part vi., and of Herrera in part xii.; and the other on a map of the

two hemispheres in part xi.; also repeated in Schouten’s _Journal_ (1618). There are similar pictures in Hulsius, parts vi. and xvi. Cf. the _Catalogue_ (no. 135) of the Gallery of the New York Historical Society.—ED.]

There is something pathetic in contrasting the magnificent fleet with which Magellan sailed, under the patronage of an emperor, with the poor little expedition of Columbus. With the new wealth of the Indies at command, and with the resources now of a generation of successful discovery, the Emperor directed the dockyards of Seville to meet all Magellan’s wishes in the most thorough way. No man in the world, perhaps, knew better than Magellan what he needed. The expedition, therefore, sailed with as perfect a material equipment as the time knew how to furnish. It consisted of five ships,—the “Trinidad” and “San Antonio,” each of 120 Spanish _toneles_, the “Concepcion,” of 90, the “Victoria,” of 85,—long famous as the one vessel which made the whole voyage,—and the “Santiago,” of 75. For the convenience of the translators this Spanish word _toneles_ is generally rendered by the French word _tonneaux_ and the English word _tons_. But in point of fact the _tonele_ of Seville was one fifth larger than the _tonelada_ of the north of Spain, which nearly corresponds to our ton; and the vessels of Magellan and Columbus were, in fact, so much larger than the size which is generally assigned to them in the popular histories.[1592]

On the 20th of September the fleet had cleared the River Guadalquivir, and was fairly at sea. Six days afterward it touched at Teneriffe for supplies; and here was the first quarrel between Magellan and his watchman, Juan de Carthagena. Up to this point entire secrecy had been maintained by Magellan as to the route to be pursued. Juan de Carthagena claimed the right to be informed of all things regarding it. Magellan refused, probably with considerable scorn. When off Sierra Leone, a few days after, a similar quarrel broke out; Magellan arrested Carthagena with his own hand, and put him in the stocks. Of course this was an insult the most keen, and was meant to be. The other captains begged Magellan to release the prisoner, and he did so; but still he kept him under the arrest of one of their number.

From Sierra Leone they ran across to Brazil and anchored again for supplies in the magnificent Bay of Rio de Janeiro. By their narrative, indeed, on the return of the first vessel, was this great estuary made widely known to the world. It is now known that Magellan was not the first discoverer. Pero Lopez had explored the bay five years before; and as early as 1511 a trader named John of Braga, probably a Portuguese, was established on one of its fertile islands. Indeed, it is said that the hardy seamen of Dieppe had been there as early as the beginning of the century. Its first name was the Bay of Cabo-Frio.

The meridian of Alexander’s Bull had been meant to leave all the American discoveries in the possession of the King of Spain. But, unfortunately for him, Brazil runs so far out to the east that a meridian three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Azores gives Portugal a considerable part of it; and in point of fact the western boundary of Brazil has been accommodated quite nearly to the imaginary line of the Pope. To Magellan and his company it made no difference whether they were on Portuguese or Spanish soil. They found the Brazilians friendly. “Though they are not Christians, they are not idolaters, for they adore nothing. Natural instinct is their only law.”

This is the phrase of Pigafetta, the young Italian gentleman to whose _naïve_ book we owe our best and fullest account of the great voyage. It is clear enough that all the crews enjoyed their stay in the Bay of Santa Lucia, by which name they called our Bay of Rio de Janeiro. It was in the heart of the Brazilian summer, for they arrived on the 13th of December. They had been nearly three months at sea, and were well disposed to enjoy tropical luxuries; and here they stayed thirteen days. Pigafetta describes the Brazilian hammocks;[1593] and from his description Europe has taken that word. The same may perhaps be said of the mysterious word “canoe,” which appears in his narrative under the spelling “canots.”[1594]

It was Pigafetta’s first taste of the luxuries of the South American fields and forests, and he delighted in their cheapness and variety. “For a king of clubs I bought six chickens,” he writes; “and yet the Brazilian thought he had made the best bargain,”—as, indeed, in the condition of the fine arts at Santa Lucia, he had. A knife or a hook, however, bought no more; yet the natives had no tools of metal. Their large canoes, which would carry thirty or forty people, were painfully dug out by knives of stone from the great trees of which they were made. The Spaniards ate the pineapple for the first time. Pigafetta does not seem to have known the sugar-cane before; and he describes the sweet potato as a novelty. “It has almost the form of our turnip, and its taste resembles that of chestnuts.” Here, also, he gives the name “patata,” which has clung to this root, and has been transferred to the white potato also. For a ribbon, or a hawk’s bell, the natives sold a “basketful.” Their successors would doubtless do the same now.

The Spaniards found the Brazilians perfectly willing to trade. They went wholly naked,—men and women. Their houses were long cabins.[1595] The people told stories, which the navigators believed, of the very great age of their old men, extending it even to one hundred and forty years. They owned that they were cannibals on occasion; but they seem to have eaten human flesh only as a symbol of triumph over conquered enemies. They painted their bodies, and wore their hair short. Pigafetta says it was woolly; but this must have been a mistake. Although he says they go naked, he describes a sort of vest made of paroquet’s feathers. Almost all the men had the lower lip pierced with three holes, and wore in them little cylinders of stone two inches long. They ate cassava bread, made in round white cakes from the root of the manioc.[1596] The voyagers also observed the pecari[1597] and those curious ducks “whose beak is like a spoon,” described by later travellers.[1598]

After a pleasant stay of thirteen days in this bay, Magellan took the squadron to the embouchure of the River La Plata, which had been discovered four years before by Juan Diaz de Solis, who lost his life there. The Spaniards believed the tribe of the Quérandis, before whose terrible _bolas_ he had fallen, to be cannibals; and they were probably right in this supposition. Continuing the voyage southward, Magellan’s fleet observed the two islands now marked as the “Penguins” and “Lions.” The historian of the voyage notes the penguins and “sea-wolves” which were then observed there. Passing these islands, they opened a harbor, since known as Port Desire, where they spent the Southern winter. It is near the latitude of 50° south. Magellan supposed it to be in 49° 18´. Hardly had they arrived in this harbor, in itself sufficiently inhospitable, when the mutiny broke out which had been brewing, probably, since Magellan’s first insult to John of Carthagena. The announcement made by Magellan that they were to winter here gave the signal for the revolt. On Palm Sunday, which fell on the 1st of April that year, he invited the captains and pilots to meet on his vessel to attend Mass and to dine with him. Two of the captains, Mesquita and De Coca, accepted the invitation and came with their staffs. Mendoza and Quesada did not come. Juan de Carthagena, it will be remembered, was under arrest, and he, of course, was not invited. The same night Quesada, with De Carthagena and thirty men, crossed from the “Concepçion” to the “San Antonio,” and made an effort to take Mesquita prisoner. At first they succeeded; but the ship’s master, Eliorraga, defended him and his so bravely that, with succor from Magellan, he retained the command. The purpose of the conspirators seems to have been simply to return to Spain without wintering in so bleak a home. The three rebels sent to Magellan to say that they would recognize him as their commander, but they were sure that the King did not propose such an undertaking as this to which he was committing them. Of course, under the guise of respect, this was to exact submission from him. Magellan bade them come on board the flagship. They refused. Magellan kept the boat which they then sent him, and despatched six men, under Espinosa, to the “Victoria” to summon Mendoza. Mendoza answered with a sneer. Espinosa at once stabbed him in the neck, and a sailor struck him down with a cutlass. Magellan then sent another boat, with fifteen men, who took possession of the “Victoria.” In every case the crews seem to have taken his side against their own captains. The next day, the 3d of April, he obtained full possession of the “Santiago” and “Concepçion.”

On the 4th of that month he quartered the body of Mendoza and published his sentence as a traitor. On the 7th he beheaded Quesada, whose own servant, Molino, volunteered as executioner. When Drake arrived here, fifty-eight years after, he supposed he found the bones of Mendoza or Quesada under a gibbet which was still standing. Juan de Carthagena and the priest Pedro Sanchez de la Reina were convicted as partners in the mutiny, and sentenced to remain when the ships sailed. This sentence was afterwards executed. Magellan doubtless felt that these examples were sufficient, and he pardoned forty of the crew; but, as the reader will see, the spirit which prompted the mutiny was not yet extinguished.

They had lived here two months without seeing any of the natives, when one day, according to the narrative of Pigafetta, a giant appeared to them when they least expected to see any one. “He was singing and dancing on the sand, and throwing dust upon his head, almost naked. The captain sent one of our sailors on shore, with orders to make the same gestures as tokens of peace. This the man did; he was understood, and the giant permitted himself to be led to a little island where the captain had landed. I was there also, with many others. The giant expressed much astonishment at seeing us. He pointed to heaven, and undoubtedly meant to say that he thought we descended from heaven.

“This man,” continues Pigafetta, “was so tall that our heads hardly came up to his belt. He was well formed; his face was broad and colored with red, excepting that his eyes were surrounded with yellow, and he had two heart-shaped spots upon his cheeks. He had but little hair, and this was whitened with a sort of powder. His dress, or rather cloak, was made of furs well sewed,—taken from an animal well known in this region, as we afterwards found. He also wore shoes of the same skin.”

It seems desirable to copy this description in detail, because here begins in literature the vexed question as to the existence of giants in Patagonia. Whether there ever were any there is now doubted, though the name “Patagonian” is the synonyme of giant in every European language. While the narrative of Pigafetta is thus distinct in saying that one giant only appeared at first, another authority, with equal definiteness, says that six men appeared; and it afterwards appears that two of these, at least, were larger than the Spaniards.

The comparison of the details of this last narrative in Herrera with that of Pigafetta illustrates curiously the perplexity of all historical inquiry; for we are here distinctly told that there were six who appeared on the shore and seemed willing to come on board. A boat was sent for them, and they embarked on the flagship without fear. Once on deck, the Spaniards offered them a kettle full of biscuit,—which was enough, as they supposed, for twenty men; but, with the appetite of hungry Indians, the six devoured it all immediately. They wore mantles of furs, and carried bows and arrows. The bows were about half a fathom long; the arrows were barbed with sharp stones. All were shod with large shoes, like the giant.

On another day two Indians brought on board a tapir, and it proved that their dresses were made from the fur of this animal. Magellan gave them in exchange two red dresses, with which they were well satisfied. It is not till the next day that Herrera places the visit of the giant. That author says that the Indian expressed a wish to become a Christian, and that the Spaniards gave him the name of John. Seeing the crew throwing some mice overboard, he asked that they might be given to him to eat. For six days he took all the mice the ship could furnish, and was never afterward seen.

More than twenty days later, four Indians of the first party returned to the ships, and Magellan gave orders that two of them should be seized to carry home. The men were so large that the Spaniards could not make them prisoners without treachery. Loading the poor giants with more gifts than they could well carry, they finally asked each to accept an iron chain, fitted with manacles. The two Indians were eager enough to accept the fatal present, and were easily persuaded to have the chains fastened to their legs, that they might the more easily carry them away. They found, alas! as so many other men have found, that what they took for ornament was a cruel snare; but, thus crippled, they were overpowered. Their screams of rage were heard by their companions on shore. It was after this treachery that the natives first attacked the Spaniards. Seeing fires at night, Magellan landed a party for exploration. Seven Spaniards found the tracks of Indians and followed them ineffectually. As they returned, however, nine Indians followed, attacked them, and killed one Castilian. But for their shields, all the Spaniards would have been killed. The Spaniards closed upon them with their knives, and put them to flight, visited their camp, and feasted from the store of meat they found there. The next day Magellan sent a larger party on shore and buried the dead Castilian.

The reader is now in possession of all the statements from which we are to decide the much-disputed question whether, in the time of Magellan, Patagonia was a land of giants. He is to remember that Pigafetta, who was the friend and fellow-voyager of the giant Paul, one of the two captives, does not in other instances go out of his way to invent the marvellous, though he often does repeat marvellous stories which have been related by others. It is to be observed that none of the voyagers pretend to have seen any large number of Patagonians. The largest number seen at one time was nine; and even if these were different from the six who came to the ship, fifteen is the largest number of the native visitors to the squadron. Of these, according to one account, in which three at least of the authorities agree, two are of extraordinary height, so that the heads of the Spaniards reached only to their girdles. It is also said that the feet or shoes of all were large, “but not disproportionate to their stature.” For three hundred years, on this testimony, it was perhaps generally believed that the Patagonians were very large men. The statement was positively made that they were nine feet high. But as other voyagers, especially in this century, more and more often brought home accounts in which no such giants appeared, there was an increasing distrust of the original Spanish narrative.

Especially when navigators had to do with the wretched Kemenettes and Karaikes of the Straits, who are a tribe of really insignificant stature, was indignation liberally bestowed on the old traveller’s story; and when, in 1837, the original narrative of the Genoese pilot was brought to light by Navarrete,—a simple and unexaggerated story; when it proved that he made no allusion whatever to any persons of remarkable height,—the whole giant story was declared to be an invention of Pigafetta, and the gigantic size of the Patagonians was denounced as a mere traveller’s fable. Such criticism probably goes too far.

The simple facts may be taken, and the hasty inference may be disregarded. Every travelling showman will testify to the fact that there occasionally appear men, even under the restrictions of civilization, who are so tall that the Spaniards, not of a large race, would only come to their girdles.[1599] If Pigafetta is to be believed, two such men came to Magellan’s squadron. Tall men came to Cook’s squadron at Honolulu, a hundred years ago, who were quite above the average of his men.

Magellan supposed that these were typical men, that they were specimens of their race. Because he supposed so he captured them and tried to carry them to Spain. Magellan was mistaken. They were not specimens of their race; they were extraordinary exceptions to it. But the ready tribe of geographers, eager to accept marvels from the New World, at once formed the conclusion that because these two were so large, all Patagonians would prove to be so.

Pigafetta drew no such inference, nor is there any evidence that the Spaniards ever did. On the other hand, six Spaniards, with their knives, closed fearlessly on nine of these men, and routed them in a hand-to-hand fight. We may fairly conclude that the delusion which modern criticism has dispelled was not intentionally called into being by the navigators, but was rather the deduction drawn from too narrow premises by credulous Europe.[1600]

The next voyagers who saw these people were Drake’s party. Fletcher, writing in the _World Encompassed_, after fifty-eight years, says distinctly in his narrative of Drake’s arrival at this same Port Julian: “We had no sooner landed than _two young giants_ repaired to them.” Again, speaking of the same interview, “he was visited by two of the inhabitants, whom Magellan named Patagous, or rather Pentagours, from their huge stature.” And afterward he resumes the matter in these words: “Magellane was not altogether deceived in naming them giants, for they generally differ from the common sort of men both in stature, bigness, and strength of body, as also in the hideousness of their voice. But yet they are nothing so monstrous or giant-like as they are reported, there being some Englishmen as tall as the highest of any we could see. But peradventure the Spaniards did not think that ever any Englishman would come thither to reprove them, and thereupon might presume the more boldly to lie,—the name Pentagones, five cubits, viz. seven foot and half, describing the full height (if not somewhat more) of the highest of them.”

This last sneer is in Fletcher’s worst vein. The etymology of “Pentagones” is all his own. Magellan’s people say distinctly that they named the Patagonians from their large feet,—taking the phrase “large feet” from the large shoes which they wore to protect their feet from cold. The language is distinct: “Their shoes go four inches above the great toe, and the space is filled with straw to keep them from the cold.” These shoes, of this same form, are figured by modern artists, who have drawn for us the Tehuelches of to-day. It is quite possible that the false etymology which made “Patagonian” mean “Five-cubit man” was the real foundation for the general notion of the gigantic size of the race.

From these winter quarters Magellan despatched the “Sant Iago” to examine the coast. The vessel was unfortunately lost on the rocks, but all the crew were saved. Two sailors returned to the rest of the squadron with news of the disaster, and the commander sent back supplies. They were near a hundred miles away from him, but he kept them supplied with provisions; and they were able to rescue a part of the stores and equipage of their vessel. At the end of two months, in which they encamped upon the shore, they rejoined him. It is observed that with them the winter was so cold that for water for their daily use they were obliged to melt ice.

After taking possession of Patagonia in the name of the King of Spain, by planting a standard on a hill which they called Monte Cristo, Magellan sailed on the 24th of August from this inhospitable bay. He now carried out the cruel sentence of the Court on Juan de Carthagena and the priest Pedro Sanches. He landed them with a supply of biscuit and wine, and left them to their fate.

Two days after, following the coast, he entered the River of Santa Cruz and narrowly escaped shipwreck there. He was able to supply himself with wood, water, and fish. On the 11th of October he observed an eclipse of the sun.[1601]

Still keeping on, during the 21st of October, the day which the Church consecrated to the “Eleven thousand Virgins,” they discovered a strait, to which Magellan gave that name. It was the entry to the famous channel, four hundred and forty miles long, according to his estimate, which has for so many years borne his name. The depth of water near the shore, which has since been observed, attracted the attention of the Spaniards. The mountains which looked down upon it were high, and covered with snow.

The crew and the captains, even after the hard experience of the mutineers, did not hesitate to express their unwillingness to enter the blind and narrow channel before them. Magellan summoned the commanders and made to them a formal declaration, of which the substance has been preserved. He told them that their sovereign and his had sent them for this very purpose, to discover this strait and to pass through it. If they were faithless as to its issue, he declared that he had seen in the archives of the King of Portugal a map, drawn by Martin Behaim, in which the strait was indicated, and that it opened into the western ocean. The squadron should not turn back, he said; and he gave his order for the continuation of the voyage in this determination. If the vessels separated, the commander of each was to keep on until he had reached the latitude of 75° S. If then the strait had not been found, any commander might turn eastward; yet he was not to seek Spain, but to sail to the Moluccas, which were the objective of the voyage; and the proper sailing directions were given for reaching those islands by the route through the Indian Ocean.

The geographers have been at a loss to reconcile this statement,—that Martin Behaim had already drawn the strait upon a map or globe,—with Magellan’s claim to be its discoverer. But, as the reader knows, there was no lack of straits or of continents on the various maps before Magellan’s time which could be cited for any theory of any cosmographer. We know the history of navigation well enough to understand that, whatever drawings Magellan might have seen or cited, nothing can shake his reputation as the far-sighted discoverer of the channel to which, without any hesitation, the world has given his name.[1602]

His firmness had so much effect that the captains went back to their ships, pretending to accede to his wishes. With the “Trinidad” and “Victoria,” Magellan waited at the entrance of the channel while he despatched the “San Antonio” and “Concepçion” to complete the survey of it westward. Hardly had the squadron divided, when a terrible tempest broke upon both parts of it, lasting thirty-six hours. Magellan’s ships lost their anchors, and were at the mercy of the wind in the open bay. The other vessels seem to have run before the gale. At the moment when their people thought themselves lost, they opened the first “reach”—if it may so be called—of the strait; they pushed through it till they came to the bay now known as “Bouçault Bay.” Crossing this, with increasing confidence, they came into the second channel, which opens into a second bay larger than the first. After this success they returned to report their progress to their commander.

He and his officers, meanwhile, had begun to fear that their companions had been lost in the tempest. A column of smoke on shore was supposed to be a signal of the spot where they had taken refuge. But in the midst of such uncertainty their vessels reappeared, and soon fired shots from their guns in token of joy. They were as joyfully welcomed; and, as soon as they could tell their news, the reunited squadron gladly proceeded through the two channels which they had opened. When they arrived in the bay which had been the farthest discovery of the pioneer vessels, they found two channels opening from it. At the southeast is that marked “Supposé” on Bougainville’s map; and to this channel Magellan directed Mesquita in the “San Antonio,” and Juan Serrano in the “Concepçion.”

Unfortunately the sailing-master of the “San Antonio” was Stephen Gomez, who hated Magellan with a long-cherished hatred. When Magellan first arrived in Spain, Gomez was, or thought he was, on the eve of starting on an expedition of discovery under the patronage of the Crown. Magellan’s grand plan had broken up this lesser expedition; and instead of commanding it, Gomez had found himself placed in a subordinate post under his rival’s command. He now took his chance to revenge himself as soon as he was directed to survey the new channel. Before night fell he had escaped from the surveillance of the “Concepçion.” At night he caballed with the Spaniards of his own crew; they rose upon their captain Mesquita, a Portuguese, the loyal cousin of Magellan, and put him in irons. Without delay they then escaped from the squadron; and returning, through the channels they had traced, to the Atlantic, they sailed for home. Touching at the forlorn harbor where they had wintered, they picked up the two mutineers who had been left there. Indeed, it is fair to suppose that their whole plot dated back for its origin to the unsuccessful enterprise of the winter.[1603]

Magellan, on his part, waited for the “San Antonio,” which had been directed to return in three days. Though the channel which she was to explore passed between mountains covered with snow, we are told that the strait where Magellan awaited them lay between regions which were “the most beautiful in the world.” On the southern side they had, once and again, observed fires in the night, and they gave to that land the name of “Tierra del Fuego,” “the Land of Fire,” which it has ever since preserved. They did not see any of the natives on either coast. The sailors caught so many fish which resembled the sardines of their home, that the name of “River of Sardines” was given to a stream which makes its outlet there. Finding that the “San Antonio” had left him, and probably suspecting her treachery, Magellan went forward through the southwestern channel with the “Victoria” and the “Trinidad.”

It is at this point that we are to place a formal correspondence which has been preserved by a Portuguese historian[1604] as passing between Magellan and one of his captains on the question of advancing. These letters are dated the 22d of November, 1520. Martin Mendoza, in his reply to Magellan’s letter, agrees that until the 1st of January they should persevere while the days are long, but urges that the vessels should lie by in the darkness. He is as resolute in expressing the conviction that they should be out of the strait before the month of January is over,—that is, that they should turn about, if necessary, on January 1, if they had not then reached the Pacific, so as to be well in the Atlantic again by the first of February; that then they should give up the original object of the voyage and sail to Cadiz. The document seems genuine; but, as the reader will see, there was no occasion for using its counsels. Before the 1st of January they were free of the strait forever.

While his squadron loitered in hope of the “San Antonio’s” return, Magellan sent forward a boat to explore the channel. On the third day she returned to him with the joyful news that they had opened the western mouth of the strait.

The Pacific was found! The chroniclers say that the crews wept for joy; and they may well have done so. They gave to the Cape—which made the western end of Tierra del Fuego, on this channel—the name of the “Desired Cape,” “Cabo Deseado,” which it still retains.

The squadron did not at once follow. Magellan put back for the other vessels, and met the “Concepçion” alone. He sent back the “Victoria” this time to search for his faithless consort. If she were not found, his orders were that a standard should be planted on high ground, at the foot of which should be buried a letter, with an account of the destination of the squadron. Two similar signals were left,—one on the shore of the first bay, and one on the Isle of Lions, in the channel. But the “Victoria,” as the reader knows, did not find the “San Antonio;” she was far away. And with three vessels of his squadron only, Magellan passed out from the strait which had detained him so long, into the ocean. They fairly entered upon it on the 28th of November.

Pigafetta, in his joy at leaving this strait, which had been the scene of so much anxiety, describes its natural advantages in glowing colors. “In fine, I do not believe there is a better strait than this in the world,” he says. They gave to it the name of “Strait of the Patagonians;” but the world has long since known it by the name of its discoverer. “There may be found at any half-league a good harbor,”—such is the Italian historian’s statement,—“with excellent water, cedar-wood, sardine-fish, and an abundance of shellfish. There are also herbs on shore, some of which are bitter, but others are good to eat,—especially a sort of celery,[1605] which grows near the springs, of which we made excellent food.” Cook found celery of the same kind two centuries and a half later, as well as abundance of _Cochlearia_. So great are the advantages of such supplies for the health of crews in danger of scurvy, that he thought the passage into the Pacific by the Straits of Magellan preferable to that by Cape Horn.[1606] In later days his advice has always been followed by vessels having the aid of steam.

Thus ended the only glimpse which Spaniards had of Patagonia for many years. Magellan’s act of possession held, however; for the country has no attractions to make it a stake for wars or other controversy. Magellan looked his last upon it as his squadron gladly steered northward; and after leaving his Cape Victory,—for he gave that name to the southwestern point of America,—neither he nor his landed again on this continent.

The poor giants who had been so cruelly enslaved never reached Spain. One was on the “San Antonio” with Serrano, who deserted his commander in the strait. This one died before they had crossed the Atlantic. The other was on board the “Trinidad,” the flagship, with Magellan and Pigafetta, the historian of the expedition. He became fond of Pigafetta; and when he saw him produce his writing tablet and paper, he knew what was expected of him, and of his own accord began to give the names of different objects in the Patagonian language.[1607] One day when he saw Pigafetta kiss the cross, he told him by signs that _Setebos_ would enter him and make him a coward. But when he was himself dying—of scurvy, most likely, which was decimating the crew—he asked for the cross himself, kissed it, and begged to be baptized. His captors baptized him, gave him the name of Paul, and he died.

It would have been natural for Magellan, now that he had attained the South Sea, to sail by a direct route to the Moluccas, of which he was in search. Till a very late period the geographers have supposed that he did; and his track will be found on most of the large globes, to a period comparatively recent, laid down on a course a little west of northwest,—as, indeed, Pigafetta says they ran.

It was not observed by these globe-makers, and in fact to many of them it was not known, that, if Magellan had taken such a course, he would have run directly into the teeth of those northwest winds which blow with great regularity in that part of the Pacific, and he would have met a steady current in the same direction. In such computations, also, it was forgotten that Magellan supposed the Pacific to be much narrower than it is, and that when he left the straits he did not anticipate so long a voyage as he had. But the fortunate discovery of the log-book of one of the “pilots” now gives us the declination of the sun and the computed latitude for every day of the Pacific voyage. It appears that Magellan held well to the north, not far from the coast of South America, till he had passed, on the west, the islands of Juan Fernandez and Masafuera without seeing them, and only then struck to the northwest, and afterwards to the west.[1608] He thus came out at the equator at a point which, by their mistaken computation of longitude, was 152° W. of the meridian of Ferro, 159° 46’ west of our first meridian of Greenwich.

The Pacific is now known to us as an ocean studded with islands, the inhabitants of which are well provided with food from their own land, and water.[1609]

It was, however, the remarkable fortune of Magellan in this voyage to sail more than ten thousand miles and see but two of these islands, both of which were barren and uninhabited. He found no bottom close to the shore. At the second of the two islands he stopped to fish for sharks, and gave it the name “Shark’s Island,” or “Tiburones.” The crew were so impressed by their dismal welcome that they called the two “Desventuradas,” the “Unfortunate Islands.” These two islands, the first-born to Europe of the multitudes of the Pacific Ocean, cannot now be identified.[1610]

On the 6th of March the voyagers at last saw two more small islands. Soon a number of small sails appeared, the islanders coming out to meet the ships. Their little boats had large triangular-shaped sails of matting, and they seemed to fly over the water. The Spanish seamen saw for the first time the curious catamarans of the natives of these waters.

Magellan was tempted to land at a third and larger island. This was either the one since known as Guahan, or that known as Rota; Magellan called it Ivagana. So many of the natives swarmed upon his ship, and they were so rapacious in stealing whatever they could lay their hands on, that he found himself almost at their mercy. They begged him to land, but stole the boat attached to the stern of his ship. At last Magellan did land, in a rage. He burned some of their huts, several of their boats, got back his own, and killed seven men.

The squadron, after this encounter, continued its westward course, followed by a hundred canoes. The savages now showed fish, as if they wished to trade; but the women wept and tore their hair, probably “because we had killed their husbands.”

To this group the Spaniards gave the name of “Ladrones, the robbers,” which it has ever since retained. After three hundred leagues more of westward sailing, the tired navigators, half starved and dying of scurvy, made the discovery of Zamal, now called Samar, the first of the group since known as the Philippines,—a name they took from Philip the Second. Magellan called them the Archipelago of St. Lazarus, because he first found how large a group it was on St. Lazarus’ day, the fifth Sunday in Lent.

In these islands the navigators were, at first, most cordially received. By means of a Malayan interpreter they were able to communicate with the natives. Before six weeks were over, with rapidity which may well have seemed miraculous, they had converted the king and many of the princes and people to what they deemed Christianity. But, alas! the six weeks ended in the defeat of the Spanish men-at-arms in a battle with a rival prince, in the death of Magellan and the murder of Serrano, who had been chosen as one of those who should take his place. The surviving Spaniards withdrew as well as they could from their exasperated allies.

They were obliged to destroy one of their ships, which was leaking, and thus were left with only two. One of these, the “Trinidad,” they despatched eastward to the American coast; but she failed in this voyage, and returned to the Philippines. In the other vessel, the “Victoria,” Sebastian del Cano and his crew, after spending the rest of that year in the East Indies, sailed for Europe. They left the Island of Timor on the 11th of February. Though they had nothing but rice and water for their supplies, they dared not touch at the Portuguese establishment at Mozambique. After they doubled the Cape of Good Hope, on the 6th of May, they lost twenty-one men in two months. Their provisions had failed entirely when, on the 9th of July, they touched at Santa Argo, in the Cape de Verde Islands.

Even now they did not dare tell the Portuguese at that island who they were. They pretended they came from the coast of America. When they found that the day was Thursday, they were greatly astonished, for by their own journals it was Wednesday. Twice they sent their boat ashore for a load of rice, and it returned. The third time they saw that it was seized. One of the sailors had revealed their secret, and the jealous Portuguese would no longer befriend them.

The poor “Victoria,” with such supplies as she had received, was obliged to run direct for Spain. On the 6th of September she entered the bay of San Lucar again. By their own computation they had sailed 14,460 leagues. Of sixty men who sailed in her from the Moluccas there were but eighteen survivors of these almost all were sick. Of the other forty-two, some had deserted at Timor, some had been condemned to death for their crimes, and the others had died. This was all that was returned of two hundred and thirty-seven persons who had sailed three years before on this magnificent expedition.

Del Cano was received at Court with the greatest courtesy. The Emperor gave him a pension of five hundred ducats, and for armorial bearings a globe with the device—

“PRIMUS CIRCUMDEDISTI ME.”

The “Victoria” was richly stored with cloves and other spices. Of these the sale was carefully managed, and the proceeds were enormous. The foresight of Magellan was completely justified, and the profits of the expedition alone immediately tempted the Emperor to fit out another. The “Victoria” afterward made two voyages to the West Indies, but never returned to Spain from the second, and her fate is not known. An ancient representation of her (from Hulsius) is the distinguishing sign on the cover of the volumes issued in our day by the Hakluyt Society.

CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

BY EDWARD E. HALE AND THE EDITOR.

PIGAFETTA, who was born in Vicenza not long after 1490, was accordingly from twenty-five to thirty years old when he accompanied Magellan.[1611] He kept a diary of the voyage, a copy of which he gave to the Emperor; and later, in Italy, he wrote out a more extended account, copies of which he gave to distinguished persons. Of this ampler narrative four separate texts, in as many manuscripts, are preserved to us.

No. 1 is in French, _Navigation et descouvrement de la Indie superieure faicte par moi Antoine Pigafete, Vincentin_; on paper, in the National Library at Paris. It gives the full vocabulary of the Giants’ language, which is also reprinted in Amoretti. Students engaged in the study of the geography of the East Indies should not be satisfied with the few copies given by Amoretti of the maps and representations of the islands there. In this copy, which is divided throughout into short chapters, there are many more of these maps than have been engraved. It is impossible to look at them without believing that they give some idea of the size and even the shape of the islands visited. Charton calls this paper manuscript the oldest of those in France. No one can decide such a question. The illustrations in the vellum manuscript certainly seem to be nearer the originals than those in this coarser paper one.

No. 2 is a richly illuminated vellum document, with a text somewhat softened in the coarse parts. This may have been the copy known to have been given to Louise of Savoy by Pigafetta. This manuscript is also in the Paris library. The writing is elegant, and the maps are very prettily done in body color. They are much more elegant than the maps in the paper manuscript, which are in rough water-color by some one of no great artistic skill. The representations given by Amoretti of a few of the designs are sufficiently good for all practical purposes. But the picture of the boat with outriggers, illustrating the customs of the Ladrone Islands, is much more artistic in the vellum manuscript than it is in Amoretti’s engraving.

No. 3, the most complete, was owned by M. Beaupré, at Nancy, in 1841, when Thomassy described it; was sold in the Potier sale in 1851 (no. 506), and passed into the Solar Collection, and in 1861 (Solar sale, no. 3,238) it was bought by a London dealer, and reached finally the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps, who bought it at the Libri sale (no. 1,139) in 1862. It is a question with critics whether Pigafetta composed his work in French or in Italian; for there is also a manuscript (no. 4) in the later language, poorly conceived, however, and mixed with Spanish, preserved in the Ambrosian Library at Milan. This was the manuscript published by the Abbé C. Amoretti; it is written in the character known as _cancelleresco_, on paper folios, of which the handwriting is of the time of Pigafetta; and it was once owned by the Cardinal Frederic Borroméo. Raymond Thomassy[1612] gives several reasons for believing that the French text is the original, but we have not been satisfied that it was so.[1613]

In the earliest edition of Pigafetta which we have,—one without date, and in French, edited by Antoine Fabre,—the text is represented as being a translation from the Italian. It is possible that, being an abridgment, it might have followed some abstract which had been made in that language, possibly an account which in 1524 Pigafetta asked permission to print,[1614] of the Doge and Council of Venice. This original French edition is called _Le Voyage et Navigation faict par les Espaignolz es isles de Mollucques_; and is usually thought to have been printed in 1525. It is in Gothic type, except the last four leaves, which are in Roman, as are all the notes.[1615] Harrisse cites[1616] an Italian edition of Pigafetta with the letter of Maximilian, as published at Venice in 1534;[1617] but there is little reason to believe such an edition to exist.

The earliest undoubted Italian edition was printed, however, in 1536, and it was professedly a translation from Fabre’s French text, and there is reason to believe that Ramusio may have been instrumental in its publication.[1618] It has the name neither of author nor of printer, but is supposed to have been issued at Venice. It is called _Il Viaggio fatto da gli Spagnivoli a torno a’l mondo_.[1619]

Amoretti published the Ambrosian manuscript (no. 4, above) in 1800, at Milan, under the title of _Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo ossia ragguaglio della navigazione alle Indie orientali d[i] Magaglianes, 1519-1522_. _Pubblicato per la prima volta da un codice manuscritto della Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano, e corredato di note da C. Amoretti con un transunto del Trattato di navigazione dello stesso autore. Milano, 1800._[1620]

About a month after the return of Del Cano in the “Victoria,” Maximilian Transylvanus (a son-in-law of Cristóbal de Haro, who had been a chief advocate of the voyage at the Spanish Court) wrote to the Cardinal Archbishop of Salzburg a brief account of the voyage, in a letter dated at Valladolid, Oct. 24, 1522;[1621] and when it was printed at Cologne in January, 1523, as _De Moluccis insulis_, and in the following November and again in February, 1524, at Rome, as _De Hispanorum in orientem navigatione_, its text constituted the earliest narrative of the voyage which was given in print.[1622] It was afterward printed in connection with the earliest Italian edition of Pigafetta; and the English reader will find it in the volume on Magellan published by the Hakluyt Society.

Ramusio also tells us that Peter Martyr wrote an account of Magellan’s voyage, gathered from the lips of the survivors, which he sent to Rome to be printed, but that in the sack of that city by the Constable de Bourbon it disappeared. We have but one point of this Martyr narrative preserved to us, and that is the loss of one day which the “Victory” had experienced in her westering voyage,—when arriving in Seville on the 6th of September, 1522, as her crew supposed, they found the Sevillians calling it the 7th.[1623]

There are two modern gatherings of the most important documentary illustrations of this famous voyage,—the one made by Navarrete, and the other published by the Hakluyt Society. The former constitutes the fourth volume of Navarrete’s well-known _Coleccion_; and among the variety of its papers printed or cited largely from the public archives, illustrating the fitting out of the fleet, its voyage, and the reception of Del Cano on his return, a few of the more important may be mentioned. Such is a manuscript from the library of San Isadro el Real de Madrid, purporting to be by Magellan himself; but Navarrete does not admit this. He prints for the first time an original manuscript account in the Seville archives, usually cited as the Seville manuscript, which bears the title of _Extracto de la habilitacion_, etc. It gives an enumeration of the company which composed the force on the fleet. The Navarrete volume also contains the log-book of Francisco Albo, or Alvaro, printed, it is claimed by Stanley (who also includes it in the Hakluyt Society volume), from a copy in the British Museum, which was made from the original at Simancas. It follows the fortunes of the fleet after they sighted Cape St. Augustine. Muñoz had found in the Archives of Torre de Tombo a letter of Antonio Brito to the King of Portugal, and Navarrete gives this also.[1624] A letter of Jean Sebastian del Cano to Charles V., dated Sept. 5, 1527, describes the voyage, and is also to be found here.[1625]

The Hakluyt Society volume borrows largely from the lesser sources as given in Navarrete, and among other papers it contains the brief narrative which is found in Ramusio as that of an “anonymous Portuguese.” It also gives an English version of what is known as the account of the Genoese pilot, one Joan Bautista probably. This story exists in three Portuguese manuscripts: one belongs to the library of the monks of S. Bento da Sande; another is in the National Library at Paris; and from these two a text was formed which was printed in 1826 in the _Noticias Ultramarinhas_ (vol. iv.) of the Lisbon Academy of History, as “Roteiro da viagem de Fernam de Magalhâes” (1519). A third manuscript is in the library of the Academy of History at Madrid. As edited by Luigi Hugues, it is printed in the fifteenth volume of the _Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria_.

The narrative in the preceding text has shown that the precise statements of latitude made by the Genoese pilot have wholly destroyed the value of all speculations as to the route of Magellan from the Straits to the Ladrones which were published before this “Roteiro” became known. The track laid down on the older globes is invariably wrong, and Magellan’s course was in reality that along which the currents would easily have propelled him, being that of the Antarctic stream of the Pacific, which Humboldt has explained.[1626] Stanley also points out that the narrative given in Gaspar Correa’s _Lendas da India_ is the only authority we have for the warning given to Magellan at Teneriffe by Barbosa; and for the incident of a Portuguese ship speaking the “Victoria” as the latter was passing the Cape of Good Hope.

One Pedro Mexia had seen the fleet of Magellan sail, and had likewise witnessed the return of Del Cano. A collection of miscellanies, which he printed as early as 1526, under the title of _Silva_, and which passed through many editions, affords another contemporary reference.[1627] It is hardly worth while to enumerate the whole list of more general historical treatises of the sixteenth and even seventeenth centuries,[1628] which bring this famous voyage within their scope. It seems clear, however, that Oviedo had some sources which are not recognizable now, and some have contended that he had access to Magellan’s own papers. Herrera in the ninth book of his eleventh Decade in the same way apparently had information the sources of which are now lost to us. The story of Magellan necessarily made part of such books as Osorius’s _De Rebus Emmanuelis gestis_, published at Cologne in 1581, again in 1597, and in Dutch at Rotterdam in 1661-1663. Burton in his _Hans Stade_ (p. lxxxvi) calls the _Relacion y derrotero del Viaje y descubrimiento del estrecho de la Madre de Dios, antes llamado de Magallanes por Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa_, published in 1580, an unworthy attempt to rob Magellan of his fame.

The modern studies of Magellan and his career have been in good hands. Navarrete when he made his most important contribution of material, accompanied it with a very careful _Noticia biográfica_ of Magellan, in which he makes exact references to his sources.[1629]

A critical life of Magellan was prefixed by Lord Stanley to his Hakluyt Society volume in 1874. R. H. Major in his _Prince Henry the Navigator_ included an admirable critical account, which was repeated in its results in his later volume, _Discoveries of Prince Henry_.

A paper on the search of Magellan and of Gomez for a western passage was read by Buckingham Smith before the New York Historical Society, a brief report of which is in the _Historical Magazine_, x. (1866) 229; and one may compare with it the essay by Langeron in the _Revue Géographique_ in 1877.

A number of more distinctive monographs have also been printed, beginning with the _Magellan, oder die Erste Reise um die Erde nach dem vorhanderen Quellen dargestellt_ of August Bürck, which was published in Leipsic in 1844.[1630] Dr. Kohl, who had given the subject much study, particularly in relation to the history of the straits which Magellan passed, published the results of his researches in the _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde in Berlin_ in 1877,—a treatise which was immediately republished separately as _Geschichte der Entdeckungsreisen und Schiffahrten zur Magellan’s Strasse_. In 1881 Dr. Franz Wieser, a professor in the University at Innspruck, examined especially the question of any anterior exploration in this direction, in his _Magalhâes-strasse und Austral Continent auf den globen des Johannes Schöner_, which was published in that year at Innspruck.[1631] About the same time (1881) the Royal Academy at Lisbon printed a _Vida e Viagens de Fernão de Magalhães, com um appendice original_, which, as the work of Diego de Barros Arana, had already appeared in Spanish.

The bibliography of Magellan and his voyage is prepared with some care by Charton in his _Voyageurs_, p. 353; and scantily in St. Martin’s _Histoire de la Géographie_, p. 370.

* * * * *

EDITORIAL NOTE.—A section on the “Historical Chorography of South America,” tracing the cartographical history of that continent, together with a note on the “Bibliography of Brazil,” is reserved for Vol. VIII.

INDEX.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are made when additional information about the book is conveyed.]

AA, VANDER, his collection, 68; map of the Pacific coast, 467. _See_ Vander Aa.

Abancay River, 544.

Abarca, P., _Reyes de Aragon_, 68.

Abayoa, 233.

Abert, J. W., _Report on New Mexico_, 487, 501.

Ablyn, _Nieuwe Weerelt_, 410.

Abreu de Galineo, 36.

Acadia (Larcadia), 451, 453.

Acapulco, 392, 441; view of, 394; commerce with Philippines, 454.

Acklin Island, 92.

Acla, 198, 199, 509.

Acoma, 485, 487, 504.

Aconcaqua, 524, 528.

Acosta, Col. J., _Hist. N. Granada_, 582.

Acosta, José de, in Peru, 552; used Duran’s manuscript, 420; account of him, 420; _De Natura Novi Orbis_, 420; on the conversion of the Indians, 420; on the natives of Peru and Mexico, 420; _Hist. nat. y moral de las Indias_, 420; _Beschreibung der America_, 420; _New Welt_, 420; _America oder West India_, 420; _East and West Indies_, 420.

Actahachi, 248.

_Actes de la Société d’Ethnologie_, 50.

Acuco, 487, 490.

Acuña, bishop of Caracas, 560; _Rio de las Amazons_, 589; translated by Gomberville, 584.

Acus, 477, 480.

Adda, G. d’, 47.

Adlard, Geo. _Amye Robsart_, 466.

Admiral’s map, 112.

Adrian VI., 235.

Adrian, Cardinal, 307.

Æneas Sylvius, 30; his _Historia_, 31; annotated by Columbus (cut), 32.

Africa, geography of, 39; circumnavigated by the ancients, 40; sketch-map of explorations (cut), 40; map of (1490), 41; supposed to be connected with America, 127; coast of, by Ptolemy, 165; map of (1509), 172; in Pomponius Mela’s map, 180.

Agathodæmon maps, 28.

Agile, 246.

Agnese, Baptista, portolano of Charles V., 222; map of the Moluccas, 440; map (1539), 445; map (1554), 448.

Agricola, Rudolphus, 182; his tract _Ad Vadianum_, 182.

Aguado, Juan, 17.

Aguilar, 463.

Aguilar, Conde de, 390.

Aguilar, Francisco de, 260.

Aguilar, Marcos de, 386.

Aguilar, Martin, his voyage, 461.

Aguirre, F. de, 528.

Aguirre, Lope de, his revolt from Ursua, 582; killed, 582; account of, 582.

Ahumada, Pedro de, 254.

Ailly, Pierre d’ (Petrus de Aliacus), 28; _Ymago Mundi_, 28; notes on, by Columbus, 29; fac-simile of them, 31. _See_ D’Ailly.

Alabama River, 295.

Alaman, Lúcas, translates Prescott, 427; _Historia de la República Méjicana_, ii, 428; _Historia de Méjico_, 428; _Disertaciones_, 256, 365.

Alaminos, Anton de, pilot, 201, 203, 233, 234, 236, 283.

Alarcon, Hernando, sent to support by sea Coronado’s expedition, 443, 481; on the Colorado, 481; his buried message found, 486.

Alaska, first fairly mapped, 464; (Alaschka), 469.

Albertini, Francesco, _Opusculum de Romæ_, 154; _De Roma prisca_, 154.

Albertus Magnus, 28; his portrait (cut), 29; _De natura locorum_, 64; edited by Tanstetter, 173.

Albo (Alvaro), Francisco, log-book, 615.

Alcabala, 561.

Alcalde, duties of, 348.

Alcaforado, Francisco, 38.

Alcantara, Francisco Martin de, 512.

Alcantara, Martin de, 534.

Alcarraz, Diego d’, 486, 491, 496.

Alcazar, _Campañía de Jesus_, 279.

Alcon, Pedro, 511.

Aldana, 239.

Aldana, Lorenzo de, 239, 540, 541, 545, 556, 569.

Alderete, J. de, 528.

Aleutian Islands, first fairly mapped, 464.

Aleque, F. X., 399.

Alexander VI., Pope, 13; his Bull, 13, 45; bust of, 44; addressed by Columbus, 46. _See_ Bull; Demarcation.

Alfinger, Ambrosio de, his expedition, 579.

Alguazil, 553.

Alibamo (Alimamu, Limamu), 250.

Allard, Carolus, his _Atlas_, 466.

Allefonsce, rough sketch-map of the Antilles, 227.

Allegania, name proposed for the United States, 178.

Allegretti, Allegri, his _Ephemerides_, 1.

Allen, J. A., _Bibliography of Cetacea_, 420.

_Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden_, 140, 593.

Almagro, Diego, 196, 505; proclaimed governor of Peru, 534; his career, 506; follows Pizarro, 507; made governor of Tumbez, 512; breaks with Pizarro, 512; brings re-enforcements, 517; likeness, 518; asks for a province, 518; agreement with Pizarro, 522; goes to conquer Chili, 523; enters and claims Cusco, 525; conference with Pizarro, 526; defeated and put in chains, 527; his son Diego, 527; killed, 527, 536.

Almanacs, early, 102.

Almendral (Almendras), Martin de, 577.

Alonzo V. (Portugal), 3.

Altamaha, 246.

Altamirano, D. G., 545.

Alva, Duke of, 88.

Alvarado, Alonzo de, 534, 541; advances on Cusco, 526; defeated, 526; escapes from Cusco, 526; likeness, 544; defeated by Giron, 545.

Alvarado, Garcia de, 535.

Alvarado, Gomez de, 527.

Alvarado, Gonzalo, his manuscript on the conquest of Guatemala, 419.

Alvarado, Hernando de, 503.

Alvarado, Pedro de, 351; his portrait, 366, 398; autog., 367; with Grijalva, 203; in Mexico, 367; at the second siege, 376; receives Tapia, 380; in Guatemala, 383; accounts of his trial, 398, 419; in Peru, 520; his report to Cortés, 411; his despatches from Guatemala, 419; returns to Guatemala, 522; new grant to, 522.

Alvarez, 537, 538.

Alvaro. _See_ Albo.

Alviles, Diego, 506.

Alzate, 375.

Amador de los Rios, José, edits Oviedo, 346.

Amaguayo, 233.

Amandus, _Chronica_, 417.

Amat di San Filippo, Pietro, _Biog. dei viaggiatori Italiani_, 155; _mappamondi, etc._, 155; _Studi biog. e bibliog._, 93.

Amat, _Dic. de los escritores Catalanes_, 45.

Amatepeque, 503.

Amati, _Ricerche_, 51.

Amazon, 519; discovered, 528; history of the, 579; (Paricura, Marañon, Orellana), 188; sketch-map, 581.

Amazons (female warriors), 584, 585; (in New Mexico), 474.

Amboyna, 591.

Amelia Island, 282.

_America, La_, 47.

America, in Schöner’s globe (1535), 118; name on the Tross gores, 120; on the Da Vinci sketch, 126; paper on the naming of, by Justin Winsor, 153; name proposed in _Cosmog. introd._, with fac-similes, 146, 168; earliest use of name on maps, 171, 172; should be called Columba, 174; a part of Asia, 176; the name first applied to the entire continent (1541), 178; name of, in editions of Ptolemy, 184. _See_ North America, South America.

American Ethnological Society, _Transactions_, 501.

_American Journal of Numismatics_, 470.

American Philosophical Society’s _Transactions_, 35.

_American Review_, 501.

Amichel, 284; named by Garay, 237.

Amigos del Pais, _Informe_, etc., 82.

Amoretti, Charles, on Maldonado, 456; publishes Pigafetta, 614.

Amuca, 589.

Amunátegui, M. L., _Descub. i conq. de Chile_, 573; _La sorpresa de Curalava_, 573.

Anahuac plateau, 358, 359.

Anaica, 246.

_Analectic Magazine_, 50.

_Anales de Aragon_, 68, 421.

Anaquito, 538.

Añasco, Juan de, 245, 246.

Ancients, their references to western lands, 25.

Ancona, _Yucatan_, 429, 558.

Ancoras, 449.

Ancuparius, Thos., 173.

Andagoya, Pascual de, 196, 199, 212, 505, 541, 564; his _Relation_, 212, 214, 564; edited by Markham, 212, 564; inspector-general, 506; his life, 564; in Biru, 506; founds Buenaventura, 536.

Andahuaylas, 519.

Andalusian bibliophiles, 66.

Anderson, _America not discovered by Columbus_, 33.

Andes, 514. _See_ Cordilleras.

Andrade, J. M., 422; his library, 399; its sale, 430.

Anghiera. _See_ Martyr.

Anian, early use of the name, 445; on the Asiatic coast, 445.

Anian, Gulf of, 454.

Anian Regnum, 452, 454, 459, 472.

Anian, Straits of, origin of the name, 445; first on maps, 449; mentioned, 445, 451, 453, 454, 455, 459, 461, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467; Goldson on, 456.

Anson, _Voyages_, 467.

Antarctic continent, 119, 433, 454, 457; (Terra Australis), 459.

Antichthones, 180.

Antigua, 197; abandoned, 199. _See_ Santa Maria.

Antilhas, 108.

Antilles (Antiglie), 220; (Entillas), 226; first named, 38.

Antillia, 105, 115; (Antiglie), 121; (island), 36, 38.

Antischia, 584.

Antonio, _Bibliotheca Hisp. nova_, 575.

Antonio de la Ascension, 460.

Antwerp, _Bull. de la Soc. geog._, 59.

Anza, 468.

Apalche, 281.

Apalache Bay, 243, 283, 288.

Apalaches, 295.

Apianus, Petrus (Bienewitz), _Cosmog. liber_, 173, 174, 182; _Declaratio typi cosmographici_, 176, 182; account of him, 182; annotated by G. Frisius, 183; later editions, 184, 185, 186; his likeness, from Reusner, 179; another likeness, 185; bibliography of, 180, etc.; his map (1520), 122, 173, 182; fac-simile of it, 183.

Apollonius, Levinus, _De Peruviæ regionis_, 576.

Apurimac, 520.

Arabs, their marine charts, 94.

Aragon, archives of, ii.; chronicles of, 68.

Arana, Diego de, 10; _Bibliog. de obras anón._, 66, 289.

Araucanians, 524, 548; wars of, 561, 573; poem on, by Ercilla, 571.

Araucaria, 562.

Arauco, 524.

Arbadaos, 244.

Arbolancha, Pedro de, 196, 211.

Archæological Institute of America, _Reports_, 502.

Arche, 491.

_Archivo dos Açores_, 40.

_Archivo Mexicano_, 398.

Arciniega, Sancho de, 278.

Arctic Ocean (mare septentrionale incognito), 451.

Ardoino, Ant. defence of C. de Vaca, 286; _Exámen_, 286.

Arellano, C. d’, 258.

Arellano, Tristan d’, 213, 482, 486, 489, 504; attacked, 495.

Arenas (Cape), 281.

Arequipa, 519, 558, 559; founded, 523.

Argensola, _Anales de Aragon_, 91; _Conq. de las islas Malucas_, 616.

Arguello, Hernando de, 213.

Arias, Gomez, 503; seeks De Soto, 253.

Aribau, B. C., 584.

Arica, 519.

Aristotle, 24; _De mundo_, 26.

Arizona, 477.

Arkansas Indians, 294.

Armas, J. L. de, _Las Cenizas de Colon_, 82.

Armendariz, 581, 582.

Armor of Columbus’ time (cut), 4; of Cortés’ time, 360; Spanish, 539, 544, 550.

Arms of Spanish towns and provinces, 409.

Arnim, T., _Das alte Mexico_, 362, 428.

Arrowsmith, his maps show Lake Parima, 589.

Arthus, Gothard, 420; _India orientalis_, 616.

Arx Carolina, 269.

Ascension Bay in Yucatan, 203.

Asensio, J. M., _Los restos de Colon_, 82.

Asia, in Pomponius Mela’s map, 180.

Asian theory, 42. _See_ America.

Aspa, Ant. de, 89.

Asseline, David, _Antiquitéz de Dieppe_, 34.

Astaburriaga, F. S., 573.

Astete, Miguel, his narrative, 566.

Astrolabe, 96; picture of, 96.

Astronomers, important on early voyages, 148.

Atabillos, Marquis of, 522.

Atacama, 559; desert, 524.

Atacames, 508.

Atahualpa, 514; portraits of, 515, 516; made prisoner, 516; offers ransom, 517, 566; murdered, 517.

Atienza, Blas de, 520; with Balbóa, 520.

Atienza, Blas de (son), _Relacion_, 520.

Atlantic Ocean, names of, 36; called “Mare del Nort”, 451.

Atlantis, 37.

Atrato (river), 198, 509.

_Atti della Soc. Ligure di Storia Patria_, 106, 616.

Attwood’s Bay, 56.

Aubin manuscripts, 418.

Audiencia, 348; of New Spain, 387; of San Domingo, 382.

Augustinian friars, 399.

_Ausland_, _das_, 9, 66, 103.

Aute (harbor), 243.

Auto da fé in Peru, 557.

Autun, d’, 28.

Avavares (Indians), 244.

Avendaño, Diego de, 343.

Avila, Alonso de, 351, 429, 520.

Avila, Pedro Arias d’, 505; governor of Nicaragua, 508. _See_ Pedrárias.

Avila. _See_ Davila, Gil Gonzales.

Axacan, 260, 282.

Ayala, Pedro de, 518.

Ayays, 253.

Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, of St. Domingo, 238; on the Florida coast, 240; land of, 221; in Virginia, 241; dies, 241; authorities on, 285; map of his explorations, 285.

Ayora, 197.

Azevedo (Jesuit), 278.

Azores, 105, 115, 451; in 1541, 177; _Archivo dos Açores_, 40; rediscovered, 38.

Aztec civilization, described by Prescott, 425; doubted by Wilson, 427.

Aztec literature, 417.

Aztecs before the Conquest, as described by Sahagun, 416; driven from Mexico, 445.

BABUECA, 127.

Baccalaos, 128, 432, 434, 436; (Bacalaos), 223, 228, 446; (Bacalar), 126; (Baccallaos), 435; (Bacallaos), 435; (Bacaalear), 432; (Baccalearum regio), 177, 433; (Bacalhos), 446; (Baccalos), 451; (Baqualan), 450; map of, 435.

Bachiler, _Apuntes para la hist. de Cuba_, 230.

Backer, _La compagnie de Jésus_, 420.

Backstaff, 98, 100. _See_ Cross-staff.

Bacon, Fr., _Life of Henry VII._, 3.

Bacon, Roger, 28; _Opus Majus_, 28.

Badajos, Gonzalo de, 198.

Badajos, Congress of, 439.

Baerle, K. van, edits Herrera, 461.

Baez, 282.

Baguet, “Ces restes de Colomb”, 82.

Bahamas (Banama), 217; discovered, 233; number of, 53; map, 55; slaves taken at, 236.

Bahia de Cavallos, 243.

Bahia de la Cruz (Apalache), 243, 288.

Balbóa, M. C., _Histoire du Peru_, 576.

Balbóa, Vasco Nuñez de, 193; hears of the Southern Sea, 194; discovers it, 176, 195, 211, 217, 436, 439, 505; his trial, 197; executed, 199, 212, 213; authorities on, 210; portrait, 195.

Balbuena, _El Bernardo_, 430.

Baldelli, _Milione di Marco Polo_, 156.

Baldi, _C. Colombo_, 69.

Baldwin, C. C., 457; _Prehistoric Nations_, 25.

Ballenar, 524.

Balsas, Rio, 198.

Bamba, river, 521.

Banchero, G., iv.; ed. of _Codice_, 72.

Bancroft, Geo., on Prescott, 427.

Bancroft, H. H., his manuscripts, viii; on Herrera, 67; his _Early American Chroniclers_, 207; his authorities on Mexican history, 399; criticism of Prescott, 425; his lists of books on Mexico, 430; his _Native Races_, 502; _History of Pacific States_, 502; _North Mexican States_, 502; _Central America_, 207, 502, 578; _Mexico_, 428, 429, 502; _California_, 502; _Northwest Coast_, 502; _New Mexico and Arizona_, 502.

Banda, 591.

Bandelier, A. F., on Chimalpain, 412; bibliography of Yucatan, 215, 429, 430; _Historical Introduction to Studies among the Sedentary Indians_, 477, 502; and the _Codex Chimalpopoca_, 418; _Ruins in the Valley of Pecos_, 488.

Bandini, A. M., _Vita di Vespucci_, 131, 154.

Banks, Sir Joseph, 226.

Baranda, vii.

Barbosa, Duarte, _Sommario_, 613.

Barburata, 581.

Barcelona, archives at, ii.

Barcia, Andres Gonzales, _Ensayo cronológico_, 283; _Historiadores primitivos_, 401; edits Herrera, 67; edits G. de la Vega’s _Florida_, 290; edits Torquemada, 422.

Barco, Pedro del, 517.

Barentz, 460.

Barlæus, _Novus Orbis_, 67.

Barlow, S. L. M., prints Harrisse’s _Notes on Columbus_, viii.; his library, 48.

Baronius, _Annales_, 592.

Barreiros, _De Ophira regione_, 154.

Barrio-Nuevo, F. de, 212, 495.

Barros, Arana Diego de, _Collection d’ouvrages inédits ou rares sur l’Amérique_, 573; _Proceso de Valdivia_, 569; _Coleccion de historiadores de Chile_, 572; book on Magellan, 617.

Barros, João de, _Asia_, 90.

Barrow, _Chronological History of Voyages_, 33, 455.

Barry, J. J., on Columbus, 69.

Bartlett, J. R., on C. de Vaca’s route, 287; on early printing in Mexico, 400.

Bartolozzi, F., _Ricerche circa scoperte di Vespucci_, 162; _Relazione_, 162.

Basanier, 293, 298.

Basle, treaty of, 80.

Basos, 449.

Bassin de Sandacourt, 145, 164.

Bastidas, Rodrigo, 109, 189, 581; authorities on his voyage, 206, 207; his voyage, 22, 204.

Bauçault bay, 606.

Baudoin, J., 575.

Bautista, Joan, pilot, 616.

Bayuera, C., _Copia de la lettera per Colombo_, 62.

Bazan, Pedro de, 241.

Bazares, Guido de, 257.

Beaupré, 614.

Becerra, Diego, 198, 441.

Becher, _Landfall of Columbus_, 54.

Bede, 28.

Behaim, Martin, his career, 104; his claim to early discoveries, 34; his map of Magellan’s straits, 35, 604; improves the astrolabe, 97; on the African coast, 41; portrait, 104; his globe, 25, 104; section of, 105; described, 105.

Behring on the Asiatic coast, 464; his straits, 468.

Béjar, duque de, 390.

Belen, river, 22.

Belgrano, L. T., _Ossa di Colombo_, 83.

Belknap, Dr. Jeremy, on Columbus, 68; his _American Biography_, 68.

Bellegarde, Abbé de, 341.

Bellegarde, _Histoire universelle_, 410.

Bellero, Juan, 186; his map, 227, 412.

Bellin, Nic., his map of California, 468.

Belloro, G. T., on Columbus’ birthplace, 84; _Notizie_, 84.

Belloy, Marquis de, _Colomb_, 69.

Benaduci, Lorenzo Boturini, 2; his manuscripts, 397, 418; _Idea de una nueva historia_, etc., 418, 429; _Catalogo_, 429.

Benalcazar, Seb., 196, 538, 580.

Beneventanus, Marcus, 121, 154.

Benincasa, Andreas, portolano, 38.

Benzoni, Girolamo, 346; _Historia del mondo nuovo_, 346, 347; its bibliography, 347; his portrait, 347; _Nuovamente ristampata_, etc., 347; on Columbus, 67; _Novæ novi orbis historiæ libri_, 297, 347; in De Bry, 347; _Der newenn Weldt_, 347; German versions, 347; Dutch versions, 347; English versions, 347.

Berardi, Juanoto, 131, 142.

Berckman, A., 184.

Berendt, C. H., 402.

Bergenroth, G. A., edits Rolls Series, i.; _Calendar of Letters_, etc., i.; finds a Columbus letter, 47; _Calendar of State Papers_, 47; on Isabella, 5.

Bergomas, _Supplementum supplementi_, 64. _See_ Foresti.

Beristain, _Bibliotheca Hispano-Americano_, 429.

Berlin, Catalogue of manuscripts in the library at, 449; Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, 93; _Berliner Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde_, 579.

Bermuda, 224, 451, 453; (1511), 110; (1529), 221; (1544), 227; (1556), 228; first seen, 155; (Belmudo), 229; in the early maps, 225.

Bernaldez, Andrés, _Historia de los reyes católicos_, 47, 83.

Bernalillo, 488.

Bernard, A. J., _Geofroy Tory_, 181.

Berreo, Ant. de, 586.

Berrio, 236.

Berthoud, E. L., 467.

Bertrand in _Journal des Savants_, 471.

Berwick, Duke of, 88.

Betanzos, Juan de, 546.

Beteta, Father Gregory de, 255.

Bianco, Andrea, his sea-chart, 38, 94.

_Bibliophile Belge_, 50.

_Biblioteca de los Americanistas_, 398, 419.

Biblioteca Colombina, 65.

Biblioteca Cosatenense, 159.

_Biblioteca histórica de la Iberia_, 408, 411.

_Biblioteca nacional y extranjera_, 428.

_Biblioteca Valenciana_, iii.

_Bibliotheca Thottiana_, 171.

_Bibliothek des literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart_, 579.

_Bibliothèque Elzévirienne_, 293.

Biedma, Luys Hernandez de, _Relacion_, 289, 290; autog., 290.

Bienewitz. _See_ Apianus.

Bigotes, 487, 488, 491.

Bimini, 110, 217, 231, 283; fountain at, 232; name transferred to Mexico, 447.

Biobio river, 532.

Biondelli, 415.

Biondo, _De ventis et navigatione_, 421.

Birú, 198, 199, 505, 509; visited by Andagoya, 506. _See_ Peru.

Bison, 477; the range of, 244. _See_ Buffalo.

Blaeu, _Atlas_, 587; his maps of California, 467.

Blanco, Cape, 40, 280, 461; (Blamquo), 448.

Blome, _Description_ (1670), 466.

Bobadilla, 20, 21, 189.

Bobadilla, Friar Fr. de, 526.

Bobadilla, Isabel del, 197.

Boca del Drago, 187.

Boca de Términos, 203.

Bocchi, Francesco, _Libri elogiorum_, 154.

Bœmus, Johannes, _Omnium gentium mores_, 615.

Boesnier, _Le Mexique conquis_, 430.

Bogotá, 581; Federmann and others at, 579.

Bohan, 531.

Boissard, _Icones_, 67; _Bibliotheca_, etc., 67, 73.

Bojador, Cape, 40.

Bollaert, Wm., 582.

Bonhomme, M., 186.

Boni, G., _Biblioteca Estense_, 107.

Bonnefoux, Baron de, _Vie de Colomb_, 69.

Bontier, 36.

_Bookworm_, 48.

Borde, P. G. L., _L’île de Trinidad_, 587.

Borja, J. H. de, 562.

Borroméo, Fred., Cardinal, 57, 614.

Bory de Saint-Vincent, _Les Isles Fortunées_, 36.

Bos, Van den, _Leven en Daden_, 68.

Bosschaert, 162.

Bossi, L., _Vita di Colombo_, 68.

Boston, a ship from, alleged to be met by De Fonte, 462.

Botero, _Relaciones_, 461.

Boturini. _See_ Benaduci.

Bouguer, 590.

Boulenger, Louis, 120.

Bourke, J. G., on Coronado, 503.

Bourne, _Regiment of the Sea_, 98.

Bowen, his map, 468.

Braba, 495.

Bracamoras, 527.

Bradford Club publications, 290.

Braga, John of, 596.

Branco river, 587.

Brant, Seb., portrait, 59; _Narrenschiff_, 58.

Brantôme, _Grands capitaines_, 298.

Brasilie, 118, 119. _See_ Brazil.

Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Popul-Vuh_, 25; on Spanish cruelty, 343; his authority, 418; _Nations civilisées_, 418, 428; on the manuscript of Bernal Diaz, 428; edits Bishop Landa’s _Relation_, 429; his library, 418, 430; _Codex Chimalpopoca_, 418.

Braun and Hogenberg, _Civitates_, 378; _Cités du Monde_, 378.

Bravo, Melchor, 542, 545, 551.

Brazil, 228, 435, 436, 437, 446; bibliography of, 617; cut off by line of demarcation, 596; first visited, 150; in the Lenox globe, 123, 170; map of coast (1522), 598; natives of, 597; cannibals, 597; called _Terra Sanctæ Crucis_, 169, 219; (Prisilia), 121; (Bresilia), 459. _See_ Prisilia, Brasilie, Bresilia.

Breckenridge, H. M., _Early Discoveries in New Mexico_, 502.

Bresil (island), 36, 451, 453.

Bresilia, 433. _See_ Brazil.

Breusing, _Gerhard Kremer_, 471.

Breusing, A., _Zur Geschichte der Kartographie_, 55.

Brevoort, J. C., on Spanish-American documents, i, vii; on Muñoz, iii; _Remains of Columbus_, 82; on the arms of Columbus, 88; on the bibliography of Cortés, 411; on the bibliography of Gomara, 414; on Viscaino, 461.

Breydenbach, B. de, his _Peregrinationes_, 8, 10.

Briceño, Alonzo, 510.

Briggs, Master, his map in Purchas, 462, 466.

Brinton, D. G., 279, 282; _Aboriginal American Literature_, 419; _Floridian Peninsula_, 283.

British Museum, Spanish documents in, vii; _Index to Manuscripts_, vii; _Catalogue of Spanish Manuscripts_, vii.

Brito, Ant., 616.

Brovius, 592.

Brown, Rawdon, _Calendar of State Papers_, 1; and the Venetian archives, viii; discovery of letters respecting Vespucius, 152.

Bruzen, la Martinière, _Introduction à l’histoire_, 468.

Buache, 468; _Considérations géographiques_, 461; _Découvertes de l’Amiral de Fonte_, 463; and Kino’s map, 467; on Maldonado, 455.

Buell, Bernardus, 58.

Buena Ventura, 509, 536.

Buffalo, early pictures (1542), of, 477, 488, 489; first Spanish knowledge of, 487. _See_ Bison.

Buga, 509.

Buil (or Boil), 16.

Bull of demarcation, 592; the line moved, 592, 596. _See_ Alexander VI.: Demarcation.

Bullart, Isaac, 73.

_Bulletin de la Société d’Anvers_, 82.

Bunbury, _History of Ancient Geography_, 95.

Bürck, August, _Magellan_, 593, 617.

Buriel opposes Delisle’s views on De Fonte, 463.

Burke, Edmund, _European Settlements in America_, 424.

Burney, _South Sea Voyages_, 461.

Burton, _Hans Stade_, 616.

Bustamante, Carlos Maria de, 398; edits Cavo’s _Tres Siglos_, 428; publishes Chimalpain, 412.

Butler, J. D., on the naming of America, 178; on portraits of Columbus, 71.

Büttner, 221.

Byington, _Choctaw Definer_, 258.

Bynneman, Henry, 414.

CABALLERO, Diego, 239.

Caballero, oration on Columbus, 81.

Cabeza de Vaca, 503; at Culiacan, 474; _Relacion_, 499. _See_ Vaca.

Cabezudo, J. R., 90.

Cabo. _See_ Cape.

Cabo, Deseado, 608.

Cabo Frio, 596. _See_ Frio.

Cabot, Sebastian, compared with Columbus, 99; his records of longitude, 100; his map, 113, 227, 243; on Vespucius, 154; was he on the Florida coast, 231; apparently ignorantof Gomez’ voyage, 242; testifies in the Columbus lawsuit, 242; at La Plata, 440; an Italian, 2; with his father discovers North America, 135; thought it different from Asia, 136.

Cabral discovers Brazil, 24, 156, 169, 205.

Cabrera, Bueno, his _Navegacion_, 453.

Cabrera, Cristóbal, _Manual de adultos_, 400.

Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez, on the California coast, 444, 481.

Cabusto, 250.

Cacama, 364.

Cadamosto, 40.

Cadodaguios, 294.

Cadoret, E., _Vie de Colomb_, 65, 69.

Caicedo, 194, 209, 210.

Caicos, 233.

Cakchiquels, 383.

Calancha, Ant. de la, _Coronica_, 570.

Caldera, 524.

Calderon de la Barca, 427.

Calderon de la Barca, Juan, in Chili, 531.

Calendars, published by English Government, i.

Cali, 509.

Calicut, 42.

California, coast of, in maps, 447, etc.; map by Dudley, 465; discovered by Cortés, 393; origin of name, 443; history by Clavigero, 425.

California (gulf), map of, by Cortés, 442; called Gulf of Cortés, 443; Red Sea, 443; (Mer Vermiglio), 228; map of, by Castillo, 443; by Cabot, 447; by Freire, 448; (Mar Vermeio), 449; map by Wytfliet, 458.

California (peninsula), Kino’s explorations, 467; early thought to be an island, 442; then held to be a peninsula, 445; so shown on various maps, 445, etc.; omitted on others, 446; represented very broad, 228; distorted in shape, 452; by Wytfliet, 458; later reputed to be an island, 461; maps showing it as peninsula, 461; earliest insularizing of it, 461; early suspicions of its insularity, 461; in Briggs’s map, 462; an island on a captured Spanish chart, 462; a peninsula in De Laet, 462; an island, 466; varied views, 467.

Caliquen, 246.

Callao, 519.

Callender, _Voyages to Terra Australis_, 162.

Caluça, 251.

Calvet de Estella, “De rebus gestis Cortesii”, 397.

Calveton. _See_ Chauveton.

Cam, Diego, 41; on the African coast, 35.

Camargo, Diego de, at Pánuco, 238; Muñoz, account of, 418; his History of Tlaxcala, 418; his expedition, 284; names of his followers, 415.

Camaron, Josef, 261.

Cambiasi, Count, his sale, iv.

Camercane (islands), 177.

Camers, John, edits Mela, 182; edits Solinus, 173.

Campanius, on California, 466.

Campe, Friedrich, _Zum Andenken Pirkheimers_, 102.

Campeche, 201, 203.

Campi, _Historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza_, 84.

Canada, 451, 453.

_Canadian Monthly_, 97.

Canaries (islands), 8, 105, 177, 451; as first meridian, 95; bibliography of, 36; settled by Béthencourt, 36. _See_ Fortunate Islands.

Canasagua, 247.

Cañate (town), founded, 547.

Cañate. _See_ Mendoza.

Cañaveral, 277.

Cañaveral, Cape, 263, 264, 295.

Cancelada, Counts of, 569.

Cancellieri, F. G., _Diss. sopro Colombo_, viii, 65, 73, 84.

Cancer de Barbastro, Luis, and the Indians, 254; in Florida, 255; killed, 255.

Cancheto, 187.

Cancio, 233.

Candia, P. de, 510, 512, 528, 536.

Canico. _See_ Cancio.

Canizares, _El Pleyto de Cortés_, 430.

Cannibals, 175, 220, 303, 329; of Brazil, 597; picture of, 19, 598.

Cannon, of Cortés’ time, 352; cast in Mexico, 380.

Cano, Francisco, 504.

Cano, Melchior, 315.

Canoe, Indian (cut), 17; described by Pigafetta, 596.

Canovai, S., _Elogio di Vespucci_, 155; various publications on Vespucius, 155.

Cantino, Alberto, his map, 43, 107, 231; sketch, 108; illustrates Vespucius’ voyage, 156; type of, 122.

Cantipratensis, _De rerum natura_, 28.

Canto, Ernesto do, _Archivo dos Açores_, 38; _Os Corte-Reaes_, 107.

Cantù, _Storia universale_, 83.

Canzio, M., 78.

Cape. _See_ Arenas, Blanco, Bojador, Cañaveral, Corrientes, Good Hope, Gracias a Dios, Hatteras, Mendocino, Mesurado, Non, Passado, Race, Roman, Roxo, Rostro, St. Augustin, St. Helena, St. Roman, San Francisco, Santa Maria, Stormy, Tiburon, Trafalgar. _See also_ Cabo.

Cape Breton (Berton), 451, 453.

Cape De Verde Islands, 39, 105, 115.

Cape Gracias á Dios, 353.

Cape Race (Ras), 453.

Cape St. Lucas (de Balena), 458.

Cape St. Vincent, fight at, 1, 2.

Capiapa, 559.

“Capitana”, ship, 20.

Capponi. _See_ Gino.

Capriolo, _Ritratti_, 72.

Caravantes, F. L. de, 566.

Caravels, 7, 48.

Carbajal, F. de, joins Gonzalo Pizarro, 537; leads Vaca de Castro’s army, 536; executed, 542.

Carbajal, _Mexico_, 73.

Carballido y Zuniga. _See_ Barcia.

Cardenas, 496.

Cardenas y Cano, _Florida_, 575. _See_ Barcia.

Cárdenas, F. de, his _Coleccion_, vii.

Cardenas, Garcia Lopez de, 484, 488.

Cárdenas, Luis de, 397.

Carderera, V., _Retratos de Colon_, 70.

Cardona, Nicolas de, 461.

Careta, 195.

Caribana (punta), 189.

Caribbee Islands, 16.

Carillo, Luis, 198.

Carleton, J. H., _Excursion to the Ruins of Abo_, etc., 494.

Carlos (Indian chief), 279, 282.

Carlos. _See_ Charles.

Carlyle, Thomas, on Prescott’s letters, 427.

Carmona, Alonzo de, 290.

Caroline. _See_ Fort Caroline.

Carpenter, his _Geography_, 462.

Carrion, A. de, 511.

Cartagena, 190, 191, 209, 581; view of, 192; taken by Lago, 584; plundered, 262.

_Cartas de Indias_, viii, 567; map in, 222.

Carthagena, Juan de, 592, 599, 604, 607.

Carthagena. _See_ Cartagena.

Cartier, watched by Spanish spies, 254.

Carvajal, A. S. de, factor of Columbus, iv.

Carvajal, B. de, 57.

Carver, the traveller, 469; his _Travels_, 469.

Casa de la Contratacion, 57, 348.

Casa Grande, 482, 502.

Casas, pursues Olid, 384.

Caseneuve, 1; (admiral), 86.

Casoni, _Annali di Genova_, 83, 90.

Casqui, 251.

Cass, Lewis, on Aztec civilization, 427.

Cassanare River, 586.

Cassano Serra, Duke de, 450.

Cassaquiari Canal, 581, 582.

Cassava bread, 598.

Castañeda, Gabriel, on the Conquest of the Chichimecs, 419.

Castañeda, Pédro de, _Relation_, 500.

Castaño de Sosa, Gaspar, 504.

Castellani, 342; _Catalogo_, 435.

Castellanos, Juan de, his portrait, 583; _Elegias_, 78, 583.

Castilla del Oro, 88, 169, 221, 459, 505; map of, 190, 191.

Castilla Nueva, 212. _See_ New Castile.

Castillo, 244; fac-simile of his map of California, 444.

Castro, Lope Garcia de, governor of Peru, 551; his life, 570.

Castro, Vaca de, his letters, 567; his life by Herrera, 567.

Cat Island, 55.

Catalan mappemonde, 38, 94.

Catalutla, 392.

Catamaran, 611.

Cataneo on Columbus, 64.

Catesby, _Carolina_, 53.

Cathay, 41, 105.

Catoche, 384; (punta), 201, 236.

Caulin, Ant., _Hist. Nueva Andalucia_, 587.

Caupolican, 548, 549.

Cavendish, 464; on Pacific coast, 456; captures Viscaino, 460.

Cavo, Andrés, _Tres siglos de México_, 428.

Caxamalca, 558.

Caxamarca, 514, 516, 519.

Cayas, 251.

Centeno, Diego, 538, 541.

Cenú, expedition to, 208; (river), 189.

Cepeda, 537, 538, 540, 541.

Cepeda and Carillo, _Ciudad de México_, 375.

Cermeñon, 453.

Ceron, George, 259.

Cerpa, Diego Fernando de, 586.

Cervantes, Ant. de, 240.

Cespedes, A. G. de, _Reg. de Navigation_, 45, 461.

Chachapoyas, 519, 528; founded, 523.

Chaco, Rio, 502.

Chac-xulub-chen, chronicle of, 419.

Chaix, Paul, _Bassin du Mississipi_, 287.

Chalco, 369.

Challcuchima, 520.

Challeux, Nicolas le (Challus), at Fort Caroline, 296; _Discours_, 296; _Histoire mémorable_, 296; _True and Perfect Description_, 296; edited by Gravier, 296; _De Gallorum Expeditione_, 297.

Champlain, his astrolabe, 97.

Champoton, 203.

Chamuscado, F. S., 504.

Chanaral, 524.

Chanca, Dr., 57; on Columbus’ second voyage, 89.

Channing, Edw., “Companions of Columbus”, 187.

Chapultepec, 374.

Charcas, 523, 525.

Charles III. (Spain), his care of documents, ii.

Charles V. (Spain), forms archives of Simancas, i.

Charles V. (Emperor), 88; autog., 289, 372; gives a map to Philip II., 222, 445, 446; portrait in Jovius, 371; in Herrera, 373; portrait in title of a Latin _Cortés_, 409.

Charlesfort (Port Royal), 260, 274; abandoned, 262.

Charlevoix on Columbus’ birth, 83; _Isle Espagnole_, 88.

Charlotte Islands, 463.

Charton, his list of sources of Mexican history, 399; _Voyageurs_, 10, 71.

Chaumette des Fossé, _Catalogue_, 576.

Chauveton, Urbain, 297; translates Benzoni, 347.

Chavanne, Dr. J., 222.

Chaves, Diego de, 518.

Chaves, F. de, 518, 520, 527; murdered, 534.

Chaves, Hieronymus, his map, 281; description of the Atlantic coast, 292.

Chelaque, 247.

Cherokees, 247.

Chesapeake Bay visited by Spaniards, 240, 260, 282.

Chevalier, M., _Mexique ancien et moderne_, 428.

Chia, 491.

Chiaha, 247.

Chiametla, 442, 482.

Chibchas, 581.

Chicaça, 250.

Chicama, 519.

Chichilticalli, 482, 487.

Chilaga, 459.

Chilca, 558.

Childe, E. V., translates Santarem’s _Vespuce_, 178.

Chili, 228, 436, 459; _Anales de in Universedad_, 56; coast, 460; “Conquest and Settlement of”, by Markham, 505; its earlier history, 524; sketch-map of the Conquest, 524; wars with Araucanians, 547; Valdivia defeated, 549; Villagra, governor, 549; G. H. de Mendoza, governor, 549; Villagra, governor, 551; Quiroga, governor, 551; audiencia of, 551; Wytfliet’s map, 559; Sotomayor, governor, 561; Loyola, governor, 561; sources of information, 571; _Varias relaciones del Peru y Chile_, 576. _See_ Almagro, Valdivia.

Chillan, 524.

Chiloe, archipelago, 549.

Chimalhuacan, 369.

Chimalpain, _Cronica Mexicana_, 418; translates Gomara, 412; Bustamante supposes it a native text, 412; Bandelier deceived, 412.

Chimborazo, 509.

Chinan. _See_ Golfo.

Chincha, 228, 519, 526, 558.

Chiquito (Colorado), 483.

Chira River, 515, 519.

Chirino, Pedro, _Islas Filipinas_, 616.

Chisca, 248, 251.

Choco Bay, 509.

Choctaco Bluff, 291.

_Choix de documents géog. à la bibl. nat._, 38.

Cholula, 358, 362.

Chronometer, 101.

Chuchama, 506, 507, 509.

Chucuito, 538.

Chupas, 536; battle of, 567.

Chuquinga, 519; battle at, 545.

Cia, 491.

Cianca, Andres de, 542.

Cibola, 477, 478, 480, 528; identified, 483; the district of, 483; map of, 485; expedition to, 503; seven cities, 458; various identifications of, 501, 502, 503.

Ciboletta, 501.

Cicuyé, 487, 488.

Cieza de Leon, Pedro de, 541; career, 568; fate of his manuscripts, 568; _La guerra de Quito_, 568; bibliography of, 573; _Parte primera de la chronica del Peru_, 573; various translations, 574; Parts II., III., and IV., 574; copy of manuscript in Lenox Library, 574; _Tercero libro_, 574.

Cignatao, 224.

Ciguatan, 449, 473, 474, 499.

Cimarrones, 582.

Cimber et Danjon, _Archives curieuses_, 296.

Cinnamon, Land of, 528, 581.

Cipango, 8, 24, 25, 105, 116; described by Marco Polo, 29; (Cimpangi), 128; (Zipangri), 118, 119, 121; (Zipagri), 120; (Zipancri), 123; (Zipugna), 124. _See_ Japan.

Circourt, A. de, 66.

Cisneros, Diego, _Ciudad de Mexico_, 378.

Citri, Bon André de, 424.

Citri de la Guette, 289.

Civezza, Marcellino da, _Missions Franciscaines_, 3.

_Civiltà cattolica_, 69.

Cladera, C., _Investigaciones históricas_, 35, 78, 83, 105.

Clarke, _Progress of Maritime Discovery_, 40.

Clavigero, F. S., account of, 425; his _Messico_, 425; _California_, 425; _Hist. antigua de Méjico_, 425; _Gesch. von Mexico_, 425; _History of Mexico_, translated by Cullen, 425; portrait, 425; his list of books on Mexico, 430.

Clavus, Claudius, 28.

Clemencin on the value of ancient Spanish money, 517.

Clement, _Bibliog. curieuse_, 182.

Clement VII., portrait, 407.

Clemente, C., _Tablas_, 9.

Clerigo. _See_ Las Casas.

Climatic lines, 95.

Clinton, De Witt, on the Spaniards at Onondaga, 283.

Club, Indian (cut), 16.

Cnoyen, 95.

Cobo, Bernabé, _Fundacion de Lima_, 567.

Coça, 248, 258.

Coça River, 528.

Cochiti, 491.

Cocleius, Johannes, 182.

Coco, 487.

_Codex Ramirez_, 375.

Codine, Jules, _Découverte de la côte d’Afrique_, 40; _La mer des Indes_, 40, 94.

Coelho, Gonzalo, his voyage, 151, 162.

Cofitachiqui, 251.

Cogolludo, D. L., _Yucathan_, 214, 429.

Coiba, 509.

_Coin-Collectors’ Journal_, 470.

Cole, Humphrey, invented the log, 98.

_Coleccion de doc. inéd. para la historia España_, vii.

_Coleccion de doc. inédit. (Españolas en América)_, edited by Pacheco, etc., vii, 498.

_Coleccion de libras raros ó curiosos_, 577.

Coles, Juan, 290.

Coligny, lives of, 298.

Coligua, 251.

Colin, edition of Herrera, 67; _Nieuwe Werelt_, 67.

Collao, 519, 524, 528, 558.

Colo-colo, 548.

Cologne, _Coronica van Coellen_, 59.

Colmeiro, M., _Los restos de Colon_, 82.

Colmenares, Rodrigo Enriquez, 193, 210.

Colombo. _See_ Columbus; Colon.

Colombo family, genealogical table, 87; lawsuit, 88; Harrisse on, 89.

Colombo, F. G., 72.

Colombo, Luigi, _Patria del Ammireglio_, 84.

Colon. _See_ Columbus, Colombo.

_Colon en Quisqueya_, 65, 82.

Colon, Luis, 65, 66; renounces his rights, 88.

Colon, Pedro, 65.

Colorado (river), 468, 469, 485, 486; ascended by Alarcon, 443.

Columbia proposed as name for the United States, 178.

Columbia River, 469, 470.

Columbus. _See_ Colon; Colombo.

Columbus, Bartholomew, 88; on the African coast, 41; takes a map to England, 102; arrives in Hispaniola, 17; on the Honduras coast, 22; in Lisbon, 1; in England, 3; portrait, 86; memoir, 86.

Columbus, Christopher, birth, 1; date of birth, 83, 89; place of birth, 83, 89; his father, 89; of humble origin, 84, 89; genealogy of his family, 87; signification of his name, 135; his piratical career, 1; sells maps, 3; his marriage, 2, 90; his geographical theories, 3, 24; as to size of globe, 24; as to shape of globe, 99; his notes on D’Ailly, 29; on Æneas Sylvius, 32; his argument from trees drifted ashore, 35; his alleged intercourse with Spanish pilot, 33; proposes to Ferdinand and Isabella, 3; made high admiral, 5; would rescue the Holy Sepulchre, 5; his voyages (collectively), 109; map of the four voyages, 60, 61, 67; his first voyage, 8, 46, 131; his ships, 7; number of his men, 10; money raised, 91; his track (map), 9; his attempt to ascertain longitude by the needle’s declination, 100; landfall, 9, 52, 92; his prayer, 9; supposed he had reached Asia, 136; usual ascription of his discovery, 183, 598; builds fort in Hayti, 10; return voyage, 11; his reception, 12; news of the discovery carried to Italy, 48; effect in Europe, 56; his second voyage, 15, 131; observes eclipse of the moon, 98; returns to Spain, 18; authorities on second voyage, 57; his third voyage, 19, 133, 142; gets information of the Pacific, 211; Roldan’s revolt, 20; Bobadilla arrives, 20; put in chains, 20; returns to Spain, 20; authorities on third voyage, 58; his fourth voyage, 20, 191; loses an anchor, 59; authorities on fourth voyage, 59; his associations with places (Barcelona), 56, (Costa Rica), 21, (Cuba), 10, (Genoa), 2, 90, (Hayti), 10, (Honduras), 21, (Ireland), 2, 33, (Jamaica), 22, 201, (Palos), 90, (Pavia), 90, (Portugal), 2, 90, (Rabida), 3, 90, (Salamanca), 4, 91, (Santa Fé), 5, (Segovia), 23; dies obscurely, 23, 78, 167; house where he died, 23; burial, 78; remains removed to St. Domingo, 80; supposed reinterment at Havana, 81; his will, 65; the lawsuit of his heirs, 10, 204; his connection with Beatrix Enriquez, 4, 64; his characteristics, 23, 24; inexactness, 91; makes slaves of the natives, 303; imagined himself inspired, 24; compared with Cabot, 99; personal relations and reciprocal influence with Cabot, 136; with Toscanelli, 2, 90; with Vespucius, 131, 142, 149, 178; his companions, 187; his fame, 65; early references to, 57, 62, 64; poems and dramas on, 68; efforts to canonize him, 69; Roselly de Lorgues’ efforts, 69; his name suggested for the New World, 169, 174; authorities on his career, 24; documents, i, vii, viii; his letters-patent, iii; his privileges, 86; the “admiral’s map”, 113; other maps connected with him, 94, 104, 113, 144; his manuscripts, 65, 89; at Genoa, iv, 77; his manuscript on Portuguese discoveries, 35; his drawing of his triumph, 12; his letters, 46, 89; first letter, early editions, 48; fac-similes of pages, 49-54; Ambrosian text, 92; other texts, 50; turned into rhyme, 51; in later shapes, 51; letters lost, ii, photographed, iv; his Journal abridged by Las Casas, 91: his printed writings, 89; _Cartas y testamento_, 52; _Copia de la lettera_, 62; _Lettera rarissima_, 62; his Journal, 46, 89, 91; _Libro de las proficias_, 24, 89; _Epistola C. Colom_ or _De insulis inventis_, 48; _Eyn Schon hübsch_, etc. 51; letters in _Cartas de Indias_, viii; his writings, edited by Torre, 46; lives and notices of, 62: (Castellanos), 584, (Dodge), iv, (Ferdinand Columbus), 64, 65, (Giustiniani), 62, (Harrisse), 88, (Irving) vi, (Navarrete), v, (Robertson), ii, (Winsor), 1; descriptions of his person, 69; likenesses, painted, engraved, and carved,—namely (Berwick-Alba), 76, (Borgoña), 76, (Capriolo), 72, 73, (Cardenas), 78, (Cogletto), 73, (Cuccaro), 72, (D’Ambras), 73, (De Bry), 73, 74, 75, (De Pas), 72, (Edwards), 78, (Florence), 72, 73, 74, (Fuchsius), 76, (Genoa), 78, (Havana), 76, 77, (Jomard), 74, 78, (Jovius), 70, (La Cosa), 71, (Lima), 78, (Madrid), 78, (Maella), 76, (Malpila), 72, (Mercuri), 73, (Montanus), 77, 79, (More), 76, (Mosaic), 73, (Opmeer), 72, (Parmigiano), 76, (Peschiera), 76, (Philoponus), 77, (New Providence), 78, (Rome), 78, (Seville), 76, 78, (Washington), 78; his coat-armor, 15, 88, 89, 105; his armor, 4; his autog., 12; his handwriting, 14; his motto, 78.

Columbus, Diego (brother of Christopher, the Admiral), 2, 16, 87, 88, 191; sent to Spain, 17; returns, 18 to Cuba, 349; his house, 88; his will, ii.

Columbus, Diego (son of the Admiral), 2, 86; a royal page, 5; lawsuit of, 144, 174; memorial on converting the Indians, 337; his remains, 80, 81.

Columbus, Ferdinand, 87, 88; career of, 65; his mother, 64; accompanies his father, 21; relations with Vespucius, 170, 174; his alleged map, 43, 206; his _Historie_, 64; discredited by Harrisse, 66, 89; defended by Stevens and D’Avezac, 66; his library, 65; his income, 65; his tomb, 65.

Columbus, Luis (grandson of the Admiral), his remains, 80, 81.

Coma, G., 58.

Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, 50.

Comogre, 505, 509.

Compass, 94; picture of, 94. _See_ Magnet; Needle.

_Compendio historiæ_, etc., 68.

Compostella, 474, 480, 481.

Cona, 493.

Conception (Chili), 524; founded, 548.

“Concepcion” (ship), 594.

Concepcion Bay, 548.

Conches, Feuillet de, 12.

Conches, Guillaume de, his _Philosophia minor_, 28.

Conchucos settled, 527.

Conibas (island), 463.

Conibas (lake), 457.

Connasauga River, 247.

_Conquista del nuevo mondo_, 575; _del Peru_, 563.

Consag, his map, 468.

Contarini, Gasparo, 617.

Conti, Natale, _Universæ historiæ libri_, 154.

Conti, V., on Montferrat, 84.

Cook, Captain James, 469.

Cooley, W. D., _Maritime Discovery_, 34.

Coosa River, 248.

Coosas, 258.

Coosawattie, 247.

Copala, 504.

_Copia delle lettere del prefetto della India_, 575.

Copiapo, 524, 528, 559.

Coppée, Henry, “Conquest of Mexico”, 375.

Coppo, his map sketched, 127; _Portolano_, 128.

Coquibacoa, 187, 189.

Coquimbo, 524, 525, 559.

Corazones, 482, 486, 496.

Cordiform projection of maps, 123.

Cordeiro, Luciano, “Les Portugais dans la découverte de l’Amérique”, 33.

Cordeyro, _Historia insulana_, 33.

Cordilleras of the Andes, 514.

Cordova, Bishop, 305.

Cordova (Cordoba), Francisco Hernandez de, 200, 201, 402; voyage to the Bahamas, 236; to Yucatan, 214; dies, 237.

Cordova, Pedro de, 310.

Cordova y Figuera, Hist. of Chili, 573.

Cordova y Salinas, 570.

Cordova (town), 3.

Corner, Francesco, 152.

Coro, 579, 581.

Coronado, F. V. de, governor of New Gallicia, 474; account of, 474, 475; seeks Topira, 480; autog., 481; commands expedition to Cibola, 481; captures the town, 483; map of his explorations, 485; arrives at Quivira, 493; ill, 496; return march, 497; sources of information, 498, 499; his letters, 500; _Relacion del suceso de la jornada_, 500; _Traslado_, etc., 500; Jaramillo’s account, 500; modern accounts, 501; his several expeditions, 503; his expedition connected with voyage on the Pacific coast, 443; hears of De Soto’s party, 292.

Coronel, 19.

Coronelli on California, 467.

Correa, Gaspar, his account of Da Gama, 44; _Lendas da India_, 616.

Correa, Juan, 208.

Correnti, Cesare, _Lettere autografe di Colombo_, 46.

Corrientes, Cape, 233, 509.

Corsica, alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Cortambert, R., _Nouvelle histoire des voyages_, 72, 83.

Cortereal, Anus, 445.

Cortereal, Gaspar, 107; at Hudson’s Straits, 445; his discovery (_Regalis domus_), 122, 123.

Cortereal, João Vas Costa, voyage to Newfoundland, 33.

Cortereale (1527), 219.

Corterealis, 177.

Cortés, Francisco, 441.

Cortés, Hernando, chapter on, by Justin Winsor, 349; commander of expedition, 204, 349; suspected by Velasquez, 351; his cannon, 352; map of his voyage, 353; sends messengers to Montezuma, 355; founds Vera Cruz, 356; foils Velasquez, 356; sends treasure to the Emperor, 356; map of his march to Mexico, 358; sinks his ships, 359; numbers of forces in all his expeditions controverted, 359; at Cholula, 362; meets Montezuma, 362; has a flotilla on the lake, 362; receives tribute from Montezuma, 365; professes to build ships to leave the country, 365; Narvaez sent against him, 365; Cortés defeats him, 367; returns to Mexico, 368; shows Montezuma to the Mexicans, 368; endeavors to leave the city, 368; the _triste noche_, 369; at Otumba, 370; retreats to Tlascala, 370; his second letter, 371; builds brigantines, 372; establishes base at Tescuco, 372; his marches round Mexico, 374; brigantines launched, 375; attacks the city, 376; captures it, 378; casts cannon, 380; sends further treasure to Spain, 382; sends jugglers to Rome, 407; receives plenary indulgence, 407; made governor and captain-general, 382; seeks passage to Asia, 411, 439; siezes Pánuco, 382; sends an expedition to Guatemala, 383; pursues Olid, 384; goes to Honduras, 384; returns to Mexico, 386; his commission suspended, 386; goes again to Spain, 387; made Marqués del Valle de Oajaca, 388; his wife dies, 389; marries a daughter of the Conde de Aguilar, 390; returns to Mexico, 391; aids Pizarro, 526; sends expeditions on the Pacific, 393; builds vessels at Tehuantepec, 393, 441; discovers California, 393, 442; last return to Spain, 395; his descendants, 395; dies, 396; his remains, 396; sources of information on his career, 397; his letters, 337, 397, 402; _Vida de Cortés_, 397; first letter, 402; its equivalents, 402; _De rebus gestis Cortesii_, 397, 402; Peter Martyr on Cortés, 402; _Newzeit_, etc., 402; _Trois lettres_, 402; _Newe Zeittung_, 402; _Ein Auszug_, etc., 403; _Translationuss_, etc., 403; second letter, 284, 403; _Carta de relaciō_, 403; _Carta de relacion_, 403; cut of Cortés before Charles V., 403; his map of the Gulf of Mexico, 404; _Præclara_, etc., 404; fac-simile of its title and reverse, 405, 406; _La preclara narratione_, 407; _Ein schöne newe Zeytung_, 408; edited by Lorenzana, 408; life by Sands, 408; _De insulis nuper inventis_, 408; fac-simile of title, 409; in Grynæeus’ _Novus orbis_, 409; _Correspondance de Cortes_, 410; _Cortesi von dem newen Hispanien_, 410; _Eroberung von Mexico_, 410; _Drei Berichte_, 410; _De Contreyen_, etc., 410; _Brieven van Cortes_, 410; _Despatches_ (Folsom’s ed.), 410; in Willes’ _History of Travayle_, 410; third letter, 410; _Carta tercera_, 410; _Tertia narratio_, 410; the “secret letter”, 411; fourth letter, 284, 411; _La quarta relacion_, 411; _Este es una carta_, etc., 411; fifth letter, 411; _Carta quinta_, 411; characteristics of his letters, 411; authorities on his Honduras expedition, 411; _Ultima carta_, 411; _Escritos sueltos_, 411; bibliography by Diaz Balceta, 411; by Harrisse, 411; by Brevoort, 411; account of, in Gomara, 412; in Bernal Diaz, 414; in Sahagun, 415; his marches shown on a map in Jourdanet’s _Bernal Diaz_, 415; names of his followers, 415; his career as drawn by Ixtlilxochitl, 417; by Camargo, 418; by Brasseur de Bourbourg, 418; by Ramirez, 419; by Vasquez, 419; by Torquemada, 421; by Solis, 424; by Robertson, 424; by Clavigero, 425; by Prescott, 425; by R. A. Wilson, 427; Life by A. Helps, 428; in fiction, 430; in drama, 430; his portraits, 72, 76, 424; in _Cortés valeroso_, 354; in Massachusetts Historical Society’s Collection, 357; in Solis, 360; in Jovius, 381; in Herrera, 389; full-length portrait, 395; medal likeness, 396; other portraits, 389; engraving by Vertue, 424; his arms, 354; his banner, 381; his armor, 390; his autog., 381.

Cortés, Martin, 95; _Arte de navegar_, 98.

Cortina, Conde de, 416.

Cosa, Juan de la, 16, 187, 189, 208, 209, 210; vignette of Saint Christopher, 71; killed, 191; with Ojeda, 144; his voyages, 206; his chart, 135, 206. _See_ La Cosa.

Cosco (Aliander, Leander), 177; his rendering of Columbus’ letter, 47.

_Cosmographiæ introductio_, fac-similes of pages, 167, etc.; (1514), 120. _See_ Waldseemüller.

Cossette, Captain, 270.

Costa Rica coast, 21; _Coleccion de doc. ined._, ix., 398. _See_ Peralta.

Costanzo, B., _Hist. Siciliana_, 67.

Cotoche, 353.

Cotolendi, _La vie de Colomb_, 66.

Cotopaxi, 509.

Council for the Indies, 310, 348. _See_ Indies.

Councils, ecclesiastical, in Mexico, records of, 399.

Court, Dr., his library, 163.

Cousin, of Dieppe, 34.

Coxa, 509.

Coxe, Daniel, _Carolana_, 467.

Coxe, William, _Russian Discoveries_, 463, 469.

Coyba, 198.

Coyohuacan, 375.

Cozamel, 203, 218, 224, 225, 351, 353, 384.

Cradock, F., _Wealth Discovered_, 3.

Cravaliz, Agost., 574.

_Crevenna Catalogue_, 171.

Crignet, epitome of Ortelius, 472.

Cristofano dell’Altissimo, 73.

Cromberger, 400.

Cromwell, Oliver, 341.

Cronabo, 187.

Crooked Island, 55, 92.

Cross-staff, 98. _See_ Backstaff.

Cuaço, Alonso de, 212.

Cuba, 106, 115, 126, 128, 228, 229, 432, 435, 437, 451, (1518), 217, (1520), 218, (1527), 220, (1529), 221, (1534), 223, (1536), 225, (1541), 177; the name applied to North America, 121; thought a part of Asia, 16, 106; bibliography of, 230; (Couba), 226; circumnavigated, 214; conquest of, 214; (Fernandina), 201; explored (1508), 201; island or peninsula, 201; (Isabell, Isabella, or Ysabella), 108, 111, 114, 118, 123, 125, 170, 175, 183; earliest named, 183; (Juana), 201; early given a wrong latitude, 96; letter from (1520), 215; map of, 450; in Martyr’s map, 110; (North America), 127; in Stobnicza map, 116; in Sylvanus’ map, 122; Wytfliet’s map, 230.

Cubagua, 134, 581, 585.

Cubanacan, 42.

Cuccaro, alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Cuenca, 509; founded, 547.

Cuellar, F. de, 511.

Cuellar, Sancho, 520.

Cuitlahuac, 369.

Cuitlahuatzin, 370.

Culebras (gulf), 199.

Culhuacan, native history of, 418; _Codex Chimalpopoca_, 418; _Anales de Cuauhtitlan_, 418.

Culiacan, S. Miguel de, 441, 475, 482, 485; (province), 474.

Cullen, Charles, 425.

Cumana, 558, 559.

Cunningham, William, _Cosmographical Glasse_, 67, 176.

Curalaba, 562.

Curazao (Curaçoa), 189, 190.

Curiana, 189, 207.

Curico, 524.

Cusco, 228, 514, 516, 517, 519, 558; claimed by Almagro, 525; besieged by the Indians, 524; manuscripts on, 577; becomes a Spanish town, 520; view of, 554; view of temple at, 555; plan of, by Markham, 556; by Squier, 556; palace of Ynca, 556; other plans and views, 556.

Cushing, Caleb, on the De Fonte voyage, 463; on Navarrete’s _Coleccion_, v; _Reminiscences of Spain_, 84; on Vespucius, 154, 178.

Cushing, Frank H., on Zuñi, 483.

Custodi, Pietro, 46.

Cutifachiqui, 247.

Cuyoacan, 369.

DABAIBE, 198; expedition to, 211.

D’Abreu, 440.

Daelli, G., _Bibl. rara_, 46.

D’Ailly, Pierre, his map (1410), 95. _See_ Ailly.

Dalibard, 575.

Dampier, the navigator, 592; _New Voyage_, 467.

Danckerts, his maps, 466.

Dandolo, M., _Oratio_, 62.

Dandolo, T., _Secoli di Dante e Colombo_, 69; _Colombo_, 69.

D’Anville and Lake Parima, 587.

D’Arcy de la Rochette, 589.

Darien, 191; different forms of the name, 191; settlement at, 204.

Darwin, Charles, _Voyage of the Beagle_, 609.

Dati, G., and Columbus’ letter, 51; _Questa_, etc., 51; _La lettera_, etc., 51.

D’Aubigné, _Hist. universelle_, 298.

D’Avezac, _Aperçus sur la boussole_, 94; on Columbus’ birth, 83; _Livre de F. Colomb_, 66; _Découvertes dans l’Océan Atlantique_, 39; _Expédition de Béthencourt_, 36; _Isles d’Afrique_, 36; _Isles fantastiques_, 36; _Sur la projection des cartes_, 471; _Waltze-Müller_, 164; his writings, 164; his _Voyages de Vespuce_, 164.

Dávila. _See_ Pedrárias.

Dávila, F. A., 213.

Davila, Gil Gonzales, 213; _Teatro eclesiástico_, 399, 400. _See_ Gil.

Davilla Padilla, _Santiago de México_, 399, 400; _Varia historia_, 400.

Da Vinci, Leonardo, sketch of mappemonde ascribed to him, 124, 125, 126, 172, 234. _See_ Vinci.

Davis, W. H. H., _El Gringo_, 502; _Spanish Conquest of New Mexico_, 288, 502.

D’Avity, Pierre, _Le Monde_, 462.

Daza, Luis, 257.

Deane, Charles, on Schöner, 176.

De Bry, his picture of Columbus, 73, 75; gets Lemoyne’s papers, 296; his engravings for Las Casas, 342.

De Clerck, _Tooneel_, etc., 76.

De Coca, 599.

De Costa, B. F., _Columbus and the Geographers of the North_, 33.

Dee, Dr., his map, 453.

De Fonte, Bartholemé, his alleged voyage, 462; coined by Petiver, 462; faith of Delisle and Buache, 463; map, 469.

De Fuca, alleged voyage, 456; partly believed by Greenhow, 457; sources of, 457; Delisle and Buache on, 463.

De Laet. _See_ Laet.

Delambre, _L’Astronomie du moyen-âge_, 94.

Delaplaine, _Repository of Lives_, etc., 139.

Del Cano, Seb., 224; commands the “Victoria”, 612; at the Cape de Verde Islands, 612; surprise at the loss of a day, 612, 615; reaches San Lucas, 612; at Court, 613; his letter, 616.

Delisle, 468; on the insularity of California, 467; _Découvertes de l’amiral de Fonte_, 463; opposed by Buriel, 463; map of Louisiana, 294; route of De Soto, 294, 295; _Atlas nouveau_, 294; and Lake Parima, 587; map of the _Mer de l’ouest_, 469.

Demarcation, line of, 99, 441; in the Cantino map, 108; on map of 1527, 43. _See_ Alexander VI., Bull.

Demersay, A., on the Spanish and Portuguese archives, ii.

Denis, Ferd., on Sahagun, 416.

Depons, Fr., _Voyage_, 587.

_De principiis astronomie_, 432.

Des Brosses, _Navigations_, 614.

Deschanel, E., _C. Colomb_, 83.

Desimoni, C., _Libro di Harrisse_, 86.

Desjardin, Ernst, _Rapport sur Harrisse_, viii.

Desmarquets, _Hist. de Dieppe_, 34.

D’Este, Hercule, 107.

De Thou, _Hist. universelle_, 297.

De Vries in the Pacific, 463.

Dewey, Dr. Orville, on the Spanish conquerors, 314.

Dexter, Arthur, 426.

Dexter, George, character and death, ix.

Deza, Diego de, 4, 91.

Diaz, Alonzo, 411.

Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, 16, 196, 201, 214, 427; with Cordova, 284; account of, 414; _Hist. verdadera_, 214, 414; his autog., 414; the original manuscript, 414, 415, 428; two early printed editions, 415; later editions in various languages, 415; English texts, 415; Jourdanet’s edition, 415; letters in the _Cartas de Indias_, 415; wounded, 236.

Diaz, Juan, his _Itinerario_, 215.

Diaz, Melchior, 481, 482, 485, 486, 503; dies, 491.

_Diccionario univ. de hist. y de geog._, 415.

Diego de la Cruz, 256.

Diego, Juan, 399.

Diegus. _See_ Homem.

Dieppe, histories of, 34.

Diether, Andrew, 410.

Dinaux, _Cardinal d’Ailly_, 29.

Dixon Entrance, 470.

Dobbs, Arthur, _Countries adjoining to Hudson’s Bay_, 462, 468; his map, 467.

_Doctrina Christiana_, 400.

_Doctrina en Mexicano_, 401.

Documentary sources of early Spanish-American history, i.

_Documentos para la historia de Mexico_, 398.

Dodge, Robert, 106; _Memorials of Columbus_, iv.

Domenichi, 67.

Dominic of the Annunciation, 257.

Dominicans, 399; in Florida, 256; in Cusco, 520; in Hispaniola, 305, 309.

Dominico, 188.

Doncel, Gines, 241.

Dondero, G. A., _L’onestá di C. Colombo_, 65.

Doppelmayr, J. G., _Hist. Nachricht_, 105.

Dorantes, 244, 287.

Doria, 68.

Dormer, _Discursos varios_, 343.

Doyle, William, _British Dominions_, 468.

Drage, Theodore S., _Northwest Passage_, 463.

Dragg, _Great Probability of a Northwest Passage_, 463.

Dragon’s mouth, 586, 588.

Drake, Sir Francis, his harbor on the California coast, 453; H. H. Bancroft’s view, 453; documents in Peralta, 453; finds remains of Magellan’s mutineers, 599; his discovery of New Albion, 465; in the Pacific, 452; his most northern point reached in the Pacific, 455; sees giants in Patagonia, 602; on the coast of Peru, 557.

Dresden, _Verein für Erdkunde_, 40, 106, 580.

Drogeo, 472.

Drummond, _Ilha Terceira_, 38.

Dryander, J., _Cosmographiæ, introd._, 421.

Dryden, _Indian Emperor_, 430.

Dudley, Robert, _Arcano del mare_, 464, 587; his original drawings, 464; his career, 464; map of the California coast, 465; edition of _Arcano_ (1661), 466.

Duflot de Mofras, _Mendoza et Navarrete_, v; _L’Orégon_, 431.

Dugdale, _Warwickshire_, 466.

Dulce, Rio, 187.

Duprat, Elisabeth de Valois, 297.

Duran, Diego, _Historia_, 419; his manuscript, 420.

Durazzo, J., _Elogi_, 68.

Duro, C. F., _Peñalosa_, 503; _Colon y Pinzon_, 284; _Informe_, etc., 242.

Duval, his map, 466.

Dwight, Theodore F., 469.

EARTH, Columbus’ idea of the form of, 133; centre of, in the terrestrial paradise, 99; a sphere, 24, 25; size of, 24, 30; shaped like a pear, 24. _See_ Globe.

Echete, 288.

Echeverri, J. de, _Las Cenizas de Colon_, 81.

Ecija, 285; _Relacion_, 286.

_Eclectic Magazine_, 426.

Eclipse. _See_ Sun.

_Edinburgh Review_, 50.

Edwards, B., _West Indies_, 78.

Edwards, E., _Memoirs of Libraries_, 65.

Eguiara y Eguren, _Bibliotheca Mexicana_, 429.

_Ein schöne newe Zeitung_, 51.

Eldorado, name first applied, 579; (South America), history of the belief in, 579.

_El General San Martin_, 532.

Eliorraga, 599.

Ellis, George E., on Las Casas, 299; on Prescott’s use of the noctograph, 427.

Ellis, Henry, _Voyage to Hudson’s Bay_, 468.

Elvas, Gentleman of, his _Relaçam_, 288; _Virginia richly valued_, 289; _Historie of Terra Florida_, 289; _Discovery and Conquest of Florida_ (edited by Rye), 289.

Emory, W. H., _Notes of a Military Reconnoissance_, 501.

Enciso, M. F. de, 191, 194, 195, 197; account of, 193, 208; _Suma de geografia_, 98, 208.

Encomiendas, 337, 348, 537, 571.

Engel, Samuel, _Mémoires_, 468; _Extraits raisonés_, 468.

Enim, 585, 589.

Equator, first crossed on the American side, 187; first crossed on the Pacific side, 507.

Eratosthenes, his theory of the Atlantic, 104.

Ercilla, Alonso de, in Chili, 549; _Araucana_, 571; augmented by Osorio, 571.

Escambia River, 258.

Escobar, Maria de, 518, 547.

Escoiqui, _Mexico conquistada_, 430.

Escondido (river), 281.

Escurial, documents at, iii.

Espada, M. J. de la, edits Cieza de Leon, 574; edits _Memorias antiguas del Peru_, 577; edits _Relaciones geográficas_, 576.

Espejo, Ant. de, 497, 504.

Espinosa, _alcalde mayor_, 197.

Espinosa, _Chronica apostolica_, 399.

Espinosa, F. C., _Hist. de Mexico_, 428.

Espinosa, Gaspar de, 198, 505; in Lima, 526; his expedition, 211; a partner with Pizarro, 507; dies, 526.

Espinoza (with Magellan), 599.

Espiritu Santo, bay named by De Soto, 245; Rio de, 221, 224, 225, 229; (1520), 218; (1527), 219. _See_ Mississippi.

Esquivel, Juan de, 191, 201, 214.

Essenwein, A. O., _Bilder-Atlas_, 352.

Essequibo River, 187, 581, 587.

Estancelin, _Navigateurs Normands_, 34, 39.

Estero de los Lagartos, 203.

Esteve, R., 76.

Estienne, H., 186.

Estotilant, 459, 472.

Estrada, 386.

Estrada, Alonzo d’, 475.

Estrada, Pedro de, 240.

Etowa, 247.

_Etudes par les pères de la Compagnie de Jésus_, 69.

Europe, naming of, 167.

Eusebius, _Chronicon_, 64.

Evans, R. S., 481.

Everett, A. H., and Irving, vi.

FABER, Dr. John, 163, 173.

Fabian, 47.

Fabié, A. M., _Vida de Las Casas_, 343.

Fabre, Ant., 614.

Fabricius de Vagad, _Coronica de Aragon_, 59.

Faden, his map showing Lake Parima, 589.

Fairbanks, _Florida_, 292; _St. Augustine_, 293.

Faleiro, Ruy, 591, 592.

Falero, _La longitud en la mar_, 98.

Falkenstein, _Buchdruckerkunst_, 407.

Fancourt, C. St. J., _Yucatan_, 429.

Farfan’s fleet wrecked, 256.

Faria y Sousa, _Asia Portuguesa_, 34, 616; _Europa Portuguesa_, 56.

Farmer, Maria, 76.

Farrer, Virginia, her map, 466.

Favolius, Hugo, map-maker, 450.

Federici, F., his collection, iv.

Federmann, Nic., _Indianische Historia_, 579; his expedition, 578.

Felipina, 257.

Ferdinand (Spain), sign-manual, 56, 85; portrait, 85; dies, 88, 310.

Ferdinand and Isabella (cut), 6.

Fergani, Al, 24.

Feria, Pedro de, 256, 257.

Fer-Isabelica, 169.

Fernandez, Alonso, _Hist. eclesiástica_, 399.

Fernandez, Alvaro, 289.

Fernández, León, _Coleccion_, 398.

Fernandez, Val., _Marco Paulo_, etc., 62.

Fernandina. _See_ Cuba.

Fernando VI. (Spain), his care of documents, ii.

Ferraro, G., _Relazione_, 62, 156, 162.

Ferrebouc, 47.

Ferrelo (or Ferrer), pilot, 444.

Ferrer, Jaume, his map, 45; his _Sentencias_, 45.

Ferrer, Juan, 256.

Ferro, meridian of, 95.

Feuillet de Conches on pictures of Columbus, 70.

Finæus, Orontius, his globe, 184, 431.

Fiorentino, F. C., _Chroniche_, 62.

Fischer, Augustin, _Biblioteca Méjicana_, 430.

Fischer, Theobald, _Ueber Seekarten_, 93.

Fisher, L. P., on C. de Vaca, 288.

Flavigny, Vicomte de, 410.

Florencia, Fr. de, _Campañia de Jesus_, 399.

Florida, 228, 229, 432, 435, 436, 453; (1520), 218, (1527), 219, (1541), 177, (1542), 226, (1566), 451; abandoned by the Spanish (1561), 260; Ribault in, 260; Laudonnière in, 262; ancient, by J. G. Shea, 231; named, 233; called Cancio, 234; authorities on its history, 292; on Menendez, 292; on Ribault, 293; on Laudonnière, 294, 296; on Gourgues, 297; _La Reprinse de la Floride_, 297; as a name first confined to the peninsula, 275; Indian tribes in, 284; called Isabella, 116; Jesuits in, 282, 399; maps of (Cantino), 108, (Cortés), 404, (Da Vinci), 124, 126, (anon.), 292, (1565), 264, (1591, Lemoine), 274, (Ortelius), 472, (Wytfliet), 281, (others), 275.

Florin, Juan. _See_ Verrazano.

Foglietto, _Elogia_, 84.

Folieta, U., _Clarorum Ligurum elogia_, 67.

Folsom, George, on early American discoveries, 34; _Despatches of Cortés_, 410, 411.

Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez, 57; opponent of Las Casas, 310; head of the council for the Indies, 311; opposes Columbus, 91, 311; opposes Cortés, 357, 380.

Fonseca, bay of, 200.

Fontaine, _How the World was Peopled_, 25.

Fontanarossa, Susanna, 89.

Fontaneda, Hern. de Escalante, _Memoir_, 291.

Fonte. _See_ De Fonte.

Force, Peter, 337.

Foresti, J. P. (Bergomas), _Supplementum supplementi cronicarum_, 52.

Forlani. _See_ Furlani.

Formaleoni, _La marine des Vénitiens_, 36.

Fornari, Baliano de, 66.

Forquevaulx, Sieur de, his papers, 297.

Forster, F., _Columbus_, 69.

Fort Caroline founded, 262; site of, 264, 270, 274; map of, 265; views of, 268, 269; attacked by Menendez, 271.

Fort Louis, 294.

Fortunate Islands, 36. _See_ Canary Island.

Foscarini, _Della lett. Ven._, 30.

Fountain of Youth (Bimini), 283.

Fousang. _See_ Fusang.

Fox, G. V., _First Landing-place of Columbus_, 56.

Francesca (1527), 219.

Francino, A., his collection, 182.

Francis of Vittoria, 343.

Franciscans in Hispaniola, 305; in Mexico, 399; histories of, 399.

Franciscus, monk, _De orbis situ_, 431; his map, 431.

Francisque-Michel on Saint-Brandan, 36.

Franck, Sebastian, _Weltbuch_, 421.

Frankfort globe, 118, 122. _See_ Schöner.

Frankl, poem on Columbus, 73.

Franklin, Benjamin, on the De Fonte story, 462.

Franquelin, on California, 467.

Freccia, 78.

Freherus, P., _Théâtre_, 73.

Freire, Juan, his map of the California coast, 447.

French standard, shown in view, 269.

Fresnoy, Du, _Méthode pour étudier la géog._, 298.

Freytas, F. N. de, _Relacion_, 504; edited by J. G. Shea, 504.

Friars in Mexico, 399. _See_ Dominicans, Franciscans, etc.

Friess, Lorenz (Frisius, Phrysius), 125, 173; his mappemonde, 174; _Carta Marina_, 126, 127, 128, 220, 421; map of Antilles, 218, 220.

Frio, Cape, 126, 151; port, 162. _See_ Cabo.

Frisius, Gemma, 101; on longitude, 98; annotates Apianus, 183.

Frisius. _See_ Friess.

Fritz, Samuel, map of the Amazon, 589.

Fructuoso, Gaspar, _Hist. das ilhas do Porto Santo_, 38.

Fuca. _See_ De Fuca.

Fuca Straits, 470.

Fuchsius, _Metoposcopia_, 76.

Fuenleal, Bishop, 391; autog., 391.

Fuente, Alonso de la, 212.

Fuentes, F. de, 518.

Fuentes y Guzman, F. A., _Historia de Guatemala_, 398, 419, 428.

Fulgosus, B., _Collectanea_, 62.

Furlani, Paulo de (Forlani), _Carta nautica_, 439; his maps, 438, (1560), 449, (1562), 439, (1574), 450, 454; sketched, 454.

Fusang, 454, 463, 469.

Fuster, iii.

GAFFAREL, Paul, his _Étude sur les rapports de l’Amérique et de l’ancien continent avant Colomb_, 25, 34; his _Découverte du Brésil par Cousin_, 34; his _Hist. du Brésil Français_, 34; _La Floride Française_, 293.

Galardi, Ferd. de, _Traité politique_, 33, 65.

Galdivia Mendoza, V. de, 489.

Gali, Francisco (Gaule), 455, 462.

Galiano, 469.

Gallaeus, Philippus, _Enchiridion_, 450.

Gallardo, B., _Ensayo_, etc. 24.

Gallardo, B. J., 422.

Gallatin, Albert, on the Indian tribes, 296; on Aztec civilization, 427; _Ancient Semi-civilization of New Mexico_, 501.

Gallego, 20, 249.

Gallegos, Juan, 486, 496, 497.

Galleon, picture of a, 456.

Gallinas River, 492.

Galliot du Pré, 47.

Gallo, Ant., on Columbus, 52, 89.

Gallo (island), 508, 509, 513.

Gallucci, 420.

Galvarino, 549.

Gama, João da, 466; his land, 466; in the Pacific, 463.

Gama, Vasco da, his portrait, 42; autog., 42; his discovery, 42.

Gambara, _De nov. C. Columbi_, 67.

Gambia River, 40.

Ganges, 113, 435; in the early discoveries, 168.

Garabito, 198, 199, 213.

Garay, Francisco de, 237; his patent, 237; governor of Jamaica, 219; authorities on his voyage, 284; exploits sung by Castellanos, 584; land of, 221; names of his followers, 415; at Pánuco, 382; dies, 383, 503.

Garces, Julian, 343.

Garcia, Juan, 255.

Garcia, Nuña, de Toreno, his map, 43.

Garcia de Resende, _Choronica_, 90.

Garibay, _Isla de Santo Domingo_, 280.

Gasca, Pedro de la, likenesses, 539, 540; president of Peru, 539; enters Cusco, 542; leaves Peru, 542; his reports, 568; authorities on his career, 569; his papers, 569.

Gassarum, A. P., _Libellus_, 421.

Gastaldi, Jacopo, 433; _Notizie di Gastaldi_, 435.

Gaule. _See_ Gali.

Gay, Sydney Howard, “Amerigo Vespucci”, 129.

Gayangos, P. de, 47, 400; his autog., 408; edits Marmolejo, 573; _Cartas de Cortés_, 402, 408, 411; _Catalogue of Spanish manuscripts_, vii.

Gayarré, _Louisiana_, 292.

Gaye, Claudio, _Historia de Chile_, 572.

Gayon, Gonzalo, 260.

_Gazetta letteraria universale_, 222.

_Gazette des Beaux-Arts_, 44.

Gazlelu, Domingo de, 564.

Gelves, Nuño, 89.

Génard on Ortelius, 471.

Genoa, birthplace of Columbus, 84; Academy of, 65; investigate birthplace of Columbus, 84; archives of, iv; home of Columbus, 78; notarial records of, iv; papers at, 89.

George of Spires, 579.

Georgia (island), 151.

Geography, histories of, 93.

Geraldinus, Alex., 4; his _Itinerarium_, 4.

German efforts at settling South America, 581; search for Eldorado, 584.

Geslin, 50.

Ghillany, _Geschichte des Seefahrers Ritter Behaim_, 35.

Giants in Patagonia, 600; skeleton of, 602; seen by Drake, 602; named from their large feet, 603.

Gibbons, Edward, of Boston, 462.

Gil Gonzalez de Avila, 199, 200. _See_ Davila.

Gila River, 485.

Gilbert, Sir H., map, 452.

Gilles de Gourmont, 158.

Gino Capponi, Marquis, _Osservazioni_ on Vespucius, 155.

Giocondo, Giovanni, 146; the architect, 159, 163, 164.

Giocondo, Giuliano B. del, 146.

_Giornale Ligustico_, 102.

Giovio. _See_ Jovius.

Girava, _Cosmographia_, 438; its titlepage, 437; descriptions of America, 186.

Giron, Francisco Hernandez, 542; enters Cusco, 545; retreats and is captured, 545; his rebellion, 577.

Giuntini, F., v.

Giustiniani (Agostino), 90; _Psalter_, 64; fac-similes of page, 63; _Annali di Genoa_, 64.

Glareanus, Henricus, 116, 176; _Geographia_, 25; its bibliography, 25.

Glas, Geo., _Conquest of the Canaries_, 36.

Globe, sphericity of, 104; picture of an ancient one, 437. _See_ Earth.

_Globus mundi_, 171, 172.

Goatitlan, 374.

Godfrey, Thomas, his mariner’s bow, 101.

Godin in Peru, 590; adventures of his wife, 590.

Godoy, his report to Cortés, 411.

Gohory, J., _La terre neuve de Peru_, 564.

Golfo Chinan, 451.

Gold coast, 40.

Golding, Arthur, translation of Mela, 186.

Goldson, William, _Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific_, 463; _Straits of Anian_, 456.

Gomara, Francisco Lopez, account of, 412; his access to documents, 412; translated by Chimalpain, 412; his _Historia general de las Indias_, 412, 563; descriptions of America, 186; on the Cortereals, 107; _Conquista de Mexico_, 412; on Peru, 412; _Cronica de la Nueva España_, 412; _Historia del Capitano Cortés_, 412; _Historia de México_, 412; _Conquista de México_, 412; _Hispania Victrix_, with fac-simile of title, 413; _Pleasant Historie_, 414; _Conquista di Messico_, 414; abridged in Eden’s _Decades_, 414; in Hakluyt, 414; bibliography of, by Brevoort, 414.

Gomberville, 589.

Gomez, Estevan, 241; on the North American coast, 241; with Magellan, 606; deserts, 607.

Gomez, Francis, 241.

Gomez, Pedro, with Valdivia, 528.

Gomez, archipelago of, 224.

Gonzaga, F., _De origine religionis Franciscanæ_, 399.

Gonzales de la Rosa, Manuel, 567; edits _Cieza de Leon_, 574.

Good Hope, Cape of, 41.

Goodall, B., _Tryall of Travell_, 68.

Goodrich, _Life of so-called Christopher Columbus_, 33, 69.

Goos, Abraham, his map, 462.

Gordillo, Francisco, sails to Florida, 238; his expedition, 285.

Gorgona (island), 509, 511, 513.

Gorricio, Gaspar, iv, 26, 89.

Gossellin, _Géog. des Grecs_, 101.

Gourgues, Domenic de, his attack on Florida, 280; “the avenger of the Huguenots”, 298; _La reprinse de la Floride_, 297; different manuscripts of it, 297, 298; no Spanish authorities, 297; a slaver, 297.

Goyeneche, Juan de, his life of Solis, 424.

Gracias á Dios, Cape, 21.

Graham on the hourly variation of the needle, 100.

Grajales, Mendoza, 270.

Gran Quivira, 494. _See_ Quivira.

Granada, arms of, 48; captured, 50; _In laudem_, etc., 50.

Granada (island), 226, 588.

Grand (isle), fabulous, 36.

Grand Turk Island, 55.

Grant, Fort, 482.

Grantham, Lord, ii.

Grapes in Peru, 547.

Gravier, Gabriel, edits Challeux, 296; _Rech. sur les navigations Européens_, 42; _Le Canarien_, 36, 39; _Les Normands sur la route des Indes_, 25.

Gravier, N. F., _Saint-Dié_, 162.

Gravière, J. de la, _Les marins_, 7, 83.

Gray, Capt., in the “Washington”, 470.

Great Circle, 25.

Great Exuma (island), 55.

Great Inaqua (island), 55.

Greco (northeast), 94.

Greenhow, _Oregon and California_, 455; on the Oregon question, 469; _Northwest Coast_, 461.

Greenland, a peninsula of Europe, 28, 111, 123, 433; relations with Iceland, 33; seen by Cortereal, 109; on early maps, 28; in the Cantino map, 109; called by various names (Grotlandia), 432; (Grutlandia), 451, 453; (Gronlandia), 434, 435; (Groenland), 472; (Groenlant), 452, 459; (Gruenlant), 115; (Gronland), 175; (Terra nova), 446, 447.

Gregg, _Commerce of the Prairies_, 495.

Gregoire, Bishop of Blois, his _Apologie_, 325.

Greiff, B., 162.

Grieninger, Johannes, 128.

Grijalva, Juan de, 349, 351, 354; his expedition, v, 203, 215, 402, 403; sails with Garay (1523), 238; _Cronica_, 399; _Itinerario_, 397; portrait, 216.

Grimaldi, 48.

Grimaldo, 93.

Grimm, Sigmund, 408.

Grimston, Edw., 421.

Groclant, 459, 472.

Grothe, H., his _Leonardo da Vinci_, 31.

Grüninger, printer, 169.

Grynæus, _Novus Orbis_, 62.

Guachoyanque, 253.

Guadalaxara, 474.

Guadalupe, 374; Our Lady of, 399; _Coleccion_, 400.

Guaguanico, 351.

Guahan, 611.

Guale, 278.

Guale (Amelia), Island, 282.

Gualterotti, R., _L’America_, 154.

Guamanga, 536, 537.

Guanahani, 52, 92, 224; (Guanahan), 221; (Ganahani), 226; (Guanao), 177; Ponce de Leon at, 233.

Guanape, 558.

Guandape, 241.

Guanima, 233.

Guanuco, 558.

Guarico, 558.

Guastecan, 472.

Guatari River (Wateree), 285.

Guatemala, 221; audiencia of, 460; _Coleccion de doc. antig._, 398, 419; the _Proceso_ against Alvarado, 419; Remesal as an authority, 419; Vasquez’ _Chronica_, 419; _Historia_ of Fuentes y Guzman, 419; the _Compendio_ of Domingo Juavros, 419; expedition to, under Alvarado, 383; map, 384; sources of its history, 398, 419.

Guaxule, 247.

Guayaquil, 509.

Guayaquil, Gulf of, 511.

Guazzo, Marco, _Historie_, 576.

Guérin, Leon, _Navigateurs Français_, 34, 298.

Guerra, C., 109, 187, 204, 205.

Guevara, Juan de, 207.

Guibert, M. C., _Mémoires de Dieppe_, 34.

Guicciardini, _Hist. d’Italia_, 154.

Guinea coast, 39.

Gumilla, _El Orinoco_, 587.

Guss, A. L., “Early Indian History of the Susquehanna”, 283.

Gutierrez, J. R., 570.

Guyas, 491.

Guzman, Alonso Enriques de, 566; his autobiography, 567.

Guzman, Diego de, expedition to Sinaloa, 503.

Guzman, Fernando de, his revolt, 582.

Guzman, Nuño Beltran de, 473; his expedition to Ciguatan, 499; distresses the vessels of Cortés, 441, 442; avoids Cortés, 442; expedition to Pánuco, 386, 503; to New Gallicia, 391, 503; invades Jalisco, 387; in Mexico, 395; account of his trial, 398.

Guzman, Pero Nuñez de, 233.

Guzman, S., _El peregrino Indiano_, 430.

HAAG, _La France protestante_, 298.

Hacke, _Collection of Voyages_, 466.

Hackit, Thomas, 293; his _Florida_, 293.

Hadley’s quadrant, 101.

Hagen, Von der, 179.

Hagenberg, Francis, 471.

Hain, _Repertorium_, 48.

Hakluyt, on Drake’s discovery, 455; _Notable History_, 293; _Voyages_, 498.

Hale, E. E., copy of a drawing of a buffalo, 489; on Coronado’s discovery, 503; procures Cortés’ map of California, 442; discovers original of the name of California, 443; _His Level Best_, 443; “Magellan’s discovery”, 591; _Seven Spanish Cities_, 6; on Palos, 6.

Hallam, H., _Literature of Europe_, 57, 571.

Halley and the magnetic poles, 95; on terrestrial magnetism, 100.

Hammocks (cut), 11; in Brazil, 596; figured, 597.

Hansen, Léonard de, life of Santa Rosa, 560; _La bienaventurada Rosa_, 560; other versions, 560.

Hardy, Jules, _Les Dieppois en Guinée_, 39.

Harley, Edward, 226.

Haro, C. de, 615.

Haro, H. de, 519, 520.

Harrassowitz, _Rarissima Americana_, 157.

Harris, John, the fac-similist, 50.

Harris, _Collection of Voyages_, 467.

Harrisse, H., his proposed _Americ Vespuce_, 155; on Ferdinand Columbus, 66; criticised by Stevens, 66; his _D. Fernando Colon_, 66; his _Fernand Colomb_, 66; _Les Cortereals_, 33; _Les sépultures de Colomb_, 80; _Los restos de Colon_, 83; his _Cabots_, 93; _Christophe Colomb_, 88; _Notes on Columbus_, privately printed, viii; his _Histoire de C. Colomb attribuée à son fils_, 66; _Les restes mortels de Colomb_, 83; _Colomb et la Corse_, 84; _Les Colombo_, 86; Desjardin on, viii.

Hatteras, Cape, 285.

Hauslab, Freiherr von, his globes, 171.

Havana, 226, 230, 353; plundered by the French, 262; view of, 202.

Havana (San Cristoval), 351.

Hawkins, Sir John, 262.

Hawkins, Sir Richard, captured, 561.

Haxa, 492.

Haynes, Henry W., “Early Explorations of New Mexico”, 473; favors the Zuñi theory of the Seven Cities, 503.

Hayti (1529), 221; (1541), 177. _See_ Hispaniola, Santo Domingo.

Hazard, Samuel, _Santo Domingo_, 71, 81, 88.

Helps, Sir Arthur, 337; _Conquerors of the New World_, 428; _Spanish Conquest of America_, 69, 204, 428; _Life of Cortés_, 428; his map of Cortés’ voyage, 353; _Life of Pizarro_, 578; _Life of Columbus_, 69; _Life of Las Casas_, 343; his map of the Valley of Mexico, 369.

Hemez, 495.

Hennepin, bibliography of, 67; his maps of the Pacific coast, 466.

Henriquez, Martin, viceroy of Peru, 557.

Henry (Prince), the navigator, 2; portrait (cut), 39; autog., 39; lives of, 40.

Henshaw, H. W., 481.

Hermano, Diego, 439.

Hermano de Toledo, 454.

Hernandez, Pero, _Comentarios_, 286.

Herrera, A. de, his life of Vaca de Castro, 567; on Balbóa, 211; his picture of Columbus, 71; on Columbus, 67; account of, 67; drew largely from Las Casas, 67, 340; bibliography of, 67; his _Historia general_, i, 67, 213, 424, 563; his _Descripcion_, 67; edited by Barcia, 67; editions of, 68; in Vander Aa, Hulsius, etc., 68; translated by John Stevens, 68, 563; Robertson’s opinion of it, 424; on Lake Parima, 587; and Magellan, 616; maps (1601), 460; edited by Van Baerle, 461; charges Vespucius with falsifying dates, 154; historiographer, 563.

Herries, William, 11.

Hesperides (1541), 177.

Hessels, J. H., 50.

Hevia, Diego de, 278.

Heylin, _Cosmographie_, 466, 587.

Heyn, Peeter, _Miroir du Monde_, 472; epitome of Ortelius, 472.

Hinojosa, Pedro de, 540.

Hipparchus and lunar tables, 99.

Hispaniola, 435, 437; (1541), 177; (Española), 106, 110; (Espanholla), 108; (Espagnolla), 226; (Hispaniæ insula), 122; (Isabella), 114, 126; (Spagnola), 115, 123, 128, 175, 218, 223, 228, 229, 451; (Spagnolla), 111, 116, 118, 170, 183, 450; (Spagnollo), 125; (Spagnuola), 188; (Spaniola), 217, 432; Columbus at, 13; fruits of (cut), 16; mines, 16; map of, ascribed to Columbus, 104; other early maps, 105; map (1534), 188; name, 10; native houses (cut), 11; curing of sick (cut), 11. _See_ Hayti, Santo Domingo.

Hochelaga (Ochelai), 451.

Höfer, _Nouv. biog. gén._, 83.

Hogenberg, _Civitates_, 5. _See_ Braun.

Hojeda. _See_ Ojeda.

Holbein, 446.

Holguin, Pedro Alvarez de, 534; life of, 577; killed, 536.

Homann, and Lake Parima, 587; his map (1719), 467.

Homem, Diego, map of the Moluccas, 441; map (1540), 446; map (1558), 227, 229, 448; (1568), 449; _Atlante maritimo_, 449.

Hondius, Jodocus, his map of Gulf of California, 461; his circumpolar map, 461; _Caerte van Guiana_, 587.

Hondius-Mercator atlas (1613), 461. _See_ Mercator.

Honduras, Olid’s expedition to, 382; map, 384; Cortés in, 385; discovered, 191.

Höniger, Nic., translates Benzoni, 347.

Honoratus, Fray, 475.

Honter, bibliography of, 122; new maps (1561), 123; _Rudimentorum cosmographiæ libri_, 122, 176.

Hooke, R., 424.

Horn, _Ulyssea_, 34.

Hour-glass, 437.

Howarth, George, 357.

Hoz, Alonzo de, 548.

Hoz, Pedro Sanchos de, 528.

Huallaga River, 519, 581.

Huamachuco, 520.

Huamanga, 520; founded, 523.

Huanachuco, 519.

Huancabamba, 516, 519.

Huancavelica, 561.

Huanuco, 519, 520; settled, 527.

Huarina, 519, 541; war of, 574.

Huascar, 514.

Huasco, 524.

Huayna Capac, 514.

Hüber, Wolfgang, 160.

Huelen-Guala, 528.

Huet, Bishop, 420.

Huguenots in Florida, 293 _et seq._; hated by the Spanish, 262.

Hugues, Luigi, 616.

Hulsius, Levinus, his map “Americæ pars australis”, 587.

Humaña, Juan de, 504.

Humboldt, Alex., his _Examen critique_, 68, 178; autog., 68; _Krit. Untersuchungen_, 68; introduction to Ghillany’s _Behaim_, 68; his _Voyage aux régions équinoxiales_, 206; _Personal Narrative_, 206, 287, 375; _Essai politique_, 375; dissipated the myth of Eldorado, 589; defence of Vespucius, 178.

Hurtado, 198.

Hutchinson, _Two Years in Peru_, 516.

Huten, Philip von, his expedition, 581.

Huts in trees, native, 514.

Hylacomylus. _See_ Waldseemüller.

IBARRA, B. de, 106.

Ibarra, Diego, 504.

Ibarra, F. de, 504.

Icaria, 472.

Icazbalceta, J. G., 397; autog., 397; _Apuntes para un catálogo_, etc., 417; _Coleccion de documentos_, 397, 498; _Diccionario_, 400; edits Mendieta, 422; on Lorenzana, 408; prints a secret letter of Cortés, 411; _Vida de Cortés_, 428.

Iceland (Islandia), 434; visited by Columbus, 33.

Ichuse, 257.

Ideler, J. L., 68.

Ilacomylus. _See_ Waldseemüller.

Illapel, 524.

Imperial (town in Chili), 548.

Inca Titus and the crown of Peru, 325.

Inca empire, early reports of, 199.

Incas. _See_ Yncas.

India in Pomponius Mela’s map, 180.

India Superior, 176. _See_ Asia.

Indian Ocean as an inland sea, 95, 165.

Indians, other advocates of, than Las Casas, 343; described by Las Casas, 318; estimates of numbers at the time of European contact, 327; early cuts of, 159, 162; enslaved by the Spaniards, 303; sedentary, 473; pueblo, 473; the Spaniards’ relations to, 299; as found by Columbus, 300; why so named, 169.

Indies, council for the, and the publication of maps, 471; their archives, i. _See_ Council.

Infantado, Duque del, 89; his manuscripts, viii.

Inga, 579; _West-Indische Spieghel_, 462.

Inghirami, Fedia, 58.

Inquisition in Peru, 557; in Spain, 301, 305; history by Llorente, 325.

_Inventio fortunata_, 95.

Irving, Pierre, _Life of W. Irving_, vi.

Irving, Theo., _Florida and De Soto_, 290.

Irving, Washington, his _Columbus_, vi, 68; _Companions of Columbus_, vi, 204; manuscript of his account of Columbus at Barcelona, 56; on portraits of Columbus, 71; on Vespucius, 155.

Isabella (of Spain), sign-manual, 56; her will, 316, 343; dies, 23, 319; her character, 5; story of her jewels pledged, 91.

Isabella (city), 16.

Isabella. _See_ Cuba.

Isleta, 489.

Isnardi, F., _Dissertazione_, 84; _Nuovi doc._, 84; _Patria di Colombo_, 73.

Italian travellers, 93.

Italy and American discovery, 2; Geographical Society, 93.

Iturri on Muñoz, iii.

Ivagana, 611.

Ixtlilxochitl, _Historia Chichimeca_, 417; his works on New Spain, 417; _Horribles crueldades_, 417; _Noticias_, 417; _Hist. des Chichimiques_, 417; _Rois de Tezcuco_, 417; _Relaciones_, 411, 417.

Iztapalapa, 369, 374, 376, 379.

Iztapalatzinco, 369.

JACKSTAFF, 98, 99. _See_ Backstaff, Cross-staff.

_Jahresbericht der tech. Anstalten in Nürnberg_, 119.

Jal, A., _Archéologie navale_, 7; _La France maritime_, 12; _De Paris à Naples_, 12.

Jahsco, 387.

Jamaica, 128, 201, (1511), 110, (1529), 221, (1534), 223, (1541), 177, (Jamaca), 226, (Jamaicha), 219, (Jamaiqua), 229, (Jamayca), 217, (Jamacqua), 218; Columbus at, 22; a granary, 191; map, 450; settled, 214.

Jamestown, its site occupied by the early Spaniards, 241.

Janequeo, 561.

Jannson, _Monde maritime_, 462; _Orbis maritimus_, 462; edits _Mercator-Hondius Atlas_, 462.

Janvier, _Atlas moderne_, 469.

Japan, 452, (Cimpaga), 438; (Giapan), 451, 454, (Iapon), 464, (Zipangri), 170; in Ortelius, 472; in Toscanelli’s map, 101. _See_ Cipango.

Japanese map of the Pacific coast, 460.

Jaramillo, Juan de, 258; _Relacion_, 500.

Jaume. _See_ Ferrer.

Jayme, Juan, 40; his Declinatorium, 100.

Jefferson, Thomas, his picture of Columbus, 73; engraved, 74.

Jefferys’s map of De Fonte’s narrative, 469; _Northwest Coast_, 460; translates Muller’s voyages to the northwest, 469.

Jemez, 495.

Jequetepeque, 516.

Jerez, G. de, 511.

Jeronymites, 311.

Jesso (island), 463; in the maps, 463; depicted by Hennepin, 464; (Terro Esonis), 467.

Jesuits in Florida, 282; in Mexico, 399; in Peru, 552.

Joan Baptista, Fray, 422.

Jocundus. _See_ Giocondo.

John of Gaunt, 39.

Jomard on likenesses of Columbus, 70; _Monument à Colomb_, 74.

Jones, C. C., Jr., on De Soto’s route, 291.

Jordan River, 240, 292; whence named 285; (Pedee), 260.

Josse, A. L., 424.

Jourdanet, Denis, edits Sahagun, 417; _La pression de l’air sur la vie de l’homme_, 375; his map of the Valley of Mexico, _heliotype_, 375; _Histoire véridique_, 415.

_Journal of the Franklin Institute_, 94.

_Journal of the Military Service Institution_, 375.

Jovius, Paulus, _Elogia_, 29, 67, 70, 71, 72; his gallery, 72; portrait, 70.

Juan Ponce, Bay of, 283.

Juan y Ulloa, _El meridiano de demarcacion_, 45.

Juarros, Domingo, his _Guatemala_, 419.

Judæis. _See_ Judæus.

Judæus, Cornelius de, his map, 457; _Speculum_, 457.

Jujuy, 525.

Julius II., Pope, 120.

KAEMPFER, 460.

Kalbfleisch, C. H., 113, 163, 173.

_Kansas City Review_, 467.

Karaikes, 601.

Keating, Maurice, edits Bernal Diaz, 415.

Kemenettes, 601.

Kendall, Abraham, in Guiana, 587.

Kendrick, Capt., in the “Columbia”, 470.

Kern, R. H., map by, 502.

Kerr, _Voyages_, 67, 162.

Kettell, Samuel, translates Columbus’ Journal, or _Personal Narrative_, 46.

Keymis, with Raleigh, 587.

Kingsborough, his bound tracts on Mexico and Peru, 399; his text of Sahagun, 416.

Kino, Father, explorations in California, 467; his map, 467.

Kirk, J. F., 427; criticises R. A. Wilson, 427; edits Prescott’s _Peru_, 578.

Kitchen’s map shows Lake Parima, 587.

Klöoen, K. von, “Die Welser”, 579.

Klunzinger, Karl, _Antheil der Deutschen an der Entdeckung von Südamerika_, 579.

Klüpfel, Karl, 579.

Knight, A. G., _Columbus_, 69.

Koerius, Petrus, his maps, 464.

Kohl, Dr. J. G., on discovery in the Gulf of Mexico, 404; his collection of maps, 93; his manuscript at Worcester, 127; his studies of the cartography of the Pacific coast, 431;. his manuscript memoir on this subject, 127, 431; on Magellan’s Straits in _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde in Berlin_, 617;. republished as _Magellan’s Strasse_, 617; _Lost Maps_, 117.

Kolno. _See_ Szkolny.

Koppe, K. W., 410.

Kries, _Magellan-Reise_, 615.

Kublai Khan, 42

Külb, 564.

Küsker, B., 51.

LA CAILLE, 276.

La Condamine, 590; descends the Amazon, 590.

La Cosa, Juan de, his map, 106; account of, 106. _See_ Cosa.

La Croix, _Algemeene Weereld Beschryving_, 378.

La Cruz, his map, 587.

La Harpe, _Abrégé des voyages_, 463.

La Paz, 442.

La Pérouse, 470.

La Plata, 446, 450; Magellan at, 598; called early by Solis, 605. _See_ Plata.

La Roche, Jean de, 262.

La Salle, Cavelier de, his connection with Peñalosa, 504; place of his death, 294.

Labanoff, Alex., his maps, 93.

Labazares, Guido de, 256.

Laborde, J. B. _Mer du sud_, 468; _Voyage pittoresque_, 389.

Labrador, 435, 436, 450, 451; (Lavorador), 219; (Laborador), 228, 453; (terra laboratorum), 122; early visits to, 34.

Lacio, publisher, 412.

Ladrones, 438, 610; Pigafetta’s map of, 611, 614.

Laet, J. de, map of Lake Parima, 587, 588.

Lafitau, _Découv. des Portugais_, 42.

Lafreri, _Geografia_, 432.

Lafuente y Alcantara, 47.

Lake, Arthur, 11.

Lamartine, _C. Colomb_, 83.

Lambert, Jehan, 157.

Lambert, T. H., on the origin of the name America, 179.

Landa, Diego de, _Relation de Yucatan_, 429.

Landon, _Galerie historique_, 73.

Langeac, _Colomb_, 68.

Langeron on Magellan, 617.

Lanjuinas, J. D., _Colomb_, 84; _Études_, 84.

Laon globe, 28.

Lapie on Maldonado, 456; in _Nouv. annales des voyages_, 463.

Larousse, _Grand dict. universel_, 68.

Las Alas, Estevan de, 278.

Las Casas, Antoine, 304.

Las Casas, Bartholomew, chapter on, by Geo. E. Ellis, 299; his birth, 303; arrives in America, 21; ordained at Hispaniola, 305; goes to Cuba, 305; goes to Spain (1515), 307; returns to Indies, 307; other visits to Spain, 308; enters a convent (1522), 313, 333; made bishop of Chiapa, 314; dies, 314; his character, 306, 330; his exaggerations, 313, 318, 324, 326, 327, 328, 332; relations to slavery, 304, 312, 325, 326; on encomiendas, 537; his colony at Cumana, 313; his memorials to the Crown, 317; his “Propositions”, 321, 335; opposed by Oviedo and Sepulveda, 314, 331; his opponents, 343; charges against him, 326, 343; supported by Herrera and Torquemada, 326; reviewed by Prescott, 328; his portrait, 332; his autog., 333; authorities on his career, 331; lives of him, 343; by Fabié, 343; by Helps, 343; by H. H. Bancroft, 343; by Prescott, 343; by Llorente, 324, 340; his writings, 313, 325; bibliography of, 333; his _Obras_ (Llorente’s edition), 324, 340; _Œuvres_, 340; _Apologética hist._, 340; his unpublished writings, 337; _Carta_ (1520), 337; _Carta_ (1545), 337; _Carta_ (1554), 337; _Historia de las Indias_, vii, 89, 174, 317, 339; fac-simile of indorsement on it, 339; _Conquista dell’Indie_, 342; his use of documents, ii; on De Soto, 254; on Columbus, ii; abridges the Journal of Columbus, 46, 91; his nine tracts, 333, 335; _Brevissima relacion_, 333; fac-simile of title, 334; _Cancionero spiritual_, 333; _Lo que se signe_, etc., 335; _Entre los remedios_, 335; _Aqui se cōtienē unos_, etc., 335; fac-simile of its title, 336; _Aqui se contiene una disputa_, 335; _Este es un tratado_, 335; _Proposiciones_, 335; fac-simile of title, 338; _Principia_, 335; _Tratado_, 335; _Explicatio_, 337; reprinted as _Las obras_, 337; translations of his tracts, 341; _Tyrannies et cruautez_, 341; _The Spanish Colonie_, 341; _Tears of the Indians_, 341; _Seer cort Verhael_, 341; _Spieghel der Sp. Tirannije_, 341; _Histoire admirable des horribles insolences_, 341; _Le miroir de la tyrannie_, 341; _Histoire des Indes_, 351; _La découverte des Indes_, 341; _Relation des voyages_, 341; _Relation of the first voyages_, 342; _Newe Welt_, 342; _Narratio regionum Indicarvm_, 342; _De Bry’s engravings_, 342; _Account of the first voyages_, 342; _Popery truly displayed_, 342; _Old England for ever_, 342; _Warhafftiger Bericht_, 342; _Umbständige warhafftige Beschreibung_, 342; _Regionum Indicarum_, 342; _Istoria_, 342; _Il supplice_, etc., 342; _La libertà pretesa_, 342.

Las Casas, Francisco de, 200.

Las Cases (Napoleon’s chamberlain), 304.

Lasso de la Vega, Gabriel, his _Cortés valeroso_, 354; _Mexicana_, 354; his likeness, 355.

Latitude, errors in, 96; first use of, 95.

Latitude and longitude, earliest instance of, in Spanish maps, 224.

Laudonnière, René, builds Fort Caroline, 262; _L’histoire notable_, 293; _Notable History_, 293; Lemoyne’s account, 296; _Brevis narratio_, 296; Challeux’ _Discours_, 296.

Lautaro, 548; victorious, 549; killed, 549.

Lavazares, Guido de, 504.

Lavradio, Count de, 42.

Laws, early Spanish, respecting the New World, 347; of Mexico, 401. _See_ New Laws.

Laycal Bay, 55.

Le Clercq, _Etablissement de la Foy_, 244.

Le Verrier, 36.

League, its length, 45.

Lebrija, Ant. de, _Prudentii Opera_, 64.

Ledesma, Pedro de, 176, 204.

Lefroy, J. H., _Memorials of Bermuda_, 110.

Legaspi, M. L. de, 616.

Leguina, Enrique de, _La Cosa_, 107.

Leguizamo, Marcio Sierra de, 556, 570.

Leigh, Sir Thomas, 464.

Leisler, Governor, 76.

Lelewei, Joachim, _Die Entdeckung der Carthager auf dem Atlantischen Ocean_, 36; his map of the Atlantic according to the ancients (cut), 37; makes an hypothetical map (1501-1503), 109; on Ortelius, 471, 472.

Lemaire, _Speculum_, 602.

Lemoyne de Morgues, Jacques, his account of Laudonnière’s expedition, 296; _Brevis narratio_, 296; translated by Perkins, 296.

Lenox, James, on the Columbus letters, 47; his woodcut map (1534), 222; fac-simile of, 223; his globe, sketch of, 123, 170; Lenox Library, 158; Spanish documents in, iii.

Leo Africanus, 163; his _Afrique_, 163.

Leon, Cieza de, treatment of natives, 556.

Leon, Jean. _See_ Leo Africanus.

Lepage, H., _René et Vespuce_, 164.

Lepe, Diego de, 109, 188; his voyage, 149; authorities on his voyage, 204, 205; his map, 205.

Leroz, _Geographia de la America_, 288.

Lester, Charles Edwards, 139.

_Letera de la nobil cipta_, 576.

_Lettres édifiantes_, 467.

Leucaton, 549.

Levante (east), 94.

_Leven van Columbus_, 69.

Levinus Apollonius, 297.

Lexona, 408.

_Leyes y ordenanças_, 347.

Libri’s library, 166.

_Lichte der Zee-Vaert_, 97.

_Light of Navigation_, 97.

Lightfoote, William, _Complaints of England_, 341.

Lilio, Z., _De origine_, etc., 58.

Lilius, _Orbis breviarium_, 25.

Lima, 513, 519, 558; accounts of its founding, 567; colleges at, 561; councils at, 552, 557; founded, 510, 522; called “Ciudad de los Reyes”, 522.

Linati, _Costûmes de Mexique_, 362.

Lindenau, _Corresp. de Zach_, 221.

Linschoten _Itinerario_, 457; editions of, 457; Wolfe’s translation, 459; copies of, 459; maps in, 457; _Navigatio_, 460; _Histoire de la navigation_, 460; _Description de l’Amérique_, 460; _Beschryvinge_, etc., 460; the Dutch editions used as sea-manuals, 460; in De Bry, 460; bibliography in Sabin, 460; his life, 460.

Lions (islands), 599.

_Lippincott’s Magazine_, 71.

Lisbon, archives of the Torre do Tombo, ii, viii, 90; Royal Academy, their _Noticias para nações ultramarinas_, 173, 616.

_Livres payés en vente publique 1,000 francs_, 27.

Llama, 505.

Llorente, Juan Antonio, biographer and editor of Las Casas, 304, 324; history of the Inquisition, 325; his work on the Popes, 325.

Loaysa, Alonzo de, 543.

Loaysa, Garcia de, 440.

Loaysa, Geronimo, bishop, 537; archbishop of Lima dies, 557.

Lockhart, John I., _Memoirs of Diaz_, 415.

Log, invention of, 98.

Lok, Michael, his map, 454.

Lomas Colmenares, J. B. de, 504.

Lombards (guns), 7.

Long Island (Bahamas), 55.

Longfellow, H. W., on Irving, vi.

Longitude, errors in, 98; first use of, 95; more or less uncertain at sea to-day, 101; rewards of accurate methods, 100. _See_ Latitude.

Lope de Sosa, 209.

Lope de Vega, on the Araucanian war, 572.

Lopes, Pero, 596.

Lopez de Haro, _Nobilario_, 88.

Lopez, Diego, 492.

Lopez, map of Mexico, 375.

Lorea, Ant. de, 560.

Lorenzana, _Cartas pastorales_, 400; edits records of ecclesiastical councils, 399; _Nueva España_, 408, 443; account of him, 408; _Historia de Méjico_, 408; his map of New Spain (_heliotype_), 359; on Viscaino, 461.

Lorgues, R. de, _Satan contre Colomb_, 69; _La croix dans les deux mondes_, 69; _Chr. Colomb_, 69; _L’ambassadeur de Dieu_, 69.

Los Rios, Pedro de, 200.

Lota, 524.

Löwenstern, I., on likenesses of Columbus, 70.

Loyola, Martin Garcia, 553; governor of Chili, 561; killed, 562; sources of information, 573.

Lucanas, 527, 544.

Lucayan Islands, map, 61; their natives carried to Hispaniola, 321.

Lucayoneque, 238.

Lud, Walter, 145, 162, 471; noticed by Henry Stevens, 162; his _Speculum_, 62, 145, 163.

Lugtenberg, his map, 464.

Lugo, F. de, 580.

Lugo, Luis Alonzo de, 581; of New Granada, 581.

Lugo, Montalvo de, 581.

Luguna, 489, 501.

Luis, missionary, 497.

Lullius, Raymond, _Arte de navegar_, 96, 98.

Luna, Gomez de, 534.

Luna y Arellano, Tristan de, 257; his expedition, 258; returned to Cuba, 259.

Lunar tables, 99.

_L’univers pittoresque_, 296.

Luque, Hernando, 505, 507; made bishop of Tumbez, 512; died, 526.

_Lyuro das obras de Garcia de Resende_, 56.

MACDONALD, M., _Guatemozin_, 430.

Macedo, notice of Ortelius, 471.

Machin discovers Madeira, 38.

Machiparo, 582.

Mackenzie, A. S., 53.

Macoya, 279.

Macrobius, 28.

Macuelas, Juan, 257.

Madden, Sir Frederick, 337.

Madeira discovered, 38; as first meridian, 95.

Madrid, Academy of History, publications on American history, vii; Royal Academy, _Memorias_, 70; Soc. Geog., _Boletin_, 72.

Maella, M., 76.

Maese de Campo, 271.

Maffeius, 62; _Commentariorum urbanorum libri_, 421; _Historiarum indicarum libri_, 457.

Magalhaens. _See_ Magellan.

Magalhaes de Gandavo, 154.

_Magasin pittoresque_, 72, 296.

Magdalen (Indian women), 255.

Magdalena (Florida river), 243, 288.

Magdalena (South American river), 189, 513.

Magellan, Fernando de, career, 591; different forms of his name, 591; autog., 592; sails on his expedition, 592; portraits of, 72, 75, 76, 593, 594, 595; his fleet, 593; quarrels with Juan de Carthagena, 596, 599; at Rio de Janeiro, 596; at La Plata, 598; at Port Desire, 599; mutiny there, 599; executes Mendoza and Quesada, 599; sees a giant, 600; fights the natives, 601; takes possession of Patagonia, 604; observes eclipse of sun, 604; in the straits, 606; reaches the Pacific, 608; his track in the Pacific, 609; map of it, 610; at the Ladrones, 611; at the Philippines, 612; killed, 612; sources of information for the voyage, 613; Pigafetta’s diary, 613, 614; Max. Transylvanus’ letter, 615; lost account by Peter Martyr, 615; documents in Navarrete, 615; manuscript ascribed to Magellan, 615; enumeration of his companions, 615; accounts by Stanley, Major, etc., 617; bibliography of, 617; documents published by the Hakluyt Society, 616; account by Genoese pilot, 616; shows how Magellan followed the Antarctic current, 616; account in Oviedo, 616; in Herrera, 616; the _Noticia_ of Navarrete, 617.

Magellan’s Straits, 435, 436, 446, 450, (1534), 223; (1541), 177; treatise on its history by Kohl, 617; by Wieser, 617; named after the Eleven thousand Virgins by its discoverer, 604, 605; prefigured on Behaim’s map, 604; Pigafetta’s map, 605; called “Streto Patagonico”, 605; voyage of the “Santa Maria de la Cabeza”, 593.

Magini, J. A., edits Ptolemy, 457.

Magnet, history of the, 94; variation of, 94; lines of no variation, 95. _See_ Compass, Needle.

Magnetic curves, charts of, 100.

Magnetic pole, 95.

Maida (island), 451, 453.

Maiollo, map of America (1527), 94, 219, 220.

Major, R. H., _Select Letters of Columbus_, 10, 47; _Conquest of the Canaries_, 36; on date of Columbus’ birth, 83; on the Da Vinci map, 124; on Vespucius, 178; _Prince Henry the Navigator_, 40, 617; _Discoveries of Prince Henry_, 617.

Mala, 519, 526.

Maldonado, 21.

Maldonado (artist), 362.

Maldonado, Diego, 503; seeks De Soto, 253.

Maldonado, Francisco, 250.

Maldonado, Lorenzo Ferrer de, his disputed voyage, 455; authorities for, 455; _Viaggio_, 456; Memoir by Lapie, 456; map, 468.

Maldonado, Pedro de, 542.

Maldonado, Roderigo, 486, 492.

Malhado Island, 244.

Malipiero, Dominico, 106.

Malloy, Charles, _Affairs maritime_, 83.

Malpica, 72.

Malte-Brun, 164; _Hist. de la géog._, 30.

Manca, Ynca, 520; at Vilcabamba, 546; neglected, 524; heads an army, 524; defeated by Orgoñez, 526.

Mandaña, 561.

Mandeville, John de, influences Columbus, 27; _Itinerarius_, 30.

Maneiro, _De vitis Mexicanorum_, 429.

Mangi, 42, 105, 118, 438, 454, 472; mare de, 451, 453.

Mangon, 42.

Manigua, 233.

Manilla, 454.

Manioc, 598.

Manipacna River, 259.

Mannert, Conrad, 587.

Manno and Promis, _Notizie di Gastaldi_, 439.

Manoa (city), 585; first in maps, 587; in later maps, 587, 588; disappeared, 589.

Manrique de Lara, Rodrigo, 551.

Manta Bay, 509.

Mantuanus, B., _Opera_, 62.

_Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi_, 38.

Mapocho River, 528.

Maps of the earliest Spanish and Portuguese discoveries, 93; early Spanish ones very rare, 174. _See_ Cordiform.

Maracaibo, 190; Lake of, 187.

Maracayo Lake, 558.

Maragnon, Rio, 228.

Maranon (river), 188, 513, 519, 581. _See_ Amazon.

Marata, 477, 480.

Marchand, Guy, or Guiot, printer, 49, 50, 51.

Marchena of Rábida, 3, 5.

Marchena, Perez de, 91.

Marchesi, 48.

Marchetti, edition of Ortelius, 472.

Marcos, Fray, 475, 476, 477, 503; his _Descubrimiento_, 499; report altered in Ramusio and Hakluyt, 476, 499; his fictions, 499; rejoins Coronado, 480; general of the Franciscans, 481.

Marcou, Jules, on the naming of America, 179; _First Discoveries of California_, 443, 467; on Alarcon’s voyage, 443.

Mar del Sur. _See_ Pacific.

Margarita (island), 18, 20, 110, 134, 187, 225, 581, 588; map, 61; seized by Aguirre, 582.

Margry, _Navigations Françaises_, 12, 39.

Mariames (Indians), 244.

Mariguana (island), 55, 56.

Mariguanu, battle of, 549.

Marin, _Commercio de’ Veneziani_, viii, 90.

Marina, 355, 396.

Marini, G. B., 66.

Marinus, 24.

Marinus of Tyre, 95.

Markham, Clements R., “Pizarro, and the Conquest of Peru and Chili”, 505; “Critical Essay”, 563; his _Expeditions into the Valley of the Amazons_, 563, 585, 589; his _Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrárias Davilla_, 564; edits Xeres, 564; _Reports on the Discovery of Peru_, 566; edits _Life of Guzman_, 567; _Rules and Laws of the Incas_, 571; _Travels of Cieza de Leon_, 574; Garcilasso de la Vega’s _Royal Commentaries_, 575; encouraged by Prescott, 578; his _Cusco and Lima_, 578; _Travels in Peru and India_, 578; his handbook on _Peru_, 578; _Search of Eldorado_, 582; edits Acosta, 421; edits Andagoya, 212.

Marmocchi, _Raccolta_, v, 342.

Marmolejo, G., 528, 551.

Marmolejo, Gongora, career, 572; _Hist. de Chile_, 573.

Marquesas Islands, 561.

Marquez, Diego, 212, 213.

Martens, Th., 50.

Martin, Alonso, 196.

Martin, Cristóbal, 504.

Martines, his maps, 450; (155-?), 450; (1578), 227, 229; his map of the Moluccas, 441.

Martinez, Father, 279.

Martinez, Henrico, _Reportorio_, 421.

Martinez, the author of the story of Manoa, 579.

Martinez receives letter from Toscanelli, 31.

Martyr, Peter, d’Anghiera, 57, 224; on Columbus’ second voyage, 58; _Decades_, 57, 122, 182; _Epistolæ_, 57; estimate of, 57; _De nuper repertis insulis_, 402; _Extraict ou recueil_, 410; on Magellan’s voyage, 615; his map (1511), 109, 110; _Legatio Babylonica_, 109; _Summario_ (1534), 222.

Martyrs, the (islands), 233.

Massbieau, L., _Mexico_, 378.

Mata-Lanares, manuscripts of, ii.

Matagorda Bay, 244.

Matanzas, 203, 230, 276.

Mataquito, 549.

Matienzo, Juan, 552; his _Gobierno de el Peru_, 571.

Maule River, 524, 531, 559.

Mauro, Fra, his map, 41, 94.

Mauro, Lucio, 414.

Maury, Mytton, 106.

Mavila, 248, 291; battle of, 249; name how spelled, 291.

May (river), 295.

Maya civilization, 429.

Mayer. _See_ Meyer.

Mayer, Anton, _Wiens Buchdruckergeschichte_, 184.

Mayor, Pedro de, 528.

Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, his library, 430.

Maxixcatzin, 372.

McCulloch, _Antiquarian Researches in America_, 296.

Mead, _Construction of maps_, 470.

Mecia de Viladestes, map of the Canaries, 36.

Mecken, Israel van, 352.

Medici, Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de’, 145; letter to, from Vespucius, 156.

Medici, princes, 131.

Medina, Pedro de, _Arte de navegar_, 7, 98, 176; his map, 113, 226.

Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, his manuscripts, viii.

Medina, _Libro_, 6.

Meek, Alexander, on De Soto’s march, 296; _Romantic Passages_, 296.

Megander, 262.

Meier, H. L., 290.

Mela, Pomponius, bibliography of, 180; his map of the world, 180; his _Cosmographia_, 180; _De situ orbis_, 28, 181; _Cosmographica geographia_, 181; _De totius orbis descriptione_, 181; edited by Vadianus, 122, 182; issued with Solinus, 182; corrected by Olive and Barbaro, 183; translated by Golding, 186; his north and south theory, 26; on Vespucius, 154. _See_ Pomponius.

_Memoirs for the Curious_, 462.

_Memorial historico Español_, 573.

Mena, Juan de, 256.

Mena, Marcos de, 256.

Mendana, Alvaro de, 552.

Mendez, Diego, 62.

Mendiburu, _Diccionario del Peru_, 570.

Mendieta, Alonzo de, 570.

Mendieta, G., _Hist. eclesiastica Indiana_, 415, 422.

Mendocino, Cape, 444, 465; earliest mention of, 455.

Mendoza, Andrea Hurtado (Marquis of Cañate), viceroy of Peru, 545; dies, 547.

Mendoza, Antonio de, 393, 474; his autog., 254; conquers the Chichimecs, 419; viceroy of Peru, 542.

Mendoza, Cardinal, 91.

Mendoza, Garcia Hurtado de, governor of Chili, 549; defeats Caupolican, 549; likeness, 550; leaves Chili, 551; (fourth Marquis of Cañete), 560; his life, 572.

Mendoza Grajales, his _Memoria_, 293.

Mendoza, Hurtado de, his voyage, 441; on the Pacific coast, 393.

Mendoza, Juan Gonzáles de, _Historia del Reino de China_, 504.

Mendoza, L. T. de, his _Coleccion_, vii.

Mendoza, Martin, counsels with Magellan in the Straits, 607.

Mendoza, Pedro de (in Peru), 519.

Mendoza, P. G. de, archbishop of Toledo, 4.

Mendoza, one of Magellan’s captains, executed, and remains found by Drake, 599.

Mendoza (Chili), 524.

Menendez de Aviles, Pedro, 260, 283; directed to conquer Florida, 261; attacks Ribault, 263; attacks Fort Caroline, 272; returns to Spain, 279; returns to Florida, 282; on the Chesapeake, 282; dies, 283; portrait, 261; authorities, 293, 297; _Cartas_, 293; his victims of the _Epistola supplicatoria_, 297.

Meneses, 543.

Meneses, Pablo de, 545.

Mer de l’ouest, 463, 467, 468, 469.

Meras, Solis de, 275.

Mercadillo, 527.

Mercado, Martin, 545.

Mercator, Michael, his map, 461.

Mercator, Gerard, map (1541), 177; (1569), 449, 452; and Cnoyen, 95; his projection, theory of, 470. _See_ Hondius.

Mercator, Rumoldus, his map, 457.

_Mercure de France_, 560.

Mercuri, engraving of Columbus, 73.

Mérida, bishop of. _See_ Landa.

Meridian, first, 95. _See_ Longitude.

Mesquita, 599, 607.

Mesurado, Cape, 40.

Meta (river), 581, 586.

Metullus, _America_, 458.

Mexia, Pedro, _Silva_, 616.

Mexico (_see_ Cortés), 435; called Temistitan, 225; held to be Quinsay, 432; human sacrifices in, 328; plans, descriptions, and views of the city, 450; plan of, before the Conquest, 364; descriptions of, 364; lake of, 358; its causeways, 364, 369; alleged plan by Montezuma, 364; Helps’s plan, 369; Wilson’s plan of the valley, 374; the lake in Cortés’ day, 375; shrinkage of the lagunes, 375; map in Keating’s _Bernal Diaz_, 415; Jourdanet’s map (_heliotype_), 375, 415; Humboldt’s map, 375; Lopez map, 375; Siguenza’s map, 375; the waters of its lake supposed to flow into the Pacific, 375; inundations, 375; view of the city under the conquerors, 377; sketch in Bordone’s _Libro_, 378; new causeways built by the Spaniards, 378; city rebuilt, 378; cathedral built, 378; plan from Ramusio, 379; other plans, 378; account by Salazar, 378: other accounts, 378; Temple of, 408; second conquest by Cortés, 376; list of the conquerors and their descendants, 414, 415; conquest of, sources of information, 397; the “anonymous conqueror”, 397; records of the municipality, 398; records of ecclesiastical councils, 399; authorities on church history, 399; documentary sources, 397; _Documentos para la historia_, 498; native manuscripts destroyed, 417; bibliography of, 429; by Boturini, 429; by Clavigero, 430; by Ramirez, 430; by H. H. Bancroft, 430; plays and poems on the Conquest, 430; map of the west coast, 450; Geographical Society of, 93; its _Boletin_, 451.

Mexico, Gulf of, early maps of, 217; (Golfo Mexicano), 451, 459; map by Martines, 450; Cabot’s map, 447; (mare Cathayum), 433; Cortés’ map of, 404.

Meyer. _See_ Mayer.

Meyer, M. M., 102.

Meyer, Tobias, 101.

Meygenberg, 28.

Michoacan, map of, 400.

Miculasa (Indian), 250.

Miggrode, Jacques de, 341.

Milan, alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Millacalquin, 562.

Mines and Mining, 578; in Hispaniola, 16.

Mint established in Peru, 552.

Miranda de Azevedo, 440.

Miranda, Juan de, 504.

Mirandolo, Pico de, 162.

Miravalle, Counts of, 362.

Miruello, 292.

Miruelo, Diego, pilot, 236, 242.

Mississippi (river), its supposed course, 282; crossed by De Soto, 247, 251; discovered by Pineda, 237; who discovered it? 292; called “Espiritu Santo”, 177, 237, 404, 447, 504; early maps of, 292; map by Wytfliet, 281; by Delisle, 294. _See_ Espiritu Santo.

_Mittheilungen des Instituts für Oesterreichische Geschichtsforschung_, 617.

Mixco, 383.

Mobile Bay, 295.

Mocha (island), 531; (Chili), 524.

Mogrovejo, Toribio de, bishop, 557.

Molina, A. de, 511.

Molineaux globe, 452; map, 458.

Moll, Hermann, map (1736), 468; map of the Pacific coast, 467; of California (1755), 468; Lake Parima, 587.

Moluccas, 150, 217, 440, 610; discovered, 591; reached (1511), 441; expeditions to, 440; Cortés opens trade with, 393; supposed way to, 446; sold by Spain, 441; early maps, 440, 450 (1568), 449; history of, by Argensola, 616.

Monarchus, Robertus, _Bellum Christ. Princip._, 51.

Monasterio, 241.

Monette, J. W., _Valley of the Mississippi_, 296.

Monroy, Alonso, 528, 529; goes to Cusco, 530; dies, 532.

Monin, H., 40.

Moniz, Vasco Gill, 90.

Monserrate, documents at, iii.

Montaldo, Professor, 54.

Montanus, 192; _Nieuwe Weereld_, 466.

Montejo, Francisco de, 351; in Yucatan, 429.

Monteleone, Duke of, 395, 396.

Monteros, 516.

Montesinos, Ant. de, 240, 254, 286.

Montesinos, F., his career, 570; his _Memorias_, 570, 577; _Annales_, 570.

Montezuma, hears of Cortés, 353; picture of, in Montanus, 361; in Solis, 363; other likenesses, 76, 362, 424; meets Cortés, 362; in chains, 362; his descendants, 362; his appearance and age, 362; offers tribute to Cortés, 365; wounded on the parapet, 368; dies, 368; his tributaries, 408.

Montlezun, Baron de, 53.

_Monthly Miscellany_, 462.

Moon. _See_ Lunar tables.

Moqui pueblos, 484, 503.

Mora, D. de, 519.

Mora, J. de, 425.

Mora, _Méjico_, 428.

Morales, 197.

Morales, Andrés de, 204.

Morales, Gaspar de, 505.

More, Sir Thomas, his _Utopia_, 176.

Morelli, Cav., _Lettera rarissima_, 62.

Moreno, his maps, 55.

Morga, _Philippine Islands_, 616.

Morgan, L. H., _House and House-Life of the American Aborigines_, 502; on the seven cities of Cibola, 502.

Morisotus, _Orbis maritimi_, 34.

Morris, J. G., 106.

Morton, Thomas, on the Asiatic extension of North America, 439.

Moscoso, Luis de, 248; succeeds De Soto, 253.

Moscoso, F., 519.

Motolinia, Toribio, 343; his life by Ramirez, 343; his autog., 343; _Historia_, 397.

Motupe, 516, 519.

Mount St. Elias, 469.

Muller, E., 66.

Muller, G. F., on voyages to the Northwest, 469.

Müller, Johannes, of Königsberg (Regiomontanus), 96, 99; his _Ephemerides_, 96; his _Tabulæ astron._, 99.

Müller, Johannes, _Vereine Deutschlands_, 93.

Mulligan, John, 58.

_Mundus novus_, 157.

Mundus Novus (South America), 115, 123.

Muñoz, Juan, in Florida, 255.

Muñoz, J. B., autog. of, iii; his collection of manuscripts, vii, 569; on Columbus, 68; his _Historia_ failed to record Vespucius, 153.

Munroe, Prof. C. E., 352.

Münster, Seb., his map (1532), 121, 122; _Novus orbis_, 122.

Muratori, 90; _Rerum ital. scriptores_, 48.

Murphy, B., on the tomb of Cortés, 396.

Murphy, H. C., 287; on the bibliography of the _Cosmog. Introd._, 166.

Murdock, J. B., _Cruise of Columbus_, 54.

Murr, C. G. von, _Memorabilia_, 35, 221; _Gesch. des Ritters Behaim_, 35.

Musters, G. C., on Patagonia, 603.

Myritius, Johannes, _Opusculum geographicum_, 154, 439; map, 457.

NAHUATL manuscripts, 418.

Nancy globe, 432; sketch of, 433.

Nanipacna, 258.

Napione, _Del primo scopritore_, 84, 163; _Patria di Colombo_, 83, 84.

Napo River, 528, 588.

Napochies, 258.

Napoleon I., his havoc among the Spanish archives, i.

Napoli, Juan de, portolano, 38.

_Naraciones históricas_, 573.

Narvaez, Pamphilo de, in Cuba, 201; has a patent, 242; disappears, 244; his landing in Florida, 274; where did he land? 288; names of his followers, 415; sent against Cortés, 365; treats with Cortés, 366; released by Cortés, 380; authorities, 286; autog., 286; map of his discoveries, 226.

Nasca, 519, 543, 558.

Nata, 509.

Natchez (Indians), 258, 294.

_Nation, The_, 71.

Natives, earliest picture of, 19.

Nativita, 188.

_Nautical Magazine_, 82, 100.

Navarrete, E. F. de, 65; _La longitud en la mar_, 98.

Navarrete, M. F. de, account of, iv; _La historia de la nautica_, v, 98; on Alonzo de Santa Cruz, 100; on Andagoya, 212; his _Coleccion_, v; _Opúsculos_, v; _Bibl. mar. Española_, v; his documents on Magellan, 615; edits _Doc. inéditos_, vii; _Sutil y Méxicana_ (atlas), 456, 561; on Maldonado, 456; his researches on Columbus, 68, 456; _Noticia_ of Magellan, 617; another in his _Opúsculos_, 617; on Vespucius, 153, 178; _Viages menores_, 204.

Navarro, 516.

Navarro, Joaquin, translates Prescott, 427.

Navidad, La, 10, 16, 226.

Navigation, books of, 98.

Nebrissensis, Ant., 58.

Needle, declination of, 100; dip of, 100; variation of, as a means of ascertaining longitude, 99. _See_ Magnet, Compass.

Negrete, Juan de, 573.

Negro River, 581.

Negroes in Peru, 560. _See_ Slavery.

_Neueröffnetes Amphitheatrum_, 78.

New Andalusia, 88, 190, 191, 585; history of, 587.

New Castile (Peru), 525. _See_ Castilla nueva.

New France (Nova Francia), 453.

New Gallicia, 229, 474, 504; conquered by Guzman, 391.

New Granada, 458, 581.

_New Interlude_, 62.

New Laws, 537; revoked, 539. _See_ Laws.

New Mexico, Coronado’s incursion into, 473; sources of information, 498 (_see_ Coronado); early explorations of, 473; various expeditions to, 503.

New Spain, Audiencia, 460; Lorenzana’s map of, 408; maps of, 358, 359; map of, in Herrera, 392; (Nueva Spanya), 450; map by Ortelius, 472.

New Toledo (Chili), 525.

_New Quarterly Review_, 54.

New York Historical Society, _Catalogue of Gallery_, 515.

_Newe Zeitung aus Hispanien_, 576.

Newfoundland in the Cantino map, 108; (Terra Cortesia), 121; early voyages to, 33; in Sylvanus’ map, 122; (Terra nova), 450.

Newton, Sir Isaac, 470; his theory of a sphere flattened at the poles, 590; expeditions to verify it, 590.

Nicaragua, documents on, ix; Lake of, 200. _See_ Peralta.

Nicholas of Lynn, 95.

Nicholas, Thomas, 414; translates Zarate, 568.

Nicolini, Donato, 131.

Nicoya, Diego de, 191, 198, 200.

Nicuessa, 88, 209, 210.

Nieva. _See_ Zuñiga.

“Nina”, ship, 8, 187.

Niño, 18, 204, 205.

Niño, Andrés, 199.

Niño, Pedro Alonso, 109, 187.

Nito, 385.

Nombre de Dios, 189, 190, 223, 228, 446, 509, 581; settled, 505; abandoned, 506.

Non, Cape, 40.

Nootka Sound, 469, 470.

Nordenskiöld, A. E., _Trois cartes_, 28; _Bröderna Zenos_, 121, 436; edits manuscript of Marco Polo, 30.

Noreña, Alonso de, 343.

North’s _Plutarch_, 78.

North America, the belief in its narrowness, 466; connected with Asia, 285, 431; shown as an archipelago, 128. _See_ America.

North star, 99.

Northmen, voyages to America, 33; their acquaintance with the loadstone, 94.

Norumbega, 451, 459, 473; (Anorobagra), 224; (Norumberga), 453.

_Noticias históricas de la Nueva España_, 421.

_Nouvelles certaines des isles du Peru_, 576.

Nova Galitia. _See_ New Gallicia.

_Novus orbis_. _See_ Grynæus.

Nucio, Antwerp publisher, 412.

Nueva Galicia. _See_ New Gallicia.

Nuñez de Balbóa. _See_ Balbóa.

Nuñez Vela, Blasco, 537.

Nuremberg Chronicle, 34.

Nuttall, _Travels into Arkansas_, 292.

Nyeto, Alvaro, 257.

_Obras escogidas de filósofos_, 337.

Ocampo, Baltasar d’, his _Provincia de S. F. de Villcapampa_, 571.

Ocampo, Florian d’, edits Zarate, 568.

Ocampo, Garcia de, 189.

Ocampo, Sebastian de, explores Cuba, 201; sails around Cuba, 214.

Ocampo, _Chronica_, 421.

_Ocean Highways_, 221.

Ochechiton, 258.

Ochoa, Martin de, 271, 278.

Ochuse, 257. _See_ Ichuse.

Odérigo, N., has manuscripts of Columbus, iv.

Odriozola, M., _Doc. históricos del Peru_, 576.

Oettinger, _Bibl. biog._, 66.

Ogilby, his map (1671), 466.

Ojeda, Alonso de, 16, 68, 88, 112, 144, 209, 506; his voyages, 109, 187, 208; authorities on, 204; authorities on his second voyage, 207; notice of, by Navarrete, v; accompanied by Vespucius, 149, 153.

Olano, Lope de, 194.

Old World, map of (1490), 41.

Olibahali, 258.

Olid, Cristóbal de, 214, 351; at the second siege of Mexico, 376; in Honduras, 200, 383; his defection, 384, 411.

Oliva, Anello, _Hist. du Pérou_, 576.

Oliva, F. P. de, his account of Columbus, 66.

Oliva, Johannes, his map, 461.

Olives planted in Peru, 547.

Oliveros, 241.

Omaguas, 581; fabled empire of, 585.

Oña, Pedro de, _Arauco Domado_, 572.

Oñate, Juan de, 461, 504.

_Once a Week_, 66.

Ondegardo, Polo de, 545, 552; career, 571; _Relaciones_, 523, 571; his manuscripts, 571.

Ongania, his _Raccolta di mappamundi_, 107.

Onondaga, Spanish at, 283.

Oostanaula River, 247.

Opmeer, P. van, _Opus chronographicum_, 72.

Ordaz, Diego, 351; his expedition, 579.

_Ordenanzas reales_, 347.

_Ordinationes legumque collectiones_, 401.

Ordoñez de Montalvo, _Las sergas de Esplandian_, 443.

Oregon (river), 469.

Orellana, Francisco de, 188; with Gonzalo Pizarro, 528; courses the Amazon, 447, 528, 584; Herrera’s account, translated by Markham, 563; goes to Spain, 585; returns and dies, 585. _See_ Amazon.

Orgoñez, R., 525; defeats Alvarado, 526; defeats Manco, 526; killed, 527.

Orinoco River, 133; discovered by Columbus, 20; explored, 579; map of the mouths, 586, 588; explored by Whiddon, 586.

Orista, 282.

Orizaba, 358.

Oropesa, 525, 552, 562.

Orozco y Berra, 418; _Cartografia Mexicana_, 93, 166, 375; _Vallée de Mexico_, 375.

Orozco, Juan de, 504.

Orsenius, Ambrose, 471.

Orsenius, Ferd., 471.

Ortega, C. de, _Resumen_, 603.

Ortega, C. F., 418.

Ortelius, account of, 471; genealogy of, 471; life by Van Hulst, 471; portraits referred to, 471, 472; notice by Macedo, 471; his list of authorities, 93, 471; editions of his _Theatrum_, 471, 472; which is the original text? 471; _additamentum_, 471; French and German translations, 471; his mappemonde described, 472; map of the New World, 472; epitomes of, 472; map of new Spain, 472; of Florida, 472; of Peru, 472; last edition, by himself, 472; _Il Theatre del mondo_ (1598), 439; map (1582), 186.

Ortis, Alonso, _Los tratados_, 57.

Ortiz, Diego, 553.

Ortiz de Matienzo, Juan, 238.

Ortiz of Narvaez’ expedition, 245; with De Soto when he died, 252.

Osimo, d’, _Colomb et Marchena_, 3.

Osorius, _De rebus Emmanuelis gestis_, 616.

Osorno, 524; founded, 549.

Ostro (south), 94.

Osuna, Duque d’, 89.

Otina, 279.

Otmar, Johannes, 157.

Ortubia, Juan Peres de, 233.

Otumba, 358, 369; victory at, 370, 374.

Ovalle, _Historica relatione_, 576; _Historica relacion_, 576; English version, 576.

Ovando, Nic. de, 21, 201; deporting natives from the Lucayan Islands, 328; at Hispaniola, 23.

_Overland Monthly_, 288.

Oviedo y Baños, _Venezuela_, 584.

Oviedo y Herrera, _Vida de Santa Rosa_, 560.

Oviedo y Valdés, G. F. de, 197; in Peru, 563; his account of Peru, 563; his career, 209, 343; _Sumario_, 343, 345; official chronicler, 343; _Historia de las Indias_, 343, 345; critical estimation of his history, 563; published with Peter Martyr, 563; printed complete, 346; correspondent of Ramusio, 343; knew Cortés, 343; hated by Las Casas, 314, 345; bibliography of, 345; _De la natural hystoria_, 343, 345; fac-simile of title, 344; his arms, 345; _Coronica_, 345; his autog., 346; _Histoire naturelle_, 346; _Libro_ xx, 346; dies, 346; unprinted parts of his _Historia_, 346; life by Amador de los Rios, 346; _Histoire de Nicaragua_, 346; letter from (1543), 410; and Magellan’s papers, 616.

PABLOS, JUAN, 400.

Paca, 559.

Pacaha, 251.

Pachacamac, 519; temple of, 517.

Pachama, 558.

Pacheco, J. F., _Coleccion_, vii, 498.

Pacific coast, discoveries on, 431; chronology of explorations on, 431.

Pacific Ocean, 177; heard of by Columbus, 211; discovered, 195, 608 (_see_ Balbóa); various names, 439; (Mar Pacifico), 452; (Mare del Sur), 223, 227, 228, 450, 451; (Mare del Sul), 229; (Mare del Zur), 459; named in Pigafetta’s map, 605; maps of (1513), 440; (1518), 217; chart of Magellan’s tract, 610; trade-winds, 454.

_Pacific Railroad Reports_, 502.

Padilla. _See_ Davilla.

Padilla, Juan de, 484, 497, 503.

Padilla, Mota, _Nueva Galicia_, 468.

_Paesi novamente retrovati_, 205.

Paez, Juan, 445.

Pafallaya, 250.

Pagus Hispanorum, 265.

Paillamacu, 561, 563.

Palafox y Mendoça, _Virtudes del Indio_, 343.

Palencia, Fernandez de, career, 569; _Historia del Peru_, 569; called “El Palentino”, 569.

Palentino, el. _See_ Palencia.

Pallastrelli, B., _La moglie di Colombo_, 85.

Palmas, Rio de, 242, 281.

Palos, 5, 6.

Palos, Juan, likeness of, 287.

Pampluna, 581.

Panamá, 228, 229, 435, 509; documents in, ix; founded, 198, 199, 212, 505 (1566), 451. _See_ Peralta.

Paniagua, 569.

Pánuco, 229, 353, 382, 386; Rio, 203 (1520), 218, 225; named, 237.

Panzer, _Annalen_, 159.

Paposo, 524.

Para, 581.

Parana, 459.

Parana Patinga, 589.

Pardo, Captain, 278.

Pardo, Juan, 504.

Pares, Juan de, 507.

Parestrello at Porto Santo, 38; his family, 90. _See_ Perestrello.

Pareto, Bartolomeus, sea-chart, 38.

Paria, 114, 169, 177, 218, 223, 588; (Chili), 525; discovered, 187; gulf of, 586 (map), 61; (1511), 110; name of, 231.

Paria, University of, 90.

Parias, 121, 432; (in Schöner’s globe), 118.

Paricura, 188. _See_ Amazon.

Parima (lake), 585; first in maps, 587; in later maps, 587, 588; disappeared, 589.

Parima (river), 581.

Paris, Société de Géographie de, their _Recueil de voyages_, 30.

Parita (gulf), 198.

Parkman, F., _Pioneers of France_, 293, 298.

Parmentier of Dieppe, 105.

Parmigiano, picture of Columbus, 76.

Parra, Iacinto de, 560; _Rosa Laureada_, 560.

Parrots, land of (Brazil), 598.

Pas, Crispin de, 72; _Effigies regum_, etc., 72.

Pasamonte, 194, 210, 211.

Pasqual, _Descubr. de la sit. de la America_, 58.

Pasqualigo, 107.

Passado, Cape, 507.

Pastene, J. B., 530; his likeness, 531.

Pasto, 509.

Pastro y Cueva, B. de, 561.

Patagonia, giants in, 600; dress of, 600. _See_ Giants (_regio gigantum_), 432.

Patalis, 433.

Patinamit, 383.

Patiño, 267.

Paucartambo River, 519.

Pauli, Reinhold, 337.

Paulitschke, _Afrika-literatur_, 40.

Paullu, Ynca, 524, 553.

Pauthier, G., edits Marco Polo, 30.

Payta, 519, 546.

Paytiti, 585, 589.

Paz, M. de, 511.

Pearl coast, 20, 106, 169.

Pearl-fishery, 187.

Pearl Islands, 197, 198, 199, 505, 509.

Pecari, 598.

Pecciolen, M. N., his map, 461.

Pedrarias, Davilla, 209; _Lettere di Pietro Arias_, 567; authorities on, 211; his character, 196. _See_ Avila.

Peignot, _Répertoire_, 163.

Pelantaru, 562.

Peña, Gutierrez de la, 582.

Peña, Nuñez de la, _La Gran Canaria_, 36.

Peñalosa, Diego de, his discovery of Quivira, 503, 504.

Penco, 548; bay, 531.

Penguins (islands), 599.

Pensacola, 246, 250, 257, 295; discovered, 236.

Peralta, C. de, 510.

Peralta, Joan Suarez de, _Las Yndias_, 421.

Peralta, Manuel M. de, _Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panama_, ix, 213.

Perestrello, 2. _See_ Parestrello.

Perez de el Christo, Cristóval, _Islas de Canaria_, 36.

Perez, Juan, 469.

Perkins, F. B., translates Lemoyne, 296.

Pernambuco, 228.

Pernetty, _Voyage_, 602.

Perthes, Justus, _Mittheilungen_, 471.

Peru, 433, 435, 436, 446, 450, 459 (1541), 177; “Conquest and Settlement of”, by Markham, 505; first rumors of the country, 505; origin of name, 505; Ribero first uses it in maps, 505; likenesses of the viceroys, 532; under Gasca, 539; revolt under Giron, 543; Andrea Hurtado de Mendoza, viceroy, 545; Zuñiga, viceroy, 547; sun-worship in, 551; Castro, governor, 551; Toledo, viceroy, 552; relations of natives with the Council of the Indies, 556; Inquisition introduced, 557; Henriquez, viceroy, 557; F. de Torres, viceroy, 560; Mendoza (fourth marquis of Cañete), 560; described in the Dutch Apianus, 184; negroes introduced, 560; Luis de Velasco, viceroy, 561; sources of information, 563; in Gomara, 412; Xeres on, 345; gold sent to Europe, 566, 578; effect on prices, 566; _Copey etlicher brieff_, 566; _Libro ultimo_, 566; authorities on the treatment of the Indians, 571; later histories, 576; _Documentos históricos del Peru_, 576; manuscript sources, 576; _Varias relaciones del Peru_, 576; chief modern writers on Peru in English, 577; quinine in, 578; attempt to export treasure by the Amazon, 589; Spanish cruelties in, 318, 319, 320; the Inca Titus, 325; maps of, 509; (Ribero), 505, (Ortelius), 472, (Ramusio), 228, (Wytfliet), 558; (sketch-maps of the Conquest), 509, 519; (Ruge’s), 513. _See_ Pizarro, Birú.

Peschel, Oscar, on Bianco’s map, 94; _Die Theilung der Erde_, 45; _Zeitalter der Entdeckungen_, 69, 106; on Columbus’ birth, 83.

Petatlan, 475, 498; (river), 244.

Petavius, _History of the World_, 466.

Petau. _See_ Petavius.

_Petit Atlas maritime_, 375.

Petiver, James, coins the De Fonte story, 462.

Petrarca, F., _Chronica_, 62.

Petri, Henri, prints Mela, 184.

Philesius, 159. _See_ Ringmann, M.

Philip II., organizes the archives at Simancas, i; map of, 222.

Philippine Islands, 592, 610, 612; conquered by the Spaniards, 454, 616; histories of, 616.

Phillipps, Sir Thomas, 337, 427; his manuscripts, 566, 614.

Phillips, Henry, Jr., 375.

Phillips, John (Milton’s nephew), 341.

Philoponus, F. H., _Nova typis_, etc., 58, 286.

Phrysius (Frisius). _See_ Friess.

Phrysius, Gemma, _Cosmographia_, 156; _De principiis astronomiæ_, 176, 421.

Piache, 248.

Pichot, Amédée, edits Prescott’s _Peru_, 577.

Pickett, _Invasion of Alabama by De Soto_, 291; _History of Alabama_, 291.

Piedrahita, Juan, 546.

Piedrahita, L. F., career, 584; _Historia general_, 584.

Pietschmann, R., _Guanahani-Frage_, 55.

Pigafetta, Antonio, _Trattato di navigazione_, 98; his narrative edited by Amoretti, 614, 615; by Fabre, 614; in different languages, 614; bibliography of, 615; his career, 613; his diary, 613; its illustrations, 613; different texts, 613, 614; _Uno libro_, 614; and the captive Patagonian, 609.

Pighius, 154.

Pigmies, 472.

Pinart, his library, 430.

Pineapple found in Brazil, 597.

Pineda, Alonzo Alvarez de, on the Florida coast, 237.

Pineda’s expedition, 218.

Pinet, Ant. du, _Plantz, etc., de plusieurs villes_, 556.

Pingel, C., _Grönlands Hist. Mindesmaeker_, 34.

“Pinta”, ship, 8.

Pinto, fort, 549.

Pinzon, M. A., espouses Columbus’ theory, 3.

Pinzon, V. Y., 109, 187; authorities on his voyage, 204, 205; Varnhagen on it, 205; his voyage, 149.

Pinzon and Solis, voyage of, 153, 154.

Pinzons, 8, 10, 34; contribute money to Columbus’ outfit, 5, 91.

Pirckeymerus, B., _Germaniæ explicatio_, 99; edits Ptolemy, 102; portrait, 102.

Piron, his _Cortés_, 430.

Piscator. _See_ Visscher.

Pisco, 510.

Piura, 515.

Pizarro, Francisco, 193; at Panama, 505; forms a company with Almagro and Luque, 506, 567; his previous history, 506; sails on his first expedition, 507, 567; his second, 507; left on Gallo, 508; draws the line on the sand, 510; names of such as crossed, 510; goes to Gorgona, 511; cruises along the coast, 511; goes to Spain, 512; takes his brothers to Peru, 512; breaks with Almagro, 512; goes to Peru again, 514; at Tumbez, 514; at Caxamarca, 516; imprisons Atahualpa, 516; exacts ransom, 517; murders Atahualpa, 517; line of his march from Tumbez, 519; sends treasure to Spain, 519; enters Cusco, 520; founds Lima, 522; made a marquis, 522; reconciliation with Almagro, 522;´ dispute with Almagro over bounds, 525; conference with him, 526; gives command of his army to his brother Hernando, 527; likenesses of, 75, 76, 532, 533; his standard, 532; his body preserved, 532; in Lima, 534; killed, 534, 567; his house in Lima, 534; his house in Cusco, 556; sources of his history, 563; account of treasure sent to Spain, 566; lives of, 567; earliest tidings of his success, in the _Copia delle lettere_, etc., 575; translations of it, 576; Helps’s character of him, 578; H. H. Bancroft’s, 578; Robertson’s, 578. _See_ Peru.

Pizarro, Gonzalo (brother of Francisco), 512; seized by Almagro, 526; escapes, 526; leads his brother’s infantry, 527; sent to conquer Charcas, 527; explores east from Quito, 528, 570; deserted by Orellana, 584; returns, 528; on his estates, 537; leads army against Lima, 537, 538; enters it, 538; rejects pardon from Gasca, 540; defeats Centeno, 541; surrenders and is executed, 542; sentenced, 569; letter to Valdivia, 573.

Pizarro, Gonzales (father of Francisco), 506.

Pizarro, Hernando, 512; his expedition to Pachacamac, 517, 566; goes to Spain, 520, 522; returns to Peru, 522; at Cusco, 523; captures the Inca fortress, 524; seized by Almagro, 526; released, 527; commands his brother’s army, 527; attacks Orgoñez, 527; imprisoned in Spain, 527; his letter, 566.

Pizarro, Juan, 512; at Cusco, 522, 524; killed, 524.

Pizarro, Pedro, 512; his _Relaciones_, 566.

Pizarro y Orellana, _Varones ilustres_, 68, 567; his descent, 567.

Pizignani, his charts, 38, 94.

Placentia, alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Planacays, 92.

Plancius, map of, 457.

Plannck, Stephanus, printer, 48.

Plata, Rio de la, 228. _See_ La Plata.

Plato, _Critias_ and _Timæus_, 26.

Plautius, C., 58.

Plisacus sinus, 115.

Plutarch, translated by North, 516.

Poggiale, Gaetano, 163.

Poincy, Louis de, 289.

Polar Islands, 95.

Pole Star. _See_ North Star.

Poleur, Jean, translates Oviedo, 346.

Polo, Marco, _Milione_, 30; early manuscript of, 30; first printed, 30; editions, 30; his portrait (cut), 30; edited by Yule, 30; by Pauthier, 30.

Pomar, J. B., on Cholula, 422.

Pomponius Mela, 164, 168; edited by Vadianus, 173. _See_ Mela.

Ponce de Leon, Juan, his voyage to Bimini, 232, 233; names Florida, 233; directed to settle it, 234; likeness of, 235; dies, 236; authorities on, 283; bay of, 224, 225; the controverted date of his discovery, 284; his exploits celebrated by Castellanos, 584; names of his followers, 415.

Ponce de Leon, Luis, in Mexico, 386.

Ponçe Vargas, his manuscript, iii.

Ponente (west), 94.

Pontanus, his _Amsterdam_, 461.

Pontonchan, 203.

Popayan, 509, 513, 581; taken by Belalcazar, 584.

Popellinière, _Les trois mondes_, 454.

Popocatepetl, 358; sulphur got from its crater, 380.

Porcacchi, map (1572), 449; sketched, 453; _L’isole_, 449; copies of, 449; editions of, 450; _Carta da navigar_, 450.

Porco, 558.

Porras, Diego, 62.

Porro, Hieronymus, his map in Ptolemy (1597), 457.

Port Desire, Magellan at, 599; view of, 602.

Port Nipe, 55.

Port Padre, 55.

Port Royal, 260; Menendez builds fort, 278.

_Portfolio_ (Philadelphia), 410.

Porto Bello, 22, 506.

Porto Rico, 226; pillaged, 262.

Porto Santo, 2; discovered, 40.

Porto Seguro, Baron of. _See_ Varnhagen.

Portolá, 453.

Portugal, king of, on titlepages, 159, 160.

Portuguese on the African coast (1489), 41; their authorities, 90; their earliest maps, 93; their possessions in the two Indies, 449; their supposed early visit to the Pacific coast, 441.

Postel, Guillaume, _Cosmog. disciplinæ compend._, 35; _De orbis terræ concordia_, 421.

Potosi, 558.

Poussielgue, _Floride_, 298.

Powell, J. W., _Geographical and Geological Survey_, 502.

Pradello, alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Preciado, 443.

Prescott, W. H., account of, 425; _Conquest of Mexico_, 425, 426, 427; _Ferdinand and Isabella_, 425; criticised by H. H. Bancroft, 425; portrait, 426; his manuscript material, vii, 397, 426, 427; on Columbus, 69; new editions by Kirk, 427; translations of, 427; life by Ticknor, 427; his letters, 427; his library, 427; his manuscripts in Harvard College Library, 427; his noctograph, 426, 427; other manuscripts, 427; eulogy on, by George Bancroft, 427; view of his library, 577; _Conquest of Peru_, 577; translations, 577; new edition by Kirk, 578; reads Solis, 424; alleged leniency to the Spaniards, 313, 328.

Prévost, Robert, 298.

Prieto, A. L., _Los restos de Colon_, 81, 82; _Informe sobre los restos_, 82.

Prime, W. C., 126.

Prince, L. B., _New Mexico_, 503.

Prince, Thomas, on the De Fonte story, 462.

Prince Albert Land, 95.

Pringle, Dr., 462.

Printing, early, in Mexico, 400, 401.

Prisilia, 114. _See_ Brazil.

Promauca Indians, 525.

Promis, Vincenzo, _Memoriale di Diego Colombo_, 224.

_Prosopographia_, 389.

Proveda, M. de, 585.

_Provisiones, cedulas_, etc. (1563), 347, (1596), 348.

Prynne, Arthur, abridges Bernal Diaz, 415.

Ptolemy, Claudius, editions and maps of, 26; (1475), 27; (1478), 27, 120; (1482), 28, 95; (1486), 28, 33, 95; (1490), 28, 120; (1507), 120; (1508), 62, 95, 109, 120, 121, 154, 155, 220; (1511), 62, 95, 109, 122, 123, 169, 184; (1512, Stobnicza), 64, 116, 117, 121, 174; (1513), 64, 95, 109, 111, 112, 113, 162, 171, 173, 220; (1520), 112; (1522), 112, 125, 126, 148, 173, 175, 184, 598; (1525), 102, 112, 126; (1535), 95, 112, 127, 176; (1540), 446; (1541), 127, 184, 446; (1542), 446; (1545), 446; (1548), 226, 234, 434, 449; (1552), 184, 234, 446; (1555), 446; (1561), 436, 449, 471; (1562), 437; (1564), 437; (1574), 437; (1597), 457, 472; (1598), 457; (1599), 457; map of the world according to, 165; his theory of east and west extension, 26, 95; portraits (cuts), 26, 27; Angelo’s Latin version of, 26, 27; early editions, 27; spread of his views, 27; maps by Agathodæmon, 28; manuscripts of, 28; ibliography of, 93, 438; recognizes latitude and longitude, 95; errors of longitude, 101.

Pucara, 519, 545.

Pueblo Indians, 473. _See_ Moqui; Sedentary; Zuñi.

Puelles, Pedro de, 528, 538.

Puente, Alonso de la, 213.

Puerco, Rio, 488.

Puerto Bello, 509.

Puerto Deseado, 203. _See_ Port Desert.

Puerto Viejo, 509.

Puga, Vasco de, his edition of laws, 348; _Provisiones_, 401.

Puget Sound, 470.

Puna, 509; island, 514.

Puñonrostro, 213.

QUADRANT. _See_ Hadley.

Quadus, map (1600), 460.

Quaquima, 483.

Quauhtemotzin, 371; captured, 378.

Queh, F. G., on the Cakchiquels, 419.

Quemado, 509.

Quérandis, 598.

Querechos, 492.

Quesada, Gonzalo Ximenes, conquers New Granada, 580; his portrait, 580; goes to Spain, 580; his _Compendio_, 584; his daughter marries Berreo, 586.

Quexos, Pedro de, 238, 240.

Quiché, 383.

Quicksilver in Peru, 552.

Quiguate, 251.

Quilacara, 532.

Quillota, 524.

Quintana, Manuel José, on Balbóa, 210; _Vidas_, 210, 343, 567; _Obras_, 343.

Quintanilla, 5.

Quintero, 524.

Quinto, 89.

Quipana, 251.

Quir, F. de, his map, 461.

Quirex, 485, 491.

Quiriquina, 524; island, 549.

Quiro, Alvaro de, 507.

Quiroga, Rodrigo de, governor of Chili, 528, 551.

Quiros, 282.

Quisau, 454.

Quispicanchi, 511.

Quito, 509, 513; audiencia, 460; histories, 576, 584.

Quivedo, Bishop, 197.

Quivira, 451, 459, 465, 472, 491; (1556), 228; (1599), 504; (1662), 504; (Quivir), 454; (city), 445; site transferred to the coast, 445; map of, 485. _See_ Gran Quivira.

Quizquiz, 251.

Quoniambec, giant, picture of, 603.

RÁBIDA, 3, 5; Columbus at, 90, 91.

Race, Cape (Rasu), 432.

Rado, J. de, 519, 525: plots against Pizarro, 534; dies, 535.

Raemdonck. _See_ Van Raemdonck.

Rafts, Indian, 508.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, his account of searches for Eldorado, 579; at Trinidad, 587; sends out Whiddon, 586; map of the Orinoco, 587.

Ramirez, Antonio, 315.

Ramirez, José Fernando, edits the _Procesos de residencia_, 398; his library, 398, 399; _Bibliotheca Mexicana_, 430; collates Sahagun, 416; edits Duran, 419; his life of Motolinia, 343, 397; notes on Prescott, 427.

Ramirez, Juan, 241.

Ramirez, Pedro, translates Bethencourt’s narrative, 36.

Ramusio, G. B., _Navigationi_, 498, 499; on Columbus, 67, 83; his preface to Leo Africanus, 163; his map (1556), 227, 448; fac-simile, 228; knew Oviedo, 343; and the publication of Pigafetta, 614.

Ranjel, Rodrigo, on De Soto, 291.

Ranke, Leopold von, 337.

Rappahannock, Spaniards on, 282, 283.

Raynal, G. T., _Les Européens dans les deux Indes_, 40.

Rayon, I. L., _Archivo Mexicano_, 398.

Reclus, _Ocean_, 616.

_Recueil de traites_, 178.

Regiomontanus. _See_ Müller, Johannes, of Königsberg.

_Registro Yucateco_, 429.

Regnault, 47.

Reina, P. S. de la, 599.

Reinosa, Alonso de, 551.

Reisch, Gregor, _Margarita philosophica_, 95, 113; his map, 114.

_Relaciones geográficas de Indias_, 576.

Rem, Lucas, _Tagebuch_, 45, 162.

Remesal, Ant. de, S. _Vincent de Chyapa_, 91, 343, 399, 419; on Guatemala, 419.

Rémon, Alonso, 414.

Renchini, 58.

René, Duke, 106, 113, 146, 162, 164; dies, 169.

Renteria, Pedro de la, 308.

Repartimientos, 309, 537.

Residencia, 14, 398.

Reusner, Nic., his _Icones_, 26, 27, 59, 70, 102.

Revelli, S., 78.

_Revista de Lima_, 569.

_Revista Peruana_, 567.

_Revue archéologique_, 70.

_Revue contemporaine_, 70, 411.

_Revue de géographie_, 25, 40, 378.

_Revue de Paris_, 68.

_Revue des questions historiques_, 66, 178.

_Revue géographique_, 617.

_Revue orientale et Américaine_, 50.

_Revue politique et littéraire_, 34.

_Revue rétrospective_, 298.

Rey, F. del, _Cortez en Tabasco_, 430.

Reynoso, Captain, 279.

_Rheinisches Archiv_, 51.

Ribadeneyras, _Biblioteca_, 411.

Ribault, at Port Royal, 260; at Fort Caroline, 262; attacked by Menendez’ fleet, 263; wrecked, 273; surrenders, 276; authorities on his expedition in Florida, 293; _Histoire de l’expédition_, 293; _True and Last Discoveries_, 293; _Whole and True Discovery_, 293; flayed (?), 297.

Ribeiro, J. P., _Hist. de real archivo_, ii.

Ribera, A., 511.

Ribera, Nic. de, 507, 510.

Ribero, his map, 43, 206, 221, 233, 505; its influence, 225; records Gomez’ discoveries, 242.

Riccardi Palace (Florence), maps in, 438.

Rich, Obadiah, 577; helps Irving, vi.

Richel, Dionisio, _Compendio_, 400.

Richelet, Pierre, _La Floride_, 290.

Richeri, G. B., his collection, iv.

Richter, J. P., _Da Vinci_, 124.

Riggs, George W., 287.

Rimac River, 522, 547.

Rincon, A. del, 72.

Ringmann, Mathias, 146, 163, 164; at work on Ptolemy, 171; dies, 171. _See_ Philesius.

Rio de Janeiro, visited by Magellan, 596; Pero Lopez at, 596.

Rio de Palmas, 242, 281.

Rios, Pedro de los, 508.

Riquelme, 516.

Rithaymer, _De orbis terrarum_, 421.

Ritter, Karl, on Bernal Diaz, 415.

Rivarolo, F. di, iv.

Robertson, Dr. William, his use of documents, ii; on Columbus, ii; _History of America_, 68, 424; on Peru, 578; on Vespucius, 148, 154.

Rocca Saporiti, 58.

Roce, Denys, 158.

Rochefort, César de, _Hist. naturelle des Iles Antilles_, 289; _Caribby Islands_, 289.

Rodrigo, B., 528.

Rodriguez, Juan, 204.

Rodriguez de Villa Fuerte, Francisco, 511.

Rogel, Father, 279, 282.

Roillo Island, 38.

Rojas, Gabriel de, likeness of, 523.

Roldan, his revolt, 20; drowned, 21.

Rolls Chronicles (British Government), i.

Roman, Cape, 260.

Rome (Georgia), 247.

Rondon, Antonio, 528.

Roque Cocchia, Bishop, _Los restos de Colon_, 82.

Roquette, De la, 53, 107.

Rosaccio, 457.

Rosaspina, 73.

Rosny, _Lettre de Colomb_, 49, 50.

Ross, Thomassina, 206.

Rossi, _Del discacciamento di Colombo_, 58.

Rostro hermoso (cape), 188.

Rota, 611.

Rotz, his map of the Antilles, 226.

Rouen, globe at, 34; Indians at, 64.

Roure, P. du, _La conquête du Mexique_, 430.

Roux de Rochelle, _Ferd. Cortez_, 430.

Roxo, Cape, 237.

Rudders introduced, 98.

Ruge, Sophus, _Das Zeitalter der Entdeckungen_, 45, 69, 106; _Weltanschauung des Columbus_, 69; his map of Cortés’ march, 358; his map of Guatemala, etc., 384; his map of Pizarro’s discoveries, 512.

Ruiz, Bartolomé, 507, 510, 511; made grand pilot, 512.

Ruiz, Fray Fr., 504.

Rum Cay, 55.

Rupumuni (river), 581, 587.

Ruscelli, _Carta marina_, 435; his maps (1544), 432; (1561), 449; his text of Ptolemy, 457.

Russian Academy’s map of the northwest coast, 469.

Ruy de Pina, _Dom João II._, 90.

Ruysch and the magnetic pole, 95; his map, 156; its connection with Vespucius, 220; Varnhagen’s view of it, 155.

Ruyter, _See-Helden_, 77.

Rycaut, _Royal Commentaries_, 575.

Rye, W. B., edits the Knight of Elvas, 289; Biedma, 290.

SAAVEDRA, Ceron, 441.

Saavedra, Juan, 525.

Sabellicus, M. A., _In rapsod. hist._, 59.

Sabin, _Works of Las Casas_, 333.

Sabio, 408.

Sacchini, _Hist. Societatis Jesu_, 282.

Sacchuma, 250.

Sacoahuana, 519.

Sacsahuaman (Inca fortress), 521.

Sacsahuana, 520, 541.

Saeghman, his _Voyages_, 347.

Saegman Collection, 460.

_Saggio di storia Americana_, 587.

Sagras, Ramon de la, _Hist. de Cuba_, 230.

Sagres, school at, 40.

Sahagun, F. B., account of him, 415; his manuscript lost and discovered, 415, 416; studies the Aztec, 415; _Evangelarium_, etc., 415; his manuscripts, 415; _Sermones_, 415; his portrait, 415; _Hist. general de las cosas de Nueva España_, 416; _Conquista de Mexico_, 416; his autog., 416; the text in Kingsborough, 416; different texts, 416; _La aparicion de N. S. de Guadelupe_, 416; contrasted with Bernal Diaz, 416; article on, by Ferd. Denis, 416; _Hist. générale des choses_, etc., 417.

Sails, reefing, 98.

Saint. _See_ San, Sanct, Santa, Santo.

St. Augustin, Cape, 188; early names of, 205.

St. Augustine, 228, 295; burned by Drake, 283; founded by Menendez, 263, 264, 265; view of, 266.

Saint-Dié., account of, 162; its press, 162; its scholars, 162; its press broken up, 171.

St. Elias. _See_ Mount

St. Francis, Kingdom of, 480.

St. Helena (cape), 221.

St. Helena (river), 225, 292.

St. Iago (Mexico, west coast), 449.

St. John the Baptist (San Juan Bautista), River, 239, 240.

St. John’s River (Florida), 262, 265; Spanish forts at, 280.

St. Julian, port of, 605.

St. Lawrence (gulf), 107, 123.

St. Lazarus Archipelago (northwest coast), 463; (Philippines), 612. _See_ San Lazarus.

St. Lucia, 226.

Saint-Martin, Vivien de, _Hist. de la géog._, 30, 617.

St. Matthew (island), 36.

Saint-Méry, M. de, on Santo Domingo, 80.

St. Michael’s (Azores), and the first meridian, 95.

St. Roman, Cape, 221.

St. Thomas (island), 227, 447, 449, 450, 451.

Saint-Victor. Geoffroy de, his _Microcosmos_, 28.

_Sainteté de Colomb_, 69.

Salamanca, council at, 4; its university faculty on the making slaves of the Indians, 337; junto at, 91.

Salazar, Dominic de, 257.

Salazar, F. C., his account of Mexico, 378.

Salazar, Joseph de, _Crisis_, etc., 283.

Salazar de Mendoza, P., _Monarquia de España_, 68.

Salazar y Olarte, Ignacio, _La conquista de México_, 422.

Salazar, usurper in Mexico, 386.

Salcedo, names of his followers, 415.

Saldomando, E. T., 571.

Salinas, 519, 527.

Salinas, Marquis of. _See_ Velasco.

Salinerio, _Annot. ad Tacitum_, 83.

Salmon, _America_, 468.

Salte, Martin, 213.

Saltonstall, W., translates the Hondius-Mercator atlas, 462.

Salvá, vii.

Salvador, 468.

Samana (Bahamas), 55, 56, 92.

Samano, Julian de, 254, 256.

Samar, 612.

San. _See_ Sanct, Santa, Santo, St.

“San Antonio”, 593.

San Brandan Island, 36.

San Diego (California), 444.

San Esteban del Puerto founded by Cortés, 238.

San Felipe (Chili), 524.

San Francisco, the older bay so called, 433.

San Francisco Cape (Peru), 509.

San Gallan (Pisco), 510.

San José, Rio, 501.

San Juan de Ulloa, 203, 352, 353.

San Juan River, 21, 212, 509, 513; (Peru), 507.

San Lazaro Archipelago, 459. _See_ St. Lazarus.

San Lorenzo (Peru), 509; (Nootka), 469.

San Lucar, 142, 144, 200; (gulf), 198.

San Martin, Thomas de, 542.

San Mateo (bay), 509, 513, 514; (fort), 279, 282.

San Miguel, 519; founded, 515; (California), 444; (gulf), 190, 196, 509; settled (Jamestown), 241; (Sinaloa), 244.

San Saba Mountains, 244.

San Salvador Island, 53.

San Sebastian, 191.

San Vicente, Juan de, 265.

Sana, 519.

Sanchez (Sanxis), Gabriel (Raphael), 47, 48.

Sanchez, Gonzalo, 257.

Sancho, Pedro, 566.

Sanct Vicente (gulf), 199.

Sanctæ Crucis Terra (South America), 115. _See_ Santæ Crucis.

Sand clocks, 101.

Sandia Mountains, 488.

Sandoval, Gonzalo de, 351; at Villa Rica, 366; with Cortés, 367; his raids, 372; convoys brigantines, 373; at second siege of Mexico, 376; confers with Tapia, 380; in Honduras, 385; goes to Spain, 387; autog., 387; portrait, 388; dies, 388.

Sanguinetti, 84.

Sanguinetti, A., _Origine de F. Colombo_, 65; _Canonizazione di Colombo_, 69; _Vita di Colombo_, 69.

Sanson, Guillaume, 463.

Sanson, Nic., 466; died, 463; his maps show Lake Parima, 587.

Santa. _See_ San, Santo, St.

Santa, 511.

Santa founded, 547.

Santa Argo, 612.

Santa Clara Island, 511.

Santa Cruz, A. de, his variation chart, 100.

Santa Cruz Bay (California), 442.

Santa Elena (Port Royal), 259.

Santa Lucia, Bay of. _See_ Rio de Janeiro.

Santa Maria (Chili), 524.

Santa Maria del Antigua del Darien, 193.

Santa Maria de la Consolacion (cape), 188.

“Santa Maria”, ship, 8.

Santa Marta, 189; (mountain), 169.

Santa Martha, 580, 581.

Santa Rosa (bay), 257; (island), 243.

Santa Rosa (of Lima), 560; sources of her history, 560.

Santæ Crucis (cape), 598. _See_ Sanctæ Crucis.

Santangel, Luis de, 5, 46, 91.

Santarem, Viscount, 178; his accusations of Vespucius, 155, 178; _Hist. de la cartographie_, 28, 93; _Recherches sur Vespuce_, 178; translated by Childe, 178; his works on Vespucius, 178.

Santiago (Chili), 524, 529; _Libro Becerro_, 572.

Santiago River (Peru), 509.

“Santiago de Palos”, ship, 20.

Santillan, Hernando de, 542, 545.

Santo. _See_ San, Santa, Saint.

Santo Domingo, archives of, iv; Cathedral at, 79, 81; founded, 20; Hazard’s book on, 71. _See_ Hispaniola, Hayti.

Santo Tomas, Domingo de, 542.

Sanuto, 95.

Sanuto, Livio, _Geografia distinta_, 439.

Sanuto, Marino, his map, 36, 94; his _Diarii_, 108

Saona, 188.

Saragossa, treaty of, 441

Saravia, 509.

Sargent, Henry, 357.

Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, _Relacion_, 616.

Sarmiento, Bishop, 275.

Sarmiento’s voyage to Magellan’s Straits, 557.

Saturiba, 279, 280.

Sauce, Mateo de, 258.

Savage, James, on the De Fonte story, 463.

Savona, 89, 90; archives, 89; alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Savonarola, 131.

Savorgnanus, Pierre, 404, 410.

Sayri Tupac, 546; dies, 552.

Scandia, 472.

_Scelta di curiosità letterarie_, 162.

Schanz, _Englische Handelspolitik_, 3.

Schedel, Hartmann, _Registrum_, or _Nuremberg Chronicle_, 34, 35.

Schefer, Ch., 105.

Scherdigers, Abel, translates Benzoni, 347.

Scherzer edits Ximenes, 415.

Schmeller, Dr., on the discovery of Madeira, 38.

Schmeller, J. A., _See-Karten_, 616.

Schmiedel, _Vera Historia_, 587.

Schoetter, M., on Vespucius, 179.

Schomburgk, R. H., _Barbadoes_, 226.

Schöner, Johann, _De nuper repertis insulis_, 118; reprinted by Varnhagen, 118; globe (1515), 118, 173; (1520), 119, 173; his _Luculentissima descriptio_, 118, 173; his note-book, 113; _Opusculum geographicum_, 176, 432; portrait, 117; references, 117.

Schonlandia, 437.

Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of North America_, 502.

Schott, Andreas, _Hist. illust._, 51.

Schott, Charles A., _Variation of the Compass_, 100.

Schott, T., _Columbus_, 69.

Schottus, A., 186.

Schumacher, H. A., _Petrus Martyr_, 110.

Scott, Winfield, his approach to Mexico, 375.

Scotto of Genoa, 441.

Scyllacius, Nic., _De insulis_, etc., 58.

Sea-manuals, _See_ Navigation.

Sea of Darkness, 36.

Sechura, 516; desert of, 519.

Sedeño, Father, 282.

Sedentary Indians, 473. _See_ Pueblos; Moqui; Zuñi.

Sédillot, _Les instruments des Arabes_, 94.

Seeley, J. R., _Expansion of England_, 45, 421,

Segui, on history of Florence, 154.

Segura, 372.

Segura, Father, 282.

Segura, Juan, 282.

Segura mission, 282.

Senaraya, 84.

Senarega, _De rebus Genuensibus_, 48, 90.

Seneca, his _Medea_, 26.

Sepulveda, opposes Las Casas, 314, 333; his career, 314; his book printed and seized, 315; dispute with Las Casas, 315; his _Democrates Secundus_, 315, 335; _Apologia_, 335; _Opera_, 335.

Serena, 524; founded, 531.

Serpent’s mouth, 586.

Serrano, 194; murdered, 612.

Serrano, Juan, 606.

Serrano, Miguel Sanchez, 258.

Serraõ, 440.

Servetus edits Ptolemy, 127. _See_ Ptolemy (1535).

Sessa, Duque de, 288.

Setebos, 597.

Sentter, _Atlas_, 467.

Seven Cities (islands), 36, 38; called Heptapolis, 177.

Seven Cities (towns in New Mexico), 473, 480.

Sevilla Nueva (Sevilla d’Oro), in Jamaica, 201.

Seville, annals of, 68; archives at, ii, viii; cathedral of, 65; views of, 5; garden of Columbus, 5; notarial records of, ii.

Sforza, Ascanio, 57.

Sforza, Lud., 58.

Shapley, 462.

Shea, J. G., on the Remains of Columbus, 80, 83; on “Ancient Florida”, 231; on the Segura mission, 282; on the Spaniards in the Chesapeake, 282; edits _Relacion_ of Peñalosa’s expedition, 504.

Shelvocke, _Voyages_, 467.

Sherer, _Researches_, 25.

Ship-language, 597.

Shipp, Bernard, _De Soto and Florida_, 290.

Ships, early (cuts), 6, 7, 10, 13, 18, 19, 159; method of building, 8; first one built on the North Americancoast, 240. _See_ Vessels.

Sicard, Commodore, 352.

Siguenza, map of Mexico, 375.

Siguenza y Gongora, 288.

Silla, 491.

Silva, Miguel de, 227.

Silva, Pedro Malaver de, 585.

Silver Bluff (Georgia), 247.

Silvius, Willem, edits Zarate, 568.

Simancas, archives of, i.

Siméon Remi, edits Sahagun, 417.

Simon, Pedro, _Noticias_, 582.

Simpson, J. H., _Coronado’s March_, 502; _Journal of a Military Reconnoissance_, 502.

Sinacam, 383.

Sinaloa, 485, 499.

Singrein, Jean, 182.

Sirocco (southeast), 94.

Sismondi, _Literature of South of Europe_, 571.

Skolnus. _See_ Szkolny.

Slafter, E. F., _Incorrect Latitudes_, 96.

Slave voyages, 215.

Slavery, African, in the Spanish islands, 304; connection of Las Casas with, 312; of Indians, 348; instituted by Columbus, 303; its character, 309.

Slaves captured at the Bahamas, 239.

Sloane, Hans, 460.

Sloane manuscripts, early map in, 432.

Smith, Buckingham, _The Captivity of Ortiz_, 245; on C. de Vaca’s route, 287; memoir of, by Shea, 287; _Cabeça de Vaca_, 289; his _Coleccion_, 288, 498; his manuscripts, vii, 288; on De Soto’s landing, 291.

Smith, J. J., _American Historical and Literary Curiosities_, 73.

Smith, W., _Dictionary of Ancient Biography_, 164.

Smithsonian Institution, _Reports_, 502.

Smyth, William, _Lectures on Modern History_, 424, 578.

Snow, _History of Boston_, 463.

Sobrarius, _Panegyricum_, 62.

Socorro, 489.

Soderini, Piero, 145; addressed by Vespucius, 162, 163.

Solano, Fr., 570.

Solano, Juan de, 537.

Soligo, Christofalo, his chart, 38.

Solinus, bibliography of, 180; his _Polyhistor_, 122, 182; issued with Mela, 182, 186; edited by Camers, 122, 173.

Solis, Antonio de, _Conquista de Mexico_, 422, 575; continuation by Salazar, 422; account of, 422; portrait, 423; editions of, in various languages, 424; life by Goyeneche, 424.

Solis, Juan Diaz de, 191.

Solis de Meras, _Memorial_, 293.

Solomon Islands discovered, 552.

Solorzano, Juan de, _Politica Indiana_, 45, 571, 592.

Sonora, 486.

Sopete, 492.

Soria Luce, D. de, 511.

Sorie, Jacques, sacks Havana, 262, 275.

Sotelo, C. de, 535.

Sotil, Alonzo Fernandez, 238.

Soto, Domingo de, 315; his summary of the Las Casas controversy, 335.

Soto, Hernando de, 196, 200; his expedition, 503; in Florida, 244; crosses the Mississippi, 251; likeness of, 252; autog., 253; dies, 253; spot of his death, 294; in Peru, 288, 516, 517, 520; protests against Atahualpa’s death, 518; authorities on, 288; _Relaçam verdadeira_, 288; B. Smith on, 287; Knight of Elvas, 288; Biedma, 289; Garcilasso de la Vega, 290; Ranjel’s narrative, 291; Soto’s own letter, 291; opinions as to his route, 291, 296; its northerly limit, 292; his will, 291; his route in Delisle’s map, 294, 295; other maps of the route, 295.

Sotomayor, Alonso de, governor of Chili, 561 portrait, 562.

Sotomayor, Juan de V, _Provincia de el Itza_, 429.

South America, cartographical history of, 617; maps, 434, 437; (Ortelius), 472; (1601), 460; (Martines), 450; (_Mundus novus_), 450; (_TerraSanctæ Crucis_), 122, 123. _See_ America; Mundus novus.

South Sea. _See_ Pacific.

_Southern Cross_, 41, 169.

_Southern Literary Messenger_, 292.

Southey, Robert, _Expedition of Orsua_, 582, 583; _History of Brazil_, 589.

_Southron, The_, 296.

Southwell, Sir Robert, 464.

Souza, Lopez de, _Diario_, 155.

Spain, arms of (cuts), title, 6, 413; chroniclers of, 68; permits various early expeditions, 132; its government suppresses maps, 113. _See_ Spanish; Spaniards.

Spalding, Archbishop, on Prescott, 427.

Spangenberg, 469.

Spaniards, administrative and judicial system, 348; regulations regarding slavery, 348; their rapacity and cruelty, 301, 306, 319, 326, 327, 343, 417; and the Indians, 299. _See_ Spain.

Spanish arms, 334, 344, 406; with quarterings, 565.

Spanish maps, earliest, 93.

Spanish voyages to the Northwest, 469.

Sparks, Jared, _Ribault_, 293, 298; on Vespucius, 139.

Speed, John, his _Prospect_, 462, 464; maps (1651), 466.

Sphericity of the earth, 24. _See_ Earth; Globe.

Spice Islands, 441. _See_ Moluccas.

Spitzer, F., 445.

Spotorno. G. B., _Codice dipl. Colombo-Americano_, and editions of, iv, 68; on Columbus’ birthplace, 84.

Sprengel, M. C., on Ribero’s map, 221; _Beyträgen_, 615; his version of Muñoz, iii.

Squier, E. G., _Collection of Documents_, vii; manuscripts, 578; map of New Mexico, 501; on New Mexico, 501; plan of Inca fortress, 521.

Stadius, 96.

Stamler, J., _Dyalogus_, 62.

Stanley, H. E. J., 44; edits Morga’s _Philippine Islands_, 616; life of Magellan, 617.

Stapfer, J. J., 410.

Steelsio, Juan, publisher, 412.

Steinhauser, A., 222.

Stephen, a negro, 475; killed at Cibola, 479; tradition of his death, 483.

Stevens, Henry, on the ancient geographers, 181; _American Bibliographer_, 19; his opinion of Clavigero, 425; on early Spanish laws, 347; on Harrisse, 66; his prints of Las Casas’ writings, 337; his notice of Lud, 162; on Ortelius, 471.

Stevens, John, translates Herrera, 68; Cieza de Leon, 574.

Stevens, _History of Georgia_, 291.

Stobnicza, his introduction to Ptolemy (_see_ Ptolemy); his map, 116, 121.

Stocklein, _Reise Beschreibungen_, 589.

Stoeffler, Johann, _Elucidatio Astrolabii_, 99; editor of Proclus, 99.

Stormy Cape, 41.

Strabo, 24; _De situ orbis_, 25; on the sphericity of the globe, 104.

_Studi biografici e bibliografici_, 155.

Stukely projects an English settlement in Florida (1563), 262.

Stüven, _De vero novi orbis inventore_, 35.

Suarez de Figueroa, Cristóval, _Hechos de Mendoza_, 572.

Sugar-cane, 597.

Suma River, 519.

Sumner, Charles, _Prophetic Voices concerning America_, 25.

Sumner, George, 65; on Columbus at Barcelona, 56.

Sun, eclipse observed by Magellan, 604.

Sun-worship, 551.

Surco, 543.

Susquehanna, early Indian history of, 283.

Suya, 491.

Sweet potato, 597.

Sylvanus, B., edits Ptolemy, 122, 123; his map, 122. _See_ Ptolemy (1511).

Szkolny, John, 34.

TABASCO, 203, 352, 353, 384.

Taboga, 507.

Tacatacura (St. Mary’s), 280, 282.

Tacuba, 374.

Tafur, Pedro, 510.

Taisnier’s _Navigatione_, 98.

Talavera, 57, 91, 210; pirate, 191, 193.

Talcahuano, 549.

Taliepatua, 250.

Talladega River, 248.

Tallasehatchee River, 248.

Tallise, 248.

Tamarique, 218.

Tambo River, 519.

Tamizey de Larroque, 298.

Tampa Bay, 246, 288, 295; its various names, 288.

Tangarara, 515.

Tanguijo (Bahia), 203.

Tanstetter, Georg, edits Albertus Magnus, 173.

Taos, 495.

Tapac, Amaru, his flight, 589.

Tápia, Andrés de, his _Relacion_, 398.

Tapia, Cristóbal de, 237; ordered to New Spain, 380.

Tapir, 600.

Tascalousa, 278, 295.

Taschereau, 298.

Tastaluza, 248, 249.

Taylor, Alexander S., his version of the _Relacion_ of Cabrillo’s voyage, 445; _First Voyage to California_, 445;

Tehua, 495.

Tehuantepec, 228, 441, 384, 393; (Tequantepeque), 229.

Tehuelches, 603.

Tejada, 537.

Tejera, E., _Los restos de Colon_, 82, 83.

Tejos, 473.

Tellez, F., _Oratio_, 62.

Temixtitan, 365, 432. _See_ Mexico.

Temporal, Jean, 163.

Tendilla, 57.

Tenochtitlan, 365. _See_ Mexico.

Tepeaca, 358.

Tepeacans, 372.

Tepeyacac, 376.

Tequeste, 279.

Ternate, 591.

Ternaux-Compans, Henri, 427; his manuscript collection, iii; his _Voyages_, vi; his library, vi; his _Archives des voyages_, vii, 498, 499, 576; _Recueil de documents_, vii; _Pièces sur la Floride_, 297; his collections on Mexico, 417; publishes part of Oviedo, 346.

Terra Esonis, 467.

Terra Ferma, 223. _See_ Tierra.

Terra Sanctæ Crucis, 169.

Terrarossa, 89.

Terrazas, Francisco de, 397.

Testu, G., his map, 230.

Teucaria (river), 494.

Teutsch, G. D., on Honter, 122.

Texcoco. _See_ Tezcuco.

Texcuco, kings of, 417.

Texeira, explores the Amazon, 589; map of Pacific coast, 466.

Teyas, 493.

Tezcuco, 358, 369, 374.

_Tezcuco en los ultimos tiempos_, 418.

Tezozomoc, F. de A., _Cronica Méxicana_, 418.

_Thesóro de virtudes_, 408.

Thevenot, map (1663), 463.

Thevet, André, _Le grand insulaire_, 105; _Select Lives_, 389; and Laudonniere’s papers, 297; _Portraitures and Lives_, 516, 603.

Thomassy, Raymond, 614; _Les papes géographes_, 27, 62.

Thorndike, Israel, 73.

Thottiana, 58.

Thule, 37; (Iceland?), 33.

Thyle, 446.

Tiburon (cape), 188.

Ticknor, George, criticises R. A. Wilson, 427; _Life of Prescott_, 426, 427; _Spanish Literature_, 68; catalogue of his Spanish library, 47.

Tidor, 591.

Tierra del Fuego, 435, 450, 459; explored by De Fonta, 462; named by Magellan, 607.

Tierra firme, 169, 189, 209, 218; trading-voyages to, 208. _See_ Terra.

Tiguex, 485, 488, 493, 495.

Timor, 612, 613.

Tiraboschi, 65; _Letteratura italiana_, 83; _Storia_, 30.

Tiran, _Archives d’Aragon_, ii.

Titian, head of Cortes, 424.

Titicaca, Lake, 519, 558.

Titu Atauchi, 516, 520,

Titu Cusi Yupanqui, 552, 553.

Tizon River, 486.

Tlacopan, 376.

Tlalpan, 358.

Tlascala, 358, 359, 362; Cortés’ retreat to, 370.

Tlatelulco, market of, 376.

Tobar, Pedro de, 484, 496.

Tobia, Cristóbal de, 285.

Toboga, 509.

Toledo, Fernando Alvarez de, 573.

Toledo, Francisco de, governor of Peru, 552; his _Libro de Tasas_, 556, 570; returns to Spain, 557; _Ordenanzas_, 570.

Toledo, Luis de, 549.

Tolm, 459, 472.

Tolosa, Diego de, 255.

Tolosa, Juan de, 503, 581.

Toluca, 358.

Tome, Rio, 259.

Ton, English, as compared with the Spanish _toneles_, 594.

Tonikas, 294.

Tonnage of ships, 7, 594. _See_ Ships; Vessels.

Tonti, his route (1702), 294.

Tontonteac, 459.

Tontonteanc, (river), 449.

Topira, 438, 480, 500.

Tordesillas, convention of, 14, 45, 592.

Toreno, Nuño Garcia de, 224; part of his map, 220, 221.

Toribio de Benavente. _See_ Motolinia.

Toribio de Ortiguera, 584.

Toro, Alonzo, 538.

Torquemada, Juan de, 460; _Monarquia Indiana_, 421, 422; account of, 421; edited by Barcia from the manuscript, 422; on Xuares, 287.

Torre, G. B., _Scritti di Colombo_, iv, 46, 52, 65.

Torre, Juan de la, 510.

Torre do Tombo. _See_ Lisbon.

Torres, Antonio de, 17.

Torres y Portugal, Fernando de (Conde de Villar don Pardo), 560.

Tortugas, 278; (1529), 221; (1542), 226; discovered, 233; on maps, 234.

Tory, Geofroy, edits Mela, 181; account of, by Bernard, 181.

Toscanelli, 2, 3, 30; his views, 25; correspondence with Columbus, 30, 31, 90; map, ii, 38, 101; restored, 103.

Tosinus, publisher in Rome, 120.

Tosti engravings, 73.

Totonacs, 359.

Totonteac, 477, 480.

Tototeac, 472.

Toulza, P. de, translates Solis, 424.

_Tour du monde_, 298.

Tournee, R. de la, 224.

Touron, _Hist. de l’Amérique_, 256.

Tovar, Juan, 420.

Town, building of a, 522.

Townshend, Thomas, version of Solis, 424.

Tozen, E., _Entdecker der neuen Welt_, 35.

Trafalgar (Hatteras), Cape, 221, 285.

Tramont (north), 94.

Transylvanus, Maximilian, _De Moluccis insulis_, 615; _De Hispanorum navigatione_, 615.

Triango Island, 92.

Tribaldo, Luis, 504.

Trinidad, 133, 137, 221; (Cuba), 353; discovered, 20; map, 586.

_Triste noche_, 369; tree of, 370.

Trithemus, Johannes, 121; _Epist. fam._, 121.

Trivigiano, Angelo, 106.

Trivulgio Library, 51, 58.

Tross gores, 120, 173.

Trugillo, Sebastian, 341.

Trujillo, 385.

Truxillo, Diego (of Alonzo), 511.

Truxillo, 558; founded, 523; (Peru), 519.

Tschudi, _Antiquedades_, 515.

Tucapel, 524, 548.

Tucson, 477.

Tulla, 251.

Tumaco, 505, 509.

Tumbez, 223, 508, 509, 511, 514, 519, 558.

Tupac Amaru, 552; captured, 553, 570; executed, 553; documents on, 576.

Turin, _Mém. de l’Académie_, 84.

Turner, Sharon, 3.

Turner, W. W., _Pacific R. R. Reports_, 502.

Turquoise mines, 488.

Tusayan (Moqui), 484, 485.

Tutahaco, 487, 489.

Tuzulutlan, 313.

Twiss, Sir Travers, _Monograph on Burial-place of Columbus_, 82; _Oregon Question_, 455.

Tylor, E. B., _Anahuac_, 428; confirms Prescott, 428.

Typographical errors in early books, 153.

UAUPE Indians, 581.

Ucayali River, 519.

Ucita (Indian), 245.

Uguina, Antonio de, his manuscripts, iii.

Uillac Umu, 524.

Uira-ccocha, Inca, 520.

Ullibahali, 248.

Ulloa, Alfonzo de, 65, 568.

Ulloa, _Carlo V._, 421.

Ulloa, Francisco de, explores in the Pacific, 395, 442; his charts, 449.

United States Naval Institute, _Proceedings_, 54.

_Univers pittoresque_, 36.

Urabá (gulf), 189, 509.

Urano, C. M., translates Bossi’s _Columbo_, 68.

Urdaneta, Andres de, 445, 454.

Uricoechea, _Mapoteca Colombiana_, 93.

Ursua, Pedro de, in Bogota, 581; founds Pampluna, 581; quells the Cimarrones, 582; seeks Eldorado, 520, 582; murdered, 582; account of, 582.

Uspallata, 561.

Utatlan, 383.

Uzielli, Gustavo, _Scelta_, etc., 51; _Atlanti_, etc., 93; on the early maps, 155.

VACA, CABEZA DE, with Narvaez, 243; his journey overland, 244; his _Relacion_, 286; _Naufragios_, etc., 286; in South America, 286; autog., 287; memoir by T. W. Field, 287; his route, 287. _See_ Cabeza de Vaca.

Vaca de Castro, defeats Diego Almagro, 536; governor of Peru, 537; imprisoned, 537; escapes to Panama, 538; likeness of, 535; sent to Peru, 536.

Vacapa, 477.

Vadianus, adopts the name of America, 173; edits Pomponius Mela, 173, 182; his likeness, 181; bibliography of, 180; his true name Watt, 182; letter to Rudolphus Agricola, 182; his _Epitome_, 176, 184, 186; its map, 184.

Valdés, 469.

Valdivia, Pedro, 193, 194; leads Pizarro’s infantry, 527; starts to complete conquest of Chili, 528; likenesses of, 529, 530; proceeds against Gonzalo Pizarro, 534; joins Gasca, 541; goes to Valparaiso, 548; killed, 549; his letters, 572; accusations against, 572.

Valdivia (town), 524, 548.

Valerius, Cornelius, _De sphæra_, 176.

Valfermosa, 189.

Valladolid (New Mexico), 495.

Vallard, Nicholas, his map, 226.

Valori, Baccio, 163.

Valparaiso, 524; named, 525; name confirmed, 531.

Valsequa, Gabriel de, his chart, 38, 174.

Valtanas, D. de, _Compendio_, 84.

Valverde, V. de, 512; bishop of Cusco, 520, 566; death, 566; _Carta-relacion_, 566.

Van Brocken, _Colomb_, 69.

Van Heuvel, J. A., _Eldorado_, 589.

Van Hulst, Felix, on Ortelius, 471.

Van Kampen, _Levens van Nederlanders_, 460.

Van Loon, _Zee-Atlas_, 463, 466.

Van Raemdonck, his _Mercator_, 471; _Gérard de Cremer_, 471.

Van Richthofen, _China_, 119.

Vancouver on the northwest coast, 470.

Vander Aa, _Versameling_, 289; _Zee- und Landreizen_, 289. _See_ Aa.

Vandera, Juan de la, 278.

Varenius, 470.

Variation-charts, 100.

Variation of the needle, 45. _See_ Needle.

Varnhagen, F. A. de, on the name of America, 178; his _Schöner e Apianus_, 183; _Carta de Colon_, 47; publishes Columbus’ notes on D’Ailly, 29; prints a Columbus letter, 47; _Das wahre Guanahani_, 55, 56; _Verdadera Guanahani_, 91; edits Lopez de Souza’s Diario, 155; his _Hist. do Brazil_, 155; his _Amerigo Vespucci_, 131, 155; his track of Vespucius’ first voyage, 155; his various publications on Vespucius, 156; on Vespucius’ voyage (1497), 231.

Varthema, _Itinerario_, 215; copies of, 215.

Vasari, _Lives of the Painters_, 72.

Vasconcellos, _D. Juan al Segundo_, 90.

Vasquez, Alonzo, 291.

Vasquez de Aillon, Lucas, sent to Mexico, 365, 367.

Vasquez, Fr., his account of Aguirre, 582; _Chronica_, 419; _Guatemala_, 399.

Vasquez, Pedro, 212.

Vasquez, Tomas, 543, 545, 546.

Vattemare, H., 411.

Vaugondy, his map, 468; _Observations_, 463.

Veer, Gustav de, _Prinz Heinrich_, 40.

Vega, Gabriel Lasso de la, _Cortés valeroso_, 430; _Mexicana_, 430. _See_ Lasso.

Vega, Garcilasso de la, bibliography of, 575; _Commentarios reales_, 575; _Hist. general del Peru_, 570, 575; Rycaut’s _Royal Commentaries_, 575; Markham’s version, 575; other versions, 575; _Florida del Inca_, 290, 575; _Conquête de la Floride_, 290; _Eroberung von Florida_, 290; English version in Shipp’s _De Soto_, 290; at school in Cusco, 547; deserts Gonzalo Pizarro, 541; as a writer, 569.

Vega, Garcilasso de la (father), 521.

Vega, Lope de, _Marquez del Valle_, 430.

Vega, M. de la, gathers documents in Mexico, viii; _Historia_, 20.

Velarde, Luis, 467.

Velasco, Juan de, _Hist. de Quito_, 576, 584.

Velasco, Luis (an Indian), 279, 282.

Velasco, Luis de, 454; anxious to conquer Florida, 256; father of the Indians, 256.

Velasco, Luis de (Marquis of Salinas), 561.

Velasco (river), 463.

Velasquez (judge in Peru), 534.

Velasquez de Cuellar, Diego, governor, 349; portrait, 350; his adherents, 355; his intrigues against Cortés, 356, 357; sends Narvaez against him, 365; his expedition to Cuba, 201, 237, 305; death of, 214.

Velasquez de Leon, 351, 366, 367.

Velez de Medrano, Juan, 277.

Velsers, 579.

Venegas, _Noticia de la California_, 461; bibliography of, 461.

Venereal diseases in America, 329.

Venezuela, 187, 190, 410; colonies on the coast of, 579; history of, 584.

Venice, archives of, viii; plundered by the Austrians, viii; _State Papers_, viii; Columbus at, 90.

Ventura de Raulica, _Colombo_, 69.

Vera Cruz (Mexico), 203, 358; founded, 355, 356; site shifted, 356.

Vera Paz, 254.

Veradus, C., 50.

Veragua, or Veraguas, Duque de, 65, 87, 88; his collection of papers, iii, viii, 89.

Veragua (town), 21, 198, 509.

Vergara, Juan de, 189, 207, 527.

Vermejo River, 483.

Verne, Jules, _Découverte de la terre_, 30, 71.

Verrazano, supposed pirate, 382.

_Verscheyde Oost-Indische Voyagien_, 460.

Vespucci. _See_ Vespucius.

Vespucius, Americus, chapter on, by S. H. Gay, 129; an Italian, 2; spelling of the name, 129, 179; his forename of German origin, 137, 179; notices of (Gay), 129; (Navarrete), v; (Winsor), 153; account of his voyages collectively, 142, 145; in the _Cosmog. introd._, 145; _Quattuor navigationes_, 166; his relations with Saint-Dié, 174; his alleged first voyage, 137, 140, 155; his second voyage, 149, 150, 153; with Ojeda, 144, 149, 153, 187; his third voyage, 145, 150, 156; in the Portuguese service, 146; his fourth voyage, 151; his letter to F. de Medici, 156; his letter to Soderini, different texts of, 163; editions of the _Mundus novus_, and translations, 157; fac-similes of pages, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161; _De Ora Antarctica_, 159; his connection with early maps (Ruysch), 220; (missing map), 156, 174; as a mariner, 148; with Coelho, 162; his character, self-praising, 169; charged with deceit, 144, 176; an impostor, 154; a charlatan, 142; claims to have discovered the main, 153; was he on the Florida coast? 231; named in the _New Interlude_, 62; the first to describe the cannibals of Brazil, 598; thought America was Asia, 167; personal relations with Da Vinci, 172; with Columbus, 131, 149, 178; with Cabot, 154; mentioned by Oviedo, 154; not mentioned in the Portuguese archives, 137, 154, 155; appointed pilot-major, 152; his later voyages, 152; his death, 152; his portrait, 72, 74, 75, 140 (Bronzino), 139; (Parmigiano), 140; (Peale), 140; (Montanus), 141; his autog., 138; fac-simile of letter, 130; his descendants, 131.

Vespucius, Giorgi Antonio, 129.

Vespucius, Jerome, 129.

Vespucius, Nastugio, 129.

Vessels, size of early, 205, 594; picture of, 267. _See_ Ships; Tonnage.

Vetancour, _Teatro Mexicano_, 399.

Vetancurt, Augustin de, _Teatro Mexicano_, 422; account of, 422.

Vetter, Theodor, 179.

Veytia, Mariano, _Hist. antigua de Mejico_, 418; _Tezcuco_, 418.

Vianello, 152, 156.

“Victoria”, ship, 594; her fate, 613; commemorated by the Hakluyt Society, 613.

Vienna, geographers at, 173, 181; presses at, 184.

Viera y Clavijo, _Islas de Canaria_, 36.

Vigel, _Biblioteca Méxicana_, 340, 418.

Vilcabamba, 526, 546.

Villa Rica. _See_ Vera Cruz.

Villa Riga (Chili), 524.

Villacuri, 519, 543.

Villafãne, Angel de, 256; in Florida, 259; at Santa Elena, 260.

Villagra, F. de, 548; governor of Chili, 549; defeated at Mariguanu, 549; in Chili, 551.

Villagran, F. de, 528.

Villalobos, Lopes de, voyages, v; on the Pacific coast, 448.

Villalta, José Garcia de, translates Irving’s _Columbus_, 68.

Villault de Belfond, _Costes d’Afrique_, 39.

Villroel, Gonzalo de, 273.

Vincent, _Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients_, 41.

Vincenzius of Beauvais, 28; his _Speculum_, 28.

Vinci, Da, acquaintance with Columbus, 31; his alleged map, 124-126. _See_ Da Vinci.

Viranque, 251.

Viraratu, 582.

Virchow and Holtzendorff, _Verträge_, 69.

Virgil on western lands, 25.

_Virginia richly valued_, 289.

Viscaino, Seb., 504; his voyage, 460; his map of the Pacific coast, 461.

Visscher, his map of Pacific coast, 466.

Vitet, _Anc. villes de France_, 39; _Hist. de Dieppe_, 34.

Vivien de Saint-Martin, _Hist. de la géog._, 472.

Viscaino, Juan. _See_ Cosa.

“Vizcaino”, ship, 20.

Volafan (_see_ Varnhagen), 47.

Von Murr, C. G., _Ritter Behaim_, 105; _Memorabilia_, 96.

Vopellio, Gaspar, his map, 438, 448; fac-simile of his map, 436.

Vorsterman, W., 158.

Voss, _Nachricht von dem neuen Welt_, 162.

_Voyages au nord_, 294.

_Voyagie ofte Schipvaert_, 460.

WAGENSEIL, J. C., _Sacra parentalia_, 35; _Historia_, 35.

Wagner, _Colombo und seine Entdeckungen_, iv.

Walckenaer, dies, 107.

Waldseemüller, Martin (Waltzemüller, Hylacomylus, Ilacomylus), 113, 147, 220; his _Cosmographiæ introductio_, 145, 148; at Saint-Dié, 164; edits Ptolemy, 264; bibliography of his _Cosmographiæ introductio_, 164, etc.; his maps, 125.

Wallace, _Amazon and Rio Negro_, 585.

Waltzemüller. _See_ Waldseemüller.

Warburton, _Conquest of Canada_, 298.

Warden, _Chron. hist. de l’Amérique_, 296.

_Warwickshire Historical Collections_, 466.

Washburn, J. D., reviews Wilson’s _New History_, 427.

Washita River, 251.

Water-clocks, 101.

Wateree River, 240; (Guatari), 285.

Watling’s Island, 54.

Watson, Paul Barron, _Bibliography of Pre-Columbian Discoveries_, 34.

Watson, R. G., _Spanish and Portuguese South America_, 578.

Watt, Joachim. _See_ Vadianus.

Weimar globe, 118.

Weinhold, Moritz, “Federmann’s Reise”, 580.

Weise, A. J., _Discoveries of America_, 94.

Weissenburger, 182.

Weller, _Repertorium_, 159.

Wells, Edward, _New Sett of Maps_, 467.

_Welt-Kugel, Der_, 171.

Werner, John, of Nuremberg, 101.

West Indies, when named, 169.

Wheat introduced into Peru, 518, 547.

Wheeler, George M., 504; _Report of Survey_, 443.

Whiddon, Jacob, explores the Orinoco, 586.

Whipple, A. W., _Pacific R. R. Reports_, 502.

White Sea (South America), 589.

Whitney, J. D., 446; on California, 443.

Wiesener, _Vespuce et Colomb_, 178.

Wieser, Franz, _Magalhâes-Strasse_, 617; _Der Portulan des Königs Philipp_, ii, 178, 222.

Will und Nopitsch, _Lexicon_, 117.

Williams, Helen Maria, 206.

Williams’s _Florida_, 296.

Wilmer, L. A., _Life of De Soto_, 296, 427.

Wilson, R. A., _New History of the Conquest of Mexico_, 427; _Mexico and its Religion_, 427; _Mexico, its Peasants and its Priests_, 427; _Mexico, Central America, and California_, 427; criticised by George Ticknor, 427; by Kirk, 427; by J. D. Washburn, 427.

Winds, names of, 94.

Winnepeg, Lake, 469.

Winsor, Justin, “Columbus”, 1; “Cortés and his Companions”, 349; “Discoveries on the Pacific Coast of North America”, 431; “Documentary Sources of Early Spanish-American History”, i; on editions of Cieza de Leon, 573; Garcillasso de la Vega, 575; _Kohl’s Collection of Early Maps_, 94; on Las Casas, 343; “Sources of information” about Magellan’s voyages, 613; “Vespucius and the naming of America”, 153; _Bibliography of Ptolemy’s Geography_, 28, 438; “Early Cartography of the Gulf of Mexico”, 217; “The Amazon and Eldorado”, 579.

Wolfenbüttel map, 222.

Wood, W. M., 66.

Wright, Edw., _Certain Errors of Navigation_, 466, 470.

Wuttke, Heinrich, _Gesch. der Erdkunde_, 40, 224.

Wyse, Lieutenant, 352.

Wytfliet, Cornelius, 472; _Descriptionis Ptolemaïcæ augmentum_, 457; map of California, 458; map of America, 459; his map of Peru, 558; of Chili, 559; _Rerum Danicarum historia_, 34.

XABA, 492.

Xahila, E. A., _Tecpan Atitlan_, 419.

Xalisco, 228.

Xaquixaguana, war of, 574.

Xauxa, 520, 558; (river), 519.

Xeres, Francisco de, with Pizarro, 564; _Verdadera relacion_, 564; title of Venice (1535), edition, 565; a version by Jacques Gohory, 345; _L’histoire_, 345.

Ximenes, Cardinal, 307, 311; opposes African slavery, 312.

Ximenes, _Origen de los Indios_, 415.

Ximenes, pilot, killed, 442.

Xivrey, B. de, _Des premières relations_, 68.

Xlicia, Mark de, 320.

Xoloc, 369, 376.

Xualla, 247.

Xuarez, Father Juan, 242, 244; likeness of, 287.

YAGUNA, 233.

Yanez, picture of Columbus, 72.

Yazoo River, 250.

Yça, 519, 543.

Yemassee, 295.

Yéméniz, Nic., his sale, 166.

Yncas, Empire of. _See_ Peru.

Yncas, likenesses of, 515.

Young, Alex., on Ternaux, vi.

Yucatan, 109, 177; its name, 220; (Iucatan), 220, 221, 223; (Lucatan), 225; (Luchatan), 219; (Iuchita), 219; coasted, 203; Cordoba at, 214, 217; discovered by Pinzon, 209; authorities on, 429; maps of, 220, 231, 353, 384, 404; as an island, 128, 220; _Trois lettres sur la découverte_, 402.

Yucay, 524, 547.

Yupaha, 246.

Yuque-Yunque, 495.

ZABALLOS, 280.

Zacalula built, 380.

Zacatula, 439, 441.

Zach, _Correspondance_, v, 84, 221.

Zalango, 509.

Zaltieri, map, (1566), 449; fac-simile, 451.

Zamacois, N. de, _Hist. de Méjico_, 428.

Zamal, 612.

Zamudio, 193, 194.

Zapata y Mendoza, J. V., _Cronica_, 481.

Zaragoza, Justo, 419.

Zarate, Aug. de, 537; career, 567; his _Historia_, 568; translations, 568; _Conquista de México_, 430; _De Wonderlijcke ende Warachtighe Historie_, 512.

_Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde_, 404.

_Zeitschrift für wissensch. Geog._, 55.

Zeni explorations and Columbus, 33; their map, 28, 437, 472.

Zeri, Augusto, _Tre lettere di Colombo_, etc., ix.

Zhaual, 576.

Ziegler, Alex., _Regiomontanus_, 96.

Ziegler, his _Schondia_, 433; map, 434.

Ziletti, 574.

Zoa-na-me-la, on Reisch’s map, 114.

Zorgi, Alessandro, 117.

Zuazo, 385. _See_ Cuaço.

Zuazo, Diego M. de, 213.

Zucatepec, 383.

Zumarraga, Bishop, 400.

Zuñi, 501, 502; pueblos of, 483.

Zúñiga, _Anales ecles._, 65, 68.

Zuñiga y Velasco, Diego Lopes de (Conde de Nieva), Viceroy of Peru, 547.

Zurla, _Fra Mauro_, 31; _Di Marco Polo_, 30.

Zurita, 256; on New Spain, 417.

Zurotus, 180.

Zutugils, 383.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See further on Herrera _post_, p. 67.

[2] J. C. Brevoort, on “Spanish-American documents, printed or inedited,” in _Magazine of American History_, March, 1879; Prescott, _Mexico_, ii. 91.

[3] “Of all the narratives and reports furnished to Herrera for his History, and of which he made such scanty and unintelligent use, very few have been preserved.”—Markham, _Rites and Laws of the Yncas_, p. vii.

[4] An overcrowding of archives in the keeping of the Council of the Indies was sometimes relieved by sending part of them to Simancas. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 281. Harrisse, _Christophe Colomb_, i. 33, says all, or nearly all, the papers relating to Columbus have been removed to Seville.

[5] Some of the documents at Simancas and in other repositories, beginning with 1485, have been edited in the Rolls Series (published for the English Government) by G. A. Bergenroth and by Gayangos (London, 1862-1879), in the _Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers relating to Negotiations between England and Spain_, contained in five volumes. Vol. i. comes through 1509; and the first paper in it is a complaint of Ferdinand and Isabella against Columbus for his participancy in the piratical service of the French in 1485. Various documents from the archives of Simancas are given in Alaman’s _La República Megicana_, three volumes, 1844-1849. We get glimpses in the _Historia_ of Las Casas of a large number of the letters of Columbus, to which he must have had access, but which are now lost. Harrisse thinks it was at Simancas, that Las Casas must have found them; for when engaged on that work he was living within two leagues of that repository. It seems probable, also, that Las Casas must have had use of the Biblioteca Colombina, when it was deposited in the convent of San Pablo (1544-1552), from whose Dominican monks Harrisse thinks it possible that Las Casas obtained possession of the Toscanelli map. He regrets, however, that for the personal history of Columbus and his family, Las Casas furnishes no information which cannot be found more nearly at first hand elsewhere. See Harrisse, _Christophe Colomb_, i. 122, 125-127, 129, 133.

[6] Robertson prefixes to his _History_ a list of the Spanish books and manuscripts which he had used.

“The English reader,” writes Irving in 1828, when he had published his own _Life of Columbus_, “hitherto has derived his information almost exclusively from the notice of Columbus in Dr. Robertson’s _History_; this, though admirably executed, is but a general outline.”—_Life of Irving_, ii. 313.

[7] Harrisse, _Christophe Colomb_, i. 35. He also refers to the notarial records preserved at Seville, as having been but partially explored for elucidations of the earliest exploration. He found among them the will of Diego, the younger brother of Columbus (p. 38). Alfred Demersay printed in the _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_, June, 1864, a paper, “Une mission geographique dans les archives d’Espagne et de Portugal,” in which he describes, particularly as regards their possessions of documents relating to America, the condition at that time of the archives of the Torre do Tombo at Lisbon (of which, after 1842 and till his death, Santarem was archivist); those of the Kingdom of Aragon at Barcelona, and of the Indies at Seville; and the collections of Muñoz, embracing ninety-five vols. in folio, and thirty-two in quarto, and of Mata-Lanares, included in eighty folios, in the Academy of History at Madrid. He refers for fuller details to Tiran’s _Archives d’Aragon et de Simancas_ (1844), and to Joáo Pedro Ribeiro’s _Memorias Authenticas para a Historia do real Archivo_, Lisbon, 1819.

[8] This authority to search was given later, in 1781 and 1788.

[9] This volume is worth about five dollars.

[10] It was he who allowed Irving to use them.

[11] J. C. Brevoort, in the _Magazine of American History_, March, 1879. Cf. Prescott’s _Ferdinand and Isabella_ (1873), ii. 508, and his _Mexico_, preface.

[12] Vol. i. p. 56, referring to Fuster’s “Copia de los manuscritos que recogió D. Juan Bautista Muñoz,” in _Biblioteca Valenciana_, ii. 202-238.

[13] Harrisse, in his _Notes on Columbus_, p. 5, describes a collection of manuscripts which were sold by Obadiah Rich, in 1848 or 1849, to James Lenox, of New York, which had been formed by Uguina, the friend of Muñoz. There is in the Academy of History at Madrid a collection of documents said to have been formed by Don Vargas Ponçe.

[14] Harrisse (_Christophe Columb_, i. 65) refers to an unpublished fragment in the Lenox Library. The _Ticknor Catalogue_ (p. 244) shows a discourse on Muñoz read before the Academy of History in 1833, as well as a criticism by Iturri on his single volume. Harrisse (_Christophe Colomb_, i. 65) gives the titles of other controversial publications on the subject of Muñoz’s history. Muñoz died in 1799. It is usually said that the Spanish Government prevented the continuation of his work.

[15] _Christophe Colomb_, i. 20.

[16] See _post_, p. 77. A third copy, made by Columbus’ direction was sent to his factor in Hispaniola, Alonzo Sanchez de Carvajal. This is not known; and Harrisse does not show that the archives of Santo Domingo offer much of interest of so early a date. A fourth copy was deposited in the monastery of the Cuevas at Seville, and is probably the one which his son, Diego, was directed to send to Gaspar Gorricio. Cf. Harrisse, _Christophe Colomb_, i. 16-23, 41, 46.

[17] This letter is given in fac-simile in the Navarrete Collection, French translation, vol. iii.

[18] This book was reprinted at Genoa in 1857, with additions, edited by Giuseppe Banchero, and translated into English, and published in 1823 in London, as _Memorials of a Collection of Authentic Documents_, etc. A Spanish edition was issued at Havana in 1867 (Leclerc, nos. 134, 135). Wagner, in his _Colombo und seine Entdeckungen_ (Leipsic, 1825), makes use of Spotorno, and translates the letters. These and other letters are also given in Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo_; in the _Lettere autografe di Colombo_, Milan, 1863; and in Navarrete’s _Coleccion_, vol. ii. following the text of those in the Veraguas collections. Cf. _North American Review_, xviii. 417; xxi. 398.

[19] Dodge also translated the other letters. Photographic fac-similes of these letters are in the Harvard College Library and in the Library of the Massachusetts Historical Society. See the _Proceedings_ of the latter Society, February, 1870.

[20] _Christophe Colomb_, p. 11.

[21] Prescott, in the preface to his _Mexico_, speaks of him as “zealously devoted to letters; while his reputation as a scholar was enhanced by the higher qualities which he possessed as a man,—by his benevolence, his simplicity of manners, and unsullied moral worth.”

[22] His projected work on the Spanish navy was never printed, though a fragment of it appeared in the _Memorias_ of the Academy of History (_Ticknor Catalogue_, p. 247).

[23] Leclerc says it is “difficile à trouver,” and prices it at 80 francs. The English price is from £2 to £3. A letter by Navarrete, descriptive of his _Coleccion_, is to be found in Zach’s _Correspondance_, xi. 446. Cf. also Duflot de Mofras, _Mendoza et Navarrete_, Paris, 1845, quoted by Harrisse, _Christophe Colomb_, i. 67.

[24] There is a memoir of him, with a catalogue of his works, in the _Coleccion de documentos inéditos_, vol. vi.; and of those published and unpublished in his _Biblioteca marítima Española_, ii. 458-470. These sixth and seventh volumes have never been published. The sixth was to cover the voyages of Grijalva and Lopes de Villalobos. Harrisse (_Christophe Colomb_, i. 68) learned that the _Cartas de Indias_ (Madrid, 1877) contains some parts of what was to appear in vol. vii.

[25] Columbus, Vespucius, Ojeda, Magellan, etc.

[26] It is an alphabetical (by Christian names,—a not uncommon Spanish fashion) record of writers on maritime subjects, with sketches of their lives and works.

[27] Cf. an article in the _North American Review_, xxiv. 265, by Caleb Cushing.

[28] These form vols. i. and ii. of Marmocchi’s Collection (Leclerc, no. 133).

[29] Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 199.

[30] _Ticknor Catalogue_, p. 247.

[31] _Magazine of American History_, iii. 176. Cf., however, Navarrete’s generous estimate of Irving’s labors in the Introduction to the third volume of his _Coleccion_.

[32] The story of this undertaking is told in Pierre Irving’s _Life of Washington Irving_, vol. ii. chaps. xiv., xv., xvi. The book was kindly reviewed by Mr. A. H. Everett in the _North American Review_, January, 1829 (vol. xxviii). Cf. other citations and references in Allibone’s _Dictionary_, 942, and Poole’s _Index_, p. 280. A portion, at least, of the manuscript of the book is in existence (_Massachusetts Historical Society’s Proceedings_, xx. 201). Longfellow testified to Irving’s devotion to his subject (_Proc._, iv. 394). See _post_, p. 68.

[33] Irving also early made an abridged edition, to forestall the action of others.

[34] Their bibliography is fully given in Sabin, vol. ix. p. 150.

[35] It was completed in twenty volumes, and is now worth from 250 to 300 francs. See Leclerc, no. 562, for contents; Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,540; Alexander Young in _North American Review_, xlv. 222. Ternaux died in 1864. Santarem speaks of “the sumptuous stores of his splendid American library.” Cf. H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 759.

[36] Now worth from $12 to $15.

[37] Cf. contents in _Ticknor Catalogue_, p. 87.

[38] Cf. _Magazine of American History_, i. 256; ii. 256; (by Mr. Brevoort), iii. 175 (March, 1879); Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. xiv. no. 58,072. Leclerc, _Bibliotheca Americana, Supplément_, no. 3,016, for 22 vols. (300 francs). Harrisse, referring to this collection, says: “It is really painful to see the little method, discrimination, and knowledge displayed by the editors.” The documents on Columbus largely repeat those given by Navarrete.

[39] Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. xiv. no. 58,270.

[40] H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 484; ii. 736.

[41] Collections like that of Icazbalceta on Mexico may be barely mentioned in this place, since their characteristics can better be defined in more special relations. Prescott had eight thousand manuscript pages of copies of documents relating to Mexico and Peru. Cf. Preface to his _Mexico_. In 1792 Father Manuel de la Vega collected in Mexico thirty-two folio volumes of papers, in obedience to an order of the Spanish Government to gather all documents to be found in New Spain “fitted to illustrate the antiquities, geography, civil, ecclesiastical, and natural history of America,” and transmit copies of them to Madrid (Prescott, Mexico, iii. 409).

[42] This book was privately printed (ninety-five copies) for Mr. S. L. M. Barlow, of New York. It has thrice, at least, occurred in sales (Menzies, no. 894,—$57.50; J. J. Cooke, vol. iii. no. 580; Brinley, no. 17). It is an extremely valuable key to the documentary and printed references on Columbus’ career. To a very small number (nine) of a separate issue of the portion relating to the letters of Columbus, a new Preface was added in 1865. Cf. Ernest Desjardin’s _Rapport sur les deux ouvrages de bibliographie Américaine de M. Henri Harrisse_ (Paris, 1867, p. 8), extracted from the _Bullétin de la Société de Géographie_. The article on Columbus in Sabin’s _Dictionary_ (iv. 274, etc.) is based on Harrisse, with revisions. Cf. references in H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 238; Saint-Martin, _Histoire de la géographie_ (1873), p. 319; F. G. Cancellieri’s _Dessertazioni epistolari bibliografiche sopra Colombo_, etc. (Rome, 1809).

[43] The Archives of Venice, at the beginning of this century, contained memorials of Columbus which can no longer be found (Marin, _Storia civile e politica del commercio de’ Veneziani_, Venezia, 1800; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet. Additions_, p. xxi). This is perhaps owing to the Austrian depredation upon the Venetian archives in the Frari and Marciana in 1803-1805, and in 1866. Not a little, however, of use has been preserved in the _Calendar of State Papers in the Archives of Venice_ published by the British Government, in the Rolls Series, since 1864. They primarily illustrate English history, but afford some light upon American affairs. Only six volumes (the last volume in three parts) have been printed. Mr. Rawdon Brown, who edited them, long a resident of Italy, dying at Venice, Aug. 25, 1883, at eighty, has sent, during his labors in this field, one hundred and twenty-six volumes of manuscript copies to the English Public Record Office.

[44] Of these, twenty-nine are also given in fac-simile; there are besides about two hundred and fifty fac-similes of autographs. The volume is priced at 150 marks and 300 francs. Cf. Leclerc, no. 2,688. H. H. Bancroft (_Mexico_, ii. 606) says of the volume: “There are about two hundred and twenty-four pages of geographical notes, vocabulary, biographical data, a glossary, and cuts, maps, and indexes. The letters and fac-similes, from the first to the last, are valuable in a historic sense, and the vocabulary is useful; but the biographical and historical data are not always reliable, numerous errors having been detected in comparing with official records and with memoranda of witnesses of the events related.” Mr. Bancroft’s own library is said to contain twelve hundred volumes of manuscript amassed for his own work; but a large portion of them, it is supposed, do not concern the Spanish history of the Pacific coast.

[45] Mr. Dexter, a graduate of Harvard in 1858, after most serviceable labors as Recording Secretary of the Massachusetts Historical Society, resigned that position on account of ill health, and died at Santa Barbara, California, Dec. 18, 1883. The _Proceedings_ of the Society for January, 1884, contain tributes to his memory. Various communications in earlier volumes of the same _Proceedings_ show the painstaking of his research, and the accuracy of his literary method. The first chapter in Vol. IV. of the present _History_ was his last effort in historical study, and he did not live to correct the proofs. His death has narrowed the circle of those helpful friends who have been ever ready to assist the Editor in his present labors.

[46] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvi. 318; also issued separately. The letters of Columbus are also translated in the _Magazine of American History_, January, 1883, p. 53.

[47] An Italian version of the letters of Columbus and Vespucius, with fac-similes of the letters (_Tre lettere di Colombo ed Vespucci_), edited by Augusto Zeri, was printed (six hundred copies) at Rome in 1881. Cf. _Murphy Catalogue_, no. 642.

[48] Irving’s _Life of Columbus_, app. no. vii.

[49] Ferdinand Columbus tried to make his readers believe that his father was of some kinship with this corsair. The story of Columbus escaping on an oar from a naval fight off Cape St. Vincent, and entering Portugal by floating to the shore, does not agree with known facts in his life of the alleged date. (Harrisse, _Les Colombo_, p. 36.) Allegri Allegretti, in his _Ephemerides Senenses ab anno 1450 usque ad 1496_ (in Muratori, xxiii. 827), gives a few particulars regarding the early life of Columbus. (Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 41.) Some of the latest researches upon his piratical life are given by Rawdon Brown in the _Calendar of State Papers_, 1864, covering 1202-1509, vol. i.

[50] This name is sometimes given _Palestrello_.

[51] Rawdon Brown’s _Calendar of State Papers in the Archives of Venice_, vol. i. (1864).

[52] Prescott (_Ferdinand and Isabella_, ed. 1873, vol. ii. p. 123) says: “The discrepancies among the earliest authorities are such as to render hopeless any attempt to settle with precision the chronology of Columbus’s movements previous to his first voyage.”

[53] It cannot but be remarked how Italy, in Columbus, Cabot, and Vespucius, not to name others, led in opening the way to a new stage in the world’s progress, which by making the Atlantic the highway of a commerce that had mainly nurtured Italy on the Mediterranean, conduced to start her republics on that decline which the Turk, sweeping through that inland sea, confirmed and accelerated.

[54] Notwithstanding this disappointment of Columbus, it is claimed that Alfonso V., in 1474, had consulted Toscanelli as to such a western passage “to the land where the spices grow.”

[55] There is great uncertainty about this English venture. Benzoni says Columbus’s ideas were ridiculed; Bacon (_Life of Henry VII._) says the acceptance of them was delayed by accident; Purchas says they were accepted too late. F. Cradock, in the Dedication of his _Wealth Discovered_, London, 1661, regrets the loss of honor which Henry VII. incurred in not listening to the project. (Sabin, v. 55.) There is much confusion of statement in the early writers. Cf. Las Casas, lib. i. cap. 29; Barcia, _Hist. del Almirante_, cap. 10; Herrera, dec. i. lib. 2; Oviedo, lib. i. cap. 4; Gomara, cap. 15; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. 4.

[56] As, for instance, Oviedo and Bossi.

[57] The same whom Isabella advised Columbus to take “as an astrologer” on one of his later voyages. Cf. P. Augustin d’Osimo’s _Christophe Colomb et le Père Juan Perez de Marchena; ou, de la co-opération des franciscains à la découverte de l’Amérique_, 1861, and P. Marcellino da Civezza’s _Histoire générale des missions franciscaines_, 1863.

[58] Cf. Schanz on “Die Stellung der beiden ersten Tudors zu den Entdeckungen,” in his _Englische Handelspolitik_.

[59] Stevens, _Historical Collection_, vol. i. no. 1,418; Leclerc, no. 235 (120 francs); Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 376; Sabin, vol. vii. no. 27,116; Murphy, no. 1,046. This book, which in 1832 Rich priced at £1 10_s._, has recently been quoted by Quaritch at £5 5_s._ Harrisse calls the book mendacious (_Notes on Columbus_, p. 37). The book was written in 1522; its author was born in 1465, and died in 1525 as bishop of Santo Domingo.

[60] There are two views of Seville in Braun and Hogenberg’s _Civitates orbis terrarum_, published at Antwerp in 1572, and again at Brussels (in French) in 1574. In one of the engravings a garden near the Puerta de Goles is marked “Guerta de Colon;” and in the other the words “Casa de Colon” are attached to the top of one of the houses. Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 712. The book is in the Harvard College Library.

[61] Santangel supplied about seventeen thousand florins from Ferdinand’s treasury. Bergenroth, in his Introduction to the Spanish State Papers, removes not a little of the mellow splendor which admirers have poured about Isabella’s character.

[62] Palos is no longer a port, such has been the work of time and tide. In 1548 the port is described in Medina’s _Libro de grandezas y cosas de España_. (Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 281.) Irving described it in 1828. Its present unmaritime character is set forth by E. E. Hale in _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, ii. 159; _Seven Spanish Cities_, p. 17; and _Overland Monthly_, Jan., 1883, p. 42.

[63] Cf. Irving, app. no. xvi., on the route of Columbus. Brevoort in his _Verrazzano_, p. 101, describes the usual route of the early navigators from Spain to the West Indies. Columbus kept two records of his progress. One was an unworthily deceitful one (reminding us of an earlier deceit, when he tampered with the compass to mislead his crew), by which he hoped to check the apprehensions of his men arising from his increasing longitude; and the other a dead reckoning of some kind, in which he thought he was approximately accurate. The story of his capitulating to his crew, and agreeing to turn back in three days in case land was not reached, is only told by Oviedo on the testimony of a pilot hostile to Columbus.

[64] It may have been on some island or in some canoe; or just as likely a mere delusion. The fact that Columbus at a later day set up a claim for the reward for the first discovery on the strength of this mysterious light, to the exclusion of the poor sailor who first actually saw land from the “Pinta,” has subjected his memory, not unnaturally, to some discredit at least with those who reckon magnanimity among the virtues. Cf. _Navarrete_, iii. 612.

[65] The prayer used was adopted later in similar cases, under Balboa, Cortes, Pizarro, etc. It is given in C. Clemente’s _Tablas chronologicas_, Valencia, 1689. Cf. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 140; Sabin, vol. iv. no. 13,632; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,376; Murphy, no. 599; and H. H. Bancroft’s _Central America_, i. 371.

[66] Humboldt in his _Cosmos_ (English translation, ii. 422) has pointed out how in this first voyage the descriptions by Columbus of tropical scenes convince one of the vividness of his impressions and of the quickness of his observation.

[67] Pinzon’s heirs at a later day manifested hostility to Columbus, and endeavored to magnify their father’s importance in the voyage. Cf. Irving, App. x. In the subsequent lawsuit for the confirmation of Columbus’s right, the Pinzons brought witnesses to prove that it was their urgency which prevented Columbus from giving up the voyage and turning back.

[68] This Latin name seems to have been rendered by the Spaniards La Española, and from this by corruption the English got Hispaniola.

[69] There is a wide difference as reported by the early writers as to the number of men which Columbus had with him on this voyage. Ferdinand Columbus says ninety; Peter Martyr, one hundred and twenty; others say one hundred and eighty. The men he left at Hayti are reckoned variously at thirty-nine, forty-three, forty-eight, fifty-five, etc. Major, _Select Letters_, p. 12, reckons them as from thirty-seven to forty. The lists show among them an Irishman, “Guillermo Ires, natural de Galney, en Irlanda,” and an Englishman, “Tallarte de Lajes, Ingles.” These are interpreted to mean William Herries—probably “a namesake of ours,” says Harrisse—and Arthur Lake. Bernaldez says he carried back with him to Spain ten of the natives.

[70] The line of 1494 gave Portugal, Brazil, the Moluccas, the Philippines, and half of New Guinea. Jurien de la Gravière, _Les marins du XV^e et du XVI^e siècle_, i. 86.

[71] Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 496, describes the procedures finally established in laying out towns.

[72] Navarrete, ii. 143. It is the frequent recurrence of such audacious and arrogant acts on the part of Columbus which explains his sad failure as an administrator, and seriously impairs the veneration in which the world would rejoice to hold him.

[73] The question of the priority of Columbus’ discovery of the mainland over Vespucius is discussed in the following chapter. M. Herrera is said to have brought forward, at the Congrès des Américanistes held at Copenhagen in 1883, new evidence of Columbus’s landing on the mainland. Father Manoel de la Vega, in his _Historia del descobrimiento de la America septentrional_, first published in Mexico in 1826 by Bustamante, alleges that Columbus in this southern course was intending to test the theory of King John of Portugal, that land blocked a westerly passage in that direction.

[74] Irving, app. xxxiii.

[75] H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, vol. i. chap. iv., traces with some care the coast-findings of this voyage and the varying cartographical records.

[76] Helps says: “The greatest geographical discoveries have been made by men conversant with the book-knowledge of their own time.” The age of Columbus was perhaps the most illustrious of ages. “Where in the history of nations,” says Humboldt, “can one find an epoch so fraught with such important results as the discovery of America, the passage to the East Indies round the Cape of Good Hope, and Magellan’s first circumnavigation, simultaneously occurring with the highest perfection of art, the attainment of intellectual and religious freedom, and with the sudden enlargement of the knowledge of the earth and the heavens?” _Cosmos_, Eng. tr., ii. 673.

[77] This manuscript is the _Libro de las profecias_, of which parts are printed in Navarrete. Cf. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 156, who calls it a “curious medley of quotations and puerile inferences;” and refers for an analysis of it to Gallardo’s _Ensayo_, ii. 500. Harrisse thinks the hand is that of Ferdinand Columbus when a boy, and that it may have been written under the Admiral’s direction.

[78] Irving, book i. chap. v.; Humboldt, _Examen critique_ and _Cosmos_; Major, _Prince Henry of Portugal_, chap. xix. and _Discoveries of Prince Henry_, chap. xiv.; Stevens, _Notes_; Helps, _Spanish Conquest_; and among the early writers, Las Casas, not to name others.

[79] Columbus, it is well known, advocated later a pear-shape, instead of a sphere. Cf. the “Tercer viage” in Navarrete.

[80] Robertson’s _America_, note xii. Humboldt cites the ancients; _Examen critique_, i. 38, 61, 98, etc.

[81] Ferdinand Columbus says that the Arab astronomer, Al Fergani, influenced Columbus to the same end; and these views he felt were confirmed by the reports of Marco Polo and Mandeville. Cf. Yule’s _Marco Polo_. vol. i. p. cxxxi.

[82] By a great circle course the distance would have been reduced to something short of five thousand eight hundred miles. (Fox in _U. S. Coast Survey Report_, 1880, app. xviii.) Marco Polo had not distinctly said how far off the coast of China the Island of Cipango lay.

[83] Cf. D’Avezac in _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_, August-October, 1857, p. 97. Behaim in his globe placed China 120° west of Cape St. Vincent; and Columbus is supposed to have shared Behaim’s views and both were mainly in accord with Toscanelli. Humboldt, _Examen Critique_, ii. 357.

[84] Not long from the time of his first voyage the _Orbis breviarium_ of Lilius, which later passed through other editions and translations, summarized the references of the ancients (Stevens, _Bibl. Geog._ no. 1,670). But Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 180, holds that the earliest instance of the new found islands being declared the parts known to the ancients, and referred to by Virgil in the 6th book of the Æneid,—

“Jacet extra sidera tellus,” etc.,

is in the _Geographia_ of Henricus Glareanus, published at Basle in 1527. Cf. also Gravier, _Les Normands sur la route des Indes_, Rouen, 1880, p. 24; Harrisse, _Bibl. Am. Vet._ 262. Mr. Murphy, in placing the 1472 edition of Strabo’s _De Situ orbis_ in his American collection, pointed to the belief of this ancient geographer in the existence of the American continent as a habitable part of the globe, as shown when he says: “Nisi Atlantici maris obstaret magnitudo, posse nos navigare per eundem parallelum ex Hispania in Indiam, etc.” Cf. further, Charles Sumner’s _Prophetic Voices concerning America_; also in his _Works_; Bancroft’s _Native Races_, v. 68, 122; Baldwin’s _Prehistoric Nations_, 399; Fontaine’s _How the World was peopled_, p. 139; Las Casas, _Historia general_; Sherer, _Researches touching the New World_, 1777; _Recherches sur la géographie des anciens_, Paris, 1797-1813; _Memoirs_ of the Lisbon Academy, v. 101; Paul Gaffarel, _L’Amérique avant Colomb_, and his “Les Grecs et les Romains, ont ils connu l’Amérique?” in the _Revue de Géographie_ (1881), ix. 241, etc.; Ferdinand Columbus’ life of his father, and Humboldt’s examination of his views in his _Examen critique_; Brasseur de Bourbourg’s Introduction to his _Popul-Vuh_.

Glareanus, above referred to, was one of the most popular of the condensed cosmographical works of the time; and it gave but the briefest reference to the New World, “de regionibus extra Ptolemæum.” Its author was under thirty when he published his first edition in 1527 at Basle. There is a copy in the Carter-Brown Library (_Catalogue_, i. 90). Cf. also _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, 142; Huth, ii. 602; Weigel, 1877, p. 82, priced at 18 marks. It was reprinted at Basle, the next year, 1528 (Trömel, 3), and again in 1529. (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, 143, 147.) Another edition was printed at Freiburg (Brisgau) in 1530, of which there are copies in Harvard College and Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, no. 95) libraries. (Cf. _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, 147; Muller, 1877, no. 1,232.) There were other Freiburg imprints in 1533, 1536, 1539, 1543, and 1551. (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, 183, 212, 248; _Additions_, 121; Carter-Brown, i. 160; White Kennett, p. 12; Trömel, no. 12; Murphy, 1049.) There were Venice imprints in 1534, 1537, 1538, 1539, and 1544. (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, 225, 228, 259; _Additions_, 120; Lancetti, _Buchersaal_, i. 79.) An edition of Venice, without date, is assigned to 1549. (_Catalogue of the Sumner Collection in Harvard College Library._) Editions were issued at Paris in 1542, with a folded map, “Typus cosmographicus universalis,” in 1550 (Court, 144), and in 1572, the last repeating the map. (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, 139.) The text of all these editions is in Latin. Sabin, vol. vii. no. 27,536, etc., enumerates most of the editions.

[85] Such as Plato’s in his _Critias_ and _Timæus_, and Aristotle’s in his _De Mundo_, cap. iii., etc.

[86] Harrisse, _Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima; Additions_, no. 36.

[87] Bernaldez tells us that Columbus was a reader of Ptolemy and of John de Mandeville. Cf. on the spreading of Ptolemy’s views at this time Lelewel, _Géographie du moyen âge_, ii. p. 122; Thomassy, _Les papes géographes_, pp. 15, 34. There are copies of the 1475 edition of Ptolemy in the Library of Congress and the Carter-Brown Library (cf. also _Murphy Catalogue_, no. 2,044); of the 1478 edition, the only copy in this country, so far as known, is the one in the Carter-Brown Library, added to that collection since its catalogue was printed. The Perkins copy in 1873 brought £80 (cf. _Livres payés en vente publique 1,000 francs_, etc., p. 137). It was the first edition with maps. Lelewel (vol. ii. p. 124) had traced the influence of the Agathodæmon (Ptolemean) maps on the cartography of the Middle Ages. The maps representing the growth of geographical ideas anterior to Columbus will be examined in another place. The Ulm edition of Ptolemy, 1482, showed in its map of the world a part of what is now called America in representing Greenland; but it gave it a distinct relation to Europe, by making Greenland a peninsula of the Scandinavian north. There seems reason to believe that this map was made in 1471, and it passes for the earliest engraved map to show that northern region,—“Engrone-land,” as it is called. If we reject the Zeno map with its alleged date of 1400 or thereabout (published long after Columbus, in 1558), the oldest known delineations of Greenland (which there is no evidence that Columbus ever saw, and from which if he had seen them, he could have inferred nothing to advantage) are a Genoese manuscript map in the Pitti palace, which Santarem (_Histoire de la Cartographie_, vol. iii. p. xix) dates 1417, but which seems instead to be properly credited to 1447, the peninsula here being “Grinlandia” (cf. Lelewel, _Epilogue_, p. 167; _Magazine of American History_, April, 1883, p. 290); and the map of Claudius Clavus, assigned to 1427, which belongs to a manuscript of Ptolemy, preserved in the library at Nancy. This, with the Zeno map and that in the Ptolemy of 1482, is given in _Trois cartes précolombiennes représentant Groenland, fac-simile présentés au Congrès des Américanistes à Copenhague; par A. E. Nordenskiöld_, Stockholm, 1883. In the Laon globe (1486-1487) “Grolandia” is put down as an island off the Norway coast. There is a copy of this 1482 edition of Ptolemy in the Carter-Brown Library, and another is noted in the _Murphy Catalogue_, no. 2,046. Its maps were repeated in the 1486 edition, also published at Ulm; and of this there was a copy in the Murphy Collection (no. 2,047,—bought by President White, of Cornell); and another belongs to the late G. W. Riggs, of Washington. In 1490 the Roman edition of 1478 was reproduced with the same maps; and of this there is a copy in the Carter-Brown Library; and another is shown in the _Murphy Catalogue_ (no. 2,048). A splendidly illuminated copy of this edition sold in the Sunderland sale (part v. no. 13,770) has since been held by Quaritch at _£_600. See further on these early editions of Ptolemy in Winsor’s _Bibliography of Ptolemy’s Geography_, published by Harvard University.

[88] Gravier, _Les Normands sur la route des Indes_, Rouen, 1880, p. 37.

[89] Humboldt, _Cosmos_ (Eng. ed.), ii. 619. The _Speculum naturale_ of Vincenzius (1250) is an encyclopædic treatise, closely allied with other treatises of that time, like the _De rerum natura_ of Cantipratensis (1230), and the later work of Meygenberg (1349).

[90] Humboldt, _Examen Critique_, i. 61, 65, 70; ii. 349. Columbus quoted this passage in October, 1498, in his letter from Santo Domingo to the Spanish monarch. Margry, _Navigations Françaises_, Paris, 1867, p. 71, “Les deux Indes du XV^e siècle et l’influence Française sur Colomb,” has sought to reflect credit on his country by tracing the influence of the _Imago mundi_ in the discovery of the New World; but the borrowing from Bacon destroys his case. (Major, _Select Letters of Columbus_, p. xlvii; Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 84.) If Margry’s claim is correct, that there was an edition of the _Imago mundi_ printed at Nuremberg in 1472, it would carry it back of the beginning of Columbus’s advocacy of his views; but bibliographers find no edition earlier than 1480 or 1483, and most place this _editio princeps_ ten years later as Humboldt does. It is generally agreed that the book was written in 1410. A copy of this first edition, of whatever date, is preserved in the Colombina Library in Seville; and it was the copy used by Columbus and Las Casas. Its margins are annotated, and the notes, which are by most thought to be in the hand of Columbus, have been published by Varnhagen in the _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_, January, 1858, p. 71, and by Peschel in his _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, p. 112,—who, however, ascribes the notes to Bartholomew Columbus. A fac-simile of part of them is given on p. 31. Cf. Major, _Prince Henry_, p. 349; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 3; _Murphy catalogue_, no. 27, bought by Cornell Univ. and Dinaux, _Cardinal P. d’Ailly_, Cambray, 1824.

[91] Mandeville had made his Asiatic journey and long sojourn (thirty-four years) thirty or forty years later than Marco Polo, and on his return had written his narrative in English, French, and Latin. It was first printed in French at Lyons, in 1480. The narrative is, however, unauthentic.

[92] A copy of this edition is in the Colombina Library, with marginal marks ascribed to Columbus, but of no significance except as aids to the memory. Cf. _Harper’s Monthly_, xlvi. p. 1.

[93] There were other editions between his first voyage and his death,—an Italian one in 1496, and a Portuguese in 1502. For later editions, cf. Harrisse, _Bibl. Am. Vet._, no. 89; Navarrete, _Bibl. maritima_, ii. 668; Brunet, iii. 1,406; Saint-Martin, _Histoire de la Géographie_, p. 278. The recent editions of distinctive merit are those, in English, of Colonel Yule; the various texts issued in the _Recueil de voyages et de mémoires publiés par la Société de Géographie de Paris; and Le livre de Marco Polo, rédigé, en Français sous sa dictée en 1298 par Rusticien de Pise, publ. pour la 1^e fois d’après 3 MSS. inéd., av. variantes, comment. géogr. et histor., etc._, par G. Pauthier. 2 vols. Paris: Didot, 1865. Cf. Foscarini, _Della lett. Ven._ 239; Zurla, _Di Marco Polo_; Maltebrun, _Histoire de la Géographie_; Tiraboschi, _Storia della lett. Ital._, vol. iv.; Vivien de Saint-Martin, _Histoire de la Géographie_, p. 272; and the bibliography of the MSS. and printed editions of the _Milione_ given in Pietro Amat di S. Filippo’s _Studi biog. e bibliog._, published by the Società Geografica Italiana in 1882 (2d ed.). A fac-simile of a manuscript of the fourteenth century of the _Livre de Marco Polo_ was prepared under the care of Nordenskiöld, and printed at Stockholm in 1882. The original is in the Royal Library at Stockholm.

[94] The actual distance from Spain westerly to China is two hundred and thirty-one degrees.

[95] Cf. Zurla, _Fra Mauro_, p. 152; Lelewel, ii. 107.

[96] The Italian text of Toscanelli’s letter has been long known in Ferdinand Columbus’ Life of his father; but Harrisse calls it “très-inexact et interpolée;” and, in his _Bibl. Am. Vet. Additions_ (1872), p. xvi, Harrisse gives the Latin text, which he had already printed, in 1871, in his _Don Fernando Colon_, published at Seville, from a copy made of it which had been discovered by the librarian of the Colombina, transcribed by Columbus himself in a copy of Æneas Sylvius’ (Pius II.’s) _Historia rerum ubique gestarum_, Venice, 1477, preserved in that library. Harrisse also gives a photographic fac-simile of this memorial of Columbus. Cf. D’Avezac, in the _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_, October, 1873, p. 46; and Harrisse, _Les Cortereal_, p. 41. The form of the letter, as given in Navarrete, is translated into English in Kettell’s _Journal of Columbus_, p. 268, and in Becher’s _Landfall of Columbus_, p. 183. Cf. Lelewel, _Géographie du moyen âge_, ii. 130; _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_, 1872, p. 49; Ruge, _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, p. 225. H. Grothe, in his _Leonardo da Vinci_, Berlin, 1874, says that Da Vinci in 1473 had written to Columbus respecting a western passage to the Indies.

[97] Navarrete, iii. 28.

[98] Note xvii.

[99] Appendix xi.

[100] Stevens, _Bibl. Geog._, no. 1147, and Sabin, _Dictionary_, vii. no. 26,342, give different dates.

[101] Goodrich’s _Life of the so-called Christopher Columbus_. Cf. Luciano Cordeiro, “Les Portugais dans la découverte de l’Amérique,” in Congrès des Américanistes, 1875, i. 274.

[102] Humboldt sees no reason to doubt that Iceland was meant. (_Examen critique_, i. 105; v. 213; _Cosmos_, ii. 611.) It may be remarked, however, that “Thyle” and “Islanda” are both laid down in the Ptolemy map of 1486, which only signifies probably that the old and new geography were not yet brought into accord. Cf. _Journal of the American Geographical Society_, xii. 170, 177, where it is stated that records prove the mild winter for Iceland in 1477, which Columbus represents at Thule.

[103] A like intimation is sustained by De Costa in _Columbus and the Geographers of the North_, Hartford, 1872; and it is distinctly claimed in Anderson’s _America not discovered by Columbus_, 3d edition, 1883, p. 85. It is also surmised that Columbus may have known the Zeni map.

[104] Humboldt discusses the question whether Columbus received any incentive from a knowledge of the Scandinavian or Zeni explorations, in his _Examen critique_, ii. 104; and it also forms the subject of appendices to Irving’s _Columbus_.

[105] This problem is more particularly examined in Vol. I. Cf. also Vol. IV. p. 3.

[106] Harrisse, _Les Cortereals_, p. 25, who points out that Behaim’s globe shows nothing of such a voyage,—which it might well have done if the voyage had been made; for Behaim had lived at the Azores, while Cortereal was also living on a neighboring island. Major, _Select Letters of Columbus_, p. xxviii, shows that Faria y Sousa, in _Asia Portuguesa_, while giving a list of all expeditions of discovery from Lisbon, 1412-1460, makes no mention of this Cortereal. W. D. Cooley, in his _Maritime and Island Discovery_, London, 1830, follows Barrow; but Paul Barron Watson, in his “Bibliography of pre-Columbian Discoveries” appended to the 3d edition (Chicago, 1883) of Anderson’s _America not discovered by Columbus_, p. 158, indicates how Humboldt (_Examen critique_, i. 279), G. Folsom (_North American Review_, July, 1838), Gaffarel (_Études_, p. 328), Kohl (_Discovery of Maine_, p. 165), and others dismiss the claim. If there was any truth in it, it would seem that Portugal deliberately cut herself off from the advantages of it in accepting the line of demarcation in 1493.

[107] Edition of 1597, folio 188.

[108] Follows Wytfliet in his _Rerum Danicarum historia_, 1631, p. 763.

[109] _Ulyssea_, Lugduni, 1671, p. 335.

[110] _Journal of the American Geographical Society_, xii. 170. Asher, in his _Henry Hudson_, p. xcviii, argues for Greenland.

[111] Gomara, _Historia general de las Indias_, Medina, 1553, and Anvers, 1554, cap. xxxvii, folio 31; and Herrera, _Historia general_, Madrid, 1601, dec. 1, lib. 6, cap. 16. Later writers have reiterated it. Cf. Humboldt, _Examen critique_, ii. 152, who is doubtful; Lelewel, iv. 106, who says he reached Labrador; Kunstmann, _Entdeckung Amerikas_, p. 45. Watson, in his _Bibliography of the pre-Columbian Discoveries_, cites also the favorable judgment of Belleforest, _L’histoire universelle_, Paris, 1577; Morisotus’ _Orbis maritimi_, 1643; Zurla’s _Marco Polo_, 1818; C. Pingel in _Grönlands Historisk Mindesmaeker_, 1845; Gaffarel, _Étude_, 1869; and De Costa, _Columbus and the Geographers of the North_, 1872, p. 17.

[112] _America not discovered by Columbus_, p. 164. Estancelin, in his _Recherches sur les voyages et découvertes des navigateurs Normands en Afrique, dans les Indes orientales, et en Amérique; suivies d’observations sur la marine, le commerce, et les établissemens coloniaux des Français_, Paris, 1832, claims that Pinzon, represented as a companion of Cousin, was one of the family later associated with Columbus in his voyage in 1492. Léon Guérin, in _Navigateurs Français_, 1846, mentions the voyage, but expresses no opinion. Parkman, _Pioneers of France_, p. 169, does not wholly discredit the story. Paul Gaffarel, _Étude sur les rapports de l’Amérique et de l’ancien continent avant Colomb_, Paris, 1869, and _Découverte du Brésil par Jean Cousin_, Paris, 1874, advocates the claim. Again, in his _Histoire du Brésil Français_, Paris, 1878, Gaffarel considers the voyage geographically and historically possible. (Cf. also a paper by him in the _Revue politique et littéraire_, 2 mai, 1874.) It is claimed that the white and bearded men whom, as Las Casas says, the natives of Hispaniola had seen before the coming of the Spaniards, were the companions of Cousin. Cf. Vitet’s _Histoire de Dieppe_, Paris, 1833, vol. ii.; David Asseline’s _Antiquitéz et chroniques de Dieppe, avec introduction par Hardy, Guérillon, et Sauvage_, Paris, 1874, two vols.; and the supplemental work of Michel Claude Guibert, _Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de Dieppe_, Paris, 1878, two vols. Cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,541; Dufossé, _Americana_, nos. 4,735, 9,027.

[113] The ordinary designation of Hartmann Schedel’s _Registrum huius operis libri cronicarum cū figuris et ymagībus ab inicio mūdi_, Nuremberg, 1493, p. 290. The book is not very rare, though much sought for its 2,250 woodcuts; and superior copies of it bring from $75 to $100, though good copies are often priced at from $30 to $60. Cf. _Bibliotheca Spenceriana_; Leclerc, no. 533; Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 12, 18; Huth, iv. 1305; Sunderland, no. 2,796; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 13; Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1,402; Cooke, no. 2,961; Murphy, no. 2,219, with a note by that collector.

[114] Cf. Von Murr, _Memorabilia bibliothecarum Norimbergensium_, vol. i. pp. 254-256: “nec locus ille de America loquitur, sed de Africa.”

[115] Watson’s _Bibliography of pre-Columbian Discoveries of America_, p. 161, enumerates the contestants; and Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 13, 14, epitomizes the authorities. The earliest reference, after Schedel, seems to be one in Guillaume Postel’s _Cosmographicæ disciplinæ compendium_, Basle, 1561, in which a strait below South America is named Behaim’s Strait; but J. Chr. Wagenseil, in his _Sacra parentalia_, 1682, earliest urged the claim, which he repeated in his _Historia universalis_, while it was reinforced in Stüven’s or Stuvenius’ _De vero novi orbis inventore_, Frankfort, 1714. (Copy in Harvard College Library; cf. Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 195.) The first important counter-argument appeared in E. Tozen’s _Der wahre und erste Entdecker der Neuen Welt, Christoph Colon, gegen die ungegründeten Ausprüche, welche Americus Vespucci and Martin Behaim auf diese Ehre machen, vertheidiget_, Göttingen, 1761. (Sabin, xii. 489.) Robertson rejected the claim; and so, in 1778, did C. G. von Murr, in his _Diplomatische Geschichte des Ritters Behaim_, published at Nuremberg (2d ed., Gotha, 1801; Jansen’s French translation, Paris, 1801 and Strasburg, 1802; also appended to Amoretti’s _Pigafetta_; English in Pinkerton’s _Voyages_, 1812). A letter from Otto to Benjamin Franklin, in the _American Philosophical Society’s Transactions_, 1786, ii. 263, urged the theory. Dr. Belknap, in 1792, in the Appendix to his _Discourse on Columbus_, dismissed it. Cladera, in his _Investigaciones históricas sobre los principales descubrimientos de los Españoles_, Madrid, 1794, was decidedly averse, replying to Otto, and adding a translation of Von Murr’s essay. (Leclerc, nos. 118, 2,505.) Amoretti, in his Preface to _Pigafetta’s Voyage_, Paris, 1801, argues that Columbus’ discoveries convinced Behaim of his own by comparison. Irving says the claim is founded on a misinterpretation of the Schedel passage. Humboldt, in his _Examen critique_, i. 256, enters into a long adverse argument. Major, in his _Select Letters of Columbus_, and in his _Prince Henry_, is likewise decided in opposition. Ghillany, in his _Geschichte des Seefahrers Ritter Martin Behaim_, is favorable. Gaffarel, _Étude sur les rapports de l’Amérique et de l’ancien continent avant Colomb_, Paris, 1869, is sceptical.

It seems to be a fact that Behaim made a map showing the straits passed by Magellan, which Pigafetta refers to; and it is also clear that Schöner, in globes made earlier, also indicated a similar strait; and Schöner might well have derived his views from Behaim. What we know of Behaim’s last years, from 1494 to 1506, is not sufficient to fill the measure of these years; and advocates are not wanting who assign to them supposed voyages, on one of which he might have acquired a personal knowledge of the straits which he delineated. Such advocates are met, and will continue to be answered, with the likelier supposition, as is claimed, of the Straits in question being a happy guess, both on Behaim’s and Schöner’s part, derived from the analogy of Africa,—a southern extremity which Behaim had indeed delineated on his globe some years before its actual discovery, though not earlier than the existence of a prevalent belief in such a Strait. Cf. Wieser, _Magalhâes-Strasse_.

[116] Las Casas is said to have had a manuscript by Columbus respecting the information derived by him from Portuguese and Spanish pilots concerning western lands.

[117] These were accounted for by the westerly gales, the influence of the Gulf Stream not being suspected. Humboldt, _Cosmos_, English translation, ii. 662; _Examen critique_, ii. 249.

[118] See Major’s Preface to his _Prince Henry_. Cf. H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 373, for the successive names applied to the Atlantic.

[119] Cf. _Les voyages merveilleux de Saint-Brandan à la recherche du paradis terrestre. Légende en vers du XI^e siècle, publiée avec introduction par Francisque-Michel_, Paris, 1878; and references in Poole’s _Index_, p. 159.

[120] Humboldt points this island out on a map of 1425.

[121] Cf. Humboldt, _Examen critique_, ii. 156-245; Kunstmann, _Entdeckung Amerikas_, pp. 6, 35; D’Avezac on the “Isles fantastiques,” in _Nouvelles annales des voyages_, April, 1845, p. 55. Many of these islands clung long to the maps. Becher (_Landfall of Columbus_) speaks of the Isle of St. Matthew and Isle Grande in the South Atlantic being kept in charts till the beginning of this century. E. E. Hale tells amusingly of the Island of Bresil, lying off the coast of Ireland and in the steamer’s track from New York to England, being kept on the Admiralty charts as late as 1873. _American Antiquarian Society Proceedings_, Oct. 1873. Cf. Gaffarel, _Congrès des Américanistes_, 1877, i. 423, and Formalconi’s _Essai sur la marine ancienne des vénitiens; dans lequel on a mis au jour plusieurs cartes tirées de la bibliothèque de St. Marc, antérieures à la découverte de Christophe Colomb, & qui indiquent clairement l’existence des isles Antilles. Traduit de l’italien par le chevalier d’Hénin_, Venise, 1788.

[122] There are seven inhabitable and six desert islands in the group.

[123] Cf. _Die Entdeckung der Carthager und Griechen auf dem Atlantischen Ocean_, by Joachim Lelewel, Berlin, 1831, with two maps (Sabin, x. 201) one of which shows conjecturally the Atlantic Ocean of the ancients (see next page).

[124] Two priests, Bontier and Le Verrier, who accompanied him, wrote the account which we have. Cf. Peter Martyr, dec. i. c. 1; Galvano, p. 60; Muñoz, p. 30; Kunstmann, p. 6.

[125] Charton (_Voyageurs_, iii. 75) gives a partial bibliography of the literature of the discovery and conquest. The best English book is Major’s _Conquest of the Canaries_, published by the Hakluyt Society, London, 1872, which is a translation, with notes, of the Béthencourt narrative; and the same author has epitomized the story in chapter ix. of his _Discoveries of Prince Henry_. There is an earlier English book, George Glas’s _Discovery and Conquest of the Canary Islands_, London, 1764, 1767, which is said to be based on an unpublished manuscript of 1632, the work of a Spanish monk, J. de Abreu de Galineo, in the island of Palma. The Béthencourt account was first published in Paris, 1630, with different imprints, as _Histoire de la première descovverte et conqueste des Canaries_. Dufossé prices it at from 250 to 300 francs. The original manuscript was used in preparing the edition, _Le Canarien_, issued at Rouen in 1874 by G. Gravier (Leclerc, no. 267). This edition gives both a modern map and a part of that of Mecia de Viladestes (1413); enumerates the sources of the story; and (p. lxvi) gives D’Avezac’s account of the preservation of the Béthencourt manuscript. The Spanish translation by Pedro Ramirez, issued at Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1847, was rendered from the Paris, 1630, edition.

Cf. Nuñez de la Peña’s _Conquista y antiguedades de las Islas de la Gran Canaria_, Madrid, 1676, and reprint, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 1847; Cristóval Perez de el Christo, _Las siete Islas de Canaria_, Xeres, 1679 (rare, Leclerc, no. 644,—100 francs); Viera y Clavijo, _Historia general de las Islas de Canaria_, Madrid, four volumes, 1772-1783 (Leclerc, no. 647, calls it the principal work on the Canaries); Bory de Saint Vincent, _Essais sur les Isles Fortunées_, Paris, an xi. (1803); _Les Iles Fortunées_, Paris, 1869. D’Avezac, in 1846, published a _Note sur la première expéditien de Béthencourt aux Canaries_, and his “Isles d’Afrique” in the _Univers pittoresque_ may be referred to.

[126] It is given by Lelewel, _Géographie du Moyen Age_; and has been issued in fac-simile by Ongania at Venice, in 1881. It is also given in Major, _Prince Henry_, 1868 edition, p. 107, and in Marco Polo, edition by Boni, Florence, 1827. Cf. Winsor’s _Kohl Collection of Early Maps_, issued by Harvard University.

[127] This chart is given by Jomard, pl. x., and Santarem, pl. 40. Ongania published in 1881 a Pizigani chart belonging to the Ambrosian Library in Milan, dated 1373.

[128] This map is given in _Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi_, vol. xiv. part 2; in Santarem, pl. 31, 40; Lelewel, pl. xxix.; Saint-Martin’s _Atlas_, pl. vii.; Ruge’s _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, 1881, and full size in fac-simile in _Choix de documents géographiques conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale_, Paris, 1883.

[129] Winsor’s _Kohl Collection of early maps_, part i., no. 17.

[130] Cf. Santarem, _Histoire de la Cartographie_, iii. 366, and the references in Winsor’s _Kohl Collection_, part i. no. 19; and _Bibliography of Ptolemy_, sub anno 1478. A sea-chart of Bartolomeus de Pareto, A. D. 1455, shows “Antillia” and an island farther west called “Roillo.” Antillia is supposed also to have been delineated on Toscanelli’s map in 1474. In 1476 Andreas Benincasa’s portolano, given in Lelewel, pl. xxxiv. and Saint-Martin, pl. vii. shows an island “Antilio;” and again in the portolano belonging to the Egerton manuscripts in the British Museum, and supposed to represent the knowledge of 1489, just previous to Columbus’s voyage, and thought by Kohl to be based on a Benincasa chart of 1463, the conventional “Antillia” is called “Y de Sete Zitade.” It is ascribed to Christofalo Soligo. Behaim’s globe in 1492 also gives “Insula Antilia genannt Septe Citade.” Cf. Harrisse, _Les Cortereal_, p. 116. The name “Antilhas” seems first to have been transferred from this problematical mid-ocean island to the archipelago of the West Indies by the Portuguese, for Columbus gave no general name to the group.

[131] Cf. Kunstmann, _Entdeckung Amerikas_, pp. 1, etc.; Drummond, _Annales da Ilha Terceira_; Ernesto do Canto, _Archivo dos Açores_; Major’s _Discoveries of Prince Henry_, chap. x.; _Quarterly Review_, xi. 191; Cordeyro’s _Historia insulana_, Lisbon, 1717.

[132] Appendix xxv.

[133] Vol. ii. part 2, p. 1; also Purchas, ii. 1672.

[134] Edition of 1868, pp. xvii and 69; Kunstmann, _Entdeckung Amerikas_, p. 4.

[135] Cf. Gaspar Fructuoso’s _Historia das Ilhas do Porto-Santo, Madeira, Desertas e Selvagens_, Funchal, 1873.

[136] Cf. _Studi biog. e bibliog._ i. 137, which places Perestrello’s death about 1470.

[137] It has sometimes been put as early as 1440; but 1460 is the date Major has determined after a full exposition of the voyages of this time. _Prince Henry_ (1868 edition), p. 277. D’Avezac _Isles de l’Afrique_, Paris, 1848.

[138] Prince Henry, edition of 1868, pp. xxiv and 127. Guibert, in his _Ville de Dieppe_, i. 306 (1878), refers, for the alleged French expedition to Guinea in 1364, to Villault de Belfond, _Relation des costes d’Afrique appelées Guinée_, Paris, 1669, p. 409; Vitet, _Anciennes villes de France_, ii. 1, Paris, 1833; D’Avezac _Découvertes dans l’océan atlantique antérieurement aux grands explorations du XV^e siècle_, p. 73, Paris, 1845; Jules Hardy, _Les Dieppois en Guinée en 1364_, 1864; Gabriel Gravier, _Le Canarien_, 1874.

[139] Cf. Jurien de la Gravière’s _Les marins du XV^e et du XVI^e siècle_, vol. i. chap. 2.

[140] Humboldt, _Examen critique_, i. 144, 161, 329; ii. 370; _Cosmos_, ii. 561; Jules Codine’s _Mémoire géoqraphique sur la mer des Indes_, Paris, 1868.

[141] Irving, app. xiv.

[142] _Prince Henry_, p. 116 (1868). Cf. _Studi biog. e bibliog. della Soc. Geog. Ital._, ii. 57.

[143] The author tells, in his preface, the condition of knowledge regarding his subject which he found when he undertook his work, and recounts the service the Royal Academy of Sciences at Lisbon has done since 1779 in discovering and laying before the world important documents.

[144] Gustav de Veer’s _Prinz Heinrich der Seefahrer, und seine Zeit_, Dantzig, 1864, is a more popular work, and gives lists of authorities. Cf. H. Monin in the _Revue de géographie_, December, 1878.

[145] There is some question if the school of Sagres had ever an existence; at least it is doubted in the _Archivo dos Açores_, iv. 18, as quoted by Harrisse, _Les Cortereal_, p. 40.

[146] Cf. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, 261; _adds_ 154.

[147] Major (p. xvi) has more or less distrust of Cadamosto’s story as given in the _Paese novamente_. Cf. the bibliography in _Studi biog. e bibliog. della Soc. Geog. Ital._, i. 149 (1882); and Carter-Brown, i. 101, 195, 202, 211; also _Bibl. Amer. Vet. Add._, no. 83.

[148] “Through all which I was present,” said Bartholomew, in a note found by Las Casas.

[149] The original is now preserved at Venice, in the Biblioteca Marciana. A large photographic fac-simile of it was issued at Venice, in 1877, by Münster (Ongania); and engraved reproductions can be found in Santarem, Lelewel, and Saint-Martin, besides others in Vincent’s _Commerce and Navigations of the Ancients_, 1797 and 1807; and in Ruge’s _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, 1881. A copy on vellum, made in 1804, is in the British Museum.

[150] Cf. G. Gravier’s _Recherches sur les navigations Européennes faites an moyen-âge_, Paris, 1878.

[151] Navarrete, i. 304, ii. 280; Bandini’s _Amerigo Vespucci_, pp. 66, 83; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, i. 26, iv. 188, 233, 250, 261, v. 182-185; and his preface to Ghillany’s _Behaim_; Harrisse, _Ferdinand Colomb_, pp. 121-127; Major’s _Prince Henry_, p. 420; Stevens’s _Notes_, p. 372. When the natives of Cuba pointed to the interior of their island and said “Cubanacan,” Columbus interpreted it to mean “Kublai Khan;” and the Cuban name of Mangon became to his ear the Mangi of Sir John Mandeville.

[152] Dec. i. c. 8.

[153] Da Gama’s three voyages, translated from the narrative of Gaspar Correa, with other documents, was edited for the Hakluyt Society by H. E. J. Stanley, in 1869. Correa’s account was not printed till 1858, when the Lisbon Academy issued it. Cf. Navarrete, vol. i. p. xli; Ramusio, i. 130; Galvano, p.93; Major, _Prince Henry_, p. 391; Cladera, _Investigaciones históricas_; Saint-Martin, _Histoire de la géographie_, p. 337; Clarke, _Progress of Maritime Discovery_, p. 399; Ruge’s _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_ pp. 109, 135, 188, 189; Lucas Rem’s _Tagebuch_, 1494-1542, Augsburg, 1861; Charton’s _Voyageurs_, iii. 209 (with references), etc.

“Portugal,” says Professor Seeley, “had almost reason to complain of the glorious intrusion of Columbus. She took the right way, and found the Indies; while he took the wrong way, and missed them.... If it be answered in Columbus’s behalf, that it is better to be wrong and find America, than to be right and find India, Portugal might answer that she did both,”—referring to Cabral’s discovery of Brazil (_Expansion of England_, p. 83).

[154] The Bull is printed in Navarrete, ii. 23, 28, 130; and in the app. of Oscar Peschel’s _Die Theilung der Erde unter Papst Alexander VI. und Julius II._, Leipsic, 1871. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, gives the letter of May 17, 1493, which Alexander VI. sent with the Bulls to his nuncio at the court of Spain, found in the archives of the Frari at Venice. Cf. also Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iii. 52; Solorzano’s _Política Indiana_; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vol. i. no. 745; and the illustrative documents in Andres Garcia de Céspedes’ _Reg. de nav._, Madrid, 1606.

[155] There is more or less confusion in the estimates made of the league of this time. D’Avezac, _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_, September and October, 1858, pp. 130-164, calls it 5,924 metres. Cf. also Fox, in the _U. S. Coast Survey Report_, 1880, p. 59; and H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 190.

[156] Cf. Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iii. 17, 44, 56, etc.

[157] Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iii. 54; _Cosmos_, v. 55. Columbus found this point of no-variation, Sept. 13, 1492. In the latter part of the sixteenth century, for a similar reason, St. Michael’s in the Azores was taken for the first meridian, but the no-variation then observable at that point has given place now to a declination of twenty-five degrees.

[158] See the documents in Navarrete, ii. 116, and Peschel’s _Theilung der Erde unter Papst Alexander VI. und Julius II._

[159] Cf., however, Juan y Ulloa’s _Dissertacion sobre el meridiano de demarcation_, Madrid, 1749, in French, 1776. Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 910; and “Die Demarcations-linie” in Ruge’s _Das Zeitalter der Entdeckungen_, p. 267.

[160] In 1495 Jaume Ferrer, who was called for advice, sent a manuscript map to the Spanish Monarchs to be used in the negotiations for determining this question. (Navarrete; also Amat, _Diccionario de los escritores Catalanes_.) Jaume’s different treatises are collected by his son in his _Sentencias cathólicas_, 1545. (Leclerc, no. 2,765, 1,000 francs; Harrisse, _Bibl. Am. Vet._, no. 261; _Additions_, no. 154.) This contains Jaime’s letter of Jan. 27, 1495, and the Monarchs’ reply of Feb. 28, 1495; and a letter written at the request of Isabella from Burgos, Aug. 5, 1495, addressed to “Christofol Colō en la gran Isla de Cibau.”

[161] Cf. _North American Review_, nos. 53 and 55.

[162] Cf. portions in German in _Das Ausland_, 1867, p. 1.

[163] It is in Italian in Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo_.

[164] Brunet, _Supplément_, col. 277.

[165] It appeared in the series _Biblioteca rara_ of G. Daelli.

[166] Cf. _Historical Magazine_, September, 1864.

[167] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet. Additions_, p. vi., calls this reproduction extremely correct.

[168] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. xii.

[169] _Ticknor Catalogue_, p. 387; Stevens, _Hist. Coll._, vol. i. no. 1,380; Sabin, iv. 277; Leclerc, no. 132. It was noticed by Don Pascual de Gayangos in _La America_, April 13, 1867. Cf. another of Varnhagen’s publications, _Carta de Cristóbal Colon enviada de Lisboa á Barcelona en Marzo de 1493_, published at Vienna in 1869. It has a collation of texts and annotations (Leclerc, no. 131). A portion of the edition was issued with the additional imprint, “Paris, Tross, 1870.” Of the 120 copies of this book, 60 were put in the trade. Major, referring to these several Spanish texts, says: “I have carefully collated the three documents, and the result is a certain conclusion that neither one nor the other is a correct transcript of the original letter,”—all having errors which could not have been in the original. Major also translates the views on this point of Varnhagen, and enforces his own opinion that the Spanish and Latin texts are derived from different though similar documents. Varnhagen held the two texts were different forms of one letter. Harrisse dissents from this opinion in _Bibl. Amer. Vet. Additions_, p. vi.

[170] Cf. Irving’s _Columbus_, app. xxix.

[171] Prescott’s _Ferdinand and Isabella_, revised edition, ii. 108; Sabin, vol. ii. no. 4,918; Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, no. 7, who reprints the parts in question, with a translation.

[172] _Cosmos_, English translation, ii, 641.

[173] _Ticknor Catalogue_, p. 32.

[174] He points out how the standard _Chronicles_ and _Annals_ (Ferrebouc, 1521; Regnault, 1532; Galliot du Pré, 1549; Fabian, 1516, 1533, 1542, etc.), down to the middle of the sixteenth century, utterly ignored the acts of Columbus, Cortes, and Magellan (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._ p. ii).

[175] Murr, _Histoire diplomatique de Behaim_, p. 123.

[176] They are mentioned in Senarega’s “De rebus Genuensibus,” printed in Muratori’s _Rerum Italicarum scriptores_, xxiv. 534. Cf. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 41.

[177] Harrisse says that when Tross, of Paris, advertised a copy at a high price in 1865, there were seven bidders for it at once. Quaritch advertised a copy in June, 1871. It was priced in London in 1872 at £140.

[178] This view is controverted in _The Bookworm_, 1868, p. 9. Cf. 1867, p. 103. The ships are said to be galleys, while Columbus sailed in caravels.

[179] But compare his _Cooke Catalogue_, no. 575; also, _Pinart-Bourbourg Catalogue_, p. 249.

[180] M. de Rosny was born in 1810, and died in 1871. M. Geslin published a paper on his works in the _Actes de la Société d’Ethnologie_, vii. 115. A paper by Rosny on the “Lettre de Christoph Colombe,” with his version, is found in the _Revue Orientale et Américaine_, Paris, 1876, p. 81.

[181] The earliest English version of this letter followed some one edition of the Cosco-Sanchez text, and appeared in the _Edinburgh Review_ in 1816, and was reprinted in the _Analectic Magazine_, ix. 513. A translation was also appended by Kettell to his edition of the _Personal Narrative_. There is another in the _Historical Magazine_, April, 1865, ix. 114.

[182] It was priced by Rich in 1844 at £6 6s.; and by Robert Clarke, of Cincinnati, in 1876, at $200. There was a copy in the J. J. Cooke sale (1883), vol. iii. no. 574, and another in the Murphy sale, no. 2,602.

[183] Sabin, vol. v. no. 18,656; Major, p. xc, where the poem is reprinted, as also in Harrisse’s _Notes on Columbus_, p. 186; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 8, p. 461. This first edition has sixty-seven octaves; the second, sixty-eight. Stevens’s _Hist. Coll._, vol. i. no. 129, shows a fac-simile of the imperfect first edition.

[184] _Notes on Columbus_, p. 185; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 9; _Additions_, no. 3; Lenox’s _Scyllacius_, p. lii. The last stanza is not in the other edition, and there are other revisions. A fac-simile of the cut on the title of this Oct. 26, 1493, edition is annexed. Other fac-similes are given by Lenox, and Ruge in his _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, p. 247. This edition was reprinted at Bologna, 1873, edited by Gustavo Uzíelli, as no. 136 of _Scelta di curiosità letterarie inedite_, and a reprint of Cosco’s Latin text was included.

[185] Lenox’s _Scyllacius_, p. lv, with fac-similes of the cuts; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 19; _Notes on Columbus_, p. 123; _Huth_, i. 337. The elder Harris made a tracing of this edition, and Stevens had six copies printed from stone; and of these, copies are noted in the C. Fiske-Harris Catalogue, no. 553; Murphy, no. 632; Brinley, no. 14; Stevens’s (1870) _Catalogue_, no. 459; and _Hist. Coll._, vol. i. nos. 130, 131. The text was reprinted in the _Rheinisches Archiv_, xv. 17. It was also included in _Ein schöne newe Zeytung_, printed at Augsburg about 1522, of which there are copies in the Lenox and Carter-Brown libraries. _Scyllacius_, p. lvi; Brunet, _Supplément_, col. 277; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 115. The latest enumeration of these various editions is in the _Studi biog. e bibliog. della Soc. Geog. Ital._, 2d edition, Rome, 1882, p. 191, which describes some of the rare copies.

[186] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 175; _Carter-Brown_, no. 105; Lenox, _Scyllacius_, p. lviii; Stevens, _Hist. Coll._, vol. i. no. 163, and _Bibl. Geog._, no. 2,383; Muller (1872), no. 387; J. J. Cooke, no. 2,183; O’Callaghan, no. 1,836. The letter is on pages 116-121 of the _Bellum_, etc. The next earliest reprint is in Andreas Schott’s _Hispaniæ illustratæ_, Frankfort, 1603-1608, vol. ii. (Sabin, vol. viii. no. 32,005; Muller, 1877, no. 2,914; Stevens, 1870, no. 1,845). Of the later reproductions in other languages than English, mention may be made of those in Amati’s _Ricerche Storico-Critico-Scientifiche_, 1828-1830; Bossi’s _Vita di Colombo_, 1818; Urano’s edition of Bossi, Paris, 1824 and 1825; the Spanish rendering of a collated Latin text made by the royal librarian Gonzalez for Navarrete, and the French version in the Paris edition of Navarrete; G. B. Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo_, Lyons, 1864; _Cartas y testamento di Colon_, Madrid, 1880. There is in Muratori’s _Rerum Italicarum scriptores_ (iii. 301) an account “De navigatione Columbi,” written in 1499 by Antonio Gallo, of Genoa; but it adds nothing to our knowledge, being written entirely from Columbus’s own letters.

The earliest compiled account from the same sources which appeared in print was issued, while Columbus was absent on his last voyage, in the _Nouissime Hystoriarum omnium repercussiones, que supplementum Supplementi Cronicarum nuncupantur ... usque in annum 1502_, of Jacopo Filippo Foresti (called Bergomenses, Bergomas, or some other form), which was dated at Venice, 1502 (colophon, 1503), and contained a chapter “De insulis in India,” on leaf 441, which had not been included in the earlier editions of 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, and 1493, but is included in all later editions (Venice, 1506; Nuremberg, 1506; Venice, 1513, 1524; Paris, 1535), except the Spanish translation (Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 42, 138, 204, and _Additions_, nos. 11, 75; Sabin, vol. vi. nos. 25,083, 25,084; Stevens, 1870, no. 175, $11; Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 19, 27; Murphy, no. 226; Quaritch, no. 11,757, £4). There are copies in the Library of Congress, the Carter-Brown and Lenox libraries, and in the National Library in Paris.

[187] _Sull’importanza d’un manoscritto inedito della Biblioteca Imperiale di Vienna per verificare quale fu la prima isola scoperta dal Colombo, ... Con una carta geographica_, Vienna, 1869, sixteen pages. Varnhagen’s paper first appeared in the _Anales de la Universedad de Chile_, vol. xxvi. (January, 1864).

[188] Evora, 1545, and often reprinted. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 45; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 265.

[189] A fac-simile of Irving’s manuscript of his account of this reception is given in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ xx. 201.

[190] Prescott, _Ferdinand and Isabella_ (1873), ii. 170; Major’s _Select Letters_, p. lxvi; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, p. ix.

[191] Irving’s _Columbus_, app. xxxii.

[192] Humboldt (_Examen critique_, ii. 279-294) notes the letters referring to Columbus; and Harrisse, (_Notes on Columbus_, p. 129) reprints these letters, with translations. In the 1670 edition the Columbus references are on pp. 72-77, 81, 84, 85, 88-90, 92, 93, 96, 101, 102, 116.

[193] There are eight hundred and sixteen in all (1488 to 1525), and about thirty of them relate to the New World. He died in 1526.

[194] Prescott, _Ferdinand and Isabella_ (1873), ii. 76.

[195] _Literature of Europe_, vol. i. cap. 4, § 88.

[196] _Ferdinand and Isabella_ (1873), ii. 507, and p. 77. Referring to Hallam’s conclusion, he says: “I suspect this acute and candid critic would have been slow to adopt it had he perused the correspondence in connection with the history of the times, or weighed the unqualified testimony borne by contemporaries to Martyr’s minute accuracy.”

[197] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. 282; Irving, _Columbus_, app. xxvii.; Brevoort’s _Verrazano_, p. 87; H. H. Bancroft’s _Central America_, i. 312. A bibliography of Martyr’s works is given on another page.

[198] _Ticknor Catalogue_, p. 255; Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 135; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 10; Sabin, vol. xiv. no. 57,714.

[199] It is not certain when this discourse was printed, for the publication is without date. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 136; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 11; Sabin, vol. iii. no. 11,175; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 4. There are copies of this little tract of eight leaves in the Force Collection (Library of Congress), and in the Lenox and Carter-Brown libraries. Others are in the Vatican, Grenville Collection, etc. Cf. Court, no. 255.

[200] It is given in Italian in Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo_, p. 372; and in English in Major’s _Select Letters of Columbus_, repeated in the appendix of Lenox’s reprint of Scyllacius. The “Memorial ... sobre el suceso de su segundo viage á las Indias,” in Navarrete, is also printed, with a translation, by Major, p. 72.

[201] They were all presentation-copies; but one in Leclerc, no. 2,960, is priced 400 francs. The Menzies copy brought $35.

[202] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 16; _Notes on Columbus_, p. 125. Cf. _Intorno ad un rarissimo opusculo di Niccolò Scillacio_, Modena, 1856, by Amadeo Ronchini, of Parma.

[203] Cf. _ante_ a note for the bibliography of Martyr, in Vol. I.

[204] Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 36, refers, for curious details about Buell, to Pasqual’s _Descubrimiento de la situacion de la América_, Madrid, 1789, and the letter of the Pope to Boil in Rossi’s _Del discacciamento di Colombo dalla Spagnuola_, Rome, 1851, p. 76.

[205] There are two copies in Harvard College Library. Cf. Rich (1832), no. 159, £2 2_s._; Carter-Brown, ii. no. 252; Quaritch, £6 16_s._ 6_d._; O’Callaghan, no. 1,841; Murphy, no. 1,971; Court, nos. 271, 272.

[206] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 2.

[207] Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 16, 17, 276, 356; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 5, 6.

[208] Folios 11 and 40. Cf. _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 17; Sabin, vol. x. no. 41,067. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 55, says Rich errs in stating that an earlier work of Lilio (1493) has a reference to the discovery.

[209] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 7.

[210] Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, no. 126. The _Coronica de Aragon_, of Fabricius de Vagad, which was published in 1499, makes reference to the new discoveries (_Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 9), as does the _Coronica van Coellen_, published at Cologne, 1499, where, on the verso of folio 339, it speaks of “new lands found, in which men roam like beasts” (Murphy, no. 254; Baer, _Incunabeln_, 1884, no. 172, at 160 marks; London Catalogue (1884), £12 10_s._). In 1498, at Venice, was published Marc. Ant. Sabellicus’ _In rapsodiam historiarum_ (copy in British Museum), which has a brief account of Columbus’ family and his early life. This was enlarged in the second part, published at Venice in 1504 (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 21). An anchor lost by Columbus on this voyage, at Trinidad, is said to have been recovered in 1880 (_Bulletin de la Société Géographique d’Anvers_, v. 515).

[211] _Que escribió D. Cristóbal Colon á los ... Rey y Reina de España._ Cf. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 127. It is given, with an English translation, in Major’s _Select Letters_; also in the _Relazione delle scoperte fatte da C. Colombo, da A. Vespucci, e da altri dal_ 1492 _al_ 1506, _tratta dai manoscritti della Biblioteca di Ferrara e pubblicata per la prima volta ed annotata dal Prof. G. Ferraro_, at Bologna, in 1875, as no. 144 of the _Scelta di curiosità letterarie inedite o rare dal secolo_ xiii _al_ xvii. A French translation is given in Charton’s _Voyageurs_, iii. 174.

[212] It is usually said that Ferdinand Columbus asserts it was printed; but Harrisse says he can find no such statement in Ferdinand’s book.

[213] Vol. i. pp. 277-313.

[214] It is a little quarto of six leaves and an additional blank leaf (Lenox, _Scyllacius_, p. lxi; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 36). There is a copy in the Marciana, which Harrisse compared with the Morelli reprint, and says he found the latter extremely faithful (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 17).

[215] Leclerc, no. 129.

[216] In Italian in Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo_, p. 396.

[217] This is also in Italian in Torre, p. 401, and in English in Major’s _Select Letters_.

[218] Stevens (_Notes_, etc., p. 31) is said by Harrisse (_Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, p. 35) to be in error in saying that Valentim Fernandez’s early collection of Voyages, in Portuguese, and called _Marco Paulo_, etc., has any reference to Columbus.

[219] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 43, 67, and p. 463; _Additions_, nos. 22, 40; Thomassy, _Les papes géographes_.

[220] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 49. See the chapter on Vespucius.

[221] Ibid., _Additions_, no. 27.

[222] Ibid., no. 28.

[223] Ibid., no. 30.

[224] Sabin, vol. vi. no. 24,395.

[225] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 51, 52; Murphy, no. 2,353; Stevens, _Bibl. Geog._, no. 2,609. There are copies in the Library of Congress, Harvard College Library, etc.

[226] Sabin, vol. vii. no. 26,140; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 39; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 34; Graesse, ii. 645; Brunet, ii. 1421. There were later editions in 1518, 1565, 1567, 1578, 1604, 1726, etc.

[227] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 35.

[228] See Vol. III. pp. 16, 199; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, pp. 464, 518; and _Additions_, no. 38.

[229] In the section “inventio novarum insularum,” _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 39.

[230] Brunet, iv. 915; _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 44.

[231] Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 57; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 73. There is a copy in the Boston Athenæum.

[232] Carter-Brown, no. 48; Murphy, no. 32.

[233] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 75.

[234] Cf. bibliographical note on Columbus in Charton’s _Voyageurs_, iii. 190.

[235] _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 1,554; _Bibl. Hist._ (1870), no. 1,661; J. J. Cooke, no. 2,092; Murphy, no. 2,042 (bought by Cornell University); Panzer, vii. 63; Graesse, v. 469; Brunet, iv. 919; Rosenthal (1884); Baer, _Incunabeln_ (1884), no. 116. Cf. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 74, for the note and translation; and other versions in _Historical Magazine_, December, 1862, and in the _Christian Examiner_, September, 1858. Also, see _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 88, for a full account; and the reduced fac-simile of title in Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 51. The book is not very rare, though becoming so, since, as the French sale-catalogues say, referring to the note, “Cette particularité fait de ce livre un objet de haute curiosité pour les collectionneurs Américains.” Harrisse says of it: “Although prohibited, confiscated, and otherwise ill-treated by the Court of Rome and the city authorities of Genoa, this work is frequently met with,—owing, perhaps, to the fact that two thousand copies were printed, of which only five hundred found purchasers, while the fifty on vellum were distributed among the sovereigns of Europe and Asia.” (Cf. Van Praet, _Catalogue des livres sur vélin_, i. 8.) Its price is, however, increasing. Forty years ago Rich priced it at eighteen shillings. Recent quotations put it, in London and Paris, at £7, 100 marks, and 110 francs. The Editor has used the copy in the Harvard College Library, and in the Boston Public Library,—which last belonged to George Ticknor, who had used George Livermore’s copy before he himself possessed the book. Ticknor’s _Spanish Literature_, i. 188; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, x. 431.

[236] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 220; Stevens, _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 242. There is a copy in Harvard College Library.

[237] We know that Ferdinand bought a copy of this book in 1537; cf. Harrisse, _Fernand Colomb_, p. 27.

[238] _Historical Collections_, vol. i, no. 1,554.

[239] On the question of the connection of Columbus with his second companion, Donna Beatrix Enriquez who was of a respectable family in Cordova,—that there was a marriage tie has been claimed by Herrera, Tiraboschi, Bossi, Roselly de Lorgues, Barry, and Cadoret (_Vie de Colomb_, Paris, 1869, appendix); and that there was no such tie, by Napione (_Patria di Colombo_ and Introduction to _Codice Colombo-Americano_), Spotorno, Navarrete, Humboldt, and Irving. Cf. _Historical Magazine_ (August, 1867), p. 225; _Revue des questions historiques_ (1879), XXV. 213; Angelo Sanguinetti’s _Sull’origine di Ferdinando Colombo_ (Genoa, 1876), p. 55; Giuseppe Antonio Dondero’s _L’onestá di Cristoforo Colombo_ (Genoa, 1877), p. 213; Harrisse, _Fernand Colomb_, p. 2; D’Avezac, in _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (1872), p. 19. It may be noted that Ferdinand de Galardi, in dedicating his _Traité politique_ (Leyden, 1660) to Don Pedro Colon, refers to Ferdinand Colon as “Fernando Henriquez.” (Stevens, _Bibl. Geog._, no. 1,147).

The inference from Columbus’ final testamentary language is certainly against the lady’s chastity. In his codicil he enjoins his son Diego to provide for the respectable maintenance of the mother of Ferdinand, “for the discharge of my conscience, for it weighs heavy on my soul.” Irving and others refer to this as the compunction of the last hours of the testator. De Lorgues tries to show that this codicil was made April 1, 1502 (though others claim that the document of this date was another will, not yet found), and only copied at Segovia, Aug. 25, 1505, and deposited in legal form with a notary at Valladolid, May 19, 1506. Columbus dying May 20,—the effect of all which is only to carry back, much to Columbus’ credit, the compunction to an earlier date. The will (1498), but not the codicil, is given in Irving, app. xxxiv. Cancellieri, in his _Dissertazioni_, gives it imperfectly; but it is accurately given in the _Transactions_ of the Genoa Academy. Cf. Harrisse (_Notes on Columbus_) p. 160; Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo; Colon en Quisqueya_, Santo Domingo (1877), pp. 81, 99; _Cartas y testamento_, Madrid, 1880; Navarrete, _Coleccion_; and elsewhere.

[240] De Lorgues, on the authority of Zúñiga (_Anales eclesiásticos_, p. 496), says he was born Aug. 29, 1487, and not Aug. 15, 1488, as Navarrete and Humboldt had said. Harrisse (_Fernand Colomb_, p. 1) alleges the authority of the executor of his will for the date Aug. 15, 1488. The inscription on his supposed grave would make him born Sept. 28, 1488.

[241] Prescott (_Ferdinand and Isabella_, ii. 507) speaks of Ferdinand Columbus’ “experience and opportunities, combined with uncommon literary attainments.” Harrisse calculates his income from the bequest of his father, and from pensions, at about 180,000 francs of the present day. (_Fernand Colomb_, p. 29.)

[242] There has been close scrutiny of the publications of Europe in all tongues for the half century and more following the sketch of Guistiniani in 1516, till the publication of the earliest considerable account of Columbus in the Ulloa version of 1571, to gather some records of the growth or vicissitudes of the fame of the great discoverer, and of the interest felt by the European public in the progress of events in the New World. Harrisse’s _Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima_, and his _Additions_ to the same, give us the completest record down to 1550, coupled with the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_ for the whole period.

[243] A copy of the inscription on his tomb in Seville, with a communication by George Sumner, is printed in Major’s _Select Letters of Columbus_, p. lxxxi.

[244] Cf. Edwards, _Memoirs of Libraries_, and a Memoir of Ferdinand, by Eustaquio Fernandez de Navarrete, in _Colec. de doc. inéd._, vol.