coast, 172; authorities, 187; his landfall, 188.

Gottfried’s _Voyages_, 79; _Neue Welt_, 167.

Gough, _History of the Quakers_, 504.

Gould, E. R. L., 516.

Gowans, William, 420.

Graeff, A. op den, 491.

Grahame, _Colonial History of United States_, 378, 509.

Grande, Rio, 80.

Granganimeo, 109.

_Granite Monthly_, 368.

Grantham, Sir Thomas, his _Historical Account of some Memorable Actions_, 151, 164.

Grants from the English Crown, 153.

Gray, Francis C., 350.

“Great Galley”, ship, 186.

Green, Samuel, printer, 351.

Green, S. A., _Bibliography of Massachusetts Historical Society_, 343.

Greene, G. W., _Short History of Rhode Island_, 335, 376.

Greene, Thomas, 533; autog., 533.

Greenhow, _Oregon and California_, 78.

Greenland, 91, 100, 101; earliest map of, 101; Fox’s map, 98; Gronlandia, 203.

Greenleaf, Jonathan, _Ecclesiastical History of Maine_, 365.

Grenville, Sir Richard, 110, 114.

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 86.

Griffin, _Press in Maine_, 209.

Griffith, T. W., _Early History of Maryland_, 561; _Annals of Baltimore_, 561.

“Griffith”, ship, 431.

Grigsby, H. B., 158, 163.

Griswold, A. W., _Catalogue of Library_, 211.

Grocland, 90, 101.

Grolandia. _See_ Grocland.

Gronland. _See_ Greenland.

Groom, Samuel, 435, 436, 440.

Grynæus, _Novus Orbis_, 10, 199.

Gualter, Rodolph, 248.

Guamas, R. das, 197.

Guatulco, 68.

Guiana, voyage to, 105; empire of, 117; Ralegh in, 124; Ralegh’s account, 124, 126; _Newes of Sir Walter Rawleigh_, 126.

Guild, R. A., edits _Cotton Tracts_, 377.

Guilford (Connecticut), 333.

Guinea, 200; coast, 60.

Gulf Stream, Dr. Kohl on, 209.

Gurnet, 272.

Guy, Richard, 441.

Hacket, Thomas, 200; his version of Thevet, 32.

Haies, Edward, 187.

Haige, William, 479, 511.

Hakluyt, Richard, 123, 204, 205; autog., 204; depreciated by Biddle, 29, 39; connection with colonization, 189; his life, 189; _Divers Voyages_, 37, 189, 204, 205; _Principal Navigations_, 41, 44, 46, 97, 185, 189, 205; _Virginia Richly Valued_, 189; _Westerne Planting_, 40, 108, 189, 208; map (1587), 196; encourages public lectures on navigation, 207.

Hale, Edward E., “Hawkins and Drake”, 59.

Hale, Nathan, 515; edits Prince’s _Annals_, 346.

Half-way Covenant, 334; literature of, 359.

Hall, Christopher, 102.

Hall, James, in the Arctic seas, 92.

Hallam, Henry, _Constitutional History of England_, 250.

Hamilton, Andrew, 443.

Hamilton, Duke of, 370; claim to Connecticut, 335, 374; autog., 275.

Hammond, John, _Hammond vs. Heamans_, 554; _Leah and Rachel_, 166, 555.

Hamor, Ralph, 139, 141, 146; _True Discourse_, 81, 157.

Hampton (New Hampshire), 329.

Hanam, Thomas, 175.

Hanbury, _Historical Memorials_, 288.

Hanson, George A., _Old Kent_, 561.

Hariot, Thomas, 111, 113, 123; his Virginia, 81, 123, 205; on rhumbs, 208.

Harlow on the Maine coast, 178; captures an Indian, 180.

Harris, John, _Map of Pennsylvania_, 491, 516.

Harris, J. Morrison, 122.

Harris’s _Voyages_, 79.

Harrison, George L., _Remains of William Penn_, 475.

Harrison, S. A., _Wenlock Christison_, 505, 555.

Harrisse, Henry, _Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima_, 9; _Bibliotheca Barlowiana_, 159; _Jean et Sebastian Cabot_, 218.

Hart, Thomas, 435.

Hartford (Connecticut), 330.

Hartop, 64.

Hartshorne, Hugh, 435.

Hartshorne, Richard, 437.

Harvard College founded, 314.

Harvey, Sir John, 140, 146; autog., 156.

Hasty-pudding, 62.

Hatch, Edwin, _Organization of the Early Christian Churches_, 254.

Hatfield, E. F., _History of Elizabeth, New Jersey_, 456.

Hatfield, attack on, 384.

Hatherly, Timothy, 266.

Hatorask, 112.

Hatteras Indians, 116.

Hatteras, Cape, 213, 216, 465. _See_ Hatorask.

Haven, S. F., on the Popham Question, 210; _History of the Grants_, 209, 302, 340.

Hawkes, _Ecclesiastical History of the United States_, 166.

Hawkins, John, voyages, 60; autog., 61; portrait, 61; his coat armor, 63; defeated by Spaniards, 64; authorities, 78; his _Voyages to Guynea_, 78; lands sailors at Gulf of Mexico, 170; again with Drake, 73; dies, 73.

Hawkins, Richard, his _Voyage to the South Sea_, 78; on the New England coast, 181, 182, 194.

Hawkins, William, voyages, 59; authorities, 78.

_Hawkins Voyages_, 79.

Hawks, Francis L., 533; _History of North Carolina_, 124.

Hawley, Jerome, 524, 528.

Haynes, John, governor, 331; autog., 331; alleged portrait, 331.

Hazard, Ebenezer, _Historical Collections_, 153, 283.

Hazard, Samuel, _Annals of Pennsylvania_, 510; _Pennsylvania Archives_, 510; _Register of Pennsylvania_, 510.

Hazard, Willis P., _Annals of Philadelphia_, 509.

Hazlett, W. C., _Bibliographical Collections and Notes_, 204.

Heamann, Roger, 539, 554.

Heath, Sir Robert, 561.

Heckewelder, John, _Indians in Pennsylvania_, 515.

“Helen”, ship, 90.

Hellowes, Edward, _Invention of Navigation_, 207.

Hemans, _Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers_, 294.

Hendricks, Gerhard, 491.

Hening, _Statutes at large_, 164.

Henlopen, Cape, 489.

Hinman, R. R., _Royal Letters to the Governors of Connecticut_, 369; edits _New Haven Laws_, 371.

Henri II. (Dauphin), map, 195, 217.

Henrico, 138; college at, 141, 144.

Henry VII., his sign-manual, 1.

Henry VIII., autog., 4.

Henry, M. S., 162.

Henry, William Wirt, “Sir Walter Ralegh”, etc., 105; on the Pocahontas story, 162; champions Smith, 162.

“Henry and Francis”, ship, 438.

Herman, Augustine, 466, 549.

Hermosa Bay, 80.

Herrera, _Historia General_, 47; _Description_, etc., 185.

Hersent, Samuel, 488.

Heylin, Peter, _Cosmographie_, 466.

Heywood, John, 435.

Hicks, Elias, 504.

Higginson, Francis, at Salem, 346; _Journal_, 346; _New England Plantation_, 211, 346.

Hildeburn, C. R., _Press in Pennsylvania_, 514.

Hildreth, Richard, _History of the United States_, 562.

Hill, Edward, 147, 149.

Hillard, George S., _Life of John Smith_, 211; _Memoir of James Savage_, 353.

Hilton, Edward, 326.

Hilton, William, 326.

Hilton’s Point, 326, 327. _See_ Dover.

Hiltons on Dover Neck, accounts of, 366; their patent, 367.

Hinckley, Thomas, autog., 278, 356.

Hingham Meeting-house, view of, 319.

Hinman, R. R., _Early Puritan Settlers in Connecticut_, 375.

Hispaniola, 201. _See_ San Domingo.

Historical Commission (England), reports of, 159.

_Historical Magazine_, passim.

_Historical Memorials relating to Independents_, 252.

Hixon, Ellis, 82.

Hoadley, C. J., edits _Connecticut and New Haven Records_, 375.

Hoboken, 422

Hobson and Harlow, 193, 194.

Hobson on the Maine coast, 178, 180.

Hochelaga, 213, 216. _See_ Montreal.

Hogenberg, 34.

Holland, Henry, _Heroologia_, 81.

Holland, English exiles in, 231.

Hollanders, 193. _See_ Dutch.

_Hollandsche Mercurius_, 415.

Hollister, G. H., _History of Connecticut_, 375.

Holme, John, _True Relation_, etc., 501.

Holme, Thomas, 481; _Map of Philadelphia_, 516; _Map of Pennsylvania_, 516.

Holmes, Abiel, 187.

Holmes, Obadiah, 378.

Holmes, O. W., 286.

Honda, Rio, 213.

Hondius, Jodocus, 46; map, 47, 75, 208; map of California coast, 79, 80; globe, 216.

Hood, Thomas, on Jacob’s staff, 207; _Mariner’s Guide_, 207; _Use of Mathematical Instruments_, 208; his map, 196, 197, 217.

Hooker, Richard, _Ecclesiastical Polity_, 228, 249; Walton’s life of him, 249.

Hooker, Thomas, in Connecticut, 330; autog., 330; his _Survey of Church Discipline_, 334, 352; controverts Cotton, 352.

Hope Sanderson, 90.

Hope’s Check, 93.

“Hopewell”, ship, 347.

Hopkins, Edward, governor, 371; autog., 374.

Hopkins, Samuel, 429; _Youth of the Old Dominion_, 162.

Hopkins, Stephen, on Rhode Island history, 376.

Hopkins, governor of Connecticut, dies, 371.

Hoppin, James M., _Old England_, 285.

Hortop, Job, _Rare Travailes_, 186, 205.

Hotten, _Original Lists_, etc., 160.

Hough, F. B., on Pemaquid, 365.

Houghton, Lord, 285; poem on the Pilgrims, 294.

Houses, early, in Pennsylvania, 491.

Howe, _Historical Collections of Virginia_, 165.

Howgill, Francis, _Popish Inquisitions in New England_, 358.

Howison, R. R., _History of Virginia_, 165.

Howland, John, 273; autog., 268; his marriage, 284; family, 284.

Hoyt, A. H., on the laws of New Hampshire, 367.

Hubbard, William, autog., 362; _Troubles with the Indians_, 361, 384; _Present State of New England_, 361; _History of New England_, 291, 362; map of New England, 384.

Hudson, Henry, voyages, 92, 103; authorities, 99, 103, 104, 193; _Detectio Freti Hudsoni_, 104; on the New England coast, 178, 193.

Hudson, William, autog., 338.

Hudson Bay, Cabot in, 26, 28, 34; James’s map of, 96; Fox’s map, 98.

Hudson River, connects with the St. Lawrence, 465.

Hues, Robert, _Tractatus de Globis_, 208.

Humboldt, Alexander, _Examen Critique_, 8, 214.

Hume, David, _History of England_, attacks Ralegh, 122.

Hunloke, Edward, 442.

Hunnewell, J. F., 155.

Hunt, Robert, 129.

Hunter, Joseph, 284; on Pilgrim history, 283; _Founders of New Plymouth_, 284.

Huston, Charles, _Land in Pennsylvania_, 512.

Hutchinson, Edward, autog., 338.

Hutchinson, George, 441.

Hutchinson, Thomas, _History of Massachusetts Bay_, 283, 344; controversy over his papers, 344; publications, 344; _Original Papers_, 344; on the Pilgrims, 291.

_Huth Catalogue_, 82.

Hylacomylus. _See_ Waldseemüller.

Icaria, 101.

Iceland, 101.

Independents, 248.

Indian Bible, Eliot’s, 356; bibliography of, 356.

Indian corn, 113.

Indian languages, 355.

Indian names in Virginia, 153.

Indian trails, 186.

Indian wars, books on, 361.

Indians, the community-buildings of the southern tribes, 62; houses on the northwest coast, 69; in Virginia, 131; about Plymouth, 290; conversion of, 315, 355, 393; Society for Propagating the Gospel among them, 315, 316, 355, 356; their right to the soil, 341; in Connecticut, 368; books on, 368; in New Jersey, 425; and the Quakers, 473; in Pennsylvania, 489, 514, 515; in Maryland, 526, 527, 531, 555. _See_ Iroquois, and other names of tribes.

Ingle, Richard, 147, 532, 533.

Ingle’s rebellion, 555.

Ingram, David, 64, 170, 186; his _Relation_, 186.

Inter-charter period in Massachusetts, 362.

_Interlude of Four Elements_, 16, 28.

Inwood, William, 457.

Iron manufactured in Jersey, 448; in Virginia, 163; first in America, 144, 145.

Iroquois nations, 393; wars with the French, 394, 408, 415; Jesuits among, 400, 406; friends of the English, 404-406, 408. _See_ Mohawks.

Jack’s Bay, 74, 75.

Jacob’s staff, 207, 208.

Jamaica, 201.

James I., autog., 127.

James II. proclaimed in Massachusetts, 321; on the throne, 406.

James, Captain Thomas, 95; his map, 96; his _Strange and Dangerous Voyage_, 96.

James River, 128.

Jameson, J. F., 414.

Jamestown founded, 129; view of, 130; early history of, 153. _See_ Virginia.

Janney, S. M., _Religious Society of Friends_, 504; _Life of Penn_, 505.

Jannson, map of New England, 384.

Japan, 67, 68, 85; (Zipangri), 201; (Giapan), 203.

Jasper, John, 473.

Jeffrey, Lord, on William Penn, 505.

Jeffreys, Herbert, 152.

Jenings, Samuel, 440, 451, 488; governor of West Jersey, 441; _Truth Rescued_, 452.

Jenkins, M. C., 561.

Jenness, J. S., _Isles of Shoals_, 198; _New Hampshire_, 366; _Original Documents_, 367.

Jerseys, the English in the, 421. _See_ New Jersey.

Jesuit _Relations_, 193.

Jesuits in Maryland, 523, 525, 531; their letters, 553.

“Jesus”, ship, 60.

Jews denied being freemen in Rhode Island, 379.

Jogues, _Novum Belgium_, 416.

“John and Francis”, ship, 139.

“John Sarah”, ship, 480.

Johnson, Edward, 358; autog., 358; _Wonder-working Providence_, 210, 358, 365.

Johnson, Francis, 220, 261; autog., 261.

Johnson, George, 220.

Johnson, Isaac, 369.

Johnson, Robert, his _New Life of Virginia_, 156.

Johnson, R. S., _Memoir of Fenwicke_, 456.

Johnson, Samuel, _Life of Drake_, 84.

Johnston, John, _History of Bristol_, etc., 190, 365.

Johnstone, George, Cecil County, 561.

Johnstone, John, 443, 450.

Jomard, _Monuments de la Géographie_, 8, 21, 217; notices of, 217.

“Jonathan”, ship, 326.

Jones, Edmund, 173.

Jones, F., _Life of Frobisher_, 102.

Jones, H. G., 500, 515, 516.

Jones, Joel, _Land-office Titles_, 512.

Jones, Samuel, criticises Smith’s _History of New York_, 412.

Jones, Skelton, 165.

Jones, Captain Thomas, of the “Mayflower”, 269, 271, 288; his alleged treachery, 289.

Jones, Sir William, 483, 511.

Jones, _Present State of Virginia_, 164.

Joseph, William, 550.

Josselyn, Henry, 360.

Josselyn, John, 372; _Two Voyages_, 360, 384; _New England’s Rarities_, 360.

Judæis, Cornelius de, _Speculum Orbis Terrarum_, 196; his map (1593), 196.

“Judith”, ship, 63.

Juet, companion of Hudson, 103.

Jury trial, first in Virginia, 146.

Kalendarium Pennsilvaniense, 493.

Kanibas, 382.

Keach, Elias, 494.

Keen, Gregory B., “Note on New Albion”, 457.

Keith, George, 445, 501, 503.

Keith, Sir William, _History of Virginia_, 165.

Kelpius, 501.

Kemp, Richard, 147.

Kendall, John, 128.

Kennebec River, 190, 382, 383; Plymouth patent of it, 278, 291, 308, 324; projected settlement on, 302.

Kennedy, J. P., _Life of Lord Baltimore_, 561.

Kennett, White, _Bibliothecæ Americanæ Primordia_, 348.

Kent Island, 522, 526, 527, 528, 532, 533, 538, 542, 562.

“Kent”, ship, 432.

Kerr, _Voyages_, 84.

Kest, _Robinson, Prediker_, 286.

Keymis, Lawrence, 118, 120; his account of Ralegh’s voyage, 124.

Kidder, Frederic, 123; on the Popham Question, 210.

King’s Province (Rhode Island), 339.

“Kingfisher”, frigate, 321.

Kingsland, Isaac, 437, 443.

Kingsley, Charles, on Ralegh, 126; _Westward Ho!_, 78.

Kingsley, J. L., _Historical Discourse_, 371.

Kingston (New York), 390.

Knight, John, 92.

Knowles, J. D., _Life of Roger Williams_, 378.

Kohl, J. G., his career and likeness, 209; his _Discovery of Maine_, or _Documentary History of Maine_, 8, 12, 208, 209, 218; his _Die beiden ältesten General-Karten von America_, 16; his cartographical labors, 209; his maps in the State Department at Washington, 209; in the American Antiquarian Society, 209; on the name of Rhode Island, 376; _Maps in Hakluyt_, 80, 124.

_Kort en bondigh Verhael_, 415.

Kunstmann, F., _Entdeckung Amerikas_, 8, 82, 217.

Labadists, 505.

Labanoff, _Catalogue_, 200.

Labrador, 90, 101; Cabot’s landfall, 34; as an island, 203.

Laconia, 308; patent, 340, 367; Company, 327, 328, 363; sources of its history, 366, 367.

La Cosa. _See_ Cosa.

Lacour, Louis, 82.

Lafreri, _Geografia_, 10.

Lake, Sir Thomas, 517.

Lakeman, Sijverts, _Treatyse_, etc., 208.

Lamb, Joshua, 123.

Lamb, Martha J., _History of New York City_, 415.

Lambert, E. R., _History of New Haven Colony_, 375.

Lambrechtsen, _Korte Beschryving_, 418.

Lancaster Sound, 95.

Lane, Ralph, 187; in Virginia, 110, 111; autog., 110; his narrative, 122; letters, 123, 124.

Langford, John, _Refutation of Babylon’s Fall_, 555.

Langren’s globes, 216.

Laon globe (1493), 212.

La Plata River, Cabot at, 4, 48.

Larkham, Thomas, 327.

La Roque, _Armorial_, 58.

La Salle’s discoveries, 403.

La Tour, 383.

Las Casas, English translation, 205.

Latitude, instruments for taking, 207.

Latrobe, J. H. B., 514.

Laudonuière’s colony, 61.

Lawrence, Sir John, 457.

Lawrie, Gawen, 430, 435, 437, 438, 443; autog., 430.

Lawton on William Penn, 506.

Lawyer, first, in Massachusetts, 351.

Laydon, John, 132.

Leaming, Aaron, 454.

Leaming and Spicer, _Grants, etc., of New Jersey_, 454.

Lechford, Thomas, 351; _Plain Dealing_, 351; its manuscript, 351; fac-simile of, 352; autog., 351, 353; note-book, 351.

Leclerc, _Bibliotheca Americana_, 217.

L’Ecuy globe, 214.

Leddra, William, hanged, 359, 505.

Lederer, John, _Discoveries_, 157.

Lefroy, _History of Bermuda_, 156.

Legislature, first, in America, 143.

Leicester, Earl of, 64, 74.

Leigh, Sir Thomas, 141.

Leigh, William, 158.

Leisler, Jacob, 411; autog., 411; his dwelling, 417.

Lelewel, _Géographie du Moyen Âge_, 8, 217.

Leng, Robert, 82.

Lenox, Duke of, 297, 301, 341; autog., 275.

Lenox globe, 14, 212.

Lenox Library, 380.

Leroux, 212.

Lescarbot’s map (1609), 197.

Levett, Christopher, 303, 308, 366.

Levick, J. J., _John ap Thomas_, etc., 515.

Lewger, John, 528; autog., 528.

Lewis, Alonzo, _History of Lynn_, 347.

Lewis, Lawrence, Jr., 488; _Land Titles_, 512; _Courts of Pennsylvania_, 512

Lewis, William, 531, 555, 556.

Leyden, Pilgrims in, 262; university, 262, 263; plan of the town, 263; Pilgrims leave, 267; later emigrations from, 276, 277; H. C. Murphy on the Pilgrims at, 287; George Sumner on the same, 286. _See_ Pilgrims.

Libraries in Virginia, 153.

Lightfoot, Bishop, _Christian Ministry_, 254.

Lil, H. van, on William Penn, 506.

Linn, J. B., 510.

Linschoten, _Discours_, 205; portrait, 206.

Lions, 186.

“Little James”, ship, 292.

Little Harbor (New Hampshire), 326.

Livermore, George, 354.

Livingston, William, 411, 453.

Lloyd, Charles, autog., 484.

Lloyd, David, 488.

Lloyd, Lawrence, 466.

Lloyd, Thomas, autog., 494.

Local histories, 363.

Lock, Lars, 494.

Locke, John, and Churchill’s _Voyages_, 205.

Locke or Lok, Michael, 86; his map, 39, 205; fac-simile, 40; _History of West Indies_, 47.

Loddington, William, _Plantation Work_, 496.

Lodge, H. C., _Life of George Cabot_, 58; _English Colonies_, 160; on the Pocahontas story, 162.

Lodge, Thomas, with Cavendish, 84; his _Margarite of America_, 84.

Lodwick, C., 420.

Loe, Thomas, 473, 475.

Log invented, 207.

Logan and Penn correspondence, 506.

Lok. _See_ Locke.

London coast, 90.

London Company, 127.

_London Spy_, 373.

Longfellow, H. W., _Courtship of Miles Standish_, 294.

Long Island, 388, 457, 458; assigned to New York, 391.

Longitude, methods of, 35, 41; first meridian of, 212, 214.

“Lord Sturton”, ship, 186.

Lorrencourt, 79.

Lotteries, 141; in Virginia, 158.

Lovelace, Francis, governor, 395; autog., 395; leaves, 397; letters, 414.

Lucas, _Charters of the Old English Colonies_, 153.

Lucas, Nicolas, autog., 430.

Ludlow’s laws (Connecticut), 334.

Ludwell, Thomas, 149.

Lumley’s Inlet, 90.

Lyford, John, 277.

Lygonia, 191, 323, 324.

Lyon, Henry, 437.

Macaulay, T. B., on William Penn, 506; his views controverted, 506.

Macauley, James, _History of New York_, 413.

Mace, Captain Samuel, 115.

Mackie, J. M., _Life of Samuel Gorton_, 378.

Macock, Samuel, 143.

Madison, Isaac, 141, 146.

“Madre de Dios”, ship, 116.

Maffeius, map (1593), 196; _Historiarum Indicarum libri_, 196.

Magellan, 66; his straits, 201, 203.

Magin, _Histoire Universelle_, 184.

Magnetic pole first suggested, 207.

Maine, documentary history, 208; grants and charters, 209; province of, 310, 324; bought by Massachusetts, 320, 324; her history, 321; patents, 321; Massachusetts again in possession, 325; authorities on the history of, 363; origin of name, 363; patent to Gorges, 363; royal charter, 363; records, 363, 364; royal commissioners in, 325, 363; histories of, 364; bibliography of, 209, 365; map of the coast, 190; English on the coast, 193. _See_ Gorges, Norumbega, Pemaquid, Popham.

Maine Historical Society, 208; _Collections_, 365.

Major, R. H., 191; on Cabot’s voyage, 45.

Malabar, Cape, 382, 383.

Malectites, 382.

Malignants, 147.

Man, Abraham, 488.

Manchese, 110, 111.

Mangi, sea, 67, 68; region, 68.

Manning, Captain, 397.

Manoa, 117.

Manomet, 272.

Manor of Frank (Pennsylvania), 482.

Manteo, 110, 111, 114.

Manufactures in Virginia, 166; in New England, 316.

Marco, Cape, 101.

“Maria”, ship, 95.

Mariana, 367.

“Marigold”, ship, 65, 187.

_Mariner’s Mirrour_, 207.

Markham, A. H., _Voyages of John Davis_, 99.

Markham, C. R., 79; _Voyages of Baffin_, 99.

Markham, William, 478; letters, 497.

Maroons, 65.

Marriage, first, in Virginia, 132.

Marshall, O. H., on the charters of New York, 414; on Denonville’s expedition, 415.

Marsillac, J., _Vie de Penn_, 506.

Marston, _Eastward ho!_, 128.

Martha’s Vineyard, 180.

Martin, John, 128, 137, 143, 146.

Martin, J. H., _Chester and its Vicinity_, 510.

Martin, _Gazetteer of Virginia_, 165.

_Martin Mar-Prelate Tracts_, 237, 238.

Martindale, J. C., _Byberry and Moreland_, 509.

Marvin, W. T. R., edits the _New England’s Jonas_, 355.

Mary, Queen, autog., 7.

“Mary and John”, ship, 176.

“Mary of Guilford”, ship, 170, 185, 186.

Maryland, history of, 517; charter, 517; name of, 520; bounds, 520; powers of the Proprietors, 520, 521; rights of the settlers, 522; controversy with Virginia, 522, 528; Jesuit missions, 523, 554; the charter’s significance of toleration, 523, 530, 562; map of, 465, 525; colonists arrive, 526; early assemblies, 527, 528, 530, 531; struggle of colonists with the Proprietor, 529; Ingle’s usurpation, 532; overthrown, 532; Toleration Act, 534, 541, 555, 560; passed by Catholics, 534; indorsement of, 535; Puritan settlers, 535; two houses of the Assembly formed, 536; commissioners’ demands, 537; second conquest, 538; victory of the Puritans of Providence, 539; the Proprietor reinstated, 541; population, 543; coinage, 543; boundary disputes with Pennsylvania, 478, 488, 489, 548; writ of _quo warranto_ against the charter, 550; Coode’s “Association”, 551; proprietary government ends, 552; a royal province, 553; sources of its history, 553; _Relation_ (of 1634), 553; (of 1635), 553; letters of Jesuit missionaries, 553; map, 553; boundary disputes with Virginia, 554; battle of Providence, authorities on, 554; archives of the State, 555-557; laws, 529, 556, 557, 562; calendar of State papers, 556; loss of records, 557; documents in State-Paper Office in London, 557; index to them, 557; other manuscript sources, 557; histories, 559; seal of the colony, 559; proportion of Catholics, 560; the question of toleration discussed, 561; source of charter, 561; bibliography of, 561; local histories, 561. _See_ Calvert, Kent Island, etc.

Maryland Historical Society, 562; publications, 562.

Mason, Charles, autog., 489.

Mason, Captain John, of New Hampshire, on the Maine coast, 193; his will, 367; grant of Laconia, 308, 327, 328; vice-president of Council for New England, 309; grant of New Hampshire, 310, 367; his grants, 329; autog., 364; dies, 328; memoir by C. W. Tuttle, 364.

Mason, John, of Connecticut, in Pequot war, 348; autog., 348; his narrative, 349.

Mason, Robert Tufton, 329, 367.

Mason and Dixon’s line, 489, 514, 515.

Massa, 104.

Massachusetts, 310; early meant Boston Harbor, 179, 183; patent, 309, 310, 342; charter, 311, 342, 343; government of, 312; objects of the founders, 312; charter attacked, 313; charter concealed, 318; her relations with the other colonies, 316; buys the patent of Maine, 320, 364; writ of _quo warranto_ against the charter, 321; origin of name of, 342; authorities for its history, 342; government transferred to the soil, 343; archives of, 343; records printed, 343, 359; manuscripts elsewhere, 343; histories of, 344; laws of, 314, 349-351, 373; struggle to maintain its charter, 362; authorities on the struggle, 362; bibliography of, 363; claims westward to the Pacific, 396; claim to lands west of the Hudson, 405. _See_ New England.

Massachusetts Company, 342, 343.

Massachusetts Historical Society, archives of, 343; publications, 343; _Collections_, 343; _Proceedings_, 343.

Massachusetts Mount, 342. _See_ Blue Hills.

Massachusetts River, 342.

Masson, _Life of Milton_, 245.

Massonia, 367.

Massasoit, 274, 282; his family, 290.

Mataoka. _See_ Pocahontas.

Mather, Cotton, autog., 319; his library, 345; _Ecclesiastical History of New England_, or _Magnalia_, 240, 283, 345; portrait, 345; _Diary_, 345; _Parentator_, 345; on the Wheelwright deed, 367; map of New England, 345, 384; forged letter of, 502.

Mather, Increase, _Relation of the Troubles_, 340, 361; _Brief History of the War_, 361.

Mather, Richard, 255, 350.

_Mather Papers_, 374.

Matowack, 388.

Matthews, Samuel, 149.

Mattson, Margaret, 488.

Maverick, Samuel, 360; autog., 311, 388; controversy with Massachusetts, 354.

Mavooshen, 363.

Maxwell’s _Virginia Historical Register_, 168.

May, Dorothy, autog., 268.

May’s Arctic expedition, 104.

Mayer, Brantz, 533, 559, 562; _Calvert and Penn_, 507.

Mayer, Lewis, 557, 562.

“Mayflower”, ship, 267; passengers on, 267, 292; their autographs, 268; last survivor, 271; passengers, origin of, 284; her history, 290. _See_ Pilgrims, Jones.

Maynarde, Thomas, 82.

McCall, Peter, 512.

McCamant, Thomas, 510.

McCormick, S. J., 372.

McDonald, Colonel A. W., his report on Virginia bounds, 159.

McMahon, J. V. L., _History of Maryland_, 559.

McSherry, James, _History of Maryland_, 560.

McSherry, Richard, 560; _Essays and Lectures_, 560.

Meade, _Old Churches and Families of Virginia_, 160.

Medina, _Arte de Navegar_, 207.

Meeting-houses, old, in New England, 319.

Megiser, _Septentrio novantiquus_, 104.

Melton, Edward, _Zee- en Landreizen_, 419.

Mendocino, Cape, 74-76, 80.

_Menzies Catalogue_, passim.

Mennonites, 251, 479, 490.

Mercator, Gerard, his engraved gores of a globe, 214; Hondy’s edition, 167, 381; his projection improved by Wright, 208.

Merchant adventurers, 266.

Merlan, J. E. V., 491.

“Mermaid”, ship, 89.

Merrill, James C., 353.

Merry Mount, 278.

Metacomet, 282.

Meta Incognita, 86, 89, 91.

Meusel, _Bibliotheca Historica_, 124.

Mew, Richard, 435.

Mexico, press in, 350.

Mey, Cornelius Jacobsen, 422.

Miantonomo, 368.

“Michael”, ship, 86.

Michener, Ezra, _Early Quakerism_, 505.

Mickle, Isaac, _Old Gloucester_, 456.

Middletown (New Jersey), 424, 427.

Milford (Connecticut), 333.

Millard, F. J., 104.

Millenary petition, 239.

Miller, J., _Description of New York_, 420.

Millet, Father, his _Relation_, 415.

“Minion”, ship, 64.

Minot, G. R., _History of Massachusetts_, 344.

Mint in Boston, 316; illegal, 320; in Maryland, 543; in New Jersey, 447.

Mitchell, Jonathan, 360.

M’Kinney and Hall, _Indian Tribes_, 163.

Mohawks, 394, 396; friendship with, 400; French expeditions against, 415. _See_ Iroquois.

_Mohegan case_, 349.

Molineaux, Emeric, map, 44, 46, 77, 91, 99, 197, 216, 217; of California coast, 80; his globe, 90, 196, 205, 207, 208, 212, 213.

Moll, Herman, his maps, 345.

Moluccas, 48; discovered, 68.

Monardes, _Joyfull Newes_, 204.

_Mondidier Catalogue_, 348.

Monhegan, 176, 178, 179, 181-183, 190, 191, 321.

Monmouth patent, 426.

Montanus, Arnoldus, _De Nieuwe Weereld_, 184, 416; map of New York, 381, 417.

Monterey, 74, 75.

Montreal (Mont Royal), 213. _See_ Hochelaga.

Moody, Joshua, autog., 319.

“Moonshine”, ship, 89.

Moore, George H., 368; on Poole’s edition of Johnson’s _Wonder-working Providence_, 358.

Moore, J. B., 367; _Governors of New England_, 289.

Moore, John, 488.

Moorhead, Sarah, portrait of Cotton Mather, 345.

Mooshausic, 377.

Moravians’ (Bethlehem) library, 500.

Morden, Robert, map of New England, 384.

More, Caleb, 360.

More, Nicholas, 482, 486, 488, 494, 497; autog., 484; _Letter from Dr. More_, 500.

Moreland, manor of, 482.

Morris, Caspar, 515.

Morris, J. G., _Lord Baltimore_, 559; _Bibliography of Maryland_, 561.

Morris, Colonel Lewis, 436.

Morrison, Francis, 148, 149, 152.

Morton, Charles, autog., 319.

Morton, George, 290.

Morton, Nathaniel, 283; _New England’s Memorial_, 283, 291, 359; autog., 291.

Morton, Thomas, 278, 309, 322; _New English Canaan_, 348; edited by C. F. Adams, Jr., 348.

Mount Desert, 178, 179, 190, 194, 382, 383.

Mount Wollaston, 311.

Mountfield, D., _The Church and Puritans_, 253.

Moulton, J. W., _New York One Hundred and Seventy Years Ago_, 416.

_Mourt’s Relation_, 288, 289; its authorship, 290.

Mudie, David, 443.

Mulford, I. S., _History of New Jersey_, 455.

Muller, Frederick, _Catalogue of American Portraits_, 416; _Books on America_, passim.

Muller, _Geschiedenis der noord Compagnie_, 98.

Muller, _History of Doncaster_, 102.

Munsell, Joel, 372.

Munster, or Münster, Sebastian, _Cosmographia_, 27, 36, 199, 200; map (1532), 199, 201; edits Grynæus and Ptolemy, 199; in English by Eden, 200, 201; map (1540), 201, 217.

Murphy, H. C., _Henry Hudson in Holland_, 104; _Verrazzano_, 214; on the Pilgrims in Leyden, 287; and Milet’s captivity, 415; edits Danker’s _Journal_, 420.

Muscongus, 191.

Muscovy Company, 6, 46, 103.

Myritius, Johannes, _Opusculum Geographicum_, 10.

“Nachen”, ship, 181.

Nancy globe, 214.

Nantasket, 311.

Nantucket, 382.

Napier, _Lord Bacon and Ralegh_, 126.

Narragansett country, Connecticut’s claim, 335, 339; settled, 336; Massachusetts proprietors of, 338; townships, 361; histories of, 376; patent, 379. _See_ Rhode Island.

Narragansett Club, 377.

_Narragansett Historical Register_, 381.

Narragansetts, 382.

Naumkeag, 311. _See_ Salem.

Naunton, Sir Robert, 265.

Navigation, early books on, 206.

Navigation Act, 150, 386, 387, 400, 415, 544.

Nead, B. M., 510.

Neal, Daniel, _History of the Puritans_, 250; _History of New England_, 345; its map, 345.

Neale, Walter, 327, 328; autog., 363.

Needle, variation of, 9, 23, 41.

Nehantic country, 371.

Neill, E. D., his _Virginia and Virginiola_, 154; _Notes on the Virginia Colonial Clergy_, 157; _History of the Virginia Company of London_, 158, 288, 340; _English Colonization in America_, 155, 158, 288, 561; his notes on Virginia history, 158, 160, 162, 163, 166; on Sir Edmund Plowden, 457; on Robert Evelyn, 459; _Francis Howgill_, 505; _Light thrown by the Jesuits_, etc., 554; _Terra Mariæ_, 560; _Lord Baltimore and Toleration_, 560; _Founders of Maryland_, 560; _Maryland not a Roman Catholic Colony_, 561.

Nelson, Captain, at Jamestown, 131.

Nelson, William, _History of Passaic County_, 456.

Nelson River, 93.

“Neptune”, ship, 142.

Nevada, 67.

Nevada River, 101.

Nevill, James, 441.

Nevill, Samuel, 454.

New Albion (Drake’s), 80; under “Caput Draconis”, 69, 72.

New Albion (Plowden’s), 457; bounds, 458, 463; medal and ribbon of the Albion knights, 461, 462. _See_ Plowden.

New Amsterdam surrenders to the English, 389, 421; first reports of, 414; burghers take the oath, 414; early views, 415. _See_ New York.

New Cæsaria. _See_ Nova Cæsaria.

New England, name first given, 198; thought to be an island, 197; Cartography, 194, 381, 382, 383; Dudley’s map, 303; _Paskaart_, 333; Mather’s map, 345; Confederation (of 1643), 281, 315, 334, 338, 354; its records, 373; religious element in, 219; sources of her history, 340; relations with the Dutch, 375; dominion extends to the Pacific, 409; Andros seal, 410; bounds as allowed by the French, 456; Council for, 295; their _Briefe Relation_, 296; patent, 297; seal, 341, 342; _Platform_, 302; records, 301, 308, 340; partition the coast, 305; grants, 308, 340; surrenders patent, 309; authorities on, 340.

_New England Almanac_, 384.

New England Historic Genealogical Society, 344.

_New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, 344.

New England Society of New York, 293.

New England’s _First Fruits_, 355.

New France, 101.

New Haarlem, 390.

New Hampshire, grant of, 310; history of, 326; submits to Massachusetts, 327, 329; name first used, 329, 367; _Provincial Papers_, 363, 367; sources of her history, 366; Wheelwright deed, 366; patents, 367; map (1653), 367; laws, 367; histories of, 368; local histories, 368; bibliography, 368.

New Hampshire Historical Society _Collections_, 367.

New Haven, 310, 368; founded, 332, 371; united to Connecticut, 334; fundamental articles in original Constitution, 371; laws, 371; Blue Laws, 371; charter of union with Connecticut, 373; _Records_, 371, 375; histories of, 375; maritime interests, 375. _See_ Connecticut.

New Haven Historical Society _Papers_, 375.

_New Interlude_, 199.

New Jersey, grants of, 392; boundary disputes, 406; named, 422, 423; _Concessions_, etc., 423, 425, 426, 427; government, 423; earliest Assembly, 425; lords proprietors, 428; laws, 429, 447; quintipartite deed, 431; under Andros’ government, 444; attempt to run the line between East and West Jersey, 445; _Planter’s Speech_, etc., 449; sources of its history, 449; counties and towns, 446; churches in, 447; education in, 447; coinage in, 447, 448; early tracts on, 453; histories of, 453, 455; _Archives_, 454; map by Van der Donck, 455; efforts to complete its archives, 455; Chalmers papers on its history, 455; _Testimonys from the Inhabitants_, 476. _See_ East _and_ West Jersey.

New Jersey Historical Society, 454, 455.

New London (Connecticut), 375.

New Netherland, relations with New England, 375; taken by the English, 385; capture contemplated by Cromwell, 386; bounds of, 456. _See_ Dutch, New York.

New Plymouth, 276. _See_ Plymouth.

New Scotland, 306.

New Somerset, 322, 363; records, 363.

New Sweden, 456, 465; surrenders to the Dutch, 422.

New York (city), 405, 407; view of the Strand, 417; Stadthuys, 419, 420; Water-gate, 420; first named, 390; taken by the Dutch, 397, 415, 429; restored to the English, 398; government, 414; early views, 415; maps, 417, 418; its history, 415. _See_ New Amsterdam.

New York (province), described (in 1678), 400; boundary disputes with Connecticut, 405; sources of its history, 411; under English rule, 385; charter of liberties, 404; charter of franchises, 405; annexed to New England under Andros, 409; histories of, 411; literature of disputed boundaries, 414; charters, 414; seals, 415; maps, 417; descriptions, 419. _See_ New Netherland.

Newark (New Jersey), 425; history of, 456.

Newbie, Mark, 441, 448.

Newce, Thomas, 144.

Newfoundland, 519. _See_ Avalon, Baccalaos.

Newichwaneck, 327, 328.

Newport, Captain Christopher, 128, 132, 133, 139; his discoveries, 154.

Newport (Rhode Island), founded, 336, 338.

_Newport-Historical Magazine_, 381.

Newport-News, origin of the name, 154.

Nicholas, Thomas, his _Pleasant History_, 204, 205; his _Peru_, 204.

Nicholls, Richard, 389; killed, 396; autog., 388. 421.

Nichols, Philip, 83.

Nichols, Dr. William, _Doctrine of the Church of England_, 248.

Nicholson, Francis, 444.

Nicholson, Joseph, autog., 314.

Niles, T. M., 376

Noble, George, 457.

Noddle’s Island, 311.

Nombre de Dios, 65.

Nonconformists, 219, 223. _See_ Dissenters, Separatists.

Norman, Robert, _Newe Attractive_, 207, 208; _Safeguard of Saylers_, 207.

Norris, J. S., 555; _Early Friends in Maryland_, 505.

North, J. W., _History of Augusta_, 365.

North Carolina, Indians of, 109; map of, by John White, 124.

Northeast Passage, 6, 30.

“North Star”, ship, 90.

Northwest explorations, 85; Passage, 203. _See_ Arctic.

Northwest Territory, Virginia’s claims to, 153.

Norton, Francis, 328.

Norton, John, _Discussion of the Suffering of Christ_, 357; autog., 358; _Heart of New England Rent_, 358.

Norton, _Literary Gazette_, 205.

Norumbega, 101, 188; its English explorers, 169; bounds, 169; meaning of the name, 184; authorities, 184; varieties of the name, 195, 214. _See_ Arembec, Maine

Norwich (Connecticut), 375.

Norwood, Colonel Henry, 148.

Norwood, _Voyage to Virginia_, 157.

Notley, Thomas, 547.

Nova Albion, 42. _See_ New Albion.

_Nova Britannia_ (Virginia), 155, 156, 199.

Nova Cæsaria, 422. _See_ New Jersey.

Nova Francia. _See_ New France.

Nova Scotia, 299.

Oakwood Press, 500.

O’Callaghan, E. B., on New York history, 414; _New Netherland_, 415; edits Wooley’s Journal, 420; his _Catalogue_, passim.

Ocracoke Inlet, 111.

Ogden, John, 429.

Ogilby, John, _America_, 167, 184, 360, 416; map of New York, 417; map of New England, 381.

Oiseaux, Isle des, 213.

Olaus Magnus, 101.

Old Colony Club, 293.

Old Colony Historical Society, 291, 344.

“Old Dominion”, name of, 153.

Oldham, John, 303.

Oldmixon, John, _British Empire in America_, 345, 499, 502.

Oldys, William, _Life of Bacon_, 121; _British Librarian_, 205.

Olive, Thomas, 441.

Onderdonk, Henry, Jr., _Annals of Hempstead_, 505.

Opecancanough, 131.

Orcutt and Beadsley, _History of Derby_, 375.

Oregon coast, 68.

Orinoco River, 117; valley, map, 124.

Orleans, Isle of, 213.

Ortelius’s map in Hakluyt, 205; _Theatrum orbis terrarum_, 34.

Oswego, 411.

Otten’s map of New York, 417.

Oviedo, _Historia de las Indias_, 49.

_Oxford Tract_, 156.

_Oxford Voyages_, 79.

Pacific, passages to the, 183, 459; called Mare del Sur, 203. _See_ South Sea.

Pack, Roger, 457.

Paget, John, _Inquiry_, etc., 506.

Paine, John, autog., 338.

Palfrey, John G., his interest in Pilgrim history, 284; _History of New England_, 293, 344, 375, 376.

Palmer, W. P., 161.

Palmer’s Island, 522, 528.

Pamunkey Indians, 131.

Paper manufacture in Pennsylvania, 493.

Parias, 201, 215.

Parmenius, 171, 187.

Partridge, Ralph, 280.

Paschall, Thomas, 499.

“Pasha”, ship, 65.

Passao, island, 79.

Passe, Simon, 212.

Patterson, James W., 210.

Pastorius, F. D., 491, 515; _Beschreibung_, etc., 502.

“Patience”, ship, 136.

Patowomekes, 135.

Patuxet, 273.

Pavonia, 422.

Payne, _Elizabethan Seamen_, 78, 187.

Peabody, George, 557, 562.

Pearls sought for on the New England coast, 181.

Pearson, Peter, 358; autog., 314.

Pease, J. C., 376.

Peckard, Peter, _Memoir of Nicholas Ferrar_, 158.

Peckham, Sir George, 39, 196; his _True Report_, 187, 205.

Peirce, E. W., _Indian History_, etc., 290; _Civil Lists_, etc., 293.

Peirce, James, _Vindication of the Dissenters_, 248.

Peirce, John, 269, 275, 299, 301, 341.

Peirce, William, _Almanac_, 350.

Pejepscot patent, 324.

Pelham, Peter, 345.

“Pelican”, Drake’s ship, 65; broken up, 73.

Pemaquid, 190, 191, 193, 365, 382, 400, 407; Popham at, 176; map, 177; settled, 321; _Papers_, 365; books on, 365; purchased by Duke of York, 325, 388; grant of, 399. _See_ Maine.

Pembroke, Earl of, 64, 86.

Pemisapan, 112.

Penhallow, _Indian Wars_, 349.

Penington, John, on New Albion, 461.

Penn, Granville, _Sir William Penn_, 506.

Penn, Hannah, 514.

Penn, Richard, 514.

Penn, William, intervenes in New Jersey disputes, 430, 432; purchases Carteret’s interest in Jersey, 435; his _Letter_ (printed in 1683), 498, 499; _Further Account_, 500; Sir W. Popple’s _Letter to Penn_, 502; alleged plot to capture him, 502; _Brief Account_, etc., _of the Quakers_, 496, 503; _Primitive Christianity Revived_, 503; his _Works_, 505; lives of, 505, 506; connection with Algernon or Henry Sidney, 506; Papers, 506, 507; _Apology_, 506; correspondence with Logan, 506; his family, 507; travels in Holland, 507; deeds, grants, letters, etc., 507; his career, 473; portraits, 474, 475; autog., 474, 484; his burial-place, 475; _No Cross, no Crown_, 475; _Great Case of Liberty of Conscience_, 475; interest in West Jersey, 476; petitions for land east of the Delaware, 476; charter granted, 477 _Some Account_, etc., 478, 479, 495, 496; arrives in America, 480, 482; Letitia Cottage, 483; at Shackamaxon, 490, 513; his country-house, 491; slate-roof house, 492; _Brief Account_, 496; vindicated by Ford, 498; his letters, 498; his landing, 512; treaty with the Indians, 513; belt of wampum, 513; Treaty Tree, 513; and the Indians, 513; controversy with Baltimore, 514, 548, 549; letter to Free Society of Traders, 516. _See_ Pennsylvania.

Penn, Sir William, 506.

Pennsbury manor, 491.

Pennsylvania, origin of name, 477; founding of, 469; charter granted, 477; bounds with Maryland, 404, 473, 488, 513, 514, 548; country described, 481; _Frame of Government_, 497, 511; its seal and signers, 484; courts, 487; population, 491; Harris’s map, 491; education, 492; trade, 492; press in, 493; ecclesiastical affairs, 493; sources of its history, 495; early tracts on, 495, 496; _Twee Missiven_, 499; _Beschreibung der Pensylvanien_, 499; _Recüeil de pieces_, etc., 499; _Missive van Bom_, 500; _Nader Informatie_, 500; _Some Letters_, 500; _Copia eines Send-Schriebens_, 501; Gabriel Thomas’s map, 501; _Curieuse Nachricht_, 502; histories of, 507; constitutional history, 510; local histories, 509; seal, 511; documents in State-Paper Office, 510; _Votes of the Assembly_, 510; _Colonial Records_, 510; _Pennsylvania Archives_, 510; charter and laws, 485, 510, 511, 512; _Certain Conditions_, etc., 511; maps, 516; purchases from the Indians, 516. _See_ Penn, William.

Pennsylvania Historical Society, 516; _Memoirs_, 516; _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, 516.

Pennypacker, S. W., 491, 499, 515.

Penobscot River, 190; the Pilgrims on the, 291.

Pentagöet (Castine), 190, 382, 383.

Pentecost Harbor, 175, 190, 191.

Pepperrell, Sir William, his sword, 274.

Pequods, 382; war with, 348; literature of, 348, 349, 371.

Percy, Abraham, 143, 146.

Percy, George, 134, 136; portrait, 134, 154; his _Observations_, 154.

_Perfect Description of Virginia_, 157.

Perkins, F. B., _Check-List of American Local History_, 292, 363.

Perle, island, 67.

Pero, Cape, 197.

Peru, 203.

Perry, W. S., _The Church in Virginia_, 166.

Pert, Sir Thomas, 4, 26, 28, 48.

Perth Amboy, 439, 440, 446; history of, 455; Quakers at, 505.

Perth, Earl of, 435; autog., 439.

Peter Martyr, 10; his _Decades_, 15, 200; quoted, 18, 19, 20, 35; edited by Hakluyt, 42; map from, 42; translation by Locke, 47; his manuscript, 47.

Peters, Samuel, his false _Blue Laws_, 372; _General History of Connecticut_, 372.

Peterson, Edward, _History of Rhode Island_, 376.

Petitot, _Mémoires_, 193.

Pethedam, John, _Bibliographical Miscellany_, 99.

Philadelphia founded, 481; laid out, 491; Holme’s plan, 491; growth of, 493; histories of, 509; map, 516.

“Philip”, ship, 424.

Philip, William, 205.

Philip’s War, 281, 318, 374; in Rhode Island, 339; tracts on, 360; its end, 361.

Phillipps, Sir Thomas, 208; library at Middlehill, 208; now at Cheltenham, 208.

“Phœnix”, ship, 131.

Pickering, Charles, 488.

Pierpont, John, _Pilgrim Fathers_, 294.

Pierse, Thomas, 143.

Pigmies, 101.

Pike, James S., _New Puritan_, 359.

Pike, Robert, autog., 359.

Pilgrim Society, 293.

Pilgrims of Plymouth, 257; their relations with the Massachusetts Puritans, 242; at Leyden, 263; apply to the Virginia Company, 264, 265; their declaration in seven articles, 265, 281, 287; the Wincob patent, 265, 269; plans changed for New Netherland, 266; agree with Weston, 266; leave Leyden, 267; at Delfthaven, 267; sail from Southampton, 267; return to Dartmouth, 267; sail from Plymouth (Devon), 267; reach Cape Cod, 267; the Peirce patent, 269; seek Hudson River, 269; their compact, 269, 271; explorations from Cape Cod, with map, 270; choose Carver governor, 271; land at Plymouth, 271; date of landing, 290; the spot in dispute, 271, 290; Samoset visits them, 273; the “Fortune” arrive, 275; their new patent, 275; their common stock, 276; land allotted, 276; their governors, 278; new patent (1641), 279; relics of, 279; government of, 280; poverty of, 281; the ministry among, 281; education among, 281; authorities on their history, 283; and the Indians, 290; in Scrooby, authorities on, 285; in Holland, authorities on, 285, 286; genealogy of, 292; monuments to their memory, 293; their patents, 293; pictures representing their history, 293; poems, 294; landed within the patent of the Council for New England, 302. _See_ Leyden, Mayflower, Plymouth, Robinson, Scrooby.

Pinkerton, _Voyages_, 102, 124.

Piscataqua, 326, 327, 367, 382; patent, 367.

Piscataway (New Jersey), 425.

Pitman, John, 377.

Place, Francis, 474.

Plaia, R. de la, 197.

Plancius, Peter, map, 217.

Plantagenet, Beauchamp, _Description of New Albion_, 461.

_Planter’s Speech_, 449, 499.

Plastrier, 178, 193.

“Plough”, ship, 322.

Plough patent, 322, 323.

Plowden, Sir Edmund, his grant of New Albion, 457; his origin, 457; his family, 457; his sons and descendants, 458, 467; in America, 459, 460; in Boston, 460; his will, 464. _See_ New Albion.

Plowden, Francis, 466.

Plowden, Thomas, 458, 466.

Plumstead, Clement, 435.

Plumstead, Francis, autog., 484.

Plymouth Colony, 257, 382; character of colonists, 210; united to Massachusetts Bay, 282; authorities on its history, 283; laws, edited by Brigham, 292; Records printed, 292; fac-simile of first page, 292; patent, 310; has no charter, 341; sends emigrants to Windsor, on the Connecticut, 368; grant on the Kennebec, 191. _See_ Pilgrims.

Plymouth Harbor, map, 272; visited by Pring, 174, 188; by Smith, 179; by Dermer, 183.

Plymouth Rock, 272, 290, 293.

Plymouth, town, palisade of, 276; fort, 276.

Plymouth Company, 127.

_Plymouth County Atlas_, 292.

Pocahontas, 135, 157; in London, 119, 141; betrayed, 139; married, 139, 161, 162; dies, 141, 162; her descendants, 141, 162; doubtful story of, 154, 161; pictures of, 163, 211.

Pocasset (Rhode Island), 336.

Podalida, 101.

Point Comfort, 128.

Pontanus, _History of Amsterdam_, 103.

Poole, W. F., on the Popham question, 210; edits Johnson’s _Wonder-working Providence_, 210, 358.

Poor, John A., 210.

Popellinière, _Les trois Mondes_, 37.

Popham, Sir Francis, 178.

Popham, George, 176.

Popham, Sir John, 175; autog., 175.

Popham Colony, 177, 190, 295; authorities, 192, 209; _Popham Memorial_, 192, 210, 366; rival views, 209; its relation to New England colonization, 210.

Porpoise, Cape, 322.

Port Nelson, 93, 96.

Port St. Julian, 66.

Portland (Maine), founded, 322; history of, 365.

Portsmouth (New Hampshire), 328; treaty of, 361.

Portuguese portolano (1514-1520), 56; discoveries, 56.

Pory, John, 143, 159.

Post service, early, in Pennsylvania, 491.

Potatoes, found in Virginia, 113.

Pott, Dr. John, 144, 146.

Potter, C. E., _Military History of New Hampshire_, 368.

Potter, E. R., _History of Narragansett_, 376.

_Potter’s American Monthly_, 166.

Powell, Nathaniel, 142, 143.

Powhatan River, 128.

Powhatan, Indian king, 131.

Prato, Albert de, 185, 186.

Prémontré globe, 214.

Prence, Thomas, autog., 272.

Presbyterianism in Massachusetts, 354.

Press, early, in Philadelphia, 493; in Massachusetts, 350, 356.

Pretty, Francis, _Famous Voyage of Drake_, 79; in Hakluyt, 79; with Cavendish, 84.

Price, Benjamin, 436.

Prichard, Edward, autog., 484.

Pricket, Abacuk, with Hudson, 93.

Priest, Degory, 284.

Prince Edward Island, 24.

Prince, John, _Worthies of Devon_, 121.

Prince, Thomas, on Pilgrim history, 285; _Chronological History_, or _Annals_, 283, 346; publishes Mason’s _Narrative_, 349. _See_ Prence.

Prince Society, 344.

Pring, Martin, on the New England coast, 173, 175; in Plymouth Harbor, 174, 188; authorities, 188.

Printer, James, autog., 356.

Printz, Johan, governor of New Sweden, 459.

Proud, Robert, _History of Pennsylvania_, 454, 508.

Proude, Richard, 207.

Providence (Maryland), 535.

Providence (Rhode Island), founded, 336; history of, 377; its libraries, 381.

_Providence Gazette_, 376.

Providence Plantations, 337, 338.

Pulsifer, David, edits _Plymouth Records_, 293; edits the _Simple Cobler_, 350.

Punchard, George, _History of Congregationalism_, 285, 288.

Punta de los Reyes, 75, 77.

Purchas, Samuel, his _Pilgrimage_, 47; his _Pilgrimes_, 47, 97.

Purchase, Thomas, in Maine, 324.

Puritans, 219, 223; their agitation, 232; satires upon, 237; become Nonconformists in New England, 242; distinction between Puritans and Pilgrims, 288. _See_ Dissenters, Nonconformists, Pilgrims.

Pynchon, William, _Meritorious Price of Our Redemption_, 357; _Covenant of Nature_, 357.

Quakers, printing among, 516; Barclay’s _Inner Life_, 251; in Carolina, 472; in Connecticut, 373; in England, 473; and the Indians, 473; on Long Island, 505; in Maryland, 472, 505, 545, 555; in Massachusetts, 313, 317, 358, 472; autographs of, 314; in New England, 504; in New Jersey, 430, 447, 505; their legislation, 432; in New Netherland, 472; in New York, 505; in Pennsylvania, 469, 515; their views, 471; their meetings, 494; rise and progress of, 503; best exposition of their views, 503; _Historia Quakeriana_, 503; books on, 358, 503-505; Hicksites, 504; archives of the sect, 504; Swarthmore manuscripts, 504; in Plymouth, 280, 281; in Rhode Island, 378, 472; in Virginia, 166, 472, 505.

Quarry, Colonel, 501.

Quincy, Josiah, President, controversy with George Bancroft, 378.

Quinnipiack, 310, 332, 368.

Quisan, 68.

Quivira, 67, 68, 76, 77.

_Raccolta di Mappamondi_, 218.

Race, Cape (Razo), 213; (Raso), 216.

Raimundus, 54.

Raine, _Parish of Blyth_, 258, 284.

Ralegh, 105, 188, 193, 213; autog., 105; spelling of his name, 105; sails with Gilbert, 106; in favor with Elizabeth, 107; and Spenser, 107; plans of colonization, 108; his marriage, 116; at Trinidad, 117; arrested, 119; in the Tower, 119; wrote his _History of the World_, 119; his last voyage, 120; burns St. Thomas, 120; beheaded, 120, 122; authorities, 121; Bacon’s book, 121; lives of him, 121, 122; his works, 121; _Voyages_ edited by Schomburgk, 122; _Discoverie of Guiana_, etc., 124; his voyage criticised, 126; commemorated by a window at St. Margaret’s, 126; and Gosnold’s voyage, 173.

Ralegh, Mount, 90, 91.

Ramusio, 19, 20, 50; his _Navigationi_, etc., 24-26, 184.

Randolph, Edward, 319, 335, 339.

Randolph, Henry, 150.

Randolph, John, 158.

Randolph, Peyton, 158.

Randolph, Richard, 163.

Ratcliffe, John, 128; _Rational Theology_, 252.

Raum, J. O., _History of New Jersey_, 455.

Rawle, William, 467, 468, 512, 515.

Rawliana, 465.

Read, John M., Jr., 492.

Real, Cape, 213.

_Receuil d’ Arrests_, 104.

_Recueil van de Tractaten_, 415.

Redemptioners, 545.

Reed, John, _Map of Philadelphia_, 491, 509.

Reed, W. B., 516.

Reformation in England, 222.

Regicides in Connecticut, 374. _See_ Goffe and Whalley.

Reichel, W. C., 515.

“Resolution”, ship, 93.

Revell, Thomas, 451.

Reynel’s chart, 12.

Rhode Island, History of, 335; doctrine of soul-liberty, 336, 337; Massachusetts seeks to govern, 337; excluded from the New England Confederacy, 338; Royal Commissioners in, 339; education in, 339; origin of name, 376; sources of her history, 376; _Gazetteer_, 376; histories of, 376; _Records_, 377; charter got by Williams, 337, 379; charter from Charles II., 338, 379; Laws, 337, 379; excludes Roman Catholics as freemen, 379; excludes Jews as freemen, 379; bibliography of, 380. _See_ Williams, Roger.

Rhode Island Historical Society, _Proceedings_, 381; _Discourses_, 377.

_Rhode Island Historical Tracts_, 377.

_Rhode Island Republican_, 376.

Rhumbs, 208.

Ribault, _Terra Florida_, 33, 200.

Ribero’s map (1529), 16, 24.

Rice, John Holt, 168, 211.

Rich, Obadiah, _Catalogues_, passim.

Rich, R., _Newes from Virginia_, 81, 155.

Rich, Robert, Lord, 370.

Richardson, Amos, autog., 338.

Richardson, W., _Granger’s Portraits_, 163.

_Richmond Dispatch_, 162.

Richmond, Duchess of, portrait, 211.

Richmond Island, 190, 322.

Rider, S. S., 377.

Ridgeley, David, _Annals of Annapolis_, 561.

Ridpath, _History of the United States_, 153.

Rigby, Alexander, 323, 324.

Rigby, Edward, 324.

Rigg, Ambrose, 435.

Riker, _History of Harlem_, 417.

Rio de la Hacha, 63.

Roanoke, Voyage to, 105; Island, 110, 111, 123; bird’s-eye view of, 124; colony, survivors, 129. _See_ Virginia.

Robbins, Chandler, _The Regicides_, 374.

Roberts, Thomas, 327.

Robertson, William, 162.

Robertson, Wyndham, _Descendants of Pocahontas_, 162.

Robinson, Conway, 154; _Discoveries in the West_, 43, 167, 168; contributions to Virginia history, 158, 159.

Robinson, Edward, _Memoir of William Robinson_, 286.

Robinson, Rev. John, of Duxbury, 286.

Robinson, John, of Leyden, 231; autog., 259; farewell address, 259, 285; in Amsterdam, 261; in Leyden, 262, 286; his house, 262, 288; his burial-place, 263; death of, 277, 288; his relation to the Pilgrims, 285; life by Kist, 286; by Ashton, 286; his family, 286; H. M. Dexter on, 285; his influence, 288; attempts to remove schisms among the Brownists, 288. _See_ Pilgrims.

Robinson, John, of Maryland, 529.

Robinson, Patrick, 488, 494.

Robinson, William, autog., 314; hanged, 505.

Rochefort, César de, _Description des Antilles_, 496; _Recit_, etc., 496.

Rocroft, Captain, 182, 194.

Roe, Sir Thomas, 297.

Rogers, Horatio, Libraries of Providence, 381.

Roggeveen, Arent, chart of New York coast, 419; _Brandende Veen_, 382, 419; _Burning Fen_, 383, 419.

Rolfe, John, 135; begins tobacco culture, 139; marries Pocahontas, 139; secretary, 141; _Relation of Virginia_, 157.

Roman Catholics excluded from being freemen in Rhode Island, 379; in Maryland, 560.

“Rose”, frigate, 321.

Roselli, mappemonde, 217.

Rosier, James, _True Relation_, 81, 191.

Rosignol, Port, 306.

Ross, A. A., _Discourse on History of Rhode Island_, 376.

Rotz, John, _Idrography_, 195.

Rough, John, 239.

Rous, John, autog., 314.

Rowlandson, Mrs., her captivity, 361.

Royal Commissioners, 388; in Boston, 318, 389.

Royall, W. L., on Virginia colonial money, 166.

Rudyard, George, autog., 484.

Rudyard, Thomas, 435, 436.

Ruggles, George, 159.

Rundall, Thomas, _Narratives of Voyages_, etc., 98.

Ruscelli, 25.

Russell, Dr. Walter, 131.

Russell, W. S., _Guide to Plymouth_, 292; _Pilgrim Memorials_, 292.

Rut, John, 170, 185, 186.

Rutherford, Samuel, _Due Rights_, etc., 288.

Rutters, 207.

Ruysch’s Ptolemy map (1508), 9, 217; fac-simile, 9.

Ryebread, Thomas, 457.

Ryttenhouse, William, 493.

Sabin, Joseph, _American Bibliopolist_, passim; _Dictionary of Books relating to America_, passim; _Menzies’ Catalogue_, passim.

Sabino, peninsula, 177, 190, 210.

Sable Island, 216.

Sablons, Cape, 195.

Saco River settlement, 190, 321, 322, 323.

Sadlier Correspondence, 378.

Sagadahock River, 190, 191; settlement on, 177.

Saguenay River, 101, 213, 383.

Sainsbury, Noël, _Calendar of State Papers_, 159; and the English records, 343.

Saint. _See_ St.

Salado River, 77, 197.

Salem (Massachusetts), 311; history of, 363.

Salem (New Jersey), 431, 455.

Salterne, Robert, 175.

Samoset, 184, 273, 290.

“Samson”, ship, 170, 183, 185, 186.

San Domingo, 82. _See_ Hispaniola.

San Francisco, 74; is it Drake’s Bay? 78; derived from Drake’s name, 84.

San Juan d’Ulua, 63.

San Lorenzo, bay, 80.

San Miguel, 79, 213.

San. _See_ St., Santa.

Sanderson, William, 212, 216.

Sanderson’s tower, 90, 91.

Sandford, William, 436.

Sandys, Sir Edwin, 142, 265, 297, 298; _State of Religion_, 259; arrested, 299.

Sandys, George, 145, 146.

Sandys, Sir Samuel, 259.

Sanson, Nicholas, map of New England, 382; extract from his map of Canada, 456.

Santa Barbara, 77.

Santa Cruz, 213.

Santa Maria, Cape, 197.

Santa. _See_ San, St.

Santarem’s _Atlas_, 9, 217; _Essai_, 217.

Santiago, 197.

Sanuto Livio, _Geographica distincta_, 41.

Saquish, 272.

“Sarah”, ship, 139.

Sargeant, Thomas, _Land Laws of Pennsylvania_, 512.

Sasanoa River, 193.

Savage, James, _Genealogical Dictionary of New England_, 289; New England antiquary, 351; endorsement on Lechford’s book, 353; memoir by G. S. Hillard, 353; edits _Winthrop’s Journal_, 357; on the Wheelwright deed, 366; on Pilgrim history, 283.

Savage, Thomas, in Virginia, 131.

Savage Rock, 172, 173.

Savile, Henry, _Libell of Spanish Lies_, 82.

Say, Lord, 326, 331, 370; patent to, 369.

Saybrook, 322; platform, 334.

Schanck, George C., 463.

Scharf, J. T., _Chronicles of Baltimore_, 561; _History of Maryland_, 561.

Schele de Vere, _Romance of American History_, 162.

Schenectady, 396.

Schenk and Valch, map of New York, 417.

Scrivener, Matthew, 130.

Schomburgk, R. H., edits Ralegh’s _Voyage_, 122.

Schondia, 18, 101.

Schoner or Schöner, John, globe (1520), 214, 217; his _Terræ descriptio_, 214.

Scrooby, in Nottinghamshire, 258; site of its manor-house, 258; map of vicinity, 259; visits to, 284, 285; described, 285. _See_ Pilgrims.

Scot, George, _Model of the Government of East New Jersey_, 438, 450, 454.

Scott, Benjamin, on the Pilgrims, 288.

Scull, G. D., _Memoir of Captain Evelyn_, 459; _The Evelyns in America_, 459, 562.

Sea-manuals, 206.

“Sea Venture”, ship, 134.

Selden, John, 299.

Seeskabinet, 8.

Seidensticker, Oswald, 501; _Penn in Holland_, 507.

Seller, John, _Description of New England_, 384; maps of New England, 384.

Sellman, Edward, account of Frobisher’s voyage, 102.

Separatists, 219, 223. _See_ Dissenters, Nonconformists.

Settle, Dionysius, account of Frobisher’s voyage, 102, 203.

Seven Cities, 53.

Sewall, R. K., _Ancient Dominion of Maine_, 185; on Popham’s town, 210.

Sewel, William, _History of the Quakers_, 359, 503, 504.

Seymour, Richard, 176.

Shackamaxon Conference, 490.

Shakespeare’s “new map”, 217.

Shannon, _Manual of the City of New York_, 414, 415.

Sharswood, George, _Common Law of Pennsylvania_, 512.

Shawmut, 311. _See_ Boston.

Shawomet, 336.

Shea, J. G., edits Millet’s _Relation_, 415; edits Jogues’ _Novum Belgium_, 416; edits Miller’s _Description of New York_, 420; edits Alsop’s _Maryland_, 555.

Sheepscott River, 190; town, 365.

Sheffield, Lord, autog., 275.

Shepard, Thomas, _Clear Sunshine_, 355; _Autobiography_, 355; fac-simile of writing, 355.

Sheppard, J. H., 361.

Sherry, W. M., 533.

Ship of the Seventeenth Century, 347.

Shoals, isles of, 327.

Shrewsbury (New Jersey), 424, 427.

Shrigley, Nathaniel, _True Relation_, 157.

Shurt, Abraham, autog., 321.

Shurtleff, N. B., on the “Mayflower” passengers, 292; edits _Plymouth Records_, 293; edits _Massachusetts Records_, 343; death of, 362; his library, 362; _Description of Boston_, 362.

Sibley, J. L., _Graduates of Harvard University_, 256, 415.

Sidney, Henry, 483.

Sidney, Sir Philip, 86.

Silk-worms in Virginia, 158.

Silva, Mina da, 79.

Sir Thomas Roe’s Welcome, 95.

Skeats, H. S., _Free Churches_, 251.

Skeyne, John, 442.

Slack, Dr. James, 500.

Slaughter, _History of St. Mark’s, Culpepper_, etc., 160.

Slave-trade begun by Hawkins, 60; how conducted, 62, 63; first public protest against, 491.

Slavery in Virginia, 143, 166; in Pennsylvania, 515; in Maryland, 545.

Sloane manuscripts, 557.

Sluyter, Peter, _Journal_, 420.

Smith, Buckingham, 214; his _Inquiry_, 214.

Smith, B. H., 515.

Smith, C. C., “Explorations to the Northwest”, 85.

Smith, Charles, edits laws of Pennsylvania, 512.

Smith, Charles W., _Wrightstown_, 510.

Smith, George, _Delaware County_, 509.

Smith, Rev. Henry, 330.

Smith, Captain John, 128; at Jamestown, 129; explores the Chesapeake, 131, 132; his map of Virginia, 132, 167; elected president at Jamestown, 132; his services, 135; his _True Relation_, or _Newes from Virginia_, 153; his _Oxford Tract_, 156; _Map of Virginia_, 156, 211; account in Fuller’s _Worthies_, 161; credibility of the story of his rescue by Pocahontas, 161; on the New England coast, 179; his _Description of New England_, 179, 181, 194, 211; his _Map of New England_, 180, 197, 212, 341, 381; heliotype of, 198; used by Sanson, 456; captured by the French, 181; admiral for life, 182; _Generall Historie_, 194, 211; variety in copies, 163, 211; his portrait, 198, 211; autog., 211; his letter to Bacon, 211; _New England’s Trials_, 211, 290; life, by George S. Hillard, 211; by W. G. Simms, 212; by C. D. Warner, 162, 212; _True Travels_, 211; _Advertisements for Planters_, 147, 212; his character for truth, 212; tomb, 212. _See_ New England, Virginia.

Smith, John Jay, 454; _Memoir of the Penn Family_, 507.

Smith, Joseph, _Friends’ Books_, 359, 504; _Anti-Quakeriana_, 359, 504.

Smith, Lloyd P., 516.

Smith, Margaret, autog., 314.

Smith, Ralph, 280.

Smith, Roger, 146.

Smith, Samuel, _History of New Jersey_, 453, 507; his manuscripts, 507; _History of the Quakers in Pennsylvania_, 507.

Smith, Sir Thomas, 113; portrait, 94; treasurer of the Virginia Company, 127.

Smith, Thomas, in Maryland, 529.

Smith, William, 412; _History of New York_, 411, 412; criticised, 412.

Smith, William, Jr., 453.

Smith and Watson, _American Historical and Literary Curiosities_, 484.

Smith’s Islands, 131.

Smucker, S. W., 371.

Smyth, John, the “Se-Baptist”, 227; autog., 257; in Amsterdam, 261.

Snow, C. H., _History of Boston_, 362.

Somerby, H. G., 208, 364.

Somers, Sir George, 133, 137.

Somers, Matthew, 137.

Somers, Sir Thomas, 136.

Somersetshire (Maine), 191.

Sonmans, Arent, 435.

Soule, George, 284; autog., 268; in Duxbury, 273.

Soulé and others, _Annals of San Francisco_, 78.

South America, earlier known than North, 85.

South Sea, 88. _See_ Pacific.

_Southern Literary Messenger_, 164, 168.

Southey, Robert, _Life of Ralegh_, 122.

Sowle, Andrew, autog., 484.

Spain seizes Hawkins’s ships, 60.

Spaniards on the Chesapeake, 167.

Spanish Main ravaged by Drake, 65, 73.

Sparks, Jared, his library, 211.

Speed, John, _Prospect_, 384; map of New England, 384; _Theatre of Great Britain_, 467.

“Speedwell”, ship, 173, 267.

Spelman, Henry, 135; rescued, 137; his _Relation_, 155.

Spelman, Sir Henry, 299.

Spicer, Jacob, 454.

Spooner, Z. H., _Poems of the Pilgrims_, 294.

Springett, Harbt, autog., 484.

Springett, Sir William, 480.

Springfield (Massachusetts), settled, 330.

Squamscott patent, 367.

Squanto, 182, 194, 274.

“Squirrel”, ship, 187.

St. Anthoine Bay and River, 195.

St. Augustine, 80.

St. Brandon, 42.

St. Brandon Island, 101.

St. Christopher, Cape, 195; Bay, 197.

St. Christoval, 213.

St. Clement’s Island, 525.

St. Inigoe’s manor, 558.

St. Jacques, 82.

St. James Island, 77.

St. Joan Cape, 197.

St. John, _Life of Ralegh_, 122.

St. John River (New Brunswick), 186.

St. John, 213.

St. John Baptiste Bay, 195, 197.

St. Lawrence Gulf, 101, 213; explored by Cabot, 55; River, 213.

St. Mary’s River, 526; Town, 526; ruins of, 558.

St. Nicholas, 213.

St. Thomas, island, 79.

St. See San, Santa.

Stacy, Mahlon, 441.

Stacy, Robert, 441.

Stadin River, 213.

Standish, Alexander, autog., 273.

Standish, Miles, at Leyden, 263; autog., 268; at Cape Cod, 271; at Duxbury, 273; his swords, 274, 278; origin of, 284; his will, 284; monument to his memory, 284; his faith, 284; his books, 284; his descendants, 284; alleged portrait, 293; Longfellow’s _Courtship of_, 294; Lowell’s _Interview_, 294; sent to England, 308.

Stanley, A. P., _Christian Institutions_, 254.

Stanwood, J. R., 416.

Staples, W. R., _Annals of Providence_, 377; edits _Rhode Island Laws_, 379; edits Gorton’s _Simplicitie’s Defence_, 378.

“Star”, ship, 138.

State-Paper Office, 343.

Steel, John, autog., 374.

Steele, Ashbel, _Elder Brewster; or, Chief of the Pilgrims_, 285, 287.

Steg, Robert, 148.

Stephenson, _Call from Death to Life_, 358.

Stevens, Henry, rescues White’s drawings, 123; _Historical and Geographical Notes_, 8, 167, 218; _Bibliotheca Geographica_, 9; _Mondidier Catalogue_, 348; _Index to New Jersey Documents_, 455; _Index to Maryland Documents_, 557; _Historical Collections_, passim.

Stevens, J. A., “The English in New York”, 385.

Stevenson, Marmaduke, 505.

Stevin, Simon, _De Haven-vinding_, 208.

Stiles, Ezra, _History of the Judges_, 374.

Stiles, H. R., _Ancient Windsor_, 375.

Stillman, _Seeking the Golden Fleece_, 78.

Stirling, Earl of, grant to, 310, 388.

Stith, William, _History of Virginia_, 165.

Stobnicza’s map, 10, 13; his _Introductio in Ptholomei Cosmographiam_, 10.

Stockbridge, Henry, 556.

Stone, Frederick D., “The Founding of Pennsylvania”, 469.

Stone, Samuel, 330.

Stone, William, 533; autog., 534.

Stone, W. L., _Uncas and Miantonomo_, 368.

Stonyhurst manuscripts, 530.

Stoughton, Israel, autog., 348.

Stoughton, J., _Church and State_, 252.

Stoughton, John, _William Penn_, 507.

Stoughton, William, autog., 356.

Stow’s _Chronicle or Annals_, 37.

Stowe, _Survey of London_, 211.

Strachey, William, 156; in Virginia, 137; autog., 156; his _Lawes Divine_, 137, 156; _Historie of Travaile_, 156, 191, 192; _Map of Virginia_, 167.

_Strange News from Virginia_, 164.

Stratford (Connecticut), 333.

Stratton, John, 322.

Strawberry Bank, 327-329. _See_ Portsmouth (N. H.).

Streeter, Sebastian F., 457, 543, 556, 562; _Early History of Maryland_, 556; his manuscripts, 556; _Maryland Two Hundred Years Ago_, 560; his manuscript history of Clayborne, 562; _First Commander of Kent Island_, 562; _Fall of the Susquehannocks_, 562.

Strong, Leonard, _Babylon’s Fall_, 555.

Strong, Richard, 172.

Strype, John, his _Works_, 248.

Studley, Daniel, 220.

Studley, Thomas, 128.

Stuyvesant, Peter, 389, 390.

Sullivan, James, _Land Titles in Massachusetts_, 341; _History of Maine_, 364.

Sumner, George, on the Pilgrims in Leyden, 286.

“Sunshine”, ship, 89.

“Susan Constant”, ship, 128.

Susquehanna Indians, 131, 515, 562; lands, 490.

Sutherland, Lord, 514.

Sutliffe, Dean of Exeter, 198.

“Swallow”, ship, 60, 134, 194.

“Swan”, ship, 65.

Swarthmore Hall, 470.

Swedes on the Delaware, 480, 481, 548; their churches, 493.

Symmes, Benjamin, 147.

Symondes, William, sermon on Virginia, 155.

Symson, Cuthbert, 239.

Synods in New England, 354.

Syon, County Palatine, 457.

Tadenac, Lake, 216.

Taisnierus, Joannes, on navigation, 35, 207.

Talbot, Sir William, 157.

Tanner, Robert, _Mirror for Mathematiques_, 207.

Tarbox, I. N., on Pilgrim history, 288.

Tatham, John, 451.

Taylor, Christopher, autog., 484.

Tazewell, L. W., 153.

Telner, Jacob, 490.

Terra Mariæ, 520. _See_ Maryland.

Thacher, Dr., _American Medical Biography_, 315; manuscript on the Winslows, 277; _History of the Town of Plymouth_, 291.

Thevet, André, 32; _New found Worlde_ (English translation), 200; _Cosmographie_, 184.

Thomas, Gabriel, _Description of West New Jersey_, 451; map of Pennsylvania, 501; _Some Account_, etc., 501.

Thomas, Isaiah, _History of Printing_, 351.

Thomas, John, 514.

Thomas, William, 266.

Thomason, George, his collection of tracts, 245.

Thompson, Mrs. A. T., _Life of Ralegh_, 121.

Thompson, David, 326, 328; in New Hampshire, 366.

Thompson’s Island, 311.

Thompson, _Long Island_, 349.

Thomson, C. W., 508.

Thorne, Robert, his map in fac-simile, 17; described, 18.

Thornton, John, _Atlas Maritimus_, 384.

Thornton, J. Wingate, _First Records of Anglo-American Colonization_, 158; on the Gosnold expedition, 188; on the Popham question, 210; and the Bradford manuscript, 286; _Ancient Pemaquid_, 365.

Thorpe, George, 144, 145.

Thurloe, _State Papers_, 555.

Thurston, Thomas, 473.

Tienot, Cape, 213.

Tierra del Fuego, 66.

Tigna River, 67.

Tignes, 79.

Tilley, Edward, 284.

Tinker, Thomas, 284.

Tobacco, 69, 166; in Florida, 60; in Virginia, 113, 139, 141, 146, 147, 149, 150; as currency, 143, 166; production of, 144; in Maryland, 543, 544, 558.

Tobàh, 69.

Tockwogh River, 131.

Tontoneac River, 67.

Torres, _Relacion_, 82.

Town system of New England, 363.

Townley, Richard, 443.

Townsend, Richard, 493.

Trask, Mary, autog., 314.

Trask, W. B., 361.

“Treasurer”, ship, 139, 193.

Triple Alliance, 395, 396.

Trinidad, 117; Ralegh’s map, 124.

Trinity Harbor, 213.

Trömel, _Bibliotheca Americana_, 499.

Tross globe (gores), 214.

Trowbridge, J. R., Jr., on New Haven’s maritime interests, 375.

Trumbull, Rev. Benjamin, _History of Connecticut_, 374.

Trumbull, Governor Jonathan, his papers, 374.

Trumbull, J. H., edits _Brinley Catalogue_, passim; edits Lechford, 351; on the Indian languages, 355; on Indian names in Connecticut, 368; on the Constitutions of Connecticut, 369; _True Blue Laws_, etc., 372; edits _Connecticut Records_, 375; edits Williams’s _Key_, 377.

Trusler, John, 457.

Tucker, 322.

Tucker, Daniel, 132.

Tucker, St. George, _Hansford_, 164.

Tuckerman, Edward, edits Josselyn’s _New England Rarities_, 360.

Tulloch, John, _Leaders of the Reformation_, 252; _English Puritanism_, 252.

Turner, H. E., on Coddington, 377; _Settlers of Aquedneck_, 377.

Turner, Robert, 435, 441, 477.

Tuttle, C. W., 153, 210; on John Mason, 364; on Champernoun, 366; on the Wheelwright deed, 366; on New Hampshire history, 367.

Twine, John, 143.

Tyler, M. C., _History of American Literature_, 154, 165.

Tyson, Job R., 508; _Colonial History_, etc., 505.

Tytler, P. F., _Life of Ralegh_, 122; _Historical View_, 43.

Uhden, _Geschichte des Congregationalisten_, 384.

Ulpius globe, 214.

Uncas, 368; his pedigree, 368; and Miantinomo, 368.

Underhill, Captain John, 327, 349; _Newes from America_, 348.

Upham, _Ratio disciplinæ_, 359.

Upland, 480, 481, 483.

Upsall, Nicholas, autog., 314.

Utie, Colonel, 548.

Vadianus’ map, 217.

Valentine, David, _History of New York City_, 417; _Manual of the City of New York_, 414, 415.

Van der Aa’s _Voyages_, 79, 188.

Van Heuvel, _El Dorado_, 126.

Van Keulen, charts, 419.

Van Loon’s _Pascærte_, 382; _Zee-Atlas_, 382.

Van Meteren, 82.

Varina Neck, 138.

Varkens Kil, 459.

Varlo, Charles, 467; _The Finest Part of America_, 467; _Nature Displayed_, 468; _Floating Ideas_, 468.

Vaughan, R., _English Nonconformity_, 252.

Vaughan, Sir William, 519.

Vaux, Roberts, on Penn’s treaty, 513.

Vaux, W. S. W., 79.

Veech, James, 515.

Venegas’ _California_, 75.

Venetian calendars, 51.

Verrazano, 185, 376; his sea, 183, 218; influence on Gosnold, 172; his map, 194.

Vetromile, _History of the Abnakis_, 184.

Vincent, C., _Vie de Penn_, 506.

Vincent, Philip, 348; _Late Battell_, 348.

Vines, Richard, 182, 303, 322, 323.

Vinton, J. A., on the Wheelwright deed, 366; _Giles Memorial_, 365.

Virginia, 127; (1580), 42; _True Declaration_, etc., 81; _Declaration of the State of the Colony_, 81; _Good Speed to_, 81; _New Life of_, 81; named by Elizabeth, 110, 153; map of, by White, 124; map of “Ould Virginia”, 124; earliest map, 124; De Laet’s map (1630), 125; Farrer map, 464, 465; other maps, 167; charter of 1609, 133; first legislature, 143; constitution (1621), 145; massacre (1622), 145, 163; massacre (1644), 147; under the Commonwealth, 148; Bacon’s Rebellion, 151; “convict” emigrants, 152, 160; Indian names in, 153; the early patents, 153; authorities on the history of, 153; _Laws Divine_, 156; bounds of, 159; _Colonial Records_, 159; lists of arrivals, 160; destruction of archives, 160; families, 160; county and parish records preserved, 161; _Calendar of State Papers_, 161; histories of, 164, 165; boundary disputes, 167; _in America Richly Valued_, 168; disputes with Maryland, 554; Northern Colony of, 295, 342; Southern Colony of, 295. _See_ Jamestown, Roanoke, Smith.

“Virginia”, pinnace, 177.

Virginia Company, 143; seal, 140, 143; charter annulled, 146; records, 158; silk-worm culture, 158.

_Virginia Evangelical and Literary Magazine_, 164.

_Virginia Historical Reporter_, 160, 162, 168.

Virginia Historical Society, 168.

“Virginia Merchant”, ship, 148.

_Virginia’s Cure_, 157.

Viscaino’s map, 75.

Visscher, map of New England, 382; _Atlas Minor_, 417; map of New York, 418.

Vitellus, 104.

Vullieum, L., _William Penn_, 506.

Waddington, John, _Track of the Hidden Church_, 285, 288; _Congregational History_, 285, 288.

Wade, Robert, 494.

Wagenaer, Luke, 207.

Walckenaer’s _Catalogue_, 8.

Waldo, Richard, 132.

Waldo Patent, 191.

Walford, Thomas, autog., 311.

Waldron, Resolved, 466, 549.

Waldseemüller map (1507-13), 14.

Walker, John, 187; in Norumbega, 171.

Wallace, J. W., 514, 516; on William Bradford, 515.

Walsingham, Sir Francis, 86.

Walter, Nehemiah, autog., 319.

Waterhouse, Edward, his _Declaration_, 163.

Wampanoags, 274.

Wamsutta, 282.

Ward, Edward, _Trip to New England_, 373.

Ward, Nathaniel, autog., 350; _Body of Liberties_, 350; _Simple Cobler_, 350.

Ward, Townsend, 492, 509.

Ware, William, _Memoir of Nathaniel Bacon_, 164.

Warham, Rev. John, 330.

Warne, Thomas, 435.

Warner, Charles D., _Study of John Smith_, 162.

Warner, C. L., 516.

Warner, Edmond, autog., 430.

Warren, Henry, 365.

Warrosquoyoke, 147.

Warwick, Earl of, 86, 308, 309, 342, 354, 369; autog., 275; grants to, 370; and the Council for New England, 370.

Warwick (Rhode Island), 337.

“Warwick”, ship, 327, 363.

Warwick’s foreland, 90, 91.

Washburn, Emory, _Judicial History of Massachusetts_, 363.

Washburn, John D., 75.

Watson, J. F., _Annals of Philadelphia_, 509; on Penn’s treaty, 513; _Olden Times in New York_, 416.

Watson, Thomas, 154.

Wattes, John, 114.

Waugh, Dorothy, autog., 314.

Waymouth, Captain George, 91, 174, 189; autog., 91; authorities, 189.

Webb, Maria, _The Penns and Peningtons_, 507.

Webster, Daniel, on the Pilgrims, 293.

Webster, Noah, edits _Winthrop’s Journal_, 357.

Weehawken, 422.

Weems’s _Life of Penn_, 509.

Weir, R. W., picture of the Pilgrims at Delfthaven, 293.

Weiss, L. H., 502.

“Welcome”, ship, 482.

Welde, Thomas, _Short Story_, etc., 349, 351; _Bay Psalm Book_, 350.

Welles, Thomas, autog., 374.

Wells (Maine), 324.

Welsh Barony (Pennsylvania), 482.

Welsh in Pennsylvania, 482, 515.

Wenman, Sir Ferdinand, 136.

Wessagusset, 304.

West, Benjamin, picture of Penn’s Treaty, 513.

West, Francis, 132, 134, 143, 146; admiral of New England, 303.

West India Company, 385, 389, 422.

West Jersey, 432; concessions, etc., 432; local government, 440; _Records_, 452; Quakers in, 473; Penn’s interest in, 476; map of, 501. _See_ New Jersey.

West, John, 147; autog., 164.

West, Robert, 435.

West, Thomas, Lord De la Warre, 133. _See_ De la Warre.

Westcott, _History of Philadelphia_, 502.

Westcott, Thompson, 509.

Westland, Nathaniel, 451.

Westminster, Treaty of, 398.

Weston, P. C. J., _Documents of South Carolina_, 186, 558.

Weston, Thomas, 266, 267, 304; settles at Weymouth, 278, 311.

Westover manuscripts, 159.

Wethersfield (Connecticut), 330.

Weymouth (Massachusetts), 278, 311.

Wharton, Thomas I., 515.

Whiddon, Jacob, 116.

Wheeler, _History of North Carolina_, 124.

Wheeler, G. A., _History of Brunswick_, 365; _History of Castine_, 365.

Wheelwright, John, memoir of, 366; at Exeter, 329; deed of New Hampshire, controversy over, 366, 368.

Whitaker, Alexander, 137, 138, 141; _Good Newes from Virginia_, 81, 157.

White, Father Andrew, 554; _Relatio itineris_, 553, 554.

White, Christopher, 441.

White, D. A., _New England Congregationalism_, 255.

White, Henry, on New Haven Colony, 375.

White, John (governor), views in Virginia, 113; governor, 113; his drawings engraved by De Bry, 123, 164; his map of Virginia, 124, 183.

White, Rev. John, 311.

White, John, of Dorchester, _Planter’s Plea_, 346.

White, John, of Pennsylvania, 488.

White, Peregrine, autog., 268; his chest, 278.

White, Resolved, autog., 268.

Whitehead, George, 442.

Whitehead, W. A., “The English in East and West Jersey”, 421; _East Jersey under the Proprietary Government_, 454; _Documents relating to New Jersey_, 454; _Index to Colonial Documents_, 455; _History of Perth Amboy_, 455.

Whitfield, Rev. Henry, 355; _The Light Appearing_, 335; _Strength out of Weakness_, 355.

Whiting, John, _Truth and Innocency Defended_, 359.

Whiting, John, _Catalogue of Friends’ Books_, 504.

Whitmore, William H., _American Genealogist_, 292; _Peter Pelham_, 345; edits _Andros Tracts_, 362; his chapter on Andros in the _Memorial History of Boston_, 362.

Whitson Bay, 174.

Whittier, J. G., _Pennsylvania Pilgrim_, 491.

Wickham, Rev. William, 141, 143.

Wiggin, Thomas, 326.

Wigglesworth, Michael, autog., 319.

Wilberforce, Samuel, _Episcopal Church in America_, 286.

Wilcox, Thomas, 435.

Wilkinson, William, 128.

Willard, Samuel, autog., 319.

Willes, Richard, 35; edits Eden’s Peter Martyr as _History of Travayle_, 204.

Willett, Thomas, autog., 338, 414; mayor of New York, 414; his family, 414.

William and Mary College founded, 144, 160.

William of Orange, 396; invited to England, 410.

Williams, Captain, on the Maine coast, 179.

Williams, Dr. Daniel, his library, 245.

Williams, Edward, _Virgo triumphans_, 168.

Williams, Francis, 328, 329.

Williams, George W., _Negro Race in America_, 168.

Williams, John Foster, 190.

Williams, Roger, in his youth, 242; at Plymouth, 290; views on civil polity, 290; settles Rhode Island, 335, 336; goes to England, 337; autog., 339; his _Key_, 355, 377; lives of, 378; deed from the Indians, 379; letters, 377, 378; letter to George Fox, 378; banished from Massachusetts, 378; _Christenings make not Christians_, 378; Charter obtained by, 379. _See_ Rhode Island.

Williamson, _History of North Carolina_, 124.

Williamson, W. D., historical labors, 208; _History of Maine_, 364.

Willis, William, 209, 210; _History of Portland_, 365; _Bibliography of Maine_, 365.

Willoughby’s expedition, 30.

Wills, Daniel, 441.

Wilson, John, first minister of Boston, 312; portrait, 313; autog., 313.

Wincob, John, 265.

Winder, Samuel, 443.

Windmill, First, in America, 144.

Windsor (Connecticut), 330, 375; settled, 368.

Wine made early in Florida and Massachusetts, 61.

Winfield, Charles H., _History of Hudson County_, 456.

Wingfield, Edward Maria, 128; _Discourse_, 155.

Wingina, 109, 153.

Winslow, Edward, his chair and table, 278; part author of _Mourt’s Relation_, 290; _Good News from New England_, 291; portrait, 277, 293; at Leyden, 263; autog., 268, 278; settles in Marshfield, 273; his descendants, 277; accounts of, 277; _Hypocrasie Unmasked; or, Danger of Tolerating Levellers_, 285, 354; founds Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians, 315, 355; _New England’s Salamander Discovered_, 355.

Winslow, General John, his sword, 274.

Winslow, Josiah, autog., 278; portrait, 282.

Winsor, Justin, _The Bradford Manuscript_, 287; edits _Memorial History of Boston_, 362.

Winter Harbor, 303.

Winter, John, with Drake, 79.

With, John. _See_ White, John.

Winthrop, John, governor, goes to New England, 311; death, 316, 357; and the _Short Story_, 351; _Journal or History of New England_, 255, 357.

Winthrop, John, Jr., governor of Connecticut, 331, 334; autog., 331; portrait, 331; in Connecticut, 369; charter procured by him, 388.

Winthrop, R. C., on the Pilgrims, 293; on Sir George Downing, 415.

Wisner, _Old South Church in Boston_, 359.

Witchcraft trial in Pennsylvania, 488.

Wolcott, Roger, 369; _Poetical Meditations_, 369.

Wolfe, John, 208; editor of _Linschoten_, 101, 205; its map, 101.

Wollaston, Captain, 348.

Wolstenholme, Sir John, 94.

Women sent to Virginia, 144, 158.

Wood, Anthony, _Athenæ Oxoniensis_, 204.

Wood, Leonard, his historical labors, 208; notices of him, 208.

Wood, William, _New England’s Prospect_, 347, 348; map of New England, 381.

Woodbridge (New Jersey), 425.

Woodbury (Connecticut), 375.

_Woodstock Letters_, 554.

Wooley, Rev. Charles, _Journal_, 420.

Woollen manufactures, 493.

Woolston, John, 447.

Worcester Society of Antiquity, 344.

Worsley, Sir Boyer, 457.

Worthington, William, 7, 31, 44, 51.

Wotton, Thomas, 128.

Wright, Edward, 207; _The Haven-finding Art_, 208; _Certain Errors_, 208, 216; and the Molineaux map, 216.

Wyatt, Sir Francis, 144, 146, 147.

Wyatt, Haut, 144.

Wynne, _British Empire in America_, 509; _Historical Documents_, 162.

Wynne, Peter, 132.

Wynne, Thomas, autog., 486.

Wynne, Thomas H., 159.

Wytfliet, _Descript. Ptolemaicæ Augmentum_, 184.

Yates, J. V. N., 412.

Yeardley, George, 141, 146; governor, 142.

Yeardley, Francis, 149.

Yong, Captain Thomas, 458, 558; autog., 558.

York, Duke of, 310; patent to, 387, 388; alienates East Jersey, 403; grants of New Jersey, 392, 399; new patent of New York, 399; becomes James II., 406; patent (1664), 414, 421, 423; proposed memorial of, 414; autog., 421; grants to Berkeley, etc., 422; grants to Penn, 480; Laws, 510, 511.

York (Maine), 326.

Young, Alexander, _Chronicles of the Pilgrims_, 283, 292; _Chronicles of Massachusetts Bay_, 347.

Yucatan, 201.

Zaltieri’s map (1566), 67.

Zarate’s Peru, 204.

Zeno map, 100; its influence, 100.

Ziegler, James, on Cabot, 18; as geographer, 19; Schondia, 101.

Zipangu, 85.

Zürich archives, letters of the exiled Puritans in, 247.

_Zürich Letters_, 248.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] An error in Eden’s translation of a passage in Peter Martyr, written in 1515, makes him a member of the Council of the Indies.

[2] It will be understood that we now regard it as satisfactorily settled that the voyage of discovery took place in 1497, followed by a second voyage in 1498.

I have spoken of the map of the discoveries of the Cabots being made known to rival courts. In a letter dated Dec. 18, 1497, written from London by the Abbé Raimondo, envoy of the Duke of Milan to the Court of Henry VII., recently brought to light, and printed on page 54, the writer, speaking of the return of John Cabot from his voyage of discovery, says: “This Master John has the description of the world in a chart, and also in a solid globe, which he has made, and he shows where he had landed.” Don Pedro de Ayala, the Spanish Minister, also writes to Ferdinand and Isabella, in the following year, July 25, 1498, after the second expedition had sailed: “I have seen the map which the discoverer has made.”

In the year 1500, the Spanish navigator, Juan de la Cosa, who had accompanied Columbus on his second voyage to the West in the years 1493-96, compiled a map of the world on which he delineated all he knew of the Spanish and Portuguese discoveries in the New World. He also depicted, undoubtedly from English sources, the northern portion of the east coast of the continent, as is shown by a broad legend or inscription running along the coast: “Mar descubierta por Ingleses.” There was also placed at the eastern cape of the coast: “Cavo de Ynglaterra.” It is the earliest map known on which the western discoveries are depicted. A few copies of the map are supposed to have been made soon after its compilation, one of which hung up in the office of the Spanish Minister of Marine. The map afterwards fell into neglect and was forgotten. In the year 1832 it was found and identified by Humboldt, in the library of his friend the Baron Walckenaer, in Paris. [It is on ox-hide, measuring five feet nine inches by three feet two inches, drawn in colors, and was afterwards bought in 1850 for 4,020 francs (see Walckenaer _Catalogue_, no. 2,904) by the Queen of Spain, and is now in the Royal Library at Madrid. See Humboldt’s appendix to Ghillany’s _Geschichte des Seefahrers Ritter Martin Behaim_, and the appendix to Kunstmann’s _Entdeckung Amerikas_; also Kohl’s _Discovery of Maine_, 151, 179. This Cosa map is given in part full-size and in part half-size, in Humboldt’s _Examen Critique_, vol. v., 1839, but not accurately; and again in connection with Humboldt’s essay in Ghillany’s _Behaim_, Nürnberg, 1853. This essay was also issued at Amsterdam in the _Seeskabinet_, with the fac-simile of the map. The only full-size fac-simile in colors is in three sheets in Jomard’s _Monuments de la Géographie_, pl. 16; and there are reductions of the American portion in Stevens’s _Hist. and Geog. Notes_, 1869, pl. 1 (following Jomard’s delineation); in De la Sagra’s _Cuba_; in Lelewel’s _Géog. du Moyen Age_, 1852, no. 41. A biographical study of _Juan de la Cosa_, by Enrique de Leguina, was published at Madrid in 1877. Cosa died while accompanying Ojedo in December, 1509. Peter Martyr, in 1514, gave him a high rank as a cartographer. The American (Asian) part of his map is given in phototype herewith, reduced from Jomard’s fac-simile.—ED.]

Some have supposed that Cosa drew his whole eastern coast of North America as a separate and independent continent, entirely distinct from Asia, on the authority of the maps of the Cabots on which their discoveries were delineated. Of course, in the absence of the maps or globes of the Cabots, it is impossible for us to tell precisely what was delineated upon them, or how much of Cosa’s coast-line was copied from them; but from whatever source this line was drawn, it must be evident that it was supposed by Cosa to be the eastern coast of Asia. Cosa, so far as is observed from the fac-simile of his map,—which is a map of the world,—drew no east coast of Asia at all, unless this be it. (See Stevens’s _Notes_ as above, pp. 14, 17; Cf. Kohl, pp. 145, 152, 153.)

I have already said that the discoveries of the English on Cosa’s map were noted on the northern portion of the east coast of the continent, and if confined, as they appear to be, to that region, we have no right to assert that the remaining portion of the east coast-line was supplied from the Cabots, but rather that it was taken from well-known existing representations of the east coast of Asia. The map and globe of the Cabots, already referred to, had laid down upon them the results of their experience on their first voyage, the voyage of discovery, in 1497. Of the results of the voyage of 1498, with which Sebastian Cabot is now more particularly associated, we know but little. Accounts narrated by others, but originally proceeding many years after the event from Sebastian Cabot himself, of a voyage to the new-found lands, have been supposed by modern writers to refer more particularly to this voyage; and these accounts, as we shall see further on, speak of a run down the coast to a considerable extent. That the Cabots, or Sebastian Cabot, should have prepared maps of the second voyage at the time of its occurrence, as well as of the voyage of discovery, is in every respect probable. But all these early maps are lost. Perhaps they are yet slumbering in some dusty archive.

[The Editor cannot derive from the reasons expressed by Stevens (_Hist. and Geog. Notes_, p. 15) that the coast where the legend is put, represents the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; for it is not easy to account for the absence of the characteristics of a gulf, if “mar,” unaccompanied by “oceanus,” signifies, as Stevens holds, an enclosed sea; and if so, why is the genuine gulf between Cuba and the Asian coast called “mar oceanus”?—ED.]

Cosa’s map not having been engraved, or to any extent copied, exercised but little influence on the cartography of the period, and although the information relating to the English discoveries depicted upon it could have come from no other source than the Cabots themselves, their names were not inscribed upon the map; neither was the legend already quoted copied upon any one of the maps, relating to the new-found lands, which soon followed. The enterprising Cortereals, who are supposed to have seen Cabot’s or Cosa’s map, soon spread their sails for the West, and the maps of their discoveries, in the regions visited by them, contained a record of their own name, or inscriptions which have perpetuated the memory of their exploits. (See vol. iv. of the present work.) Not so with the Cabots unless we should adopt the improbable statement of Peter Martyr, in 1515, that Sebastian Cabot gave the name _Baccalaos_ to those lands because of the multitude of big fishes which he saw there, and to which the natives gave that name. This subject is considered in a later note.

Another important map will be briefly referred to here, as it may possibly have some connection with the Cabots,—that of John Ruysch, published in the Ptolemy of 1508, at Rome. It is the first engraved map with the discoveries of the New World delineated upon it. [There are accounts of this map (which measures twenty-one and a quarter by sixteen inches) in Harrisse’s _Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima_, p. 108; in the _Catalogue of the John Carter-Brown Library_, i. p. 39; in Henry Stevens’s _Bibliotheca Geographica_, No. 3058; and reproductions are given in Humboldt’s _Examen Critique_, v., in his essay on the earliest maps appended to Ghillany’s _Martin Behaim_; in Stevens’s _Historical and Geographical Notes_, pl. 2 (cf. _Historical Magazine_, August, 1869, p. 107); in Santarem’s _Atlas composè de mappemondes depuis le v^e jusqu’au_ xvii^e, _siècles_; in Lelewel’s _Moyen Age_; in Judge Daly’s _Early History of Cartography_, p. 32 (much reduced); and a section is given in Kohl’s _Discovery of Maine_, p. 156. A copy of the original is in the Sumner Collection in Harvard College Library, and has been used for the fac-simile herewith given.—ED.] A northeastern coast similar to that on the Cosa map is drawn, but there is no record on it that the English had visited it, and “Cabo de Portogesi” takes the place of “Cavo de Ynglaterra,” on the point of what is now called Cape Race. Concerning John Ruysch, the maker of the map, who was a German geographer, Kunstmann (_Die Entdeckung Amerikas_, p. 137) says that he accompanied some exploring expeditions undertaken from England to the north. Marcus Beneventanus, an Italian monk, who edited this edition of Ptolemy, and included in it “A new Description of the World, and the new Navigation of the Ocean from Lisbon to India,” says: “But John Ruysch of Germany, in my judgment a most exact geographer, and a most painstaking one in delineating the globe, to whose aid in this little work I am indebted, has told me that he sailed from the South of England, and penetrated as far as the fifty-third degree of north latitude, and on that parallel he sailed west toward the shores of the East, bearing a little northward (_per anglum noctis_), and observed many islands, the description of which I have given below.” Mr. Henry Stevens, from whom I have taken this extract, thinks that Ruysch may have sailed with the Cabots to the new-found islands. We know that among the crew one was a Burgundian and one a Genoese. Beneventanus professed to know of the discoveries of the English as well as of those of the Spaniards and Portuguese: “Columbi et Lusitanorum atque Britannorum quos Anglos nunc dicimus.” (Stevens’s _Hist. and Geog. Notes_, p. 32; Biddle, p. 179.)

In his _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_, p. 179, Mr. Biddle calls attention to a remarkable inscription on this map, placed far at the north, some twenty degrees above “I. Baccalauras,” namely, “Hic compassus navium non tenet nec naves quæ ferrum tenent revertere valent” (“Here the ship’s compass loses its property, and no vessel with iron on board is able to get away”). Mr. Biddle cites this inscription as showing the terror which this phenomenon of the variation of the magnetic needle, particularly noticed by Cabot, had excited. (See Humboldt’s _Examen Crit._ iii. 31, _et seq._; Chytrœus, _Variorum in Europa Itinerum Delicicæ_, published at Herborn, in Nassau, 1594, pp. 791, 792.) Columbus had noticed the declination of the magnetic needle in his first voyage.

All these places in the new-found lands,—Terre Neuve, Baccalaos, Labrador, etc.,—named by European visitors to these shores, were supposed to be sections and projections of the Old World, and to belong to the map of Asia; and this continued to be the opinion of navigators and cartographers, advancing and receding in their views, for a number of years afterward.

[Johannes Myritius in his _Opusculum Geographicum_, published at Ingoldstadt in 1590, is accounted one of the last to hold to this view. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 314. After the discovery by Balboa in 1513 of the South Sea, the new cartographical knowledge took two—in the main—distinct phases, both of which recognized South America as an independent continental region, sometimes joined and sometimes disjoined from the northern continent; while in one, North America remained a prolongation of Asia, as in the map of Orontius Finæus, and in the other it presented a barrier to western sailing except by a northern circuit. An oceanic passage, which seemed to make an island of Baccalaos, or the Cabot region, nearly in its right latitude and longitude, laid New England, and much more, beneath the sea. The earliest specimen of this notion we find in the Polish Ptolemy of 1512, in what is known as the Stobnicza map, one of the evidences that on the Continent the belief did not prevail that the Cabots had coursed south along a continental shore. It was a year before Balboa discovered the Pacific that this map was published at Cracow; and we are forced to believe that divination, or more credible report, had told John de Stobnicza what was beyond the land which the Spaniards were searching. The map is striking, and, singular to say, it has not been long known. The only copy known of the little book of less than fifty leaves, which contains it, was printed at Cracow without date as _Introductio in Ptholomei Cosmographiam_, and is in the Imperial Library at Vienna; and though there are other copies known with dates (1512), they all lack the maps, there being two sheets, one of the Old World, the other of the New, including in this latter designation the eastern shore of Asia, which is omitted in the fac-simile given herewith. A full-size fac-simile of the New World was made by Muller of Amsterdam (five copies only at twenty-five florins), and one is also given in the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 53. We note but a very few other copies, all however, except one, without the map. One is in the great library at Munich. A second (forty-three leaves and dated 1512) was sold by Otto Harrassowitz, a dealer of Leipsic, in 1873, to Muller of Amsterdam (we suppose it to be the copy described in the latter’s _Books on America_, iii. 163, which was sold for 240 florins), from whom it passed into the Carter-Brown Library in Providence. Harrisse, _Bib. Amer. Vet._, no. 69, says there are two copies at Vienna, one in the Imperial Library (which has the map, a woodcut), and the other in the City Library, both without date. One or both of these copies are said to have forty-two leaves,—Kunstmann, _Die Entdeckung Amerikas_, p. 130. A fifth was advertised in 1876 by Harrassowitz, _Catalogue_ no. 29, as containing forty-six leaves, dated 1512, but without the map, and priced at 500 marks. In the same dealer’s _Catalogue_ no. 61, book-number 56, a copy of forty-six leaves is dated 1511, and priced 400 marks, which is perhaps the same copy with a corrected description. See also Panzer, _Annales Typographici_, vi. 454. From this it would appear, as from slight changes said to be in the text, that there were three separate issues and perhaps editions about 1511-12. Mr. Henry C. Murphy’s copy of 1513 has no map. A second edition was printed in Cracow in 1519, but without the map,—_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, no. 60; Harrisse, _Bib. Amer. Vet._ no. 95. The Finæus map, above referred to, was a heart-shaped projection of the earth, which appeared in Grynæus’s _Novus Orbis_, in the edition of Paris, 1532. A fac-simile of it has been published by Muller, of Amsterdam, and in Stevens’s _Notes_, pl. 4. America occupies the extreme edge of the plate, and is greatly distorted by the method of projecting. Mr. Brevoort reduced the lines to Mercator’s projection for Stevens’s _Historical and Geographical Notes_, 1869, pl. 3; and a fac-simile of this reduction, which shows also the true Asian coast-line in its right longitude, and curiously resembling the American (Asian) coast of the map, is given herewith. See also Stevens’s _Bibliotheca Geographica_, p. 124; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 104; Harrisse, _Bibliographia Americana vet._ pp. 294, 297. There are copies of the map also found in the 1540 editions of Pomponius Mela, and in the _Geografia_ of Lafreri and others, published at Rome, 1554-72.—ED.]

[3] The first Decade, which was begun in 1493, and completed in 1510, was printed at Seville in 1511.

[4] _Baccalaos_ is an old ante-columbian name for codfish, in extensive use in the South of Europe. Humboldt says (Ghillany, p. 4), “Stockfischland, von Bacallao, dem Spanischen Namen des stockfisches.” Mr. Brevoort says it is the Iberian name for codfish; see his _Verrazano the Navigator_, pp. 61, 137, where the etymology of the word is given. The name is found on many of the early charts. On that of Reynel, the Portuguese pilot, assigned by geographers to the year 1504 or 1505, it appears on the east coast as “Y dos Bocalhas” (Island of Codfish). On the chart of Ruysch, 1508, it is seen as applied to a small island, or cape, as “J. Baccalaurus.” On another Portuguese map published by Kunstmann, assigned to the year 1514, or a little later, the name “Bacalnaos” is applied to Newfoundland and Labrador, including also Nova Scotia. After various fortunes the name became subject to the limitations which overtook “Norumbega,” and has settled down on a small island on the east coast of Newfoundland. There appears to be no evidence, except Martyr’s statement, that Cabot gave the name to the region he discovered; and it may well be asked on what book or map he had caused it to be inscribed? There is no such name on Cosa’s map, the only early record of the Cabots’ discoveries in the New World. The name was probably applied by the Portuguese. Dr. John G. Kohl, the distinguished geographer, says that the Portuguese originated the name of Tierra de Bacalhas (“the stock-fish country”) and gave currency to it, though the word, like the cod-fishery itself, appears to be of Germanic origin. See his learned note in full in _Doc. Hist. of Maine_, i. 188, 189, and compare Parkman’s _Pioneers of France_, pp. 170, 171. Parkman says: “If, in the original Basque, _baccalaos_ is the word for codfish, and if Cabot found it in use among the inhabitants of Newfoundland, it is hard to escape the conclusion that Basques had been there before him.” The affirmative of this proposition—that the Cabots had been preceded by the fishermen—has been held by a few writers, but it is generally believed that the evidence for it is insufficient. Dr. Kohl says: “That the name should have been introduced by the Cabots is for many reasons most improbable; and that they should have heard and received the name from the Indians, is certainly not true; though both these facts are asserted by Peter Martyr, _De Orbe Novo_, dec. iii. ch. 6.” (Kohl, pp. 188, 189; and compare his statement on p. 481.) Dr. Kohl had already said that the name, with some transposition of the letters, had long been used, before the discoveries of the Cabots and Cortereals, in many Flemish and German books and documents. It should be added that the statement of Peter Martyr, that the savages on the coast visited by Sebastian Cabot called a certain kind of fish found there in abundance _baccalaos_, is repeated in the legend on Cabot’s map, published in 1544, as rendered by Hakluyt in his folio of 1589, p. 511. Indeed, much in the general description of the coast and the inhabitants, both of the sea and the land, is similar in both accounts, and indicates one origin.

[In a dispute with England so early as 1672, the Spaniards claimed a right to fish at Newfoundland by reason of the prior discovery by the Biscayan fishermen. _Papers relating to the rupture with Spain_, London, 1672. The latest claim for the Basques’ antedating Cabot in this region is in C. L. Woodbury’s _Relation of the Fisheries to the Discovery of North America_, Boston, 1880.—ED.]

[5] This, the earliest notice of Cabot which I have seen in print, and, written by one so distinguished as Peter Martyr, who had such rare opportunities for information, is given almost entire. It is from the quaint English version of Richard Eden, made some three hundred and thirty years ago, and published in his _Decades_, fol. 118, 119. The translation has been compared with the Latin text of Martyr, in the _De Orbe Novo_ of 1516, “Tertie decadis liber sextus,” printed the year after it was written, and a few redundances eliminated. See M. D’Avezac’s criticism on some of Eden’s English renderings, in _Revue Critique_, v. 265.

[6] When Mr. Biddle was issuing the second London edition of his _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_, in 1832, he cancelled one leaf in the book, at pages 77, 78, that he might insert a notice of an early dramatic poem cited by J. Payne Collier in his then recently published _History of English Dramatic Poetry ... and Annals of the Stage_, London, 1831, ii. 319. The play was entitled, _A new interlude and a mery of the nature of the iiij elements declaryinge many proper poynts of phylosophy naturall and of dyvers straunge landys and of dyvers straunge effects and causis_, etc. Dr. Dibdin, in his _Typogr. Ant._, iii. 105, inserts it among the works from Rastell’s press, and in a manuscript note at the beginning of the copy in the British Museum, it is said to have been printed by him in 1519. This copy, the only one known, formerly belonged to Garrick. I saw it in London in 1866, and collated it with the brief extracts in Collier. It is imperfect; and, as the colophon is wanting, the imprint, including date, is gone. Different years have been assigned to the book according as the reader has interpreted the historical references in it. The citations from the “Interlude” which follow are taken from the publications of the Percy Society, vol. xxii. issued in 1848. Among the characters is one _Experyens_ (Experience), who represents a practical navigator who had been a great traveller:—

“Right farr, Syr, I have ridden and gone, And seen straunge thynges many one In Affrick, Europe, and Ynde; Both est and west I have ben farr, North also, and seen the sowth sterr Bothe by see and lande.

And, apparently pointing to a map, _Experience_ proceeds:—

“There lyeth Iselonde where men do fyshe, But beyonde that so colde it is No man may there abyde. This see is called the Great Occyan; So great it is that never man Coulde tell it sith the worlde began Tyll nowe within this xx. yere, Westewarde be founde new landes That we never harde tell of before this By wrytynge nor other meanys. Yet many nowe have ben there; And that contrey is so large of rome, Muche lenger then all Crestendome, Without fable or gyle; For dyvers maryners had it tryed, And sayled streyght by the coste syde Above V. thousande myle! But what commodytes be wythin, No man can tell nor well imagin. But yet not long ago Some men of this contrey went, By the Kynge’s noble consent, It for to search to that entent, And coude not be brought thereto; But they that were they venteres Have cause to curse their maryners, Fals of promys, and dissemblers, That falsly them betrayed, Which wold take no paine to sail farther Than their own lyst and pleasure; Wherfor that vyage, and dyvers other Such kaytyffes have destroyed. O what a thinge had be than Yf that they that be Englyschemen Myght have ben furst of all That there shulde have take possessyon, And made furst buyldynge and habytacion, A memory perpetuall! And also what an honorable thynge Bothe to the realme, and to the Kynge, To have had his domynyon extendynge There into so farr a grounde, Whiche the noble Kynge of late memory, The most wyse prynce, the VII. Herry, Causyd furst for to be founde, ...”

Percy, in his essay on the Origin of the English Stage, 1767, supposed this play to have been written about the year 1510, from the following lines which he referred to Columbus:—

“... Within this xx. yeer Westewarde be founde new landes.”

But Columbus is not named in the play, and the finding of America is attributed to Americus Vespucius, whose earliest alleged voyage was in 1497:—

“But this newe lands founde lately, Ben callyd America, bycause only Americus dyd furst them fynde.”

The date ascribed to the play by the writer of the memorandum in it, 1519, would seem to be not far from the truth. But the verses which speak of the discovery made for the late king, Henry VII., principally interest us here. They would seem to refer to the Cabots, who made the only authentic Western discovery for England in that reign. The whole poem has been reprinted by the Percy Society. See Winsor’s _Halliwelliana_, p. 8, and references there. Mr. J. F. Nicholls, in his _Life of Sebastian Cabot_, London, 1869, p. 91, prints these lines, and thinks “that the Experyens herein depicted was none other than Sebastian Cabot himself.”

[7] [A sketch of a portion of the North American coast is given in another chapter. It was reproduced in Sprengel’s translation of Muñoz’s _Geschichte der neuen Welt_, Weimar, 1795, and separately in his _Ueber J. Ribero’s älteste weltcharte_, size 50 by 65 centimetres, and shows the coast from Labrador to Magellan’s Straits. Cf. Humboldt’s _Examen Critique_, iii. 184. It is also given in Lelewel’s Atlas; in Murphy’s _Verrazzano_, p. 129; and in De Costa’s _Verrazano the Explorer_, p. 43. The original is at Weimar, with a _replica_ at Rome.—ED.]

[8] I might mention here an interesting map composed by the English merchant, Robert Thorne, while residing in Seville in Spain, in 1527, and sent, with a long discourse on cosmography, to Dr. Ley, English ambassador to Charles V. The map is very rude, and was first published with the discourse by Hakluyt in his little quarto in 1582. Along the line of the coast of Labrador is a Latin inscription of which the following is the English reading: “This land was first discovered by the English.” Thorne was very urgent—as well in his letter to Dr. Ley as in a letter to the king, Henry VIII., also published by Hakluyt—that the English should engage in those maritime discoveries to the west which the Spaniards and the Portuguese were monopolizing.

[9] In Ziegler’s original work he begins this sentence thus: “Petrus Martyr mediolanensis in hispanicis navigationibus scribit, _Antoninum quendam Cabotum_ solventem a Britannia,” etc. This clerical or typographical error as to Cabot’s Christian name probably arose from a misreading of Martyr’s language in Dec. iii. lib. 6: “Scrutatus est eas _Sebastianus quidam Cabotus_.” Eden did not hesitate to substitute Sebastian for Anthony. As a mystification concerning the name Antoninum (or Anthony) Cabot, I will add that Mr. Brevoort has called my attention to the following entry in _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII._, vol. i. pt. 1, p. 939, doc. 5639, Nov. 27, 1514: “Patent denization to _Anthony Chabo_, surgeon, native of Savoy,” with another entry showing that in 1512 an annuity of twenty pounds was granted to him; and Mr. Brevoort asks the question if Anthony could have been another son of Jean Cabot, arriving in England later; and also whether the Cabots might not have come originally from Savoy? [Ziegler’s title reads: _Syria, Palestina, Arabia, Ægyptus, Schondia, Holmia_,—the section on Schondia, as he calls the north, takes folios 85-138; and the last of the eight maps in the book is of Schondia. See Harrisse’s _Biblio. Amer. Vetus_, no. 170; F. Muller’s _Catalogue_, 1877, no. 3595. The Schondia section was reprinted in Krantzius’s _Regnorum Aquilonarium_, etc., Frankfort, 1583. F. Muller’s _Catalogue_, 1872, no. 844.—ED.]

[10] [It is also so drawn in Ruscelli’s map of 1544.—ED.]

[11] Ziegler’s book is rare and curious; he was a geographer of great repute. Such books often serve to perpetuate references to more important works, and to show the erroneous geographical opinions of the period. A second edition, under a different title, was published at the same place in 1536. See Harrisse’s _Biblio. Amer. Vetus_, pp. 290, 291, 350, and the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, pp. 106, 120, where will be found a notice of Ziegler. Biddle, p. 31.

[12] _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, p. 110.

[13] See _Année Véritable de la Naissance de Christophe Colomb_, p. 10, n. 8.

[14] See also _Relationi del S. Pietro Martira Milanese, Della cose notabili della provincia dell’ Egitto_, etc., by Carlo Passi, Venetia, 1564.

[15] In a recent letter from Mr. J. Carson Brevoort, the distinguished bibliographer and historical scholar, of Brooklyn, N. Y.,—who has kindly communicated for my use his abundant materials relating to the Cabots, and has laid me under great obligations for aid in preparing this paper,—he says he has been collating the first part of the _Summario_ of 1534 with the Latin _Decades_ of Peter Martyr, and he finds them to differ in a way that no mere translator would have ventured to effect; that in one instance two books of the Decades are condensed into a few lines, and the whole worked over as an author only could do it. The Italian Summary closes at the end of the ninth book of the third Decade. He thinks that Ramusio, with the edition of 1516 before him, would not have omitted the tenth book. Mr. Brevoort therefore is led to believe that Martyr himself rewrote in 1515, in Italian, the three Decades (the last book not having yet been written) and sent the MS. to a friend in Italy, where it slumbered until 1534, when it fell into the hands of Ramusio, who committed it to the press. This is a curious question in bibliography.

It should be added here that the statements of Martyr included in the Latin Decades of 1516 (afterward published in the entire work of 1530) are so often referred to by the author, in the course of his correspondence, that we are bound to accept that edition as the genuine work. It was published during his lifetime, and received his _imprimatur_.

[16] The figures of men and animals on the map are colored. I have recently received from my friend M. Letort, of the National Library in Paris, a more particular description of the legends of this map than has hitherto been published.

[17] It is supposed that a new edition of this map was published in 1549, the year after Sebastian Cabot returned to England. The only evidence of this is contained in a thick duodecimo volume first published in 1594, at Herborn, in Nassau, edited by Nathan Chytræus, entitled _Variorum in Europa Itinerum Deliciæ_,—a work consisting of monumental and other inscriptions, antique legends, and curious bits of antiquity in prose and verse, picked up by the diligent compiler in almost every country in Europe. He was in England in 1565; and apparently at Oxford he saw a document, “a geographical table,” under which he found several inscriptions in not very elegant Latin, which he copied and printed in his volume, filling twenty-two pages of the book. They are wholly in Latin, and correspond substantially with the Latin inscriptions on the Paris map described above. There is this difference. The inscriptions here are but nineteen in number, whereas on the Paris map there are twenty-two, five of them in Spanish only. No. xviii., of Chytræus, is in the body only of the map, and in Spanish; and No. xix. appears only in Spanish. In Chytræus each inscription has a title prefixed, wanting, as a rule, on the Paris map. There are some verbal variations in the text, owing probably to the contingencies of transcription and of printing. In the legend, No. xvii., which has the title, “Inscriptio sev titulus Auctoris,” the date 1549 is inserted as the year in which the map to which the inscriptions belonged was composed, instead of 1544, as in the Paris map.

[18] I copy here this legend entire, in the original Spanish as on the Paris map:—

“No. 8. Esta tierra fue descubierta por Ioan Caboto Veneciano, y Sebastian Caboto su hijo, anno del nascimiento de nuestro Saluador Iesu Christo de M.CCCC.XCIIII. a ueinte y quarto de Junio por la mannana, a la qual pusieron nôbre prima tierra uista, y a una isla grâde que esta par la dha tierra, le pusieron nōbre sant Ioan, por auer sido descubierta el mismo dia lagente della andan uestidos depieles de animales, usan en sus guerras arcos, y flechas, lancas, y dardos, y unas porras de palo, y hondas. Es tierra muy steril, ay enella muchos orsos plancos, y cieruos muy grâdes como cauallos, y otras muchas animales, y semeiantemête ay pescado infinito, sollos, salmōes, lenguados, muy grandes de uara enlargo y otras muchas diversidades de pescados, y la mayor multitud dellos se dizen baccallaos, y asi mismo ay en la dha tierra Halcones prietos como cueruos Aquillas, Perdices, Pardillas, y otras muchas aues de diuersas maneras.”

In the Latin inscription we read that the discovery was made “hora 5, sub diluculo;” that is, at the hour of five, at daybreak. The Spanish simply says that the discovery was made in the morning.

[19] [We give reduced a part of the North American coast. Other representations will be found in Stevens’s _Hist. and Geog. Notes_, pl. 4; Kohl’s _Discovery of Maine_, p. 358; Jurien de la Gravière’s _Les Marins du XV^e et du XVI^e siècle_, Paris, 1879, with an essay on the map,—papers originally printed in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_, 1876; Nicholl’s _Life of S. Cabot_, but inaccurate in the names; _Hist. Mag._, March, 1868, in connection with Mr. Brevoort’s paper; F. Kidder’s _Discovery of North America by John Cabot_; Bryant and Gay’s _United States_, i. 193. Also in Augusto Zeri’s _Giovanni e. Sebastiano Caboto_, Estratto dalla Rivista Marittima, Marzo, Roma, 1881. The whole of the map is given, but on a much reduced scale, in Judge Daly’s _Early History of Cartography_, N. Y., 1879.—ED.]

[20] The following extract of a letter from Sebastian Cabot to the Emperor Charles V., dated London, Nov. 15, 1554, speaks of a sea-chart intended for his Majesty, and refers also to the subject of the variation of the needle, which interested Cabot in an especial manner:—

“With respect to laying down the position of the coast of Guinea conformably with the variation made by the needle with the pole, if the King of Portugal falls into an error, I give your Majesty a remedy.

“The same Francisco de Urista, whom I have named before, takes with him to show to your Majesty two figures which are: a mappe monde divided by the equator, from which your Majesty can see the causes of the variation of the needle, and the reasons why it moves at one time towards the north, at another towards the south pole; the second figure shows how to take the longitude on whatever parallel a man happens to be. The results of both these the said F. de U. will relate to your Majesty as I have here instructed him fully about them, and as he is himself skilled in the art of navigation. In regard to the sea-chart (?) which the said F. de U. has, I have written to your Majesty before about it, that it is of importance to your service, and also [have written] about a relation in my own handwriting to Juan Esquefe, your ambassador, to send it to your Majesty. From what I am told, it is in the possession of the Secretary Eraso. To it I refer you, and I assert that the chart will be of great service in reference to the division line agreed upon between the royal crown of Spain and Portugal for the reasons set forth in my relation.

“I beg you to receive my good will, etc. (Would come in person but am ill, etc.).”

(_Col. de Doc. Ined_. Madrid, 1843, iii. 512.) Andrés Garcia de Céspedes, in his _Regimiento de Navigation_, etc., 1606, speaking of the longitude, p. 137, probably alludes to this very map: “Sebastian Cabott de nacion Inglés, Pilóto bien conocido, in un Mapa que dio al Rey de Castilla,” etc.

[21] Cf. the learned dissertations on this map, by Dr. Kohl and M. D’Avezac, in _Doc. Hist. of Maine_, i. 358-77, 506, 507; and Mr. Major’s review of the whole question in the _Archæologia_, xliii. 17-42, in 1870.

[Reference may also be made to D’Avezac’s paper in the _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_, 4th ser., iv. 266; Asher’s appendix to his _Henry Hudson_, p. 260; and papers by Mr. Deane himself in _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, April, 1867, _Historical Magazine_, November, 1866, p. 353; and his note in Hakluyt’s _Westerne Planting_, p. 225. Cf. also Kohl’s _Descriptive Catalogue of those Maps relating to America, mentioned in Hakluyt’s Third Volume_, p. 11.—ED.]

[22] The geographical designation here employed has been thought by some to be very indefinite, inasmuch as the Spaniards, who discovered Florida, subsequently gave that name to the whole country northward and westward of the territory now bearing that name; but it must be remembered that that designation was not accepted by geographers of other nations. After the voyages of Verrazano and Cartier the name “La Nouvelle France” was applied by French geographers to the territory as far down as 40° N., and the name was sometimes applied to the whole of North America. The maps of the Italian geographer, Gastaldi, who made maps for Ramusio’s third volume, and of Ruscelli, his pupil, confined Florida to more southern limits; and so did Sebastian Cabot himself, if the map of 1544 was made by him. Indeed, in the conversation of these Italian _savans_ at the house of Fracastor, that geographical status was assumed; that is to say, the country of Cabot’s landfall, and the land by which he sailed north and south, was not understood to be Florida, for the statement is that “he sailed down the coast by that land toward the equinoctial, and came to that part of this firm land which is now called Florida.” Of course the point which he reached is very indefinite. Peter Martyr had said, thirty-five years before, that Cabot told him that he went south _almost_ to the latitude of the strait of Gibraltar, which is in 36° N. Nobody knows whether these two accounts relate to the same voyage. That to which the conversation refers is assumed by the narrator to be the voyage of discovery. Indeed, for two hundred years and more there was no suspicion that a voyage by the Cabots followed immediately the voyage of discovery; though some incidents are related which may have taken place in a subsequent voyage, and others which never took place at all. Modern critics, who accept the above story as to the latitude reached at the south, generally agree that it was only on the second voyage that this was accomplished.

[23] The conversation at Caphi, at the house of Fracastor, who was a friend of Ramusio, took place a short time only before its publication. Ramusio says, in his report, “a few months ago.” We do not know precisely when he wrote his report, but there is a reference in it to a book of Jacob Tevius, published in 1548. As I have said above, we do not know the year of the interview with Cabot at Seville. The narrator says that it was “some years ago,” and I should infer that it was some years after Cabot’s return in August, 1530, from the La Plata expedition, to which Cabot in the interview refers. He also mentions that he is growing old, and retiring from active duties. In 1540 he would probably have been approaching seventy years of age, and this date may safely be assumed as not far from the time when the conversation took place. M. D’Avezac, in _Revue Crit._, v. 265, gives 1544 or 1545 as the probable date.

To the publication of this report relating to Cabot, Hakluyt, in 1589, prefixed the name of Galeacius Butrigarius, the Pope’s legate in Spain, as the distinguished person who reported the conversation with Cabot; and ever since that time, down to the publication of Biddle’s _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_, in 1831, the statement passed without question. Biddle, who regarded the matter as of little moment, said there was no authority for that name in Ramusio, who says himself that he withholds it from motives of delicacy; but Biddle did not say, perhaps he did not observe, that Hakluyt got the name from Eden (_Decades_, _f._ 252, _verso_), who made the original blunder. Martyr, in the beginning of his second Decade, written in 1515, speaks of knowing Butrigarius of Bologna, when the latter was of the Pope’s embassy in Spain; and I find that he died in 1518, in the forty-third year of his age (see Zedler’s _Universal Lexikon_, v. 4, Halle, 1733). M. D’Avezac had noted, as early as 1869, that Butrigarius had died thirty years before the conversation took place at the house of Fracastor, and also that the editor of Ramusio, Tomaso Giunti, had added the word Mantuan to this anonymous person’s name; and now, through the researches instituted by Charles Bullo and by the mediation of the superintendent of the archives of the state at Venice, it is ascertained that this unknown person was Gian Giacomo Bardolo, of Mantua. See _Intorno a Giovanni Caboto_, etc., by Cornelio Desimoni, Genova, 1881, pp. 26, 27; also, in _Atti_, vol. xv., of the Società ligure di storia patria.

[24] Fracastor died Aug. 8, 1553, over seventy years of age. He was a maker of globes. Humphrey Gilbert says that he was a traveller in the northern parts of America. (Kohl, p. 229; Hakluyt, 1589, p. 602).

[25] Ramusio, ii. 4; Hakluyt, 1589, p. 513.

[26] Hakluyt, 1589, p. 602.

[27] Eden’s _Decades_, fol. 318, corrected by the original. [The first edition of Gomara is a rare book, and a copy has been lately priced by Quaritch at £36. It proved to be one of the most popular of all the books of that century on the New World; and, as we count, including varieties of titles, there were more than a score of editions in fifty years, so that his statements became widely known. There were seven such issues in Spanish, either in Spain or in Flanders, in two years, when the demand for it seems to have failed in its original tongue, and was transferred to Italy, where at Rome and Venice there were six editions in twenty years (1556 to 1576). Sabin says eighteen in that interval, but I fail to find them. There was a seventh near the end of the century (1599). In 1568 or 1569 there seem to have been three issues of the first French translation, and six others followed, from 1577 to 1597. These statements are based chiefly on the lists of editions given in Sabin, vii. 306 (said to have been drawn up by Mr. Brevoort); in the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 169; and Leclerc’s _Bibliotheca Americana_, No. 143.—ED.]

[28] [See a later Editorial note on “The earliest English publications on America.”—ED.]

[29] _Doc. Hist. of Maine_, i. 206.

[30] _Mem. of Sebastian Cabot_, 110-119.

[31] Vol. iii. p. 4, 1556.

[32] _Divers Voyages_, Hakluyt Soc., pp. 50, 51.

[33] _Doc. Hist. of Maine_, i. 208-210.

[34] Mr. Brevoort has submitted some notes to my attention, on this voyage. Rejecting the year 1516-17 as impracticable, he adopts an earlier date, before Cabot had left England, and finds some authority for it in a book of George Beste, London, 1578, on the three voyages of Frobisher, hereafter to be mentioned. The writer there gives 1508 as the year of Sebastian Cabot’s discovery of North America, probably never having heard of any previous voyages. Mr. Brevoort thinks he had authority for a voyage of Cabot about the year named. Thomas Pert, or Spert, against whom the charge of “faint heart” is alleged by Eden, is mentioned in vol. i. of _Letters and Papers Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII._, 1512, C. 1514, as master of the “Mary Rose,” and of the “Great Harry.” In 1514 he is pensioned, and in 1517 is placed on shore duty. There is no report of him in 1516, but as he was a veteran in 1514 it is hardly probable that he would have been on a voyage of discovery in 1516. He is usually mentioned as Thomas Spert; only once is he called Pert. As evidence that an expedition left England on a voyage of discovery some time during the last years of Henry VII., or during the early years of his successor, the _Interlude of the Four Elements_, of uncertain date, but probably written before 1519, cited above, is adduced as showing that the incident related occurred “not long ago.” And certain verses which speak of the disobedience of the mariners, which put an end to the voyage, and to the hopes of the projector, afford the earliest reference to the mutiny story. Mr. Brevoort is of opinion that Eden’s vague reference to an event occurring in the reign of Henry VIII., “about the same year of his reign,” was intended to place it in the 8th year of the century. But that would bring it within the reign of Henry VII.

[35] _Mem. of Sebastian Cabot_, pp. 62-66.

[36] Dedication of the book, folios 1, 2; _Biddle_, pp. 64, 65.

[37] Hakluyt’s _Divers Voyages_, 1582.

[38] He printed it on folios 316, and 317 of his _Decades_. See the inscription in Latin in a work already cited, by Nathan Chytræus, pp. 779-781.

[39] See vol. iii, 807, and iv. 1812. See _Doc. Hist. of Maine_, ii. 224.

[40] Appendix to his _Mem. of Sebastian Cabot_. Mr. Biddle is said to have paid £500 for the picture.

[41] See their _Proceedings_, ii. 101. 111.

[42] No. 103 in the Catalogue of its gallery. A copy of this picture, painted in the year 1763, now hangs in the Sala della Scudo, in the ducal palace in Venice, with a long Latin inscription composed probably at the time the copy was made. _Notes and Queries_, 2d ser. vol. v. p. 2.

[43] See _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ Jan. 1865, pp. 91-96. _Hist. Mag._ Nov. 1869, pp. 306, 307.

[44] See the Appendix to the _Historical View of the progress of Discovery on the more Northern Coasts of America_, by Patrick Fraser Tytler, Esq.

[45] _Examen Crit._ iv. 232.

[46] iv. 1177.

[47] I might mention here that an English version of this book, made by Thomas Hacket, was published in England in 1568, dedicated to Sir Henry Sidney. The passage in question occurs in fol. 122 H. C. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, p. 241. [This version is perhaps rarer than the two French editions (Paris and Anvers) of 1558, and the Italian of 1561, and is worth ten guineas or thereabout. A recent French catalogue prices the original Paris edition at about the same sum. It has been recently, 1878, reprinted in Paris with notes by Paul Gaffarel.—ED.]

[48] _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_, p. 89.

[49] See _La Historia General de las Indias_, 1554, cap. xxxix, fol. 31.

[50] [_Huth Catalogue_, ii. 572, _Brinley Catalogue_, i. no. 29. This translation is also contained in J. S. Clarke’s _Progress of Maritime Discovery_, London, 1803, Appendix. The _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 224, says an English translation was printed in the _Oxford Collection of Voyages_, ii.—ED.]

[51] Pages 87, 88.

[52] Or inlet.

[53] Under the year 1526 Galvano says: “In the year 1526 there went out of Sevill one Sebastian Cabot, a Venetian, being chief Pilote to the emperor,” etc. There is added to the old English version, not in the Portuguese text, after “a Venetian,”—“by his father, but born at Bristol in England.” Hakluyt Society’s volume, p. 169.

[54] Mr. J. Winter Jones, the editor of the _Divers Voyages_ for the Hakluyt Society, says, concerning the original French edition of this work, that it “is not known to exist, and it is doubtful if it ever was printed.” Hakluyt, however, in his “Discourse on Westerne Planting,” published as vol. ii., _Doc. Hist. of Maine_, p. 20, says it is “extant in print, both in French and English”. [Sparks, in his _Life of Ribault_, p. 147, says that he cannot find that the original French was ever published; but Gaffarel, _Floride Francaise_, says it was published in London, 1563, as _Histoire de l’Expédition Francaise en Floride_, and soon became scarce.—ED.]

[55] Hakluyt Society’s _Divers Voyages_, p. 92.

[56] As the language of Hacket’s English version of Ribault was accessible to me only through Richard Hakluyt’s _Divers Voyages_, 1582, in which he reprinted it, I had an ungenerous suspicion that he might have substituted that date for another, he having placed the year 1498 in the margin of the page on which he first prints the alleged extract from Fabian. The only known copy of Hacket’s translation is in the British Museum, and on an appeal to that, through a transcript of it taken for Mr. John Carter-Brown, I find Ribault’s date to be 1498. [Hacket’s version as given by Hakluyt is also reprinted in B. F. French’s _Hist. Coll. of Louisiana and Florida_, ii. 159.—ED.]

[57] [Ortelius was not far from thirty years old, when Sebastian Cabot died. He had been in England, and possibly had seen the old navigator. Felix Van Hulst’s account of Ortelius was published in a second edition at Liege in 1846. Ortelius was the first to collect contemporary maps and combine them into a collection, which became the precursor of the modern atlas. His learning and integrity, with a discrimination that kept his judgment careful, has made his book valuable as a trustworthy record of the best geographical knowledge of his time. His position at Antwerp was favorable for broadening his research, and a disposition to better each succeeding issue, in which he was not hampered by deficiency of pecuniary resources, served to spread his work widely. The first Latin edition of 1570 was followed by others in that language, and in Dutch, German, French, and Italian, with an ever-increasing number of maps, and recasting of old ones. These editions, including epitomes, numbered at least twenty-six, down to 1606, when it was for the first time put into English, followed by an epitome in the same language, with smaller maps, in 1610. There were a few editions on the continent during the rest of that century (the latest we note is an Italian one in 1697), but other geographers with their new knowledge were then filling the field.—ED.]

[58] See Biddle’s _Cabot_, p. 56.

[59] _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, p. 255.

[60] _The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher_, Hakluyt Soc. 1867, p. 22. [This putting forth of energy by the English at this time in pursuit of maritime discovery is reflected in the larger production of the English press in this direction, as shown in a later Editorial note.—ED.]

[61] Biddle’s _Cabot_, p. 291.

[62] Vol. iii, p. 4.

[63] See also Hakluyt, 1589, p. 602.

[64] Richard Eden died about this time, perhaps in the previous year. He left among his papers a translation, made “in the year of our Lord, 1576,” and from the Latin of Lewis Vartomannus, which Willes includes in his own edition. The last book published by Eden was an English translation from the Latin of a book on navigation, by Joannes Taisnierus, public professor in Rome and of several universities in Italy. It bears no date, but it is supposed to have been issued in 1576 or 1577. See _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, pt. 1. p. 262, which puts its date 1576; but it is given 1579 in Markham’s _Davis’s Voyages_. In the Epistle Dedicatory, Eden speaks of attending “the good old man,” Sebastian Cabot, “on his death-bed,” and listening to his flighty utterances about a divine revelation of a new method for finding the longitude. See Biddle, pp. 222, 223. Eden was also engaged in other literary enterprises not mentioned by me.

[65] Willes’s _History of Travayle_, etc., fol. 232, 233; Biddle’s _Cabot_, p. 292; Hakluyt, 1589, pp. 610-616.

[66] Kohl, p. 364.

[67] I quote from Biddle’s _Cabot_, p. 27; but Brunet, iii. 1945, and _Supplement_, i. 1129, notice an edition in 1575, 3 vol. folio. See also Stevens’s _Bibliotheca Historica_, 1870. p. 121.

[68] Tom. ii. p. 2175.

[69] Biddle, p. 28.

[70] [See _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, pt. i. p. 292, which shows there were two editions the same year. The book is rare, and was priced by Leclerc in 1878 at 650 francs. Stevens, _Hist. Coll._ i. 135, says he has seen but two copies of the map which should accompany the book. This is a folded woodcut, which in the main is a reduced copy of the map in Ortelius’s first edition. The map is in the Harvard College copy. The _Huth Catalogue_, iv. 1169, shows the map.—ED.]

[71] Hakluyt, in a _Discourse on Westerne Planting_, written in 1584, which was printed for the first time by the Maine Hist. Soc. in 1877, cites this book of Popellinière, and gives an English version from it of the conversation in Ramusio. Hakluyt is here asserting the Queen of England’s title to all the territory “from Florida to the Circle Arctic,” and he enlarges upon the exploits of Sebastian Cabot, on which the claim of England is based.

[72] _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_, pp. 42-47.

[73] [They were subsequently reprinted in Rymer’s _Fœdera_, in Chalmers’s and Hazard’s _Hist. Coll._ and in the Hakluyt Society’s ed. of the _Divers Voyages_.—ED.]

[74] In the _Proceedings_ of the American Antiquarian Society for October, 1881, Mr. George Dexter has traced the publication of this alleged extract from Fabian to an earlier date than had usually been assigned to it. It was published by Stow, in his _Annals_, in 1580, together with the paragraph relating to the savage men said to have been brought home by Sebastian Cabot, and also printed by Hakluyt in 1582. They were also printed in the second edition of Holinshed, 1586-87. The Cotton manuscript, Vitellius, A. xvi., has been re-examined, and proves not to be a Fabian. Mr. Dexter has printed the two extracts from it, the latter, relating to the “savage men,” for the first time. In the Cotton collection, Nero, C. xi., is a genuine Fabian, but it contains nothing about Cabot. The conclusion to which I have arrived from this examination by Mr. Dexter is, that the Vitellius manuscript was not the original used by Stow and Hakluyt. They give facts and details not to be found in that manuscript; and this remark will particularly apply to the extract relating to the three savage men, which in the Vitellius is brief and meagre. Both Stow and Hakluyt must have used a genuine Fabian manuscript yet to be discovered. For though neither would probably hesitate to add or change a name or a date, if he thought he had sufficient authority for so doing, they would not manufacture a narrative.

As regards the savage men referred to, Stow, under the date of 1502, says they were that year presented to the King, yet that they were brought over by Sebastian Cabot in 1498, giving Fabian as his authority. Hakluyt, in his quarto of 1582, repeats the same story, on the same authority; yet in his folio of 1589 he changes the date in his heading as to the year of their presentation to the King, making it conform to the year in which they were brought over. Mr. Biddle (_Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_, pp. 230, 231) has a labored argument to show that the men were not brought over by Cabot, but by some one else, in the year they were presented to the King, 1502, reflecting severely on Hakluyt for changing this last date. It is not at all probable that the name of either John Cabot or Sebastian Cabot was given in the original manuscript used by Stow and Hakluyt. I will add that George Beste, in his work on the voyages of Frobisher, cited above, says that Sebastian Cabot brought home “sundry of the people” of the country he visited, “and many other things, in token of possession taken,” very oddly assigning the voyage, which he regarded as the voyage of discovery, to the year 1508.

[75] I had called attention to this fact in some notes on Cabot’s map in the _Proceedings_ of the Am. Antiq. Soc. for April, 1867, and Dr. Kohl, p. 371, says that Locke is supposed to have copied the inscription from a map of Cabot in England. The fact must have been inscribed on some other map of Cabot than the recently recovered one in Paris, for that certainly does not bear out the conjecture.

[76] Hakluyt, 1589, p. 680.

[77] Hakluyt, iii. 173.

[78] In the year 1584 Richard Hakluyt, at the request of Sir Walter Raleigh, wrote a _Discourse on Westerne Planting_,—to which I have already made a brief reference,—supposed to embody the opinions of the statesmen of England at that period on the colonization of North America. It is a remarkable paper, intended for the eye of the Queen. After giving all the reasons why England should enter upon this work speedily, he presents, in chapter xviii. “the Queen of England’s title to all the West Indies, or at least to as much as is from Florida to the circle Arctic,” as being “more lawful and right than the Spaniards’, or any other Christian princes’;” and the claim is based mainly on the discovery by Sebastian Cabot, in the year 1496, as related in the first volume of Ramusio, which is cited. Hakluyt is anxious to make it appear that Cabot discovered North America before Columbus discovered the firm land of the Indies; yea, more than a year before, and he recurs more than once to this date as showing the fact. Indeed, he once goes so far as to cite the date on Clement Adams’s map, 1494, as carrying the claim yet farther back. [The history of this manuscript, published as vol. ii. of the _Documentary History of Maine_, is traced in an Editorial note to Dr. De Costa’s chapter.—ED.]

[79] _Memoir of S. Cabot_, pp. 30, 178-180.

[80] _Ibid._ p. 31.

[81] This book of Mr. Biddle was published in London in two editions, 1831 and 1832, and in the United States, 1831, all without the name of the author, an eminent jurist and statesman of Pittsburg, Penn., who was born in 1795, and died in 1847. It is a work of great value for its authorities, and displays much critical talent; and though composed with little system and with a strong bias in favor of Sebastian Cabot, whom the author makes his hero, it may be regarded as the best review of the history of maritime discovery relating to the period of which he treats, that had appeared.

[The most important notice of Mr. Biddle’s book occurred in Tytler’s _Historical View of the Progress of Discovery on the more Northern Coasts of America_, Biddle’s reflections upon Hakluyt being the particular occasion of a vindication of that collector. George S. Hillard also reviewed Biddle in the _North American Review_, xxxiv. 405, and it elicited other essays in contemporary journals. It supplied largely the material for Hayward’s _Life of Cabot_ in Sparks’s _American Biography_. The most recent treatment of the subject is in a condensed and somewhat enthusiastic _Remarkable Life, Adventures and Discoveries of Sebastian Cabot_, by J. F. Nicholls, the public librarian of Bristol, London, 1869. This writer ascribes the chief glory to Sebastian and not to the father, and rather grandly lauds his achievements. This provoked Henry Stevens to putting a note in his _Bibliotheca Historica_, 1870, no. 2519, in vindication of John Cabot’s greater claim,—a view he again emphasized in a little tract, with the expressive mathematical title, _Sebastian Cabot-John Cabot = O_: Boston, 1870. Some of the later information has been embodied by Bancroft in a paper on Cabot in the _New American Cyclopædia_, which he has used again in vol. i. of his Centenary Ed. _History of the United States_. A very good resumé of existing knowledge as it stood forty-five years ago, is given in Conway Robinson’s _Discoveries in the West and Voyages along the Atlantic Coast_, Richmond, 1848. A somewhat similar treatment is given in Peschel’s _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, book ii., ch. 6, and notice may also be taken of the same author’s _Geschichte der Erdkunde_, vol. iv. Fox Bourne, in his _English Seamen under the Tudors_, gives a summary of the Cabots’ career as explorers, and in his _English Merchants_ he treats of their relation to British commerce and the enterprise of Bristol. Mr. Travers Twiss communicated some papers on the relative influence of Columbus and Cabot on American Discovery to the _Nautical Magazine_, July and August, 1876; and a review of a somewhat similar kind will be found in Admiral Jurien de la Gravière’s _Les Marins du xv^e et xvi^e Siècles_, composed of papers which had originally appeared in the _Revue des deux Mondes_, 1876, _et seq._ Among other views, reference may be made to F. von Hellward’s _Sebastian Cabot_, 43 pp.; Malte-Brun’s _Annales des Voyages_, xcix., p. 39.—ED.]

[82] Page 126.

[83] Vol. iii. p. 807.

[84] See D’Avezac in the _Bulletin de la Soc. Géog._, Quar. Ser., xvi. 272, 273.

[85] [The titles of these works in full, with some further account of the instrumentality of Hakluyt in advancing discovery, are given in Dr. De Costa’s chapter on “Norumbega,” and in the notes accompanying it.—ED.]

[86] M. D’Avezac, in the _Bulletin de la Soc. Géog._, Quar. Ser., xiv., 271, 272, 1857, and Dr. Asher in his _Henry Hudson_ (Hakluyt Soc.), pp. lxviii, 261, 1860, both express the opinion that Clement Adams deliberately altered the date from 1494 to 1497, the latter being the date copied by Hakluyt into his extract from Adams’s map, as published in the third volume of his fol. of 1600; neither of these writers being aware of the fact that in Hakluyt’s first citation from Adams’s map, in his folio of 1589, the date 1494 was given. All we know of Adams’s map is derived from Hakluyt; and as an additional evidence that the extract cited from it bore the date 1494, we have Hakluyt’s previous statement, in his _Discourse on Westerne Planting_, cited above, where this fact is clearly affirmed.

In the _Proceedings_ of the Am. Antiq. Soc. for April, 1867, I called attention, in some notes on Cabot’s map, to the inadvertences of these distinguished historians; and, in a later paper by M. D’Avezac, printed in the _Bulletin de la Soc. Géog._, in Paris for 1869, and translated in the _Doc. Hist. of Maine_, i. 506, 507, he revises his opinion, and affirms his belief that the change of date from 1494, in Hakluyt’s first folio, to 1497 in that of 1600 was caused by a typographical error. [D’Avezac’s paper was entitled: _Les navigations Terre-neuviennes de Jean et Sébastien Cabot—Lettre au Révérend Leonard Woods_: and was also printed separately in Paris.—ED.]

[87] [See the note on Molyneaux’s map, with a sketch of it, appended to the chapter on “Norumbega.”—ED.]

[88] It has been suggested that Hakluyt had access to Cabot’s papers in possession of William Worthington, and that they revealed the true date. It is a pity he did not “make note of it” among his authorities. See R. H. Major’s _True Date of the English Discovery_, etc., London, 1870, originally printed in the _Archæologia_, xliii, 17.

The mention of the name of William Worthington, against whom Mr. Biddle has emphasized a suspicion of unjust dealing with Sebastian Cabot, reminds me of a remark of M. D’Avezac in speaking of the marriage of Cabot to Catherine Medrano,—that he suspected that Worthington, instead of being hostile to Cabot, was, on the contrary, bound to him by family ties. See _Revue Critique_, v. 268, 269.

[89] Page 511.

[90] Page 128.

[91] Mr. Major concludes his paper by producing incontestable evidence from the recently published Venetian and Spanish Calendars, to be adduced farther on, that the true date of discovery was 1497.

[92] See a more full analysis of this subject in _Proceedings_ of the Am. Antiq. Soc. for April, 1867.

[93] See vol. i. 226, 274; ii. 243, 267; iii. 10; cf. Biddle, 184-187, 311, who doubts as to Cabot’s appointment as “grand pilot,” as asserted by Hakluyt. [Davis, in his _World’s Hydrographical Descriptions_, does not give him any official title in 1595. “Sebastian Gabota, an expert pilot, and a man reported of speciall judgment, who being that wayes imployed returned without successe.” _Davis’s Voyages_ (Hakluyt Soc.), p. 195.—ED.]

[94] The Legend no. xvii. of the map is copied from Chytræus into the text of the _Tabularum Geog. Contractatrum_ of Peter Bertius, published in Latin and in French. In the Latin edition of 1602 or 1603, the second edition, the Legend is given on page 627, and in the French of 1617 on page 777. The text is ascribed to Jodocus Hondius, who died in 1612, says Lelewel, in his _Géographie du Moyen Age_. (_Letter of J. Carson Brevoort._)

[95] Among the many works whose publication was inspired by Hakluyt, was the issue in 1612 of an English version of the eight _Decades_ of Peter Martyr, translated by Michael Locke, thus laying before the English reader whatever that industrious chronicler had written concerning Sebastian Cabot. The first three Decades, as we have already seen, had been translated by Richard Eden, many years before, and those were now adopted by Locke into his completed version; the work was entitled _De Novo Orbe, or the History of the West Indies_, etc., London, 1612. It contained a Latin dedication to Sir Julius Cæsar, and an address in English to the reader. The same sheets were also issued with another titlepage without date, and omitting the Latin dedication, and also again in 1628 with a new title, calling the book a second edition. [Copies of either issue are worth from £5 to £10, and even more. Fifty years ago Rich (1832, no. 130) priced one at £1 16_s._ The text was reprinted in the supplement to the 1809 edition of Hakluyt.—ED.]

Purchas has several notices of the Cabots taken from Hakluyt principally, hereafter the great authority cited, and from Ramusio. His is the earliest mention made, within my knowledge, of Sebastian Cabot’s picture in Whitehall gallery, but he speaks of it as though it were displayed on Clement Adams’s map hanging there. He probably never took the trouble to visit the gallery himself, but wrote from wrong information.

[Purchas’s _Pilgrimage_ gave his own form and language to the accounts of the voyages which he collected, and those in his eighth and ninth book concern America. It was published in 1613, when he was thirty-six years old. There was a second edition in 1614, and a third with additions in 1617, the year after Purchas inherited Hakluyt’s manuscripts. He now set about his greater work,—_Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas, his Pilgrimes_,—in which he changed his method, and preserved the language of the narratives, which he brought together. This was published in four volumes (part of the third and all of the fourth volume pertaining to America), in 1625; and the next year a new edition of his first work was brought out, which has ever since constituted the fifth volume of the entire work. The set has nearly or quite quadrupled in value during the last fifty and sixty years, and superior copies are now worth £100; such a copy however must contain the original engraved frontispiece with its little map of the world, which is seldom found, and “Hondius his Map of the World,” which is rarer still, on page 95, where ordinary copies show a reduplication merely of the map properly belonging on page 115. Mr. Deane owns Thomas Prince’s copy of the American portions, which are enriched with Prince’s notes. Samuel Sewall’s copy is in Harvard College Library. Purchas survived the publication but two years, and died in 1628. His service to the cause in which he and Hakluyt were so conspicuous workers, was great, but is not generally accounted as equal to that of the elder chronicler. See Clarke’s _Maritime Discovery_, i. xiii., and the references in Allibone’s _Dictionary_. Bohn’s Lowndes p. 2010, is useful in determining the collation, which is confused.—ED.]

Bacon, in his _Life of Henry VII._ published in 1622, notices the voyage of Sebastian Cabot, in which North America was discovered; but mentioning no year implies that it took place in 1498. His principal authority seems to have been Stowe’s _Chronicle_.

A valuable work was published at Madrid in 1629, by Pinello D. Ant. de Leon, entitled an _Epitome de la bibliotheca oriental i occidental, nautica i geographica_, etc. of which a second edition, edited by De Barcia, was published in 1737-38. Particular mention is made in it of the several editions of the writings of Peter Martyr, though the information is not always correct. He says that Juan Pablo Martyr Rizo, a descendant of Peter Martyr, had a manuscript translation in Spanish of the Decades for printing, which we may well believe never appeared.

[96] In the _Foreign and Domestic Calendars of Henry VIII._, ii. pt. ii. p. 1576, Sebastian Talbot (Cabot) is named as receiving twenty shillings, in May, 1512, “for making a card of Gascoigne and Guyon.” He left soon after for Spain.

[97] Dec. i. p. 254, Madrid, 1730; Biddle, p. 98.

[98] Navarrete, _Historica Nautica_, p. 138.

[99] Page 119.

[100] D’Avezac, in _Revue Critique_, v. 265.

[101] Herrera, Dec. ii. p. 18.

[102] Navarrete, _Coll._ iii. 319.

[103] Navarrete, _Bibl. Maritima_, tome ii. pp. 697-700; Herrera, Dec. ii. p. 70; _Venetian Calendar_, vol. ii. no. 607.

[104] Herrera, Dec. ii. p. 226; Cf. Biddle, p. 121.

[105] Gomara, cap. xcix. Navarrete, _Coll._ iv. 339; _Bibl. Maritima_, as above. Cf. Biddle, pp. 122, 123.

[106] Biddle’s _Cabot_, pp. 123-128, where will be found a good summary of these events, with the original authorities cited; with which cf. Peter Martyr, Dec. vii. cap. 6; Navarrete, _Bibl. Maritima_, as above.

[107] _Bibl. Maritima_, as above.

[108] Navarrete, _Bibl. Maritima_, ii. 697-700; Ibid. _Coll._ v. 333; Herrera, Dec. iv. pp. 168, 169, 214; D’Avezac, _Bulletin Soc. Géog._ Quart. Ser. xiv. 268.

[109] Navarrete, _Nautica_, pp. 135, 136, 155.

[110] _Viage del Sutil y Mexicana_, in 1792; Madrid, 1802, Introduction (by Don M. F. Navarrete, then a young man), p. xlii.

[111] Oviedo, _Historia general y natural de las Indias_, ii. p. 169, 1852.

[112] In a notice of the settlement of the estate of Sir Thomas Lovell, who died May 25, 1524, among the debts unpaid and now, February 18, discharged, was one to John Goderyk of Cornwall, draper, for conducting Sebastyan Cabot, master of the pilots in Spain, to London, at testator’s request, 43_s._ 4_d._—_Letters and Papers_, Henry VIII., vol. iv. pt. i. p. 154.

[113] _Venetian Calendars_, vol. iii., nos. 557, 558, 589, 607, 634, 669, 670, 710, 1115; V. 711; _Foreign_, under date Sept. 12, 1551; Hardy’s _Report upon Venetian Calendars_, pp. 7, 8.

[114] Strype, _Eccl. Mem_. Oxford, 1822, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 296; Harleian MSS., quoted by Biddle, p. 175, where the story is told in a letter dated April 21, 1550, from the Council to Sir Philip Hoby, resident minister in Flanders. Bancroft, _American Cyclopædia_, iii. 530.

[115] Biddle, pp. 187, 217, 219; Rymer’s _Fœdera_, xv. 427, 466; Bancroft, as above.

[116] [It is well known that in commemoration of the English discovery, _Cabotia_ a has been urged as a name for North America; but if _Sebastia_, urged by William Doyle in his _Acc. of the British Dominion beyond the Atlantic_, 1770, had been adopted, we should have had a misapplication, quite mating the mishap which gave the name of America to the western hemisphere.—ED.]

[117] _Venetian Calendars_, vol. i. no. 453; D’Avezac, _Doc. Hist. Maine_, i. 504, 505; S. Romanin, _Storia Documentata_, iv. 453.

[118] Mr. J. F. Nichols, in his _Life of Sebastian Cabot_, pp. 20, 21, appears to misapprehend the terms of this privilege of naturalization, supposing it was a grant of citizenship for fifteen years to come, and not on account of fifteen years’ residence already passed. The memorandum reads: “Quod fiat privilegium civilitatis de intus et extra Joani Caboto per habitationem annorum xv. juxta consuetum,”—“That a privilege of citizenship, within and without, be made for John Cabot, as usual, _on account_ of a residence of fifteen years.” That such is the proper interpretation of the grant is shown by the full document itself, issued four years previously to another person, and referred to in the Register, where the privilege to John Cabot is recorded. The document recites that “Whereas, whoever shall have dwelt continuously in Venice _for a space of fifteen years or more_, spending that time in performing the duties of our kingdom, shall be our citizen and Venetian, and shall enjoy the privilege of citizenship and other benefits,” etc. Then follows the statement that the person applying had offered satisfactory proofs that he _had dwelt continuously in Venice for fifteen years_, and had faithfully performed the other duties required, and he was thereupon declared to be a Venetian and citizen, within and without, etc. (See _Intorno a Giovanni Caboto_, etc., by Cornelio Desimoni, Genova, 1881, pp. 43-45.)

[119] Ramusio, i. 374.

[120] _Decades_, f. 255.

[121] M. D’Avezac believed that Sebastian Cabot was born in 1472 or 1473, and that John Cabot and his family removed to England not far from the year 1477. He infers this last date from a conviction that John Cabot early engaged in maritime voyages from Bristol, and that the mention of a vessel sailing from that port in 1480, belonging to John Jay the younger, conducted by “the most skilful mariner in all England,” pointed to John Cabot as the real commander. And he thought he derived some support for this opinion from some passages in the letter of D’Ayala, the Spanish ambassador, mentioned farther on, in regard to voyages made from Bristol to the west for several years before the date of his letter. See Corry’s _History of Bristol_, i. 318, a work not accurate in relation to the Cabot voyages; cf. Botoner, _alias_ William Wyrcestre, in _Antiquities of Bristol_, pp. 152, 153.

[122] _Spanish Calendars_, vol. i. no. 128.

[123] Strachey, in his _Historie of Travaile into Virginia_ (written between the years 1612 and 1619), p. 6, says that John Cabot, to whom and to his three sons letters patents were granted by Henry VII. in 1496, was “idenized his subject, and dwelling within the Blackfriers,” etc.

[124] _History and Antiquities of Bristol_, 1789, p. 172.

[125] In vol. iv. of the new edition of the _Encyclopædia Britannica_, now publishing, at p. 350, under the article Bristol, is the following:—

“This year (1497), on St. John’s the Baptist’s Day, the land of America was found by the merchants of Bristowe, in a ship of Bristol called the ‘Matthew,’ the which said ship departed from the port of Bristow the 2d of May, and come home again 6th August following.”

Some of the dates are new. This statement is credited to an ancient manuscript “in possession of the Fust Family of Hill Court, Gloucestershire, the ‘collations’ of which are now, 1876, in the keeping of Mr. William George, bookseller, Bristol.”

This memorandum, containing the name of “America,” must have been written many years after the event described. Bristol manuscripts have been subjected to much suspicion. See an article in the English _Notes and Queries_, 2d series, vol. v. p. 154.

[126] Biddle’s _Cabot_, p. 80.

[127] _Venetian Calendars_, i. 262.

[128] _Venetian Calendars_, i. 260. These papers were for the first time printed in America by the American Antiquarian Society, in their _Proceedings_ for October, 1866, in an interesting communication from the Rev. Edward E. Hale, D.D., principally relating to the Cabot voyages. [Mr. Rawdon Brown, who calendared these papers, made his discoveries the subject of a paper on the Cabots in the Philobiblion Society’s _Collections_, ii. 1856; and in the preface to the first volume of the _Venetian Calendars_, A.D. 1202 to 1509, he describes the archives at Venice, which yield these early evidences. The late Professor Eugenio Albèri edited at Florence _Le Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti al Senato durante il Seclo_ xvi^o, in fifteen volumes, which contain numerous reports of English transactions at that time.—ED.]

[129] And is copied by Cornelio Desimoni, in his _Giovanni Caboto_, Genoa, 1881.

[130] “John Cabot’s Voyage of 1497,” in _Hist. Mag._ xiii. 131 (March, 1868), with a section of the Cabot (Paris) map. See also “The Discovery of North America by John Cabot in 1497,” by Mr. Frederic Kidder, in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ (Oct. 1878), xxxii. 381 [who reproduces also a part of the same map, and gives a sketch-map marking Cabot’s track around the Gulf. He bases his argument partly on Pasqualigo’s statement that Cabot found the tides “slack,” and shows that the difference in their rise and fall in that region is small compared with what Cabot had been used to, at Bristol. In the confusion of the two Cabot voyages, which for a long while prevailed (see an instance in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ x. 383, under date, 1663), the track of his first voyage is often made to extend down the eastern seaboard of the present United States, and it is thus laid down on the map in Zurla’s _Di Marco Polo e degli viaggiatori Veneziani_, Venezia, 1818. Stevens, _Hist. and Geog. Notes_, does not allow that on either voyage the coast south of the St. Lawrence was seen; and urges that for some years the coast-line farther south was drawn from Marco Polo’s Asiatic coasts; and he contends for the “honesty” of the Portuguese Portolano of 1514, which leaves the coast from Nova Scotia to Charleston a blank, holding that this confirms his view. It may be a question whether it was honesty or ignorance. Dr. Hale, _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._ Oct. 21, 1871, gives a sketch-map to show the curious correspondence of the Asian and American coast lines. Observe it also in the Finæus map, already given.—ED.]

[131] I am indebted to Professor Franklin B. Dexter, of Yale College, for the privilege of using this paper, copied by him from the collection of Privy Seals, no. 40, in her Majesty’s Public Record Office in London. Other valuable memoranda, including a copy of the renewal to Sebastian Cabot, in 1550, of the patent of 1495/6, were also generously placed in my hands by Professor Dexter.

[132] Of course, neither John Cabot nor Sebastian could furnish ships at his own charge, any more than Columbus could. Raimondo says that John was “poor,” and the acceptance by him of small gifts from the King proves it. He was probably aided by the wealthy men of Bristol, with whom he may have taken up a credit.

Among the Privy Purse expenses under date of 22d March and 1st April, 1498, are sums of money, £20, £20, £30, £2, paid to several persons in the way of loan, or of reward, for their “going towards the new isle.” Three of these payments were to Lanslot Thirkill, of London, who appears to have been an owner or master of a ship. (Biddle, p. 86.)

[133] _Calendar of Spanish State Papers_, i. 176-77. [This letter was discovered by Bergenroth in 1860, the document being preserved at Simancas. See also Bergenroth’s _Memoirs_, p. 77, and _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._ Oct. 21, 1865, p. 25.—ED.]

[134] Biddle, pp. 227-234, 312.

In a work entitled _Armorial de la Noblesse de Languedock_, by M. Louis de la Roque, Paris, 1860, vol. ii. p. 163, there is an account of the family of Cabot in that Province. The writer says that this family derived its name and origin from Jean Cabot, a Venetian nobleman who settled in Bristol in the reign of Henry VII.; was a distinguished navigator, the discoverer of Terre Neuve, thence passing into the service of Spain; that he had three sons,—Jean (who died in Venice), Louis, and Sebastian (who continued in the service of England and died in France without posterity); that Louis, here called the second son, settled at Saint-Paul-le-Coste, in the Cévennes, had a son Pierre, who died Dec. 27, 1552, leaving a will, by which is shown his descent from Jean the navigator, through his father Louis. Through Pierre the family is traced down to the present time. The arms of the family are given: _Device_, “D’azur à trois chabots d’or;” motto, “Semper cor cabot Cabot,”—the same as those of the ancient family of Cabot in the island of Jersey, whence the New England family of Cabot sprung. Mr. Henry Cabot Lodge, in the introduction to his _Life of George Cabot_, has given reasons for believing that the French family was derived from that of Jersey. The three sons of John Cabot named in the letters patent of March 5, 1496, are Louis, Sebastian, and Sancius, the last of whom is not named in the list here cited.

It may well be doubted if Jean Cabot is properly styled above “a Venetian nobleman.” See the grant of denization to him in Venice, the several letters patent to him of Henry VII., and the letter of Raimondo on page 54. In the statement that he entered into the service of Spain, he is evidently confounded with his son Sebastian, who, it may be added, did not die in France, but in England. Whether Sebastian left posterity is not known, but he had a wife and children while he was living in Spain. Referring to the motto of the family here given, I may add that the motto on Sebastian’s picture is “Spes mea in Deo est.”

Mention is made on page 31 of a portrait of Sebastian Cabot, till recently attributed to Holbein, painted in England when Cabot was a very old man, of which a copy taken in 1763 now hangs in the Ducal Palace in Venice. At a meeting of the French Geographical Society, April 16, 1869, M. D’Avezac stated that M. Valentinelli, of Venice, had recently sent to him a photograph copy of a portrait of John Cabot, and one of his son Sebastian Cabot, at the age of twenty years, after the picture of Grizellini, belonging to the gallery of the Ducal Palace. He proceeded to say that some guarantee for the authenticity of the picture of Sebastian was afforded by some traces of resemblance between it and the well-known portrait of him by Holbein at the age of eighty-five years (_Bulletin de la Soc. de Géographie_, 5 ser. to. 17, p. 406). The existence of a portrait of Sebastian Cabot taken at so early an age, before he left Venice to live in England, would be an interesting fact if authentic. An authentic picture of John Cabot, the real discoverer of North America, would have even higher claims to our regard. Prefixed to a Memoir of “Giovanni Cabotto,” by Carlo Barrera Pezzi, published at Venice in 1881, which has just come under my notice, is a medallion portrait, inscribed “Giovanni Cabotto Veneziano.” It is not referred to by the author in the book in which it is inserted.

[135] [See Editorial Note, A, at end of chapter vi. of the present volume.—ED.]

[136] In this narrative is an account of tobacco twenty years before that luxury was introduced into England by Ralph Lane. The account is in these words (the grammar is defective, but the copy is accurate): “The Floridians, when they travel, have a kinde of herbe dryed, which with a cane and an earthen cup in the end, with fire, and the dried herbs put together, do sucke thoro the cane the smoke thereof, which smoke satisfieth their hunger, and therewith they live foure or five days without meat or drinke, and this all the Frenchmen vsed for this purpose: yet do they holde opinion withall that it causeth water and fleame to void from their stomacks.” It is a little curious that he should thus connect tobacco with Florida, as if he had not observed its use in the West Indies. It had, indeed, been used in Southern Europe before this time.

[137] A recently discovered letter of Winthrop shows that the Massachusetts colonists made wine of their grapes in the first summer. The appetite for such wine does not seem perilous.

[138] [The story of this French colony is told in Vol. II.—ED.]

[139]

“Thy name is hasty pudding: how I blush To hear the Pennsylvanians call thee mush!”

—BARLOW: _Hasty Pudding_.

[140] One hundred and forty years later, Daniel De Foe, a devoted Christian man, wrote his celebrated biography of Robinson Crusoe, who, when he had been long living in Brazil as a planter, met his critical shipwreck in a voyage to the African coast for slaves. The romance is intended by its author to be what we call a religious novel. The religious experiences of the hero are those to which De Foe attached most importance. In the relation of these experiences he enumerates and repents his “manifold sins and wickedness.” But among these, although he regrets his own folly in risking so much in the pursuit of wealth, it is never intimated that there is anything wrong in dragging these wretched negroes unwilling from their homes: so slow had been the development of the spirit of humanity in the sixteenth and even the seventeenth century, and so ill defined were the rights of man!

[141] [See the note on Ingram’s and Hortop’s narratives in the critical part of chap. vi. Since hat chapter was in type, Dr. De Costa has examined anew the story of Ingram’s journey, and has printed Ingram’s relation, from a manuscript in the Bodleian, in the _Magazine of American History_, March, 1883.—ED.]

[142] By a play upon his name,—“Dracus,” or “Draco.” See the curious coincidence of “Caput Draconis,” mentioned in a later note.

[143] Cortes was never “silent upon a peak in Darien,” except in Keats’s poem.

[144] _The World Encompased._

[145] [It is to be observed, however, that the Portuguese, who had made their way to the Moluccas by the Cape of Good Hope in 1512,—a year before Balboa disclosed the great sea to the Spaniards,—claim that in the very year (1520) when Magellan was finding a passage by the straits, and Cortes was exploring the Gulf of Mexico in the vain endeavor to find another, their ships from the Moluccas crossed the ocean eastward and struck the coast of California. It is also represented that the expedition conducted by Cabrillo, a Portuguese in the King of Spain’s service, went up to 44° in 1542-43. This phase of the subject is more particularly examined in Vol. II.—ED.]

[146] It should be remembered that all these dates are of old style, and correspond to dates ten days later now.

[147] [It is a question how far north Drake went. Up to the middle of the last century, the writers, except Davis in his _World’s Hydrographical Discovery_, and perhaps Sir William Monson, had fixed his northing at 43°,—these two exceptions placing it at 48°, and this last opinion has been followed by Burney, Barrow, and the writer of the Life of Drake in the 1750 edition of the _Biographia Britannica_. Greenhow, _Oregon and California_, 2d edition, p. 74, doubts the later view. Drake’s aim was to find the westerly end of what was for a long time the conjectural Straits of Anian, or the northern passage to the Atlantic, which, ever since Cortereal, in 1500, had found what he supposed the easterly end of such a passage in Hudson’s Straits, had been a dream of navigators and geographers. An examination of the unstable views which were held regarding the shape and inlets of the western coast of North America, from the time of Cortes’ first expedition north, belongs to another volume of this work. A notion of the continuity of Asia and America, which was temporarily dispelled by Balboa’s discovery of the Pacific in 1513, was revived twenty years later by a certain school of geographers, and continued to be held by some for thirty or forty years. Before Drake’s time it had given place to views which more distinctly prefigured the Straits of Behring, not yet to be determined for a hundred and fifty years. The earlier conjectural propinquity of America and Asia at the north—as shown in the maps of Münster, Mercator, and others—was giving place to a more minute configuration, as shown in the maps of Zaltieri and Furlano, of which outlines are given in the text, indicating the kind of view which was prevailing regarding this northern part of the Pacific, which Drake was baffled in his attempt to explore. It is curious to observe, moreover, that Mercator in his map in zones, dated 1541, marks the region later to be called New Albion as having the star _Caput Draconis_ in the zenith,—almost in strange anticipation of its being the spot where the English “dragon” was first to contest Spanish supremacy on the North American continent. Spain had as yet had no sharer of this northern new world.—ED.]

[148] In the narrative in Hakluyt _tobàh_ is always called tobacco. But Fletcher and Drake’s nephew in _The World Encompassed_ call it _tobàh_ or _tabàh_; and they knew tobacco and its name perfectly well. They speak of it as an herb new to them. There is no evidence that the natives smoked _tobàh_.

[149] Alarcon’s account is in these words. He speaks of the winter houses of which Nargarchato informed him. “He told me that these houses were of wood covered with earth on the outside, and plastered with clay within; that they were in form of a round room.” The reader should remember that Fletcher alludes to the architectural device, still to be seen in old New England churches, where the roof rises on all sides to a spire in the middle.

[150] The fondness for feathers is observed by later voyagers; cf. La Perouse.

[151] So in Shelvocke’s journal of his voyage in 1719. “The soil about Puerto Seguro, and very likely in most of the valleys, is a rich black mould, which, as you turn it up fresh to the sun, appears as if intermixed with gold and dust.”

[152] [The Spanish minister, indeed, protested against Drake’s piracies and his sailing in those waters; but the English Government made a declaration denying such prescriptive right to the Spaniards, unless it was enforced by possession. Cf. Camden’s _History of Elizabeth_, 1688, p. 225; Purchas, iv. 1180; Deane’s edition of Hakluyt’s _Discourse_, 236.—ED.]

[153] “The course which Sir Francis Drake held to California,” etc.

[154] [Mr. Hale has written of Dudley and his atlas in the _American Antiquarian Society’s Proceedings_, October 21, 1873. Cf. also the chapter on “New England” in the present volume.—ED.]

[155] See Editorial Notes following this chapter.

[156] [See a later page.—ED.]

[157] Colonel John D. Washburn, in a very careful paper in the _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, no. 58, 1872, suspects from Torquemada’s account (1615, published at Seville), as cited in the English version of Father Venegas’s _History of California_ (Field, _Indian Bibliography_, 1,599, 1,600), that the port visited by Viscaino was Jack’s Bay, as indeed the original Spanish of Venegas (iii. III) distinctly says. Cf. also John T. Doyle’s paper, with an introduction by Colonel Washburn in _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, October, 1873.

[158] [They had learned by this time to avoid the head-winds that swept westerly from Acapulco to Manila, by stretching northeastwardly on the return voyage, making the coast above San Francisco, and so to follow the shore south. Cf. the Key to a section of Molineaux’s map in the Editorial Notes following this chapter.—ED.]

[159] Sayer and Bennett, 1774. [I find this twenty years earlier, as shown in the annexed sketch from Jefferys’ _Chart of California, New Albion_, etc., 1753. Key:—

1. C. das Navadas, or Snowy Cape, 2. Punta de los Reys. 3. Les Farollones. 4. Isles of St. James. 5. Port S^r. Francis Drake, 1578, not St. Francisco. 6. Pto. de Anno Novo.—ED. ]

[160] “He does smile his face into more lines than are in the new map, with the augmentation of the Indies.”—_Act iii, sc. 2._ [The map referred to is Molineaux’ map of 1600, and it has been disputed that it was the map alluded to by Shakespeare. See chap. vi., Editorial Note, F. A section showing the point referred to in the text is given further on.—ED.]

[161] [The coast-survey authorities have usually favored San Francisco. This was the opinion of Alexander Forbes in his _California_, 1839, where he gives (p. 127) an interesting view of the bay before commerce had marked it. Dr. Stillman, in the _Overland Monthly_ (October, 1868, March, 1869), and later in his _Seeking the Golden Fleece_ (p. 295), has advocated San Francisco. S. G. Drake, in the _American Historical Record_, August, 1874, took the same view.

Greenhow, in the second edition (1845) of his _Oregon and California_, p. 74, does not think the question can be definitely settled between San Francisco and Bodega.

There have been many disputes over Jack’s Bay,—the Sir Francis Drake Bay of the maps. Soulé and the writers of the _Annals of San Francisco_ accept it as the spot; so does Kohl. Professor J. D. Whitney (_Encyclopædia Britannica_, art. “California”) says the evidence points strongly to Jack’s Bay.

Vancouver seems to have reported the story of the Spaniards calling it Sir Francis Drake’s Bay. Captain Beechey thought it too exposed to have deserved Drake’s description; and it has been held he could not have graved his ship in it. It is claimed, however, that Limantour’s Bay, which opens through an inlet westwardly from Jack’s Bay, answers the required conditions of water and shelter.—ED.]

[162] There are copies in the Library of Congress, and in the New York State, Harvard, Lenox, and Carter-Brown (ii. 263) libraries. Cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vol. viii. no. 30,957; Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 667. Hawkins’s voyage is also included in Purchas’s _Pilgrimes_; and Charles Kingsley in his _Westward Ho!_ pictures vividly the spirit of Hawkins’s day. Cf. also Burney’s _History of Voyages in the South Seas_.

[163] It is reprinted by Vaux, later mentioned.

[164] They are in the Harvard College, Carter-Brown, and Charles Deane copies, not to name others.

[165] _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 21; Stevens’s _Nuggets_, no. 921; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, no. 20,853. S. G. Drake bought a copy in Boston in 1844 for $4. It was priced by Vaux in 1853 at as many pounds, and is worth much more now. The later editions are worth somewhat less. S. G. Drake (_Genealogical Register_, i. 126) gives a partial list of those who accompanied Drake, being about one-third of his one hundred and sixty-four men. Among the fullest of the modern narratives are those in Barrow’s _Life of Drake_, and in Froude’s _England_, vol. xi. chap. 29. [But Mr. Froude has used his valuable authorities carelessly. He depends in part upon some reports of Spanish officers, which exist in manuscript in Spain, and upon some which are in England, brought home by English cruisers. One of the most interesting, which should still be in the national library in Madrid, I found in 1882 had been cut from the volume and carried away.—E. E. H.]

[166] _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 423.

[167] Ibid., ii. 731.

[168] Hakluyt, vol. iii., or quarto edition, vol. iv.; Harris, vol. i.; Oxford, vol. ii. Hakluyt also gives the relation of Nuna da Silva, a Portuguese pilot whom Drake had captured, and who made his report to the Viceroy of Spain, and John Winter’s account of his companionship with Drake. Vaux collates his text with a manuscript preserved in the British Museum, which may have been the collection of Fletcher’s notes which the compiler of _The World Encompassed_ used. Several narratives are also in the Callender collection of _Voyages_, Edinburgh, 1766. There are German versions in Gottfried and Vander Aa (1727, vol. xviii.), Cornelius Claesz (1598, 1603), etc. Appended to the _Begin en Voortgangh_ (1645 and 1646) of Isaac Commelin, of Amsterdam, is sometimes a Dutch narrative of the voyages of Candish, Drake, and Hawkins, “described by one of the fleet,” and with an imprint of 1644, which is very rare. Frederic Muller says, in his _Books on America_, 1872 (no. 1,871), that he had never seen but the one then described, and another, sold to Stevens in 1867.

A French edition, _Le Voyage de François Drack alentour du Monde_, was originally issued in Paris in 1613, and is now scarce, and sometimes priced at 300 francs. There were other editions, with additions, in 1627 (Sabin, vol. v. no. 23,845), 1631, 1641, 1690. Bohn’s _Lowndes_, p. 668. The Dedicatory Epistle is signed F. de Lorrencourt. Leclerc, _Bibliotheca Americana_, no. 2,743. The title of the later edition runs: _Le Voyage curieux faict autour du Monde_, etc. Muller’s _Books on America_ (1877), no. 973. [This curious book affects in the dedication to be an original narrative: “I dedicate it to you, Monsieur, because you gave it to me, telling me that you received it from one of your subjects of Courtomer, who had made the voyage with this gentleman.” On examination, however, it proves that the narrative is a rough translation, not very accurate, and generally abridged from that in Hakluyt: generally, but not always; for in a few instances details of local color are added, which I think important, and which appear, so far as I know, in no other narrative. With no apparent purpose but to make the book bigger, a second part is added, entitled _Seconde Partie des Singvlaritez remarquees aux isles et terres fermes du Midy et des Indes Orientales: par l’Illustre Seigneur et Chevalier Francois Drach, Admiral d’ Angleterre_. It is a botch of travels in Africa, the Indian Ocean, and America, in places mostly which Drake never saw.—E. E. H.]

[169] _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 374; _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 20; Leclerc, _Bibliotheca Americana_ (205 francs); _Huth Catalogue_, ii. 442. Leclerc, no. 2,744, prices the maps alone at 400 francs; and Quaritch, in 1877, advertised them for £50. The Lenox Library has a copy with the four maps, and a second copy with different vignettes on the title.

[170] Quaritch prices a copy at £10 10_s._; Stevens, Nuggets, puts one at £5 15_s._ 6_d._ Hakluyt’s third volume (1600) gives the narrative. In some copies of Hakluyt’s volume of 1589 there is found, before page 644, a broadside, giving a journal from Drake’s log-book, Sept. 14, 1585, to July 22, 1586. (Sabin, vi. 543.) It was on this voyage that Drake on his return visited the new settlement in Virginia, as mentioned in chap. iv. of the present volume.

[171] Quaritch, in 1877, claimed that only three copies of this map were known, and only four or five complete sets of the other four are known. The mappemonde is in the Grenville copy, and was in a copy possessed by Rodd, the London dealer, fifty years ago. Baptista B. (or Boazio) seems to have been the designer or engraver. There is also a copy of this fifth map in the Lenox Library.

[172] The _Huth Catalogue_ also gives all five maps to the first edition (52 pages); says the errata are corrected in the second edition, and the words “with geographical mappes,” etc., are left out of the title; while for the third edition (copy in the King’s Library, in the British Museum) a smaller type is used, contracting it to 37 pages. An edition of 1596 is sometimes cited, but it is doubtful if such exists. Lowndes mentions a somewhat doubtful French edition of the same year.

[173] Bohn’s Lowndes, p. 669.

[174] Bare mention may, however, be made of the English accounts, _A true coppie of a Discourse_, London, 1589, which has been reprinted by Collier, and Robert Leng’s _Sir Francis Drake’s valuable Service done against the Spaniards_, in the Camden Society’s _Miscellanies_, vol. v., and the Latin account, printed at Frankfort, 1590, and a German one at Munich, the same year. Stevens’s _Bibliotheca Historica_ (1870), no. 597; Bohn’s Lowndes, p. 668.

[175] This name is the Spanish rendering of John Hawkins; and Draque and Aquines figure also in Torres’ _Relacion de los servicios de Sotomayor_, Madrid, 1620. Rich (1832), no. 156.

[176] Mr. J. P. Collier printed a small (one hundred copies) fac-simile edition of the 1596 book; but most of the copies were destroyed by fire. _A full Relation_ of this voyage, dated 1652, was included in the 1653 edition of _Sir Francis Drake Revived_, and is sometimes found separately; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 753.

[177] There were other Dutch editions in 1643 (called by Muller the best; cf. Carter-Brown Catalogue, ii. 521, for _Journalen van drie Voyagien_) and 1644. A German account was added in 1598 to the narrative of Candish’s voyages, printed at Amsterdam. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. no. 520. The rendering in De Bry, part viii., is incorrect and incomplete.

[178] Rich (1832), no. 294, £1 8_s._; Sunderland, ii. 4,052; Huth, ii. p. 444; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 312. There is a copy in Charles Deane’s collection. It is worth £6 or £7.

[179] The _Grenville Catalogue_ errs in making this the first edition. Huth, ii. 444; Brinley, i. 49; Carter-Brown, ii. 332.

[180] Sunderland, vol. ii. no. 4,053; Huth, ii. 444; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 753. There is also a copy in Harvard College Library.

[181] Reprinted in 1819, at the Lee Priory press, by Sir Egerton Brydges.

[182] Sabin (_Dictionary_, iv. 13,445) says the title differs in some copies. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 1,056.

[183] For a Drake bibliography we must go to Sabin’s _Dictionary_, v. 20,827, etc., and Bohn’s Lowndes. Stevens (_Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 202) notes a collection of copies from manuscripts in public depositaries in England which had been brought together as materials for writing a memoir of Drake. As a Devonshire hero, Drake figures in the local literature of Plymouth and its neighborhood.

[184] Cf. _Journalen van drie Voyagien_, which covers both Drake and Cavendish’s expeditions, and Commelin’s _Begin ende Voortgang_, and the collection of Gottfried and Vander Aa (1727). Thomas Lodge, the Elizabethan dramatist, accompanied Candish in his voyage of circumnavigation, and translated upon it, from the Spanish, his _Margarite of America_, published in London in 1596. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, x. 41,765; Bohn’s Lowndes, p. 1,383.

[185] [Cf. map given on page 11.—ED.]

[186] [Cf. the Lenox Globe and other delineations, in chap. vi.—ED.]

[187] [Chap. i., by Charles Deane.—ED.]

[188] Collinson’s _Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher_, p. 72; Hakluyt’s _Voyages_ (ed. 1600), iii. 58.

[189] Collinson’s _Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher_, p. 75; Hakluyt’s _Voyages_, iii. 59.

[190] Collinson’s _Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher_, p. 119.

[191] Ibid., p. 242; Hakluyt’s _Voyages_, iii. 80.

[192] In his first expedition to seek for traces of Sir John Franklin, 1860-1862, our countryman, Captain Charles F. Hall, obtained and brought home numerous relics of Frobisher’s voyages. Some of these were sent to England, and others are deposited in the National Museum at Washington. See Hall’s _Arctic Researches, passim_; Collinson’s _Three Voyages_, etc., Appendix; and _the Semi-Annual Report of the Council of the American Antiquarian Society_, October, 1882.

[193] [See Dr. De Costa’s chapter, and Gilbert’s map and comments in Editorial Note A, _sub anno_ 1576, at the end, and also the notes at the end of Mr. Henry’s chapter.—ED.]

[194] _Northwest Fox_, p. 42.

[195] Letter to Mr. Sanderson, in Hakluyt’s _Voyages_, iii. 114.

[196] Rundall’s _Narratives of Voyages towards the Northwest_, p. 62.

[197] _Northwest Fox_, p. 50.

[198] _Northwest Fox_, p. 117. The documents relating to Hudson’s fourth voyage are in Purchas’s _Pilgrimes_, iii. 596-610, and in Asher’s _Henry Hudson, the Navigator_, pp. 93-138.

[199] _Northwest Fox_, pp. 117, 118.

[200] Ibid., p. 118.

[201] _Northwest Fox_, p. 244.

[202] [The reader may consult the following, which has a parallel English text: _Die Literatur über die Polar-regionem der Erde_. Von J. Chavanne, A. Karpf, F. Ritter v. Le Monnier. Herausg. von der K. K. geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Wien, 1878, xiv. + 333 pp., 8º.

This book shows 6,617 titles, including papers from serials and periodicals. It is far from judiciously compiled, however; containing much that is irrelevant, and not a little that indicates the compilers’ ignorance of the books in hand, as when they were entrapped from the title into including Dibdin’s _Northern Tour_ and other works equally foreign to the subject. One of the best collections of Arctic literature in this country is in the Carter-Brown Library at Providence; and this, putting strict limits to the subject and not including papers of a periodic character, shows a list of between six and seven hundred titles. _Letter of John R. Bartlett_.—ED.]

[203] _A Chronological History of Voyages into the Arctic Regions; undertaken chiefly for the Purpose of discovering a Northeast, Northwest, or Polar Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific: from the earliest Period of Scandinavian Navigation to the Departure of the recent Expeditions under the Orders of Captains Ross and Buchan._ By John Barrow, F. R. S. London: John Murray. 1818. 8º. pp. 379 and 48.

[204] _Narratives of Voyages towards the Northwest, in Search of a Passage to Cathay and India, 1496 to 1631. With Selections from the Early Records of the Honourable the East India Company, and from MSS. in the British Museum._ By Thomas Rundall, Esq. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1849. 8º. pp. xx. and 260.

[This book has a convenient map of Arctic explorations between 1496 and 1631. The general reader will find condensed historical summaries of antecedent voyages, often prefixed to the special narratives, as in the case of Captain Beechey’s _Voyage of Discovery towards the North Pole_, 1843, and in the introductions to Asher’s _Henry Hudson_ and Winter Jones’s edition of Hakluyt’s _Divers Voyages_.—ED.]

[205] [Cf., for instance, Muller’s _Geschiedenis der noordsche Compagnie_, 1614-1642. Utrecht, 1875.—ED.]

[206] _The three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, in Search of a Passage to Cathaia and India by the Northwest, A. D. 1576-78. Reprinted from the First Edition of Hakluyt’s Voyages, with Selections from Manuscript Documents in the British Museum and State-Paper Office._ By Rear-Admiral Richard Collinson, C. B. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1867. 8º. pp. xxvi. and 376.

[207] _The Voyages and Works of John Davis the Navigator._ Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by Albert Hastings Markham, Captain R. N., F. R. G. S., Author of _A Whaling Cruise in Baffin’s Bay_, _The Great Frozen Sea_, and _Northward Ho!_ London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1880. 8º. pp. xcv. and 392.

[This volume gives a fac-simile of the Molineaux map of 1600; and reprints Davis’s _Worlde’s Hydrographical Description_, London, 1595. The presentation copy to Prince Henry, with his arms and a very curious manuscript addition, is in the Lenox Library. Cf. John Petheram’s _Bibliographical Miscellany_, 1859, and the note, p. 51, in Rundall’s _Voyages to the Northwest_. In this last book the accounts in Hakluyt are reproduced. Respecting Davis’s maps, see Kohl’s _Catalogue of Maps in Hakluyt_, pp. 20, 27.—ED.]

[208] _Henry Hudson, the Navigator. The Original Documents in which his Career is recorded, collected, partly translated, and annotated, with an Introduction._ By G. M. Asher, LL.D. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1860. 8º. pp. ccxviii. and 292. See Editorial Notes.

[209] _The Voyages of William Baffin, 1612-1622._ Edited, with Notes and an Introduction, by Clements R. Markham, C.B., F.R.S. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1881. 8º. pp. lix. and 192.

[Purchas first printed Baffin’s narrative of his first voyage, and Rundall re-edited it, supplying omissions from the original manuscript preserved in the British Museum. Markham reprints it, and adds a fac-simile of Baffin’s map of his discoveries; and he also gives a series of five maps from Fox’s down (the first is reproduced in the text), to show the changes in ideas respecting the shape and even the existence of Baffin’s Bay. Of the voyage in which this water was discovered, Purchas also printed, and Markham has reprinted, the account as given in Baffin’s journal.—ED.]

[210] _North-West Fox, or, Fox from the Northwest passage. Beginning With King Arthur, Malga, Octhvr, the two Zenis of Iseland, Estotiland, and Dorgia; Following with brief Abstracts of the Voyages of Cabot, Frobisher, Davis, Waymouth, Knight, Hudson, Button, Gibbons, Bylot, Baffin, Hawkridge; Together with the Courses, Distance, Latitudes, Longitudes, Variations, Depths of Seas, Sets of Tydes, Currents, Races, and over-Falls, with other Observations, Accidents, and Remarkable things, as our Miseries and Sufferings. Mr. Iames Hall’s three Voyages to Groynland, with a Topographicall description of the Countries, the Salvages lives and Treacheries, how our Men have been slayne by them there, with the Commodities of all those parts; whereby the Marchant may have Trade, and the Mariner Imployment. Demonstrated in a Polar Card, wherein are all the Maines, Seas, and Islands, herein mentioned. With the Author his owne Voyage, being the XIVth, with the opinions and Collections of the most famous Mathematicians, and Cosmographers; with a Probabilitie to prove the same by Marine Remonstrations, compared by the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea, experimented with places of our owne Coast._ By Captaine Lvke Fox, of Kingstone vpon Hull, Capt. and Pylot for the Voyage in his Majesties Pinnace the Charles. Printed by his Majesties Command. London, Printed by B. Alsop and Tho. Fawcett, dwelling in Grubstreet. 1635. 4º. pp. x. and 273.

[This little book is now worth about $40 or $50; Rich priced it in 1832 at $10. Brinley, no. 27; Huth, ii. 542; Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 556. Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, October, 1878. The copy in the Dowse _Collection_ (Mass. Hist. Soc.) has the rare original map. The Menzies and Carter-Brown copies show the map; the Brinley lacked it, as does Mr. Deane’s, which has it in fac-simile.—ED.]

[211] The name _Ralegh_ was written in thirteen different ways. We have adopted the usual spelling of Sir Walter himself. See Hakluyt’s _Westerne Planting_, p. 171, and C. W. Tuttle in _Massachusetts Historical Society’s Proceedings_, xv. 383.

[212] [See chapter vi.—ED.]

[213] See Chalmer’s _Annals_, chaps. xiv. and xv., and Journals of Congress, October, 1774.

[214] [It was in 1584 that Hakluyt wrote for Ralegh his _Westerne Planting_, to be used in inducing Elizabeth to grant to Ralegh and his friends a charter to colonize America; and Dr. Woods, in his Introduction to that book, writes, p. xliii, of Ralegh as the founder of the transatlantic colonies of Great Britain. See the history of the MS. in the notes following Dr. De Costa’s chapter.—ED.]

[215] Strachey, Hakluyt Society’s Publications, vi. 85.

[216] See _Works_ of Bacon, edited by Basil Montague, ii. 525.

[217] [It was prefixed to an edition of Ralegh’s _History of the World_ in 1736.—ED.]

[218] [One was added to an edition of Ralegh’s _Works_ in 1751.—ED.]

[219] [This work was in two volumes, 4º, and appeared in a second edition in 1806, 8º.—ED.]

[220] [_History of England_, chapters xlv. and xlviii.—ED.]

[221] A paper read by George Dexter, Esq., before the Massachusetts Historical Society, Oct. 13, 1881, upon “The First Voyage under Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s Patent of 1578,” corrects an error into which Mr. Edwards had fallen about this voyage, and shows that it was undertaken in 1578 instead of 1579, as stated by Mr. Edwards, and that Ralegh was the captain of one of the vessels. A few additional references may serve the curious student. Some new material was first brought forward in the _Archæologia_, vols. xxxiv. and xxxv. Ralegh’s career in Ireland is followed in the _Nineteenth Century_, Nov. 1881. His last year is considered in Gardiner’s _Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage_. A contemporary account of his execution from Adam Winthrop’s note-book is printed in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Sept. 1873. A psychological study may be found in Disraeli’s _Amenities of Literature_. Two American essays may be mentioned,—that in Belknap’s _American Biography_, and J. Morrison Harris’s paper before the Maryland Historical Society in 1846.

As to the story at one time prevalent of Ralegh’s coming in person to his colony, Stith, _History of Virginia_, p. 22, thinks it arose from a mistranslation of the Latin. Cf. Force’s _Tracts_ i. p. 37, Georgia Tract, 1742,—“Mr. Oglethorpe has with him Sir Walter Ralegh’s written journal,” etc.—ED.

[222] [The sources for this first colony may be concisely enumerated as follows:—

1. Diary of the Voyage, April 9-Aug. 25, 1585, originally in Hakluyt, 1589; also in Hawks.

2. Ralph Lane’s letters, Aug. and Sept. 1585. Some in Hakluyt, vol. iii.; also in Hawks and others referred to in the text, edited by E. E. Hale, in the _Archæologia Americana_, vol. iv. (1860).

3. Hariot’s narrative originally published in 1588; then by Hakluyt in 1589; and by De Bry in 1590. See later note.

4. Lane’s narrative given in Hakluyt and Hawks.

5. _A Summarie and True Discourse of Sir Francis Drake’s West Indian Voyage_, London, 1589; also in Hakluyt, 1600. The copy of the former in the Massachusetts Historical Society’s Library was the one used by Prince; see ch. ii.; also Barrow’s _Life of Drake_, ch. vi. Mr. Edward C. Bruce, in his “Loungings in the Footprints of the Pioneers,” in _Harper’s Monthly_, May, 1860, describes the condition of the site of the colony at that time. Roanoke Island was sold to Joshua Lamb, of New England, in 1676; _Hist. Mag._ vi. 123. Cf. _Continental Monthly_, i. 541, by Frederic Kidder.—ED.]

[223] [A notice of the original English issue of Hariot (1588) is described on a later page as the second original production relating to America presented to the English public (see notes following Dr. De Costa’s chapter); but it became more widely known in 1590, when De Bry at Frankfort made it the only part of his famous Collection of Voyages, which he printed in the English tongue, giving it the following title: _A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia, of the commodities, and of the nature and manners of the naturall inhabitants_. _Discovered by the English colony there seated by Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeere 1585.... This forebooke is made in English by Thomas Hariot. Francoforti ad Moenvm, typis Joannis Wecheli, svmtibus vero Theodori de Bry_, cicicxc. It is also the rarest of the parts, and only a few copies of it are known, as follows:—

1. Carter-Brown Library. _Catalogue_, i. 397, where a fac-simile of the title is given.

2. Lenox Library.

3. Sold in the Stevens Sale (no. 2487), Boston, 1870, to a New York collector for $975. This was made perfect by despoiling another copy belonging to a public collection.

4. Harvard College Library; imperfect.

5. Grenville copy in the British Museum, bought at Frankfort for £100 in 1710 (?).

6. Bodleian Library.

7. Christie Miller’s collection, England.

8. Sir Thomas Phillipp’s collection, England; imperfect.

Rich in 1832, _Catalogue_, no. 71, had a copy which was made up, and which he priced at £21, but would have held it at £100 if perfect.

A photo-lithographic fac-simile edition of this English text was issued in New York from the Stevens copy in 1871-72, about 100 copies, which is worth $20. (_Griswold Catalogue_, no. 309.) The original may be worth $1000.

In the same year, 1590, De Bry also issued it in Latin, German, and French. Brunet gives three varieties of the original Latin issue, besides two varieties of a counterfeit one. The _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 322, gives the collations of the five varieties slightly varying; cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vol. iii.; Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 653. There was a second (1600) and third edition of the German version (_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, pp. 354, 355; also for the French, p. 329). A German translation by Cristhopher P—— is also contained in Matthæus Dresser’s _Historien von China_, Halle, 1598; cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, v. 536; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 429.

De Bry engraved the drawings which White made at Roanoke, or rather a portion of them; for nearly three times as many as appear in De Bry, who copied only twenty-three, are now in the collection of drawings as preserved in the British Museum. What De Bry used may possibly have been copies of the originals, and in any case he gave an academic aspect to the more natural drawings as White made them. Henry Stevens secured the originals in 1865, and in a fire at Sotheby’s in June of that year they became saturated with water, so that a collection of offsets was left on the paper which was laid between them. Mr. Stevens sold the originals for £210, and the offsets for £26 5_s._, both to the British Museum, in 1866; and his letter offering them and telling the story is in his _Bibliotheca Historica_, 1870, cf. _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._ Oct. 20, 1866. In the Sloane Collection are also near a hundred of White’s drawings; see E. E. Hale in _Archæologia Americana_, iv. 21. One section of Hariot’s paper, entitled “Of the nature and maners of the people,” appeared in the author’s original English in the Hakluyts of 1589 and 1600, and also in De Bry, who likewise added to his English Hariot a statement called, “The true pictures and fashions of the people in that parte of America now called Virginia,” etc. This statement is not in the printed Hakluyts, though it is said by De Bry to have been “translated out of Latin into English by Richard Hackluit.” It is there said of the pictures that they were “diligently collected and drowne by John White, who was sent thiter speciallye by Sir Walter Ralegh, 1585, also 1588, now cutt in copper, and first published by Theodore De Bry att his wone chardges.” De Bry’s engravings have often been reproduced by Montanus, Lafitau, Beverly, etc. Wyth’s, or White’s “Portraits to the Life and Manners of the Inhabitants,” following De Bry, with English text, was printed at New York in 1841.

The map which accompanies Hariot’s narrative, as given by De Bry, was procured by him from England, and is subscribed “Auctore Joanne With,”—once De Bry writes it “Whit.” It was made in 1587, and Kohl in his _Maps relating to America mentioned in Hakluyt_, pp. 42-46, thinks that there can be no doubt With is John White, the captain, and that he based, or caused to be based, his drawing on observations made by Lane, who had been in the Chesapeake, while White had not. Stevens, _Bibliotheca Historica_, 1870, p. 222, identifies the John White the artist with Governor John White. A largely reduced fac-simile of this map is herewith given, for comparison with the Coast Survey chart of the same region. Other fac-similes of the original are given in the Histories of North Carolina by Hawks and Wheeler, in Gay’s _Popular History of the United States_, i. 243. It was later followed in the configurations of the coast given by Mercator, Hondius, De Laet, etc. The map which is given in Smith’s _Generall Historie_ as “Ould Virginia” closely resembles White’s, which however extends farther north, and includes the entrance of the Chesapeake. There had been one earlier representation of “Virginia” on a map, and that was in Hakluyt’s edition of Peter Martyr on a half globe. De Bry also gives a bird’s-eye view of Roanoke and its vicinity.—ED.]

[224] [The original sources are also made use of by Williamson and Wheeler in their histories of North Carolina. Some of them are printed in Pinkerton’s _Voyages_, in Payne’s _Elizabethan Seamen_, p. 211, and elsewhere; cf. Strachey’s _Virginia_, p. 142.—ED.]

[225] [His narrative of the first voyage was published in 1596, the year following his voyage, and was called _The Discoverie of the large, rich and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the Great and Golden Citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado)_, etc. _Huth Catalogue_, iv. 1216. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 507. I have compared Mr. Charles Deane’s copy. There are three copies of this in the Lenox Library, with such variations as indicate as many contemporary editions. Quaritch recently priced a copy at £20.

Ralegh had written this tract in large part on his voyage, when he made the map of Trinidad and that of Guiana, which he mentions as not yet finished. Kohl, _Maps relating to America_, etc., p. 65, thinks he has identified this drawing of Ralegh in a MS. map in the British Museum, which was acquired in 1849. The text of the _Discoverie_ was reprinted in Hakluyt, iii. 627; in the Oldys and Birch’s edition (Oxford, 1829) of _Ralegh’s Works_, vol. viii.; in Pinkerton’s _Voyages_, xii. 196; in Cayley’s _Life of Ralegh_. The Hakluyt Society reprinted it under the editing of Sir R. H. Schomburgk, who gives a map of the Orinoco Valley, showing Ralegh’s track. Colliber’s _English Sea Affairs_, London, 1727, has a narrative based on it; Sabin, iv. 14414.

There was a Dutch version published at Amsterdam in 1598 by Cornelius Claesz; and it is from this that De Bry made his Latin version, in his part viii., 1599 (two editions), and 1625, also in German, 1599 and 1624. Also see part xiii. (1634). There were other Dutch editions or versions in 1605, 1617, 1644. Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1268, and 1877, no. 2654; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 454. It also formed part v. of Hulsius’s Collection of Voyages, and the _Lenox Library Bibliographical Contribution on Hulsius_ gives a Latin edition, 1599, and German editions of 1599, 1601, 1603, 1612, 1663, with duplicate copies of some of them showing variations. See Asher’s _Bibliography_, p. 42; Camus’s _Mémoire_, p. 97; Meusel’s _Bibliographia Historica_, vol. iii. There are also versions or abridgments in the collections of Aa, 1706 and 1727, and Coreal, 1722, and 1738.

The report of Captain Lawrence Keymis was printed at London in 1596, of which there is a copy in Harvard College Library. See _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 500; it is also given in Hakluyt. Kohl cannot find that either Keymis or Masham made charts, but thinks their reports influenced the maps in Hondius, Hulsius, and De Bry.

The accusations against Ralegh in regard to his Guiana representations have been examined by his biographers. Tytler, ch. 3, defends him; Schomburgk shields him from Hume’s attacks; so does Kingsley in _North British Review_, also in his _Essays_, who thinks Ralegh had a right to be credulous, and that the ruins of the city may yet be found. Napier in the _Edinburgh Review_, later in his _Lord Bacon and Ralegh_, clears him of the charge of deceit about the mine. Van Heuvel’s _El Dorado_, New York, 1844, defends Ralegh’s reports, and gives a map. See Field’s _Indian Bibliography_ no. 1595. St. John, in his _Life of Ralegh_, ch. xv., mentions finding Ralegh’s map in the archives of Simancas. See also the Lives by Edwards, ch. x.; by Thompson, ch. ii.; S. G. Drake in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, April, 1862, also separately and enlarged; Fox Bourn’s _English Seamen_, ch. viii.; Payne’s _Elizabethan Seamen_, pp. 327, 332; Bulfinch’s _Oregon and El Dorado_, etc. Further examination of the quest for El Dorado will be given in volume ii.—ED.]

[226] [This was originally printed at London, 1618, pp. 45. There is a copy in Harvard College Library and in Charles Deane’s collection.—ED.]

[227] Quoted by Neill in his _Virginia Company of London_, preface, pp. vi, vii. The play was written by Marston and others in 1605.

[228] Purchas, iv, 1685.

[229] Neill’s _Virginia Company_, p. 16.

[230] _Generall Historie_, pp. 53-65.

[231] Wingfield’s _Narrative_, quoted by Anderson in his _History of the Church of England in the Colony_, i. 77.

[232] The height of the chimney is 17-7/12 feet; the greatest width 10-7/12 feet; the fireplace is 7-10/12 feet wide.

[233] Archer was identified by the late William Green, LL.D., Richmond, Va., as the author of the tract, “A Relatyon of the Discovery of our River, from James Forte, into the Maine, made by Captain Christopher Newport, and sincerely written and observed by a Gentleman of this Colony,” reprinted in the _Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society_, iv. pp. 40-65.

[234] Stith, _History of Virginia_, p. 67.

[235] _Generall Historie_, ed. 1624, p. 59.

[236] In the outfit of a settler enumerated by Smith is the item, a complete suit of armor. It is of interest to note that portions of a steel cuirass, exhumed at Jamestown, are in the collection of the Virginia Historical Society at Richmond.

[237] Sainsbury’s _Calendar of State Papers_ (1574-1660), p. 8.

[238] [See chapter vi.—ED.]

[239] This was the first wife of Rolfe, whom history records in 1614 as the husband of Pocahontas. He died in 1622, leaving “a wife and children, besides the child [Thomas] he had by Pocahontas,” for whose benefit his brother, Henry Rolfe, in England, petitioned the Company, Oct. 7, 1622, for a settlement of the estate of the deceased in Virginia.

[240] The text was, Daniel xii. 3: “They that turn many to righteousness shall shine as the stars for ever and ever.” The sermon was published by William Welby, London, 1610.

[241] Strachey, in the Hakluyt Society’s Publications, vi. 39.

[242] The tradition is that Dutch Gap derived its name from the German artisans brought over by Newport in 1608, and that the “glass house” was located here. A navigable canal across its narrowest breadth, the digging of which, for military advantages, was begun by the Federal General, Benjamin F. Butler, has since (in 1873) been completed.

[243] Letter of Sir Thomas Dale, dated “James Towne, the 25th of May, 1611,” preserved in the Ashmole Collection of MSS. in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, England, communicated by G. D. Scull, Esq., and published by the present writer in the Richmond _Standard_, Jan. 28, 1882.

[244] Fragments of brick, memorials of this town, are still numerously scattered over its site.

[245] In a letter of Governor Argall to the Company in 1617, the Rev. Alexander Whitaker is said to have been recently drowned in crossing James River, and another minister is desired to be sent to the colony in his stead.

[246] Newport was after this appointed one of the six Masters of the Royal Navy, and was engaged by the East India Company to escort Sir Robert Shirley to Persia. Chamberlain, in _Court and Times of James I._, i. 154.

[247] Neill’s _Virginia Company_, p. 75.

[248] [See Vol. IV.—ED.]

[249] [This statement is disputed by some.—ED.]

[250] See Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 98; Stith, 126, and Appendix no. 3.

[251] It has been assumed in America that the descendants in Virginia of Pocahontas were limited to those springing from the marriage of Robert Bolling with Jane, the daughter of Thomas Rolfe; but it appears that the last left a son, Anthony, in England, whose daughter, Hannah, married Sir Thomas Leigh, of County Kent, and that their descendants of that and of the additional highly respectable names of Bennet and Spencer are quite numerous. See Deduction in the Richmond _Standard_, Jan. 21, 1882.

[252] The parish register of Gravesend contains this entry, which has been assumed as that of the burial of Pocahontas “1616, March 21, Rebecca Wrothe, wyffe of Thomas Wrothe, Gent. A Virginia Lady borne, was buried in the Chancell.” Its relevancy has recently been questioned by the Rev. Patrick G. Robert, of St. Louis, in the Richmond _Daily Despatch_ of Sept. 10, 1881, and by Mr. J. M. Sinyanki, of London, in the Richmond _Standard_ of Nov. 12, 1881, both of whom claim upon tradition that the interment was in a corner of the churchyard.

[253] Stith, p. 146.

[254] Smith, _Generall Historie_, ed. 1627, p. 126.

[255] One of these indentures from the original, dated July 1, 1628, was published by the writer in the Richmond _Standard_ of Nov. 16, 1878.

[256] The engraver was William Hole, engraver of Smith’s map of Virginia. The arms adopted were an escutcheon quartered with the arms of England and France, Scotland and Ireland, crested by a maiden queen with flowing hair and an eastern crown. Supporters: Two men in armor having open helmets ornamented with three ostrich feathers, each holding a lance. Motto: _En dat Virginia quintum_,—a complimentary acknowledgment of Virginia as the fifth kingdom. After the union of England and Scotland in 1707, the motto, to correspond with the altered number of kingdoms, was _En dat Virginia quartam_, the adjective agreeing with _coronam_ understood, and it appeared on the titlepage of all legislative publications of the colony until the Revolution. Neill’s _London Company_, pp. 155-56.

[257] This was not the only material effort made. In 1621, under the zealous efforts of the Rev. Patrick Copland (the chaplain of an East India ship), funds were collected for the establishment of a free school in Charles City County, to be called the East India School. For its maintenance one thousand acres of land, with five servants and an overseer, were allotted by the Company.

The advantage of private education, in the families at least of the more provident of the planters, was increasingly secured by the employment as tutors of poor young men of education, who came over from time to time, and by indenture served long enough to pay the cost of their transportation. Later in the seventeenth century, all whose means enabled them to do so educated their sons in England,—a custom which largely continued during the following century, though William and Mary College had been established in 1692.

[258] A gentleman of the honorable family of Beverstone Castle, County Gloucester.

[259] He was the brother of Sir Edwin Sandys, the late Treasurer of the Company. He was born in 1577, and in 1610 visited Turkey, Palestine, and Egypt. An account of his travels was published at Oxford in 1615.

[260] Chalmers’ _Introduction_, i. 13-16. The Ordinance and Wyatt’s Commission may be seen in Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 110-113.

[261] In the Indian massacre of March 22, 1622, Daniel Gookin bravely maintained his settlement. He served as a burgess from Elizabeth City, and later returned to Ireland. His son, of the same name, becoming a convert to the missionaries sent from New England in 1642, and declining to take the oath of conformity, removed in May, 1644, to Boston. He afterwards became eminent in New England, was the author of several historical works, and held various offices of dignity and importance.

[262] In 1687, and again in 1696, Colonel William Byrd, the first of the name in Virginia, undertook the revival of the iron-works at Falling Creek; but there is no record preserved of his plans having been successfully carried out. New iron-works were, however, erected here by Colonel Archibald Cary prior to 1760, which he operated with pig-iron from Maryland, but in the year named he abandoned the forge because of its lack of profit, and converted his pond to the use of a grist-mill. The site of the works of 1622 on the western bank of the creek, and that of Cary’s forge of 1760 on the opposite side of the same water, have both been identified by the present writer by the scoriæ remaining about the ground. The manufacture of iron in Virginia was revived by Governor Alexander Spotswood at Germanna about 1716.

[263] [See chapter xiii.—ED.]

[264] These were James City, Henrico, Charles City, Elizabeth City, Warwick River, Warrosquoyoke, Charles River, and Accomac.

[265] These magnates, who were called colonels were usually members of the Council, and their functions were magisterial as well as military.

[266] Hening states that “there is a patent granted by Harvey 13th April, 1636.”—_Statutes at Large_, i. 4.

[267] It was fully three quarters of a century thereafter before Dissent became appreciable in the colony. Governor Spotswood wrote the Bishop of London, Oct. 24, 1710: “It is a peculiar blessing to this Country to have but few of any kind of Dissenters;” and adds the following, which may be taken in refutation of many gross misrepresentations of the moral and social condition of the colonists at the period: “I have observed here less Swearing and Prophaneness, less Drunkenness and Debauchery, less uncharitable feuds and animositys, and less Knaverys and Villanys than in any part of the world where my Lot has been.” He also wrote to the Council of Trade, Dec. 15, 1710: “That happy Establishment of the Church of England, which the Colony enjoys with less mixture of Dissenters than any other of her Majesty’s plantations;” and to the Earl of Rochester, July 30, 1711, in ample confirmation of his earlier judgment, he wrote: “This Government, I can joyfully assure your Lordship, is in perfect peace and tranquility under a due Obedience to the Royal Authority and a Gen^{ll}. Conformity to the Established Church of England.” See _The Official Letters of Governor Alexander Spotswood_, 1710-1722, published by the Virginia Historical Society, with Introduction and Notes by R. A. Brock, vol. i. pp. 27 and 108.

[268] His signature is Stegge. He was the maternal uncle of Colonel William Byrd, the first of the name in the colony, who came thither a youth, as the heir of his large landed estate, which included the present site of Richmond.

[269] A son of Sir George Yeardley, a former governor of Virginia, and Lady Temperance, his wife, who was born in Virginia.

[270] The letter is given in full in Thurloe’s _State Papers_, ii. 273, and is republished in the Richmond _Standard_ of Feb. 11, 1882, by the present writer.

[271] Hening, ii. 24.

[272] _Ibid._ ii. 49.

[273] The quit-rent was one shilling for every fifty acres of land, the latest consideration in its acquirement. It was first granted to the Adventurers, by the Company, in tracts of one hundred acres, after five years’ service in the colony. If planted and seated within three years, the quantity was augmented by another hundred acres. Later, each person removing to the colony at his own expense, with the intention to settle and remain, was entitled to fifty acres of land. The right extended also to every member of his family or person whose passage-money he defrayed. These rights upon “transports” were called “head-rights,” and were assignable.

[274] The locality of the murder is indicated by a small stream known as Bacon Quarter Branch.

[275] It is given in a rare little tract: _An Historical Account of some Memorable Actions, Particularly in Virginia; Also Against the Admiral of Algier, and in the East Indies: Perform’d for the Service of his Prince and Country_. By S^r Thomas Grantham, K^t [Motto]. London: printed for J. Roberts, near the Oxford Arms in Warwick Lane, MDCCVI. 18º. The copy in the Virginia State Library is thought to be the only one in this country, pp. 12, 13: “If Virtue be a Sin, if Piety be Guilt, if all the Principles of Morality and Goodness and Justice be perverted, we must confess that those who are called Rebels may be in Danger of those high Imputations, those loud and severe Bulls, which would affright Innocency, and render the Defence of our Brethren and the Enquiry into our sad and heavy Oppressions Treason. But if there be (as sure there is) a just God to appeal to; if Religion and Justice be a Sanctuary here; if to plead the Cause of the Oppress’d; if sincerely to aim at the Publick Good, without any Reservation or By-Interest; if to stand in the Gap, after so much Blood of our Dear Brethren bought and sold; if after the Loss of a great Part of His Majesty’s Colony, deserted and dispeopl’d, and freely to part with our Lives and Estates to endeavor to save the Remainder, be Treason,—Let God and the World judge, and the Guilty die. But since we cannot find in our Hearts One single Spot of Rebellion and Treason, or that we have in any manner aimed at the Subversion of the Settl’d Government, or attempting the Person of any, either Magistrate or Private Man,—notwithstanding the several Reproaches and Threats of some who for sinister Ends were disaffected to Us, and censure our Just and Honest Designs,—Let Truth be bold and all the World Know the Real Foundation of our Pretended Guilt.”

[276] This is shown by the preservation of books to this day in the several departments of literature which are identified, by ownership in inscribed name and date, with the homes of the Virginia planter of the seventeenth century, many of which have fallen under the personal inspection of the present writer, who has some examples in his own library. A little later, private libraries were numerous in Virginia, and in value, extent, and variety of subject embraced, the exhibit will contrast favorably with that of any of the English colonies in America.

[277] [On the later designation of “Old Dominion,” see _Historical Magazine_, iii. 319; and J. H. Trumbull on Indian names in Virginia in _Historical Magazine_, xvii. 47.—ED.]

[278] The editor of the tract, “J. H.,” in his preface, says: “Some of the books were printed under the name of Thomas Watson, by whose occasion I know not, unlesse it were the ouer-rashnesse or mistakinge of the workmen.”

The words “by a gentleman” got also through ignorance of the real authorship into the titles of some copies as author, there being four varieties of titles. It is sometimes quoted (by Purchas for instance) by the running head-line _Newes from Virginia_. Mr. Deane edited an edition of it at Boston in 1866. There are eight copies of it known to be in America: one each belonging to Harvard College, S. L. M. Barlow, and the Carter-Brown Library; two in the New York Historical Society, and three in the Lenox Library. (_Magazine of American History,_ i. 251.) The text is the same in all cases, and those copies in which Smith’s name is given have an explanatory preface acknowledging the mistake. Mr. Payne Collier, in his _Rarest Books in the English Language_, 1865, is of the opinion that Watson was the true author, which Mr. Deane shows to be an error. An earlier, very inaccurate reprint was made in the _Southern Literary Messenger_, February, 1845, from the New York Historical Society’s copy. Use is also made of it in Pinkerton’s _Voyages_, vol. xiii. [Mr. Deane suggests that the reason Smith omitted this tract in his _Generall Historie_, substituting for it the _Map of Virginia_, is to be found in the greater ease with which the narratives of others in the latter tracts would take on the story of Pocahontas, which his own words in the _True Relation_ might forbid.

Tyler, _History of American Literature_, i. 26, calls this tract of Smith’s the earliest contribution to American literature. The latest copy sold which we have noted was in the Ouvry Sale, London, March, 1882, no. 1,535 of its _Catalogue_, which brought £57.—ED.]

[279] A portrait of “Captaine George Percy,” copied in 1853 by Herbert L. Smith from the original at Syon House, the seat of the Duke of Northumberland, at the instance of Conway Robinson, Esq., then visiting England, is among the valuable collection of portraits of the Virginia Historical Society at Richmond. Its frame, of carved British oak, was a present to the Society from William Twopenny, Esq., of London, the solicitor of the Duke of Northumberland. Percy (born Sept. 4, 1586, died unmarried in March, 1632) was “a gentleman of honor and resolution.” He had served with distinction in the wars of the Low Countries, and his soldierly qualities were evidenced in the colony, as well as his administrative ability as the successor of John Smith. A mutilated hand represented in the portrait, it is said, was a memorial of a sanguinary encounter with the savages of Virginia. The head from this portrait is given on an earlier page.

[280] The author of the “Relatyon,” etc., was identified by the late Hon. William Green, LL.D., of Richmond, as Captain Gabriel Archer. [Newport’s connection with the colony is particularly sketched in Neill’s _Virginia and Virginiola_, 1878. Neill describes the MS. which is in the Record office as “a fair and accurate description of the first Virginia explorations.” Mr. Hale later made some additions to his original notes (_Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, Oct. 21, 1864), where some supplemental notes by Mr. Deane will also be found as to the origin of the name Newport-News as connected with Captain Newport. See H. B. Grigsby in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ x. 23; also _Hist. Mag._ iii. 347.—ED.]

[281] Preface to Deane’s _True Relation_, p. xxxiii. [Wingfield’s _Discourse_ was first brought to the attention of students in 1845 by the citations from the original MS. at Lambeth made by Mr. Anderson in his _History of the Church of England in the Colonies_.—ED.]

[282] [The MS. was bought at Dawson Turner’s Sale in 1859 by Lilly, the bookseller, who announced that he would print an edition of fifty copies. (Deane’s ed. _True Relation_, p. xxxv; _Hist. Mag._, July, 1861, p. 224; _Aspinwall Papers_, i. 21, note.) It was only partly put in type, and the MS. remained in the printer’s hands ten years, when Mr. Henry Stevens bought it for Mr. Hunnewell, who caused a small edition (two hundred copies) to be printed privately at the Chiswick Press.—ED.]

[283] _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 3,800.

[284] This was reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, i., and by Sabin, edited by F. L. Hawks, New York, 1867.

[285] Sabin, vii. 323; Rich (1832), £1 8_s._; Ouvry Sale, 1882, no. 1,582, a copy with the autograph, “W. Ralegh, Turr, Lond.”

[286] There is a copy in Harvard College Library. (Rich, 1832, no. 121, £1 8_s._) It was an official document of the Company.

[287] Another official publication. A copy in Harvard College Library. (Rich, 1832, no. 122, £2 2_s._) It is reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, iii.

[288] But one copy is now known, which is at present in the Huth collection (_Catalogue_, iv. 1247), having formerly belonged to Lord Charlemont’s Library at Dublin, where Halliwell found it in 1864, bound up with other tracts. The volume escaped the fire in London which destroyed the greater part of the Charlemont collection in 1865, and at the sale that year brought £63. In the same year Halliwell privately printed it (ten copies). Winsor’s _Halliwelliana_, p. 25; Allibone’s _Dictionary of Authors_, vol. ii. p. 1788. In 1874 it was again privately reprinted (twenty-five copies) in London. It once more appeared, in 1878, in Neill’s _Virginia and Virginiola_. Cf. Lefroy’s _History of Bermuda_.

[289] Tyler’s _American Literature_, i. 42. Malone wrote a book to prove that this description by Strachey suggested to Shakespeare the plot of the _Tempest_,—a view controverted in a tract on the _Tempest_ by Joseph Hunter.

[290] Reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, iii. no. 2. The dedication is given in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ 1866, p. 36.

[291] [There is a copy in the Lenox Library; it was reprinted (50 copies) in 1859, and again by Mr. Griswold (20 copies) in 1868. A letter of Lord Delaware, July 7, 1610, from the Harleian MSS., is printed in the Hakluyt Society’s edition of Strachey, p. xxiii.—ED.]

[292] [There is a copy in Harvard College Library. A very fine copy in the Stevens Sale (1881, _Catalogue_, no. 1,612) was afterward held by Quaritch at £25. Fifty years ago Rich (_Catalogue_ 1832, no. 131) priced a copy at £2 2_s._ (See Sabin, xiii. 53249.) It was reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. i. no. 7, and in 2 _Mass. Hist. Coll._ vol. viii.—ED.]

[293] [A further account of this tract will be found in a subsequent editorial note on the “Maps of Virginia;” and of Smith’s _Generall Historie_ a full account will be found in the Editorial Note at the end of Dr. De Costa’s chapter.—ED.]

[294] [Tyler, _American Literature_, i. 46; Neill, _Virginia Company_, 78; Rich (1832), no. 135, priced at £2 2_s._ Mr. Neill has told the story of Whitaker and others in his _Notes on the Virginian Colonial Clergy_, Philadelphia, 1877.—ED.]

[295] [The original edition is in the Lenox Library and the Deane Collection; and copies at public sales in America have brought $150 and $170. (Field, _Indian Bibliography_, nos. 642-43, where he cites it as one of the earliest accounts of the Indians of Virginia; Sabin, viii. 46.) A German translation was published at Hanau as part xiii. of the _Hulsius Voyages_ in 1617 (containing more than was afterwards included in De Bry’s Latin), and there were two issues of it the same year with slight variations. The map is copied from Smith’s _New England_, not from his _Virginia_. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 491; _Lenox Contributions_ (Hulsius), p. 15.

In 1619 De Bry gave it in Latin as part x. of his _Great Voyages_, having given it in German the year before. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 348, 368.—ED.]

[296] [Some of them follow in chronological order:—

Norwood’s _Voyage to Virginia_, 1649; Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iii.; _Virginia Hist. Reg._ ii. 121.

_Perfect Description of Virginia_, 1649; Force’s _Tracts_, vol. ii.; _Virginia Hist. Reg._ ii. 60; original edition in Harvard College Library; priced by Rich in 1832, £1 10_s._, by Quaritch in 1879, £20.

William Bullock’s _Virginia impartially Examined_, London, 1649; Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iii. The original is now scarce. Rich in 1832 (_Catalogue_, no. 271) quotes it at £1 10_s._ (it is now worth $75). Sabin, iii. 9145; Ternaux, 685; Brinley, 3725.

_Extract from a manuscript collection of annals relative to Virginia_, Force’s _Tracts_, vol. ii.

_A short Collection of the most remarkable passages from the Originall to the Dissolution of the Virginia Company_, London, 1651; there are copies in the Library of Congress and in that of Harvard College.

_The Articles of Surrender to the Commonwealth_, March 12, 1651; _Mercurius Politicus_, May 20-27, 1652; _Virginia Hist. Reg._ ii. 182.

_Virginia’s Cure; or, an advisive narrative Concerning Virginia; Discovering the True Ground of that churches unhappiness_, by R. G. 1662. Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iii. The original is in Harvard College Library.

Sir William Berkeley’s _Discourse and View of Virginia_, 1663; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ii. 4889.

Nathaniel Shrigley’s _True Relation of Virginia and Maryland_, 1669; Force’s _Tracts_, vol. v.

John Lederer’s _Discoveries in Three Marches from Virginia_, 1669, 1670, London, 1672, with map of the country traversed. It was “collected out of the Latin by Sir William Talbot, Baronet.” There is a copy in Harvard College Library, _Griswold Catalogue_, 422; _Huth Catalogue_, iii. 829.

There are in the early Virginian bibliography a few titles on the efforts made to induce the cultivation of silkworms. The King addressed a letter to the Earl of Southampton with a review of Bonœil’s treatise on the making of silk, and this was published by the Company in 1622. (_Harvard College Library MS. Catalogue_; _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 3,760.) The Company also published, in 1629, _Observations ... of Fit Rooms to keepe silk wormes in_; and as late as 1655 Hartlib’s _Reformed Virginian Silk-worm_ indicated continued interest in the subject. This last is reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iii. no. 13, and the originals of this and of the preceding are in Harvard College Library. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, viii. 121.—ED.]

[297] The _Orders and constitutions ordained by the treasvror, covnseil, and companie of Virginia, for the better gouerning of said companie_, is reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iii.

[298] _Fortieth Congress, Second Session, Misc. Doc._ no. 84, _Senate_. Another effort was made in Congress for this eminently desirable measure in 1881. The bill introduced by Senator John W. Johnston, of Virginia, passed the Senate, but for some reason failed in the House of Representatives.]

[299] [While these two volumes were yet in his possession, Mr. Jefferson, in a letter to Colonel Hugh P. Taylor, dated October 4, 1823, says, that the volumes came to him with the Library of Colonel Richard Bland, which Mr. Jefferson had purchased,—Colonel Bland having borrowed them of the Westover Library, and never returned them. (See H. A. Washington’s ed. of _Jefferson’s Writings_, vii. 312.) Colonel Bland died in October, 1776. A duplicate set of these Records (transcripts made in Virginia some hundred and fifty years ago) are now in the possession of Conway Robinson, Esq., of Richmond. They were deposited with him by Judge William Leigh, one of the executors of John Randolph of Roanoke, in whose library they were found after his death, in 1833, where they were inspected and described by the late Hugh Blair Grigsby, before the dispersion of the library at a later period. (_Letters of Conway Robinson and H. B. Grigsby to Mr. Deane_). These Randolph-Leigh-Robinson volumes were examined by Mr. Deane in Richmond, in April, 1872, just after he had inspected the Byrd-Stith-Jefferson copy in the Law Library in Washington.—ED.]

[300] [Mr. Neill has published numerous notes on early Virginia history in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, namely, “English maids for Virginia,” 1876, p. 410; “Transportation of Homeless Children,” 1876, p. 414; “Lotteries,” 1877, p. 21; “Daniel Gookin of Virginia,” 1877, p. 267 (see also i. 345; ii. 167; Paige’s _Cambridge_, 563, and _Terra Mariæ_, 76).—ED.]

[301] [Colonel Aspinwall collected during his long consulship at Liverpool a valuable American library, of about four thousand volumes (771 titles), which in 1863 was sold to Samuel L. M. Barlow, Esq., of New York, but all except about five hundred of the rarest volumes which Mr. Barlow had taken possession of were burned in that city in 1864. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ xv. 2. This collection was described in a catalogue (a few copies privately printed), _Bibliotheca Barlowiana_, compiled by Henri Harrisse.—ED.]

[302] John Pory’s lively account of excursions among the Indians is given in Smith’s _Generall Historie_. Neill, _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ 1875, p. 296, thinks that George Ruggles was the author of several of the early tracts in Force’s _Tracts_. See Neill’s _Virginia Company_, p. 362.

[303] [The history of the dividing line (1728) between Virginia and North Carolina is found in William Byrd’s _Westover MSS._, printed in Petersburg in 1841. It shows how successive royal patents diminished the patent rights of Virginia. See _Virginia Hist. Reg._ i. and iv. 77; Williamson’s _North Carolina_, App.—ED.]

[304] A copy of this portion of the _Records_, collated with the original by Mr. Sainsbury, is in the library of the present writer. The other papers of this 1874 volume included a list of the living and dead in 1623, a Brief Declaration of the Plantation during the first twelve years (already mentioned), the census of 1634, etc.

[305] [The Speaker’s Report of their doings to the Company in England was printed in the _New York Hist. Coll._ in 1857. See also on these proceedings the _Antiquary_, London, July, 1881.—ED.]

[306] [There is a copy in Harvard College Library; Rich (1832), no. 133, £2 2_s._; Brinley, nos. 3,739-40. It was reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iii. no. 5. Mr. Deane, _True Relation_, p. xli, examines the conflicting accounts as to the number of persons constituting the first immigration.—ED.]

[307] [The vexed question as to how far the convict class made part of the early comers is discussed in Jones’s ed. Hakluyt’s _Divers Voyages_, p. 10; _Index to Remembrancia_, 1519-1664, with citations in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ xvii. 297; _Aspinwall Papers_, i. 1, note; E. D. Neill, _English Colonization in North America_, p. 171, and his “Virginia as a Penal Colony,” in _Hist. Mag._, May, 1869. “It would be wholly wrong, however, to suppose that immigrants of this sort were a controlling element,” says Lodge in his _English Colonies_, p. 66; and this is now the general opinion.—ED.]

[308] Bishop Meade’s _Old Churches and Families of Virginia_, 2 vols. 8º, 1855, Slaughter’s _History of St. Mark’s Parish, Culpeper County_, 1877, and _Bristol Parish, Dinwiddie County_, 2d edition, 1879, and the files of the _Richmond Standard_ may be referred to for purposes of genealogical investigation.

[309] A transcript of this “Register” is in the hands of the present writer for preparation for publication, with an Introduction, Notes, and Indices.

[310] A second volume, continuing the series, has been published the present year (1882). An Introduction in vol. i. recounts the losses to which the archives have been subjected, and enumerates the resources still remaining.

[311] Chapter vi.

[312] This iconoclastic view was also sustained by Mr. E. D. Neill in