xxix. 63, says they were found in the Hudson River, and he supposed

them the remains of a giant man, while the colored earth about the bones represented his rotted body. Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, xii. 263.

[1669] See on this a later page.

[1670] Lyell’s _Antiq. of Man_, 4th ed., 236; Nadaillac’s _Les premiers hommes_, ii. 13; Southall’s _Recent origin of man_, ch. 30. Vogt (_Lectures on Man_) accepts the evidence.

[1671] Cf. Lyell’s _Antiq. of Man_, ch. 5; Huxley’s _Man’s place in nature_; Le Hon’s _L’Homme fossile en Europe_; Leslie’s _Origin and destiny of man_, p. 54, who passes in review these early tentative explorations.

[1672] Cf. Lyell’s description in his _Antiquity of Man_, ch. 8; Quatrefages, _Nat. Hist. Man_ (N. Y., 1875), p. 41; Langel, _L’homme antédiluvien_; Büchner’s _Man_, Eng. transl., ch. 1; Carl Vogt, _Vorlesungen über den Menschen_.

[1673] Rigollot, of Amiens, who had doubted, finally came to believe in De Perthes’s views.

[1674] Büchner’s _Man_, p. 26; Hugh Falconer’s _Palæontological Memoirs_, London, 1868 (ii. 601). Falconer’s essay on “Primæval Man and his Contemporaries,” included in this work, was written in 1863, in vindication of the views which Falconer shared with Boucher de Perthes and Prestwich, and it is an interesting study of the development of the interest in the caves.

[1675] Lyell, _Antiq. of Man_, ch. 8; Lubbock, _Prehistoric Times_, ch. 11; Nadaillac, _Les Premiers Hommes_, ii. 122; Leslie, _Origin, etc. of Man_, 56. Southall gives the antagonistic views in his _Recent Origin of Man_, ch. 16, and _Epoch of the Mammoth_, 126.

[1676] This is in dispute, however. That the older cave implements and those of the drift may be of equivalent age seems to be agreed upon by some.

[1677] Cf. also Geikie’s _Great Ice Age_; Lubbock’s _Prehistoric Times_, ch. 10; Evans’s _Anc. Stone Implements of Gt. Britain_; Wilson’s _Prehistoric Annals of Scotland_; Nilsson’s _Stone Age in Scandinavia_; Figuier’s _World before the Deluge_ (N. Y., 1872), p. 473; Joly, _Man before Metals_, ch. 3; Cazalis de Fondouce’s _Les temps préhistoriques dans le sud-est de la France_; Roujow’s _Etude sur les races humaines de la France_; Peschel’s _Races of Men_, introd.

The scarcity of human remains in the drift and in the caves is accounted for by Lyell (_Student’s Elements_, N. Y., p. 153) by man’s wariness against floods as compared with that of beasts; and by Lubbock (_Prehist. Times_, 349) through the vastly greater numbers of the animals in a hunters’ age.

[1678] The present day is not without a cave people. See _London Anthropolog. Rev._, April, 1869, and Büchner’s _Man_, Eng. transl., p. 270.

[1679] Haven, p. 86.

[1680] Cf. Florentino Amegluno’s _La Antigüedad del Hombre en la Plata_ (Paris, 1880), and Howorth’s _Mammoth and the Flood_, 355, who cites Klee’s _Le Déluge_, p. 326, and enumerates other evidences of pleistocene man in South America, in connection with extinct animals.

[1681] The instances are not rare of mummies being found in caves of the Mississippi Valley; but there is no evidence adduced of any great age attaching to them. Cf. N. S. Shaler on the antiquity of the caverns and cavern life of the Ohio Valley, in _Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Mem._, ii. 355 (1875); and on desiccated remains, see the _Archæologia Amer._, i. 359; Brinton’s _Floridian Peninsula_, App. ii. On the American caves see Nadaillac’s _L’Amérique préhistorique_, ch. 2.

[1682] Abbott’s _Primitive Industry_, ch. 30.

[1683] Lyell, _Antiq. of Man_, 4th ed. ch. 2; Lubbock, _Prehist. Times_, ch. 7; Nadaillac, _Les premiers hommes_, i. ch. 5; Joly, _Man before Metals_, ch. 4; Figuier, _World before Deluge_ (N. Y., 1872), p. 477. Worsaae, the leading Danish authority, calls them palæolithic relics; Lubbock places them as early neolithic. Southall, of course, thinks they indicate the rudeness of the people, not their antiquity. (_Recent Origin_, etc., ch. 12; _Epoch of the Mammoth_, ch. 5.)

[1684] _Am. Naturalist_, ii. 397.

[1685] Cf. Lyell’s _Second Visit_.

[1686] All the general treatises on American archæology now cover the subject: Wilson, _Prehist. Man_, i. 132; Nadaillac, _L’Amérique préhistorique_, ch. 2; Short, _No. Amer. Antiq._, 106; _Smithsonian Reports_, 1864 (Rau), 1866, 1870 (J. Fowler); _Bull. Essex Inst._, iv. (Putnam); _Peabody Mus. Reports_, i., v., vii.; _Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Proc._ 1867, 1875; _Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc._ 1866; _Pop. Science Monthly_, x. (Lewis); Lyell’s _Second Visit_, i. 252; Stevens, _Flint Chips_, 194. For local observations: J. M. Jones in _Smithsonian Ann. Report_, 1863, on those of Nova Scotia. S. F. Baird in _Nat. Museum Proc._ (1881, 1882), on those of New Brunswick and New England. For those in Maine see _Peabody Mus. Reports_, xvi., xviii.; _Central Ohio Sci. Assoc. Proc._, i. 70; that at Damariscotta, in particular, is described in the _Peabody Mus. Reports_, xx. 531, 546; and in the _Maine Hist. Soc. Col._, v. (by P. A. Chadbourne) and vi. 349. Wyman’s studies are in the _Amer. Naturalist_, Jan., 1868, and _Peabody Mus. Rept._, ii. Putnam (_Essex Inst. Bull_., xv. 86) says that those at Pine Grove, near Salem, Mass., were examined in 1840. The map which is annexed of those on Cape Cod, taken from the _Smithsonian Report_ (1883, p. 905), shows the frequency of them in a confined area, as observed; but the same region doubtless includes many not observed.

For those on the New Jersey coast see Cook’s _Geology of New Jersey_ (Newark, 1868), and Rau in the _Smithsonian Reports_, 1863, 1864, 1865. The Lockwood collection from the heap at Keyport is in the Peabody Museum (cf. _Rept._, xxii. 43). Francis Jordan describes the _Remains of an Aboriginal Encampment at Rehoboth, Delaware_ (Philad., 1880). Elmer R. Reynolds reported on “Precolumbian shell heaps at Newburg, Maryland, and the aboriginal shell heaps of the Potomac and Wicomico rivers” at the _Congrès des Américanistes_ (Copenhagen, 1883, p. 292). Joseph Leidy describes those at Cape Henlopen in the _Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci._, 1866. Those on the Georgia coast, St. Simon’s Island, etc., are pointed out in C. C. Jones’s _Antiquities of the Southern Indians; Smithsonian Repts._, 1871 (by D. Brown); in Lyell’s _Antiq. of Man_, and in his _Second Visit to the U. S._ (N. Y., 1849), i. 252.

The shell heaps of Florida have had unusual attention. Wyman has indicated the absence of objects in them, showing Spanish contact. Dr. Brinton’s first studies of them were in his _Notes on the Floridian Peninsula_ (Philad., 1859), ch. 6, and again in the _Smithsonian Report_ (1866), p. 356. Prof. Wyman’s first reports (St. John River) were in _The American Naturalist_, Jan., Oct., Nov., 1868. He also described them in the _Peabody Mus. Report_, i., v., vii., and in his _Fresh Water Shell Heaps of the St. John River, Florida_ (Salem, 1875), being no. 4 of the _Memoirs of the Peabody Acad. of Science_. There are other investigations recorded in the _Smithsonian Reports_, 1877, by S. P. Mayberry, on St. John River; 1879, by S. T. Walker, on Tampa Bay; also by A. W. Vogeler in _Amer. Naturalist_, Jan., 1879; by W. H. Dall in the _American Journal of Archæology_, i. 184; and by A. E. Douglass in the _Amer. Antiquarian_, vii. 74, 140. On those of Alabama, see _Peabody Mus. Rept._, xvi. 186, and _Smithsonian Rept._, 1877.

On those of the great interior valleys, see the _Second Geological Report of Indiana_, and Humphrey and Abbott’s _Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi Valley_.

For the California coast, there is testimony in Bancroft’s _Native Races_, iv. 709-712; _Smithsonian Rept._, 1874 (by P. Schumacher); _American Antiquarian_, vii. 159; and _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, v. 489. Schumacher covers the northwest coast in the _Smithsonian Rept._, 1873. Those in Oregon are reported to be destitute of the bones of extinct animals, in the _Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey_, iii. Bancroft, _Nat. Races_, iv. 739, refers to those on Vancouver’s Island. W. H. Dall describes those on the Aleutian Islands in the _Contributions to No. Amer. Ethnology_, i. 41.

[1687] This branch of archæological science began, I believe, with the discovery by Sir Wm. R. Wilde of some lacustrine habitations in a small lake in county Meath. R. Monro’s _Ancient Scotch lake Dwellings_ (Edinburgh, 1882) has gathered what is known of the remains in Great Britain. There are similar remains in various parts of the continent of Europe; but those revealed by the dry season of 1853-54 in the Swiss lakes have attracted the most notice. Dr. Keller described them in _Reports_ made to the Archæological Society of Zurich. A. Morlot printed an abstract of Keller’s Report in the _Smithsonian Report_, 1863. In 1866, J. E. Lee arranged Keller’s material systematically, and translated it in _The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland and other parts of Europe, by Ferdinand Keller_ (London, 1866), which was reissued, enlarged and brought down to date, in a second edition in 1878. The earliest elaborated account was Prof. Troyon’s _Habitations lacustres_ (1860), of which there was a translation in the _Smithsonian Reports_, 1860, 1861. Troyon and Keller have reached different conclusions: the one believing that the traces of development in the remains indicate new peoples coming in, while Keller holds these to be signs of the progress of the same people. A paper by Edouard Desor, _Palafittes or Lacustrian Constructions_, appeared in English in the _Smithsonian Report_, 1865. There is a large collection of typical relics from these lake dwellings in the Peabody Museum (_Report_, v.).

These evidences now make part of all archæological treatises: Lyell’s _Antiq. of Man_; Lubbock, _Prehist. Times_, ch. 6; Nadaillac, _Les premiers hommes_, i. 241; Stevens, _Flint Chips_, 119; Joly, _Man before Metals_, ch. 5; Figuier, _World before the Deluge_ (N. Y., 1872), p. 478; Southall, _Recent Origin_, etc., ch. 11, and _Epoch of the Mammoth_, ch. 4; _Archæologia_, xxxviii.; Haven in _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc_., Oct., 1867; Rau in _Harper’s Monthly_, Aug., 1875; _Poole’s Index_, p. 718, and _Supplement_, p. 246. The man of the Danish peat-beds and of the Swiss lake dwellings is generally held to belong to the present geological conditions, but earlier than written records.

[1688] _Senate Doc._; also separately, Philad., 1852. Cf. Bancroft, _Native Races_, iv. 652; Domenech’s _Deserts_, etc., i. 201; _Annual Scient. Discovery_, 1850; Short, _No. Am. of Antiq._, 293. A photograph of the Casa Blanca is given in _Putnam’s Report, Wheeler’s Survey_, p. 370. Cf. Haven in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, 1855, p. 26.

[1689] _Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of the territories_, 2d series, no. 1 (Washington, 1875), and its _Annual Rept._ (Washington, 1876), condensed in Bancroft, iv. 650, 718, and by E. A. Barber in _Congrès des Américanistes_, 1877, i. 22. Cf. Short, 295, etc.

[1690] _Bulletin_, etc., ii. (1876). Hayden’s _Survey_ (1876). Cf. Short, p. 305; _Kansas City Rev._, Dec., 1879 (on their age); James Stevenson in _Fourth Rept. Bureau of Ethnology_, pp. xxxiv, 284; Nadaillac’s _Les Premiers Hommes_ (ii. 61), and _L’Amérique préhistorique_, ch. 5; _Scribner’s Mag._, Dec., 1878 (xvii. 266); _Good Words_, xx. 486; _Science_, xi. 257. Those of the Cañon de Chelly are described by James Stevenson in the _Journal Amer. Geo. Soc._ (1886), p. 329. It is generally recognized that the cliff dwellers and the Pueblo people were the same race, and that the modern Zuñi and Moquis represent them. Bandelier in _Archæol. Inst. of Am., 5th Rept._ J. Stevenson (_Second Rept. Bur. of Ethnol._, 431) describes some cavate dwellings of this region cut out of the rock by hand. There is no evidence that these remains call for any association with them of the great antiquity of man.

[1691] Cf., for instance, Short, 331.

[1692] Morgan (_Systems of Consanguinity_, 257) finds correspondence to the roving Indian in physical and cranial character, in linguistic traits, and in the similarity of arts and social habits. Their connection with the moundbuilder and cliff-dwelling race is traced in H. F. C. Ten Kate’s _Reizen en Onderzolkingen in Nord America_ (Leyden, 1885). Cushing thinks (_Fourth Rept. Bur. Ethnol._, 481) they got their habit of building in stories from having, as cliff-dwellers, earlier built on the narrow shelves of the rocks. Morgan (_Peab. Mus. Rept._,