xxi. 14); and his recent explorations show that the projections in

the side of the head (shaded dark in the cut) are not a part of the construction. He also finds two distinct periods of occupation in this region, to the oldest of which he attributes this work (_Peab. Mus. Rept._ 1888). W. H. Holmes made a survey in 1886 (_Amer. Antiquarian_, May, 1887, ix. 141; _Science_, viii. 624, Dec. 31, 1886). Cf. J. P. MacLean, in _Amer. Antiquarian_, vii. 44, and his _Moundbuilders_, p. 56; Baldwin’s _Anc. America_, 29. T. H. Lewis describes a snake mound in Minnesota (_Science_, ix. 393). On the serpent symbol see S. D. Peet, in _Amer. Antiquarian_, viii. 197; ix. 13, where he manifests a somewhat omnivorous appetite.]

Of the opposing theory of a disappeared race, Capt. Heart in reply to Barton (_Amer. Philolog. Asso. Proc._ iii.) gave, as Thomas thinks, “the earliest clear and distinct expression,” but Squier and Davis may be considered as first giving it definite meaning; and though Squier does not seem to have actually revoked this judgment as respects the mounds in the Mississippi valley, he finally reached the conclusion that those in New York were really the work of the Iroquois.[1734] This ancient-race theory, sometimes amounting to a belief in their autochthonous origin, has impressed the public through some of the best known summaries of American antiquities, like those of Baldwin, Wilson, and Short,[1735] and has been adopted by men of such reputation as Lyell.[1736] The position taken by Professor F. W. Putnam, the curator of the Peabody Museum of Archæology at Cambridge, is much like that taken earlier by Warden in his _Recherches_, that both views are, within their own limitations, correct, and, as Putnam expresses it, “that many Indian tribes built mounds and earthworks is beyond doubt; but that all the mounds and earthworks of North America are by these same tribes, or their immediate ancestors, is not thereby proved.”[1737] Thomas (_Fifth Report, Bureau Ethnol._) holds this statement to be too vague. It is certainly shown in the whole history of archæological study that uncompromising demarcations have sooner or later to be abandoned.

Morgan finds it difficult to dissociate the mounds with his favorite theory of communal life.[1738] There is no readier way of marking the development of opinion on this question than to follow the series of the _Annual Reports_ of the Smithsonian Institution, as hardly a year has passed since 1861 but these _Reports_ have had in them contributions on the subject.[1739] Among periodicals, the more constant attention to the mounds is conspicuous in the _American Antiquarian_.[1740]

The basis for estimating the age of the mounds is threefold. In the first place, there are very few found on the last of the river terraces to be reclaimed from the stream. In the second place, the decay of the skeletons found in them can be taken as of some indication, if due regard be had to the kind of earth in which they are buried. Third, the age of trees upon them has been accepted as carrying them back a certain period, at least, though this may widely vary, if you assume their growth to be subsequent to the abandonment of the mounds, or if, as Brinton holds,[1741] the trees were planted immediately upon the building. The dependence upon counting the rings is by no means a settled opinion as to all climes; but in the temperate zone the best authorities place dependence upon it. Unfortunately it cannot carry us back much over 600 years.[1742]

* * * * *

The early attempts to disclose the ethnological relations of the moundbuilders on cranial evidence were embarrassed by the fewness of the skulls then known. Morton (_Crania Americana_) called the four examined by him identical with those of the red Indian.[1743] At present, considerable numbers are available; but still Wilson (_Prehistoric Man_, ii. 128) holds that “we lack sufficient data,” and in the consideration of them sufficient care has not always been taken to distinguish intrusive burials of a later date.[1744]

J. W. Foster (_Prehist. Races_, ch. 8; _Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Trans._, 1872; and _Amer. Naturalist_, vi. 738) held to a lower type of skull, on this evidence, than Wilson (_Prehist. Man_, ii. ch. 20) contended for. There are examples of the wide difference of views (MacLean, 142), when some, like Morgan, connect them with the Pueblo skulls (_No. Amer. Rev._, cix., Oct., 1869), and others, like Morton, Winchell, Wilson, Brasseur, and Foster, find their correspondences in those of Mexico and Peru.[1745] Putnam, whose experience with mound skulls is greatest of all, holds to the southern short head and the northern long head (_Rept._ 1888). Probably we have no better enumeration of the variety of objects and relics found in the mounds, though much has since been added to the collection, than in Rau’s _Catalogue of the Archæological Collection of the National Museum_ (Washington, 1876).[1746] Unfortunately he shows little or no discrimination between discoveries in the mounds and those of the surface. The interest in such collections has naturally brought prominently to the attention of every student of such collections the tricks of fraudulent imitators, and there are several well-known instances of protracted controversies on the genuineness of certain relics.[1747]

There remains in this survey of the literature of the mounds in all their varieties, to go over it, finally, in relation to their geographical distribution:[1748]—

New England is almost destitute of these antiquities. The one that has attracted some attention is what is described as a fortification in Sanbornton, in New Hampshire, which when found was faced with stone externally, and the walls were six feet thick and breast-high, when described about one hundred and fifteen years ago. There is a plan of it, with a descriptive account, preserved in the library of the American Antiq. Society,[1749] and another plan and description in M. T. Runnels’s _Hist. of Sanbornton_ (Boston, 1882), i. ch. 4. Squier also figured it.

As we move westward, the mounds begin to be numerous in the State of New York, and particularly in the western part of it. One of the earliest descriptions of them, after that of the missionary Kirkland (about 1788), is in the “Journal of the Rev. John Taylor while on a mission through the Mohawk and Black River Country in 1802,” which was first printed, with plans of the works examined, in the _Documentary Hist. New York_ (vol. iii. quarto ed.). In 1818 DeWitt Clinton published at Albany his _Memoir on the Antiquities of the western part of New York_, in which he attributes their origin to the Scandinavians.[1750] They were again described in David Thomas’s _Travels through the western country in 1816_ (Auburn, 1819). There is not much else to note for twenty-five years. In 1845, Schoolcraft made to the N. Y. Senate his _Report on the Census of the Iroquois Indians_ (Albany and N. Y., 1846, 1847, 1848), which is better known, perhaps, in the trade edition, _Notes on the Iroquois; or Contributions to the Statistics, Aboriginal History, Antiquities and General Ethnology of Western New York_ (N. Y. 1846). In 1850, the _Third Report_ of the Regents of the University of the State of N. Y. contains F. B. Hough’s paper on the earthwork enclosures in the State, with cuts. The same year (1850) came the essential authority on the New York mounds, E. G. Squier’s _Aboriginal Monuments of the State of N. Y., comprising the results of original surveys and explorations, with an illustrative appendix_ (Washington, 1850), which the next year made part of the second volume of the _Smithsonian Contributions_.[1751] He enumerates in New York about 250 defensive structures, beside burial mounds and in his appendix describes those in New Hampshire and some in Pennsylvania.[1752] Some new explorations of the New York mounds were made in 1859 by T. Apoleon Cheney, who describes them, giving plans and cuts, in the _Thirteenth Report_ of the Regents of the University.[1753]

It was, however, in Ohio that the interest in these mounds was first incited, and that the more thorough exploration has been made.[1754] The earliest pioneers reported upon them. Cutler described them in 1789 in a letter to Jeremy Belknap.[1755] Benj. S. Barton described a mound at Cincinnati in 1799.[1756] Dr. Harris in 1805 was seemingly the earliest traveller to note them in _Journal of a Tour_, where he gives one of the earliest engravings. A plan of those at Circleville, with description by J. Kilbourne, is given in the _Ohio Gazetteer_ (Columbus, 1817). Caleb Atwater, in 1820, was more familiar with them than with others of his broader field. Warden in his _Recherches_ noted the early describers. Gen. Harrison discussed the mounds in his _Discourse on the Aborigines of the Valley of the Ohio_ (Cincinnati, 1838). Squier and Davis, of course, brought them within their range,[1757] and Col. Whittlesey supplemented their work in the third volume of the _Smithsonian Contributions_. Whittlesey and Matthew C. Read contributed the Report on the Archæology of Ohio, which forms the second portion of the _Final Report of the Ohio State Board of Centennial Managers_ (Columbus, 1877), and in it is a list of the ancient enclosures, which is not, as Short says (p. 82), as complete as it should be. A survey of the mounds was made by E. B. Andrews, and published in the _Peabody Mus. Repts._ (no. x.), 1877. The Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society started in June, 1887, the _Ohio archæological and historical Quarterly_, which has vigorously entered the field, and in it (March, 1888) G. F. Wright has reported on the present condition of the mounds. M. C. Read’s _Archæology of Ohio_ (Cleveland, 1888) was published by the Western Reserve Historical Society, whose series of Tracts is of importance for the study of the mounds.[1758] Henry A. Shepard’s _Antiquities of the State of Ohio_ (Cincinnati, 1887) summarizes the discoveries to date.[1759] Thomas (_Fifth Rept. Bur. Ethnol._) claims that the Ohio mounds were built by Indians, but not by the Indians, nor by the ancestors of them, who inhabited this region at the coming of the whites; but by an Indian race driven south, of whom he finds the modern representatives in the Cherokees.

The works at Marietta, on the Muskingum River, were the earliest observed. Taking the southern and southeastern counties, there are no very conspicuous examples elsewhere, though the region is well dotted with earthworks.[1760] Those at Cincinnati were, after those at Marietta, the earliest to be noticed.[1761] The adjacent Little Miami Valley is the region which Professor Putnam and Dr. Metz have been of late so successfully working.[1762]

Of all the works in the central portions of Ohio, and indeed of all in any region, those at Newark, in Licking County, are the most extensive, and have been often described.[1763] In the east[1764] and west[1765] there are other of these earthworks; but those in the north have been particularly examined by Col. Whittlesey and others.[1766] The enclosure called Fort Azatlan, at Merom on the Wabash River, is the most noticeable in Indiana.[1767] In Illinois, the great Cahokia truncated pyramid, 700 feet long by 500 wide and 90 high, is the most important.[1768]

Henry Gillman, of Detroit, has been the leading writer on the mounds of Michigan.[1769] The supposed connection of their builders with the ancient copper mines of Lake Superior is considered in another place. Thomas (_Fifth Rept., Bur. Ethnol._) contends that much of the copper found in the mounds was of European make, and had no relation to any aboriginal mining.

Wisconsin is the central region of what are known as the animal, effigy, symbolic, or emblematic mounds. Mention has been made elsewhere of the earliest notices of this kind of earthwork. The most extensive examination of them is the _Antiquities of Wisconsin as surveyed and described by I. A. Lapham_ (Washington, 1855), with a map showing the sites.[1770] The consideration of these effigy mounds has given rise to various theories regarding their significance, whether as symbols or to totems.[1771] It is Thomas’s conclusion that the effigy mounds and the burial mounds of Wisconsin were the work of the same people (_Fifth Rept., Bur. Ethnol._).

The existence of what is called an elephant or mastodon mound in Grant County has been sometimes taken to point to the age of those extinct animals as that of the erection of the mounds.[1772] Putnam, referring to the confined area in which these effigy mounds are found, says that the serpent mound, the alligator mound,[1773] and Whittlesey’s effigy mound in Ohio, and two bird mounds in Georgia,[1774] are the only other works in North America to which they are at all comparable.[1775]

When Lewis and Clark explored the Missouri River in 1804-6, they discovered mounds in different parts of its valley; but their statements were not altogether confirmed till the parties of the United States surveyors traversed the region after the civil war, as is particularly shown in Hayden’s _Geological Survey, 6th Rept._, in 1872. Within the present State of Missouri the mounds which have attracted most notice are those near the modern St. Louis.[1776] In Iowa (Clayton County) there is said to be the largest group of effigy mounds west of the Mississippi.[1777] The mounds of Iowa and the neighboring region are also discussed by Thomas in the _Fifth Rept. Bur. Ethnol._ O. H. Kelley has reported on the remains of an ancient town in Minnesota.[1778] In Kansas there is little noticeable,[1779] and there is not much to record in Dacotah,[1780] Utah,[1781] California,[1782] and Montana.[1783] We find scant accounts of the mounds in Oregon and Washington in the narrative of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition and in the earlier story of Lewis and Clark. Some of the mounds are of doubtful artificiality.[1784]

Along the lower portion of the Mississippi, but not within three hundred miles of its mouth, we find in Louisiana other mound constructions, but not of unusual significance.[1785]

The first effigy mound, a bear, which was observed south of the Ohio, is near an old earthwork in Greenup County, Kentucky.[1786] The mounds of this State early attracted notice.[1787] Bishop Madison[1788] thought them sepulchral rather than military. In the _Western Review_ (Dec., 1819) one was described near Lexington. Rafinesque added a not very sane account of them to Marshall’s _History of Kentucky_, in 1824, which was also published separately, and since then all the general histories of Kentucky have given some attention to these antiquities.[1789]

In Tennessee we find in connection with the earthworks the stone graves, which the explorations of Putnam, about ten years ago, brought into prominence.[1790] The chief student of the aboriginal mounds in Georgia has been Col. C. C. Jones, Jr., who has been writing on the subject for nearly forty years.[1791] The mounds in the State of Mississippi, as including the region of the Natchez Indians, derive some added interest because of the connection sometimes supposed to exist between them and the race of the mounds.[1792] The same characteristics of the mounds extend into Alabama.[1793] The mounds in Florida attracted the early notice of John and William Bartram, and are described by them in their _Travels_, and have been dwelt upon by later writers.[1794] The seaboard above Georgia has not much of interest.[1795] Concerning the mounds along the Canadian belt there is hardly more to be said.[1796]

* * * * *

Lubbock classes the signs of successive periods in North America thus: original barbarism, mounds, garden beds, and then the relapse into barbarism of the red Indian. The agricultural age thus follows that of the mound erection, in his view, though, as Putnam says, there seems enough evidence that the constructors of the old earthworks were an agricultural race.[1797]

* * * * *

There is another class of relics which, outside the hieroglyphics of Central America, has as yet had little comprehensive study, though the general books on American archæology enumerate some of the inscriptions on rocks, which are so widely scattered throughout the continent.[1798]

Out of all this discussion has risen the new science of Anthropology, broad enough in its scope to include not only archæology in its general acceptation, but to sweep into its range of observation various aspects of ethnology and of geology. It is a new science as at present formulated; but under other conditions it is traced from its origin with the ancients in a paper by T. Bendyshe in the _Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of London_ (vol. i. 335). Its progress in America is treated by O. T. Mason in the _American Naturalist_ (xiv. 348; xv. 616). The most approved methods of modern research are explained in Emil Schmidt’s _Anthropologische Methoden; Anleitung zum beobachten und sammeln für Laboratorium und Reise_ (Leipzig, 1888). “The methods of archæological investigation are as trustworthy as those of any natural science,” says Lubbock (_Scientific Lectures_, 139). Beside the publications of the various Archæological, Anthropological, and Ethnological Societies and Congresses[1799] of both hemispheres, we find for Europe a considerable centre of information in the _Materiaux pour l’histoire primitive et naturelle (philosophique) de l’homme_,[1800] and for America in the publications of the Smithsonian Institution,[1801] in the _Comptes rendus_ of the successive Congresses of Américanistes, and in such periodicals as the _American Antiquarian_, the _American Anthropologist_, and the _Folk Lore Journal_.

The broad subject of prehistoric archæology is covered in a paper by Lubbock, which is included in his _Scientific Lectures_ (Lond., 1879);[1802] in H. M. Westropp’s _Prehistoric Phases, or Introductory Essays on Prehistoric Archæology_ (Lond., 1872); in Stevens’s _Flint Chips_ (1870); by Dr. Brinton in the _Iconographic Encyclopædia_, vol. ii.; and more popularly in Charles F. Keary’s _Dawn of History, an introd. to prehistoric study_ (N. Y., 1879), and in Davenport Adams’s _Beneath the Surface, or the Underground World_.

The French have contributed a corresponding literature in Louis Figuier’s _L’Homme Primitif_ (Paris, 1870);[1803] in Zaborowski’s _L’homme préhistorique_ (Paris, 1878); and in the Marquis de Nadaillac’s _Les premiers hommes et les temps préhistoriques_ (Paris, 1881), and his _Mœurs et monuments des peuples préhistoriques_ (Paris, 1888), not to mention others.[1804]

The principal comprehensive works covering the prehistoric period in North America, are J. T. Short’s _North Americans of Antiquity_ (N. Y., 1879, and later); the _L’Amérique préhistorique_ of Nadaillac (Paris, 1883);[1805] Foster’s _Prehistoric Races of the United States_ (Chicago, 1873; 6th ed., 1887); and the compact popular _Ancient America_ (N. Y., 1871) of John D. Baldwin. Beside Bancroft’s _Native Races_, there are various treatises of confined nominal scope, but covering in some degree the whole North American field, which are noted in other pages.[1806]

The purely ethnological aspects of the American side of the subject are summarily surveyed in A. H. Keane’s “Ethnology of America,” appended to Stanford’s _Compendium of Geography, Cent. America_, etc. (London, 2nd ed., 1882), and there are papers on Ethnographical Collections in the _Smithsonian Report_ (1862).[1807] The great repository of material, however, is in the _Contributions to North American Ethnology_, being a section of Major Powell’s _Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region_, and in the _Annual Reports_ of the Bureau of Ethnology since 1879, made under Major Powell’s directions, and in the _Reports of the Peabody Museum_.[1808]

APPENDIX.

I.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ABORIGINAL AMERICA.

_By the Editor._

THE student will find a general survey of “Les Sources de l’histoire anté-Colombienne du nouveau monde, par Léon de Rosny,” in the _Revue Orientale et Américaine_ (_Mém. de la soc. d’ethnographie_) _session de 1877_ (p. 139). Bancroft in his _Native Races_ (v. 136) makes a similar grouping of the classes of sources relating to the primitive Americans.[1809] These classes are defined in Daniel G. Brinton’s _Review of the data for the study of the prehistoric chronology of America_ (Salem, 1887), from the _Proceedings of the Amer. Asso. for the Advancement of Science_ (vol. xxxvi.), as conveniently divided into groups pertaining to legendary, monumental, industrial, linguistic, physical, and geological phenomena.

There have been given in the Introduction of the present volume the titles of general bibliographies of American histories, most of which include more or less of the titles pertaining to aboriginal times. It is the purpose of the present brief essay to enumerate, in an approximately chronological order, the titles of some of those and of others which are useful to the archæologist. So far as they are of service to the student of the American languages, an extended list will be found prefixed to Pilling’s _Proof-Sheets_ (p. xi).

The earliest American bibliography was that of Antonio de Leon, usually called Pinelo,—_Epitome de la Biblioteca oriental y occidental náutica y Geográfica_ (Madrid, 1629),—but which is usually found in the edition of Gonzales de Barcía, “Añadido y enmendado nuevamente” (Paris, 1737-1738), in which the American titles, including numerous manuscripts, are given in the second volume.[1810]

The _Bibliotheca Hispana Nova_ of Nicolás Antonio was first published at Rome in 1672, but in a second edition at Madrid in 1783-88.[1811]

Passing by the _Bibliotheca Mexicana_ of Eguiara y Eguren,[1812] and the early edition of Beristain, we note the new edition of the latter, prepared not by Juan Evangelista Guadalajara, as Brasseur notes,[1813] but by another, as the title shows,—_Biblioteca Hispano-Americana Septentrional, ó catalogo y noticia de los Literatos que ó nacidos, ó educados, ó florecientes en la America Septentrional Española, han dado á luz algun escrito ó lo han dexado preparado para la prensa por José Mariano Beristain y Martin de Souza. Segunda edicion, por Fortino Hipólito Vera_ (Amecameca, 1883).

Dr. Robertson intimates that the lists of books which writers of the seventeenth century had been in the habit of prefixing to their books as evidence of their industry had come to be regarded as an ostentatious expression of their learning, and with some hesitancy he counted out to the reader his 717 titles; but Clavigero, as elsewhere pointed out,[1814] was richer in such resources. Humboldt, in his _Vues_,[1815] gives a list of the authors which he cites.

The class of dealers’ catalogues—we cite only such as have decided bibliographical value—begins to be conspicuous in Paul Trömel’s _Bibliothèque Américaine_ (Leipzig, 1861), the best of the German ones, and in Charles Leclerc’s _Bibliotheca Americana_ (Paris, 1867), much improved in his _Bibliotheca Americana. Histoire, géographie, voyages, archéologie et linguistique des deux Amériques et des îles Philippines_ (Paris, 1878), with later supplements, constituting the best of the French catalogues, provided with an excellent index and a linguistic table, rendered necessary by the classified plan of the list.

The list formed by students in this field begins with the _Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima_ of Harrisse (New York, 1866; additions, Paris, 1872), and includes the _Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne, précédée d’un coup d’œil sur les études américaines dans leurs rapports avec les études classiques, et suivie du tableau, par ordre alphabétique, des ouvrages de linguistique Américaine contenus dans le même volume_ (Paris, 1871) of the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, who at that time had been twenty-five years engaged in the studies and travels which led to the gathering of his collection. The library, almost entire, was later joined to that of Alphonse L. Pinart, and was included in the latter’s _Catalogue de livres rares et précieux, manuscrits et imprimés_ (Paris, 1883).

In 1866, Icazbalceta published at Mexico his _Apuntes para un Catálogo de Escritores en lenguas indígenas de América_,[1816] but of his great bibliographical work only one volume has as yet appeared: _Bibliografía Américana del Siglo xvi. Primera parte_. _Catálogo razonado de libros impresos en México de 1539 à 1600, con biografías de autores y otras ilustraciones, precedido de una noticia acerca de la introducción de la imprenta en México_ (México, 1886).

Bandelier has embodied some of the results of his study in his “Notes on the Bibliography of Yucatan and Central America,” in the _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, n. s., i. pp. 82-118.

The catalogues of collections having special reference to aboriginal America are the following:—

_Catalogue de la Bibliothèque de José Maria Andrade, 7,000 pièces et volumes, ayant rapport au Méxique ou imprimés dans ce pays_ (Leipzig, 1869).[1817]

_Bibliotheca Mejicana_: _Books and manuscripts almost wholly relating to the history and literature of North and South America, particularly Mexico_ (London, 1869). This collection was formed by Augustin Fischer, chaplain to the Emperor Maximilian; but there were added to the catalogue some titles from the collection of Dr. C. H. Berendt.

_Catalogue of the library of E. G. Squier, edited by Joseph Sabin_ (N. Y., 1876).

_Bibliotheca Mexicana, or A Catalogue of the library of the rare books and important MSS. relating to Mexico and other parts of Spanish America, formed by the late Señor Don José Fernando Ramirez_ (London, 1880). This catalogue was edited by the Abbé Fischer.[1818]

The most useful guides to the literature of aboriginal America, however, are some compiled in this country. First, the comprehensive though not yet complete bibliography, Joseph Sabin’s _Dictionary of books relating to America_, now being continued since Sabin’s death, and with much skill, by Wilberforce Eames. Second, the voluminous _Proof-sheets of a Bibliography of the languages of the North American Indians_ (Washington, 1885), prepared by James Constantine Pilling, tentatively, in a large quarto volume, distributed only to collaborators, and out of which, with emendations and additions, he is now publishing special sections of it, of which have already appeared those relating to the Eskimo and Siouan tongues. His enumeration so much exceeds the range of purely linguistic monographs that the treatises become in effect general bibliographies of aboriginal America.

Third, _An Essay towards an Indian bibliography, being a Catalogue of books relating to the history, antiquities, languages, customs, religion, wars, literature and origin of the American Indians, in the library of Thos. W. Field, with bibliographical and historical notes and synopses of the contents of some of the works least known_ (N. Y., 1873). The sale of Mr. Field’s library took place in New York, May, 1875, from a Catalogue not so elaborate, but still of use. These books are not so accurately compiled as to be wholly trustworthy as final resorts.

Finally, the list prefixed to Bancroft’s _Native Races_, vol. i., and the references of his foot-notes, throughout his five volumes (condensed often in Short’s _North Americans of Antiquity_), are on the whole the most serviceable aids to the general student, but unfortunately the index of the set is of no use in searching for bibliographical detail.

The reader will remember that the bibliographies of sectional or partial import in the field of American archæology are referred to elsewhere in the present volume.

II.

THE COMPREHENSIVE TREATISES ON AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES.

_By the Editor._

AT the time when Bancroft published his _Native Races_ (1875), he referred to John D. Baldwin’s _Ancient America_ (N. Y., 1871) as the only preceding, comprehensive book on America before the Spaniards.[1819] It still remains a convenient book of small compass; but its absence of references to sources precludes its usefulness for purposes of study, and it is not altogether abreast of the latest views. To the popular element a moderate share of the indexical character, rendering the book passably serviceable to the average reader, has been added in the somewhat larger _North Americans of Antiquity, their origin, migrations, and type of civilization considered, by John T. Short_ (N. Y., 1880,—somewhat improved in later editions), though it will be observed that the Peruvian and other South American antiquities have not come within his plan. The latest of these comprehensive books is the Marquis de Nadaillac’s (Jean F. A. du Pouget’s) _L’Amérique préhistorique_ (Paris, 1883), which in an English version by N. D’Anvers was published with the author’s sanction in London in 1882. With revision and some modifications by W. H. Dall, which have not met the author’s sanction, it was republished as _Prehistoric America_ (N. Y., 1884). It is a work of more theoretical tendency than the student wishes to find at the opening stage of his inquiry.

But as a compend of every department of archæological knowledge up to about fifteen years ago no advance has yet been made upon Bancroft’s _Native Races_ as indicative of every channel of investigation which the student can pursue. Upon the monuments of the moundbuilders (iv. ch. 13) and the antiquities of Peru (iv. ch. 14) the treatment is condensed and without references, as occupying a field beyond his primary purpose of covering the Pacific slope of North America and the immediately adjacent regions. Mention is made elsewhere of Bancroft’s methods of compilation, and it may suffice to say that in the five volumes of his _Native Races_ he has drawn and condensed his matter from the writings of about 1200 writers, whose titles he gives in a preliminary list.[1820] The method of arranging the departments of the work is perhaps too far geographical to be always satisfactory to the special student,[1821] and he seems to be aware of it (for instance, i. ch. 2); but it may be questioned if, while writing with, or engrafting upon, an encyclopædic system, what might pass for a continuous narrative, any more scientific plan would have been more successful. Bancroft’s opinions are not always as satisfactory as his material. The student who uses the _Native Races_ for its groups and references will accordingly find a complemental service in Sir Daniel Wilson’s _Prehistoric Man_ (London, 1876), in which the Toronto professor conducts his “researches into the origin of civilization in the old and the new world,” by primarily treating of the early American man, as the readiest way of understanding early man in Europe. His system is to connect man’s development topically in the directions induced by his habits, industries, dwellings, art, records, migrations, and physical characterizations.

Another and older book, in some respects embodying like purposes, and though produced at a time when archæological studies were much less advanced than at present, is Alexander W. Bradford’s _American Antiquities and researches into the origin and history of the red race_ (N. Y., 1841).[1822] The first section of the book is strictly a record of results; but in the final portion the author indulges more in speculative inquiry. Even in this he has not transcended the bounds of legitimate hypothesis, though some of his postulates will hardly be accepted nowadays, as when he contends that the red Indians are the degraded descendants of the people who were connected with the so-called civilization of Central America.[1823]

The periodical literature of a comprehensive sort is not so extensive as treatments of special aspects; but the student will find Poole’s _Index_ and Rhee’s _Catalogue and Index of the Smithsonian publications_ serviceable.

III.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE INDUSTRIES AND TRADE OF THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES.

_By the Editor._

WHILE we have a moderate list of works on the general subject of prehistoric art and industries,[1824] we lack any comprehensive survey of the subject as respects the American continent, and must depend on sectional and local treatment. Humboldt in the introduction to his _Atlas_ of his _Essai politique_ (Paris, 1813) was among the earliest to grasp the material which illustrates the origin and first progress of the arts in America. The arts of the southern regions and western coasts of North America are best followed in those portions of the chapters on the Wild Tribes, devoted to the subject, which make up the first volume of Bancroft’s _Native Races_,[1825] and for Mexican and Maya productions some chapters (ch. 15, 24) in the second volume. Prescott’s treatment of the more advanced peoples of this region is scant (_Mexico_, i., introd., ch. 5). The art in stone of the Pueblo Indians is beautifully illustrated in Putnam’s portion of Wheeler’s _Report_ of his survey, and comparison may be made with Hayden’s _Annual Rept._ (1876) of the U. S. Geol. and Geographical Survey. The work of Putnam and his collaborators in the archæological volume (vii.) of Wheeler’s _Survey_ is probably the most complete account of the implements, ornaments and utensils of any one people (those of Southern California) yet produced; and its illustrations have not been surpassed. Passing north, we shall get some help from E. L. Berthoud’s paper on the “Prehistoric human art from Wyoming and Colorado,” in his “Journal of a reconnaissance in Creek Valley, Col.,” published by the Colorado Acad. of Nat. Sciences (_Proceedings_, 1872, p. 46). In the _Pacific Rail Road Reports_ (vol. iii. in 1856) there is a paper by Thomas Ewbank in “Illustrations of Indian antiquities and arts.” S. S. Haldeman has described the relics of human industry found in a rock shelter in southeastern Pennsylvania (_Compte Rendu, Cong. des Amér._, Luxembourg, ii. 319; and _Transactions Amer. Philos. Soc._, 1878). The best of all the more comprehensive monographs is Charles C. Abbott’s _Primitive industry: or illustrations of the handiwork, in stone, bone and clay, of the native races of the Northern Atlantic seaboard of America_ (Salem, 1881). Morgan’s _League of the Iroquois_ touches in some measure of the arts of that confederacy, his earliest study being in the _Fifth Report of the Regents of the State of New York_ (1852).

For the Canada regions, the _Annual Reports of the Canadian Institute_, appended to the _Reports_ of the Minister of Education, Ontario, contain accounts of the discovery of objects of stone, horn, and shell. (See particularly the sessions of 1886-87.) Dawson in his _Fossil men_ (ch. 6) considers what he accounts the lost arts of the primitive races of North America. On the other hand, Professor Leidy found still in use among the present Shoshones split pebbles resembling the rudest stone implements of the palæolithic period (_U. S. Geological Survey_, 1872, p. 652).

Many archæologists have remarked on the uniform character of many prehistoric implements, wherever found, as precluding their being held as ethnical evidences. The system of quarrying[1826] for flint best fitted for the tool-maker’s art has been observed by Wilson (_Prehistoric man_, i. 68) both in the old and new world, and in his third chapter (vol. i.) we have a treatise on the ancient stone-worker’s art.[1827]

Treating the subject topically, we find the late Charles Rau making some special studies of the implements used in native agriculture[1828] in the _Smithsonian Reports_ for 1863, 1868, and 1869.[1829] The agriculture of the Aztecs and Mayas is treated in Max Steffen’s _Die Landwirtschaft bei den altamerikanischen Kulturvölkern_ (Leipzig, 1883).[1830]

The working of flint or obsidian into arrowpoints or cutting implements is a process by pressure that has not been wholly lost. Old workshops, or the chips of them, have been discovered, and they are found in numerous localities (Wilson’s _Prehistoric Man_, i. 75, 79; Abbott’s _Primitive Industry_, and Putnam in the _Bull. Essex Institute_), but Powell in his _Report of Explorations of the Colorado of the West_ (1873) does not, as Wilson says he does, describe the present ways.[1831]

Wilson (_Prehistoric Man_, i. ch. 4 and 7) in an essay on the bone and ivory workers substitutes for the corresponding words usually employed in classifying stone implements the terms palæotechnic and neotechnic, as indicating periods of progress, in order that the art of making tools in horn, bone, shell, and ivory might have a better recognition, as of equal importance with that of making such in stone. Separate treatises are few. Morgan has a paper on the bone implements of the Arickarees in the _21st Rept. of the Regents of the University of the State of N. Y._ (1871), and Rau’s monograph on _Prehistoric fishing in Europe and North America, one of the Smithsonian Contributions_ (1884), involves the making of fish-hooks of bone. See also Putnam in the _Peabody Museum Reports_, and in _Wheeler’s Survey_, vol. vii.; Wyman’s contributions on the shell heaps, and the _Journal of the Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist_. for such as have been found in the ash-pits of Madisonville. On shell-work there is a section in Foster’s _Prehistoric Races_ (p. 234); a paper by W. H. Holmes in the _Second Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (p. 179); and one on American shell-work and its affinities by Miss Buckland in the _Journal Anthropol. Inst._, xvi. 155.

From the primitive materials of stone, bone, horn, or shell, we pass to metals; but as Wilson (i. p. 174) says, “if metal could be found capable of being wrought and fashioned without smelting or moulding, its use was perfectly compatible with the simple arts of the stone period, as a mere malleable stone;” and to the present day, he adds, the rude American race has no knowledge of working metal, except by pounding or grinding it cold.[1832] The story which Brereton tells in his account of Gosnold’s visit (1602) to New England, about the finding of abundant metal implements in use among the natives, is questioned (Baldwin’s _Ancient America_, p. 62). We have the evidences of the early mining[1833] of copper extending for over a hundred miles along the southern shores of Lake Superior and on Isle Royale, in the abandoned trenches and tools first discovered in 1847; and in one case there was found a mass of native copper (ten feet by three and two, and weighing over six tons) which had been elevated on a wooden frame prior to removal, and was discovered in this condition.[1834] There are also indications that the manufacture of copper tools was carried on in the neighborhood of the mines (Wilson, i. 213); and chemical tests have shown that a popular belief in the tempering of metal by these early peoples is without foundation.[1835]

It seems to be a fact that while in the use of metals an intermediate stage of pure copper, as coming between the use of bone and stone and the use of alloyed metals, was not until comparatively recently suspected in Great Britain, the “peculiar interest attaches to the metallurgy of the new world that there all the earlier stages are clearly defined: the pure native metal wrought by the hammer without the aid of fire; the melted and moulded copper; the alloyed bronze; and the smelting, soldering, graving, and other processes resulting from accumulating experience and matured skill” (Wilson, i. 230). It is in the regions extending from Mexico to Peru that the art of alloying introduces us to the American bronze age. Columbus in his fourth voyage found in a vessel which had come alongside from Yucatan crucibles to melt copper, as Herrera tells us; and Humboldt was among the earliest to discover tools alloyed of copper and tin, and many such alloys have since been recognized among Peruvian bronzes (Wilson, i. 239). In Mexico, metallurgic arts were carried perhaps even farther in casting and engraving, and not only the results but the evidences of their mining places have remained to our day (_Ibid._ i. 248). It seems evident, however, that experimenting with them had not carried them so near the perfect combination for tool-making (one part tin to nine parts copper) as the bronze people of Europe had reached, though they fell considerably short of the exact standard (_Ibid._ i. 234). Doubt has sometimes been expressed of Mexican mining for copper, as by Frederick von Hellwald (_Compte Rendu, Cong. des Américanistes_, 1877, i. 51); but Rau indicated the references[1836] to Short (p. 94), which forcibly led him to the conclusion that the Mexicans mined copper to turn into tools.[1837] Among the Mayas, Nadaillac (p. 269) contends that only copper and gold were in use. Bancroft (ii. 749) thinks the use of copper doubtful, and if used, that it must have been got from the north. He cites the evidences of the use of gold. William H. Holmes discusses _The use of gold and other metals among the ancient inhabitants of Chiriqui, Isthmus of Darien_ (Washington, 1887). As to iron, that found in the Ohio mounds, only of late years, has been proved to be meteoric iron by Professor Putnam (_Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, Apr., 1883). Bancroft (i. 164) says iron was in use among the British Columbian tribes before contact with the whites, but it was probably derived through some indirect means from the whites. Though iron ore abounds in Peru, and the character of the Peruvian stone-cutting would seem to indicate its use, and though there is a native word for it, no iron implements have been found.[1838] There is not much recorded of the use of silver. It has been found by Putnam in the mounds in thin sheets, used as plating for other metals.[1839] He has also found native silver in masses, and in one case a small bit of hammered gold.

* * * * *

Wilson, in 1876, while regretting the dispersion of the William Bullock collection of pottery, the destruction of that formed by Stephens and Catherwood, and the transference to an English museum of most of the specimens gathered by Squier and Davis, lamented that no American collection[1840] had been yet formed adequate to the requirements of the students of American archæology and ethnology. Since that date, however, the collections in the National Museum (Smithsonian Institution) at Washington and in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge have largely grown; and especially for the fictile art and work in stone of Spanish North America the Museo Nacional in Mexico has assumed importance. The collection in the possession of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia,[1841] since transferred to the Philadelphia Academy, is also of value for the study of the pottery of middle America.

Rau has supplied a leading paper on American pottery in the _Smithsonian Report_, 1866; and E. A. Barber has touched the subject in papers at the Copenhagen, Luxembourg, and Madrid meetings of the Congrès des Américanistes, and in the _American Antiquarian_ (viii. 76).[1842] W. H. Holmes has a paper on the origin and development of form and of ornament in ceramic art in the _Fourth Report, Bureau of Ethnology_, p. 437.

For local characters there are various monographs.[1843]

There is no satisfactory evidence that the potter’s wheel was known to any American tribe; but Wilson, in his chapter on ceramic art (_Prehistoric Man_, ii. ch. 16), feels convinced that the early potter employed some sort of mechanical process, giving a revolving motion to his clay.

Modelling in clay for other purposes than the making of vessels is also considered in this same seventeenth chapter of Wilson, and the subject runs, as respects masks, figurines, and general ornamentation, into the wide range of aboriginal art, which necessarily makes part of all comprehensive histories of art. W. H. Dall has a paper on Indian masks in the _Third Report, Bureau of Ethnology_, p. 73. The subject is further treated by Wilson in a paper on “The artistic faculty in the aboriginal races,” in the _Proceedings_ (iii., 2d part, 67, 119) of the Royal Society of Canada, and again in a general way by Nadaillac on _L’art préhistorique en Amérique_ (Paris, 1883), taken from the _Revue des deux Mondes_, Nov. 1, 1883.[1844]

* * * * *

As regards the textile art in prehistoric times, see for a general view W. H. Holmes in the _American Antiquarian_, viii. 261; and the same archæologist has treated the subject on the evidences of the impression of textures as preserved in pottery, in the _Third Rept. Bur. of Ethnology_, p. 393. Cf. Sellers in _Popular Science Journal_, and Wyman in _Peabody Museum Reports_.

J. W. Foster first made (1838) the discovery of relics of textile fabrics of the moundbuilders; but he did not announce his discovery till at the Albany meeting (1851) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (_Transactions_, 1852, vol. vi. p. 375). He tells the story in his _Prehistoric Races_, p. 222, and figures the implements, found in the mounds, supposed to be employed in the making their cloth with warp and woof. Putnam has since made similar discoveries (_Peabody Museum Reports_). The subject is also treated in the _Proceedings_ of the Davenport Academy and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The fabrics were preserved by being placed in contact with copper implements.

The Indians of New Mexico were found by the Spaniards in possession of the art of weaving. Cf. Washington Matthews on the Navajo weavers, in the _Third Rept. Bur. of Ethnology_, p. 371, and Bancroft (i. 582), who also records the making of fabrics by the wild tribes of Central America (_Ibid._ i. 766-67). He also notes the references to the textile manufactures of the Nahuas and Mayas (ii. 484, 752). The richest accumulation of graphic data relative to the fabrics of Peru is contained in the great work on the _Necropolis of Ancon_.

Feather-work was an important industry in some parts of the continent. The subject is studied in Ferdinand Denis’ _Arte plumaria: Les plumes, leur valeur et leur emploi dans les arts au Méxique, au Pérou, au Brésil et dans les Indes et dans l’Océanie_ (Paris, 1875).[1845]

Lewis H. Morgan’s _Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines_ (Washington, 1881) is the completest study of the habitations of the early peoples; but it is written too exclusively in the light of universal communal custom, and this must be borne in mind in using it. The edifices of middle America and Peru have been given a bibliographical apparatus in another part of the present volume; but references may be made to Wilson’s _Prehistoric Man_ (ii. ch. 16), Viollet le Duc’s _Habitations of Man_, translated by R. Bucknall (Boston, 1876), and to Bandelier’s _Archæological Tour_, 226, where he quotes as typical the description of a native house in 1583, drawn by Juan Bautista Pomar.

There is no good comprehensive account of American prehistoric trade. The T-shaped pieces of copper in use by the Mexicans came nearest to currency as we understand it, unless it be the wampum of the North American Indians, and the shell money in use on the Pacific coast; but it should be remembered that copper axes and copper plates served such a purpose with some tribes.[1846] The Peruvians used weights, but the Mexicans did not. The latter had, however, a system of measures of length.[1847] The canoe was a great intermediary in the practice of barter.[1848] The Peruvians alone understood the use of sails, and the earliest Spanish navigators on the Pacific were surprised at what they thought were civilized predecessors in those seas when they espied in the distance the large white sails of the Peruvian rafts of burden.[1849] The chief source of trade in such conditions was barter, and we know how the Mexican travelling merchants got information that was availed of by the Mexican marauders in their invasions. Bandelier[1850] gives us the references on the barter system, the traders, and the currency in that country, and we need to consult Dr. W. Behrnauer’s _Essai sur le Commerce dans l’ancien Méxique et en Pérou_, in the _Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France_ (n. s., vol. i.).

All the treatises on the mounds of the Ohio Valley derive illustrations of intertribal traffic from the shells of the coast, the copper of Lake Superior, the mica of the Alleghanies, the obsidian of the Rocky Mountains or of Mexico, and the unique figurines which the explorations of the mounds have disclosed. Charles Rau has a paper on this aboriginal trade in North America, published in the _Archiv für Anthroplogie_ (Braunschweig, 1872, vol. iv.), which was republished in English in the _Smithsonian Report_, 1872, p. 249. Bancroft’s references under “Commerce” (v. p. 668) will help the student out in various particulars.

IV.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON AMERICAN LINGUISTICS.

_By the Editor._

IT cannot be said that the study of American linguistics has advanced to a position wholly satisfactory. It is beset with all the difficulties belonging to a subject that has not been embraced in written records for long periods, and it is open to the hazards of articulation and hearing, acting without entire mutual confidence. And yet we may not dispute Max Müller’s belief,[1851] that it is the science of language which has given the first comprehensive impulse to the study of mankind.

Out of the twenty distinct sounds which it is said the voice of man can produce,[1852] there have been built up from roots and combinations a great diversity of vocabularies. Comparisons of these, as well as of the methods of forming sentences, have been much used in investigations of ethnical relations. Of these opposing methods, neither is sufficiently strong, it is probable, to be pressed without the aid of the other, though the belief of the Bureau of Ethnology at Washington, under the influence of Major Powell, practically discards all tests but the vocabulary, in tracing ethnological relations. It is held that this one test of words satisfies, as to customs, myths, and other ethnological traits, more demands of classifications than any other. Granted that it does, there are questions yet unsolvable by it; and many ethnologists hold that there are still other tests, physiological, for instance,[1853] which cannot safely be neglected in settling such complex questions. The favorite claim of the Bureau is that its officers are studying man as a human being, and not as an animal; but it is by no means sure that the physical qualities of man are so disconnected with his mind and soul as to be unnecessary to his interpretation. Even if language be given the chief place in such studies, there is still the doubt if the vocabulary can in all ways be safely followed to the exclusion of the structure of the language; and it is not to be forgotten, as Haven recognized thirty years ago, that “one of the greatest obstacles to a successful and satisfactory comparison of Indian vocabularies is caused by the capricious and ever-varying orthography applied by writers of different nations.” This is a chance of error that cannot be eliminated when we have to deal with lists of words made in the past, by persons not to be communicated with, in whom both national and personal peculiarities of ear and vocal organs may exist to perplex. A part of the difficulty is of course removed by trained assistants acting in concert, though in different fields; but the individual sharpness or dulness of ear and purity and obscurity of articulation will still cause diversity of results,—to say nothing of corresponding differences in the persons questioned. There is still the problem, broader than all these divisionary tests, whether language is at all a safe test of race, and on this point there is room for different opinions, as is shown in the discussions of Sayce, Whitney, and others.[1854] “Any attempt,” says Max Müller, “at squaring the classification of races and tongues must necessarily fail.”[1855] On the other hand, George Bancroft (Final revision, ii. 90) says that “the aspect of the red men was so uniform that there is no method of grouping them into families but by their languages.”

It is the wide margin for error, already indicated, that vitiates much that has already been done in philological comparisons, and the over-eager recognition at all times of what is thought to be the word-shunting of “Grimm’s Law” has doubtless been responsible for other confusions.[1856]

Most of the general philological treatises touch more or less intimately the question of language as a test of race,[1857] and all of them engage in tracing affinities, each with confidence in a method that others with equal assurance may belittle.[1858] Thus Bancroft,[1859] reflecting an opinion long prevalent, says that “positive grammatical rules carry with them much more weight than mere word likenesses,”[1860] while, on the contrary, Dawson[1861] says that “grammar is, after all, only the clothing of language. The science consists in its root-words; and multitudes of root-words are identical in the American languages over vast areas.” This last proposition is, as we have seen, the principle on which this inquiry is now conducted with governmental patronage. “Each American language,” says George Bancroft, in his chapter on the dialects of North America, “was competent of itself, without improvement of scholars, to exemplify every rule of the logician and give utterance to every passion.” In accordance with such perhaps extreme views, it has been usually said that the American languages are in development in advance of aboriginal progress in other respects. It is another common observation that while a certain resemblance runs through all the native tongues,[1862] there is no such general resemblance to the old-world languages;[1863] but at the same time the linguistic proof of the unity of the American race is not irrefragable,[1864] and it would take tens of thousands of years, as Brinton holds, if there had been a single source, for the eighty stocks of the North American and for the hundred South American speeches to have developed themselves in all their varieties.[1865] Proceeding beyond stocks to dialects, and counting varieties, Ludewig, in his _Literature of the American Languages_, gave 1,100 different American languages; but an alphabetical list given by H. W. Bates in his _Central America, West Indies and South America_ (London, 1882, 2d ed.)[1866] affords 1,700 names of such. The number, of course, depends on how exclusive we are in grouping dialects. Squier, for instance, gives only 400 tongues for both North and South America; for, as Nadaillac says, “philology has no precise definition of what constitutes a language.”[1867]

The most comprehensive survey of the bibliography of American linguistics, excluding South America, is in Pilling’s _Proof-sheets of a bibliography of the languages of the North American Indians_ (Washington, 1885), a tentative issue of the Bureau of Ethnology, already mentioned. Pilling also earlier catalogued the linguistic MSS. in the library of the Bureau of Ethnology, in Powell’s _First Report_ of that Bureau (p. 553), in which that bibliographer also gave a sketch of the history of gathering such collections. A section of the _Bibliotheca Americana_ of Charles Leclerc (Paris, 1878) is given to linguistics, and it affords by groups one of the best keys to the literature of the aboriginal languages which we yet have, and it has been supplemented by additional lists issued since by Maisonneuve of Paris. Ludewig’s _Literature of American Aboriginal Languages, with additions by W. Turner_ (London, 1858), was up to date, thirty years ago, a good list of grammars and dictionaries, but the increase has been considerable in this field since then (Pilling’s _Eskimo Languages_, p. 62). The libraries of collectors of Spanish-American history, as enumerated elsewhere,[1868] have usually included much on the linguistic history, and the most important of the printed lists for Mexico and Central America is that of Brasseur de Bourbourg’s _Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne, précédée d’un coup d’œil sur les études américaines dans leurs rapports avec les études classiques, et suivi du tableau, par ordre alphabétique, des ouvrages de linguistique américaine contenus dans le même volume_ (Paris, 1871). This list is repeated with additions in the _Catalogue de Alphonse L. Pinart et ... de Brasseur de Bourbourg_ (Paris, 1883). Field’s _Indian Bibliography_ characterizes some of the leading books up to 1873; but the best source up to about the same date for a large part of North America is found in the notes in that section of Bancroft’s _Native Races_, vol. iii., given to linguistics.[1869] The several _Comptes Rendus_ of the Congrès des Américanistes have sections on the same subject, and the second volume of the _Contributions to North American Ethnology_, published by the U. S. Geological Survey (Powell’s), has been kept back for the completion of the linguistic studies of the government officials, which will ultimately, under the care of A. S. Gatschet, compose that belated volume. Major Powell, in his conduct of ethnological investigations for the United States government, has found efficient helpers in James C. Pilling, J. Owen Dorsey, S. R. Riggs, A. S. Gatschet, not to name others. Powell outlined some of his own views in an address on the evolution of language before the Anthropological Society of Washington, of which there is an abstract in their _Transactions_ (1881), while the paper can be found in perfected shape as “The evolution of language from a study of the Indian languages,” in the _First Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_.

Among the earliest of the students of the native languages in the north were the Catholic missionaries in Canada and in the northwest, and there is much of interest in their observations as recorded in the _Jesuit Relations_. We find a _Dictionnaire de la langue huronne_ in the _Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons_ (Paris, 1632, etc.).

The most conspicuous of the English publications of the seventeenth century was the Natick rendering of the _Bible_ for the Massachusetts Indians, undertaken by the Apostle John Eliot, as he was called, at the expense of the London Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Eliot also published a _Grammar of the Massachusetts Indian Language_ (Cambridge, 1666), which, with notes by Peter S. Duponceau and an introduction by John Pickering, was printed for the Mass. Hist. Society in 1822, as was John Cotton’s _Vocabulary of the Massachusetts Indian Language_ (Cambridge, 1830). Roger Williams’ _Key into the language of America_ has been elsewhere referred to.[1870] The Rev. Jonathan Edwards wrote a paper on the language of the Mohegan Indians, which, with annotations by Pickering, was printed in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._ in 1823, and is called by Haven (_Archæol. U. S._, 29) the earliest exposition of the radical connection of the American languages. Dr. James Hammond Trumbull, the most learned of the students of these eastern languages, has furnished various papers on them in the publications of the American Philological Association and of the American Antiquarian Society,[1871] and has summarized the literature of the subject, with references, in the _Memorial Hist. of Boston_ (vol. i.).

In the eighteenth century there were several philological recorders among the missionaries. Sebastian Rasle made a _Dictionary of the Abnake Language_, now preserved in MS. in Harvard College library, which, edited by John Pickering, was published as a volume of the _Memoirs_ of the Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1833. A grammatical sketch of the Abnake as outlined in Rasle’s _Dictionary_ is given by M. C. O’Brien in the _Maine Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. ix. The publications of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia have preserved for us the vocabularies and grammars of the Delaware language, collected and arranged by John Heckewelder[1872] and David Zeisberger, while the latter Moravian missionary collected a considerable MS. store of linguistic traces of the Indian tongues, a part of which is now preserved in Harvard College library.[1873] One of this last collection, an _Indian Dictionary; English, German, Iroquois_ (_the Onondaga_), _and Algonquin_ (_the Delaware_) (Cambridge, 1887,) has been carefully edited for the press by Eben Norton Horsford. Dr. John G. Shea published a _Dictionnaire Français-Onontagué, édité d’après un manuscrit du 17^e siècle_ (N. Y., 1859), which is preserved in the Mazarin library in Paris.

There was no attempt made to treat the study of the American languages in what would now be termed a scientific spirit by any English scholar till towards the end of the eighteenth century. The whole question of the origin of the Indians had for a long time been the subject of discussion, and it had of necessity taken more or less of a philological turn from the beginning; but the inquiry had been simply a theoretical one, with efforts to substantiate preconceived beliefs rather than to formulate inductive ones, as in such works as—not to name others—Adair’s _American Indians_ (London, 1775), where every trace was referable to the Jews, and Count de Gebelin’s _Monde Primitif_ (Paris, 1781), where a comparison of American and European vocabularies is given.[1874]

A much closer student appeared in Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia, though he was not wholly emancipated from these same prevalent notions of connecting the Indian tongues with the old-world speeches. He says that he was instigated to the study by Pallas’ _Linguarum totius orbis Vocabularia comparativa_ (Petropolis, 1786, 1789), and the result was his _New View of the Origin of the tribes and nations of America_ (Philad., 1797; again, 1798). He sets forth in his introduction his methods of study. Charlevoix had suggested that the linguistic test was the only one in studying the ethnological connections of these peoples; but Barton asserted that there were other manifestations, equally important, like the physical aspects, the modes of worship, and the myths. He examined forty different Indian languages, and thinks they show a common origin, and that remotely a connection existed between the old and new continents.

The most eminent American student[1875] of this field in the early half of this century was Albert Gallatin. He began his observations in 1823, at the instance of Humboldt, and two years later he took advantage of a representative convocation of Indian tribes, then held in Washington, to continue his studies of their speech. In 81 tribes brought under his notice he found what he thought to be 27 or 28 linguistic families. This was a wider survey than had before been made, and he regretted that he was not privileged to profit by the vocabularies collected by Lewis and Clark, which had unfortunately been lost. At the request of the Amer. Antiquarian Society, he wrote out and enlarged this study in the second volume of their _Collections_ in 1836, and advanced views that he never materially changed, believing in a very remote Asiatic origin of the tongues, and without excepting the Eskimos from his conclusions. In 1845, in his _Notes on the semi-civilized nations of Mexico_, his conclusions were much the same, but he made an exception in favor of the Otomis. At this time he counted more than a hundred languages, similar in structure but different in vocabularies, and he argued that a very long period was necessary thus to differentiate the tongues. At the age of eighty-seven Gallatin gave his final results in vol. ii. of the _Transactions of the American Ethnological Society_ (1848). Gallatin published a review[1876] of the volume on Ethnography and Philology, which had been prepared by Horatio Hale as the seventh volume of the _Publications of the Wilkes United States Exploring Expedition_ (1838-42), and Hale himself, then in the beginning of his reputation as a linguistic scholar,[1877] published some papers of his own in the same volume of the _Transactions_.[1878]

The two Americans who have done more than others, without the aid of the government, to organize aboriginal linguistic studies are Dr. John Gilmary Shea of Elizabeth, New Jersey, and Dr. Daniel Garrison Brinton of Philadelphia. Of _Shea’s Library of American Linguistics_ he has given an account in the _Smithsonian Rept._, 1861.[1879]

Dr. Brinton has set forth the purposes of his linguistic studies in an address before the Pennsylvania Historical Society, _American Aboriginal Languages and why we should study them_ (Philad., 1885,—from the _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, 1885, p. 15). In starting his _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_, he announced his purpose to put within the reach of scholars authentic materials for the study of the languages and culture of the native races, each work to be the production of the native mind, and to be printed in the original tongue, with a translation and notes, and to have some intrinsic historical or ethnological importance.[1880]

The other considerable collections are both French. Alphonse L. Pinart published a _Bibliothèque de linguistique et d’ethnographie Américaines_ (Paris and San Francisco, 1875-82).[1881]

The publishing house of Maisonneuve et Compagnie of Paris, which has done more than any other business firm to advance these studies, has conducted a _Collection linguistique Américaine_, of much value to American philologists.[1882]

Other French studies have attracted attention. Pierre Etienne Duponceau published a _Mémoire sur le système grammatical des langues de quelques nations indiennes de l’Amérique du Nord_ (Paris, 1838).[1883] He conducted a correspondence with the Rev. John Heckewelder respecting the American tongues, which is published in the _Transactions of the Amer. Philosophical Society_ (Phil., 1819), and he translated Zeisberger’s _Delaware Grammar_.

The studies of the Abbé Jean André Cuoq have been upon the Algonquin dialects,[1884] and published mainly in the _Actes de la Société philologique_ (Paris, 1869 and later). His monographic _Etudes philologiques sur quelques langues sauvages de l’Amérique_ was printed at Montreal, 1866. It was the result of twenty years’ missionary work among the Iroquois and Algonquins, and besides a grammar contains a critical examination of the works of Duponceau and Schoolcraft. Lucien Adam has been very comprehensive in his researches, his studies being collected under the titles of _Etudes sur six langues Américaines_ (Paris, 1878) and _Examen grammatical comparé de seize langues Américaines_ (Paris, 1878).[1885]

The papers of the Count Hyacinthe de Charencey have been in the first instance for the most part printed in the _Revue de Linguistique_, the _Annales de Philosophie Chrétienne_, and the _Mémoires de l’Académie de Caen_, and have wholly pertained to the tongues south of New Mexico; but his principal studies are collected in his _Mélanges de philologie et de paléographie Américaines_ (Paris, 1883).[1886]

The most distinguished German worker in this field, if we except the incidental labors of Alexander and William von Humboldt,[1887] is J. C. E. Buschmann, whose various linguistic labors cover the wide field of the west coast of North America from Alaska to the Isthmus, with some of the regions adjacent on the east. He published his papers in Berlin between 1853 and 1864, and many of them in the _Mémoires de l’Académie de Berlin_.[1888]

Dr. Carl Hermann Berendt has published his papers in Spanish, English, and German, and some of them will be found in the _Smithsonian Reports_, in the Berlin _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, and in the _Revista de Mérida_. Under the auspices of the American Ethnological Society, a fac-simile reproduction of his graphic _Analytical Alphabet for the Mexican and Central American languages_ was published in 1869, the result of twelve years’ study in those countries.[1889]

* * * * *

The languages of what are called the civilized nations of the central regions of America deserve more particular attention.

In the Mexican empire the Aztec was largely predominant, but not exclusively spoken, for about twenty other tongues were more or less in vogue in different parts. Humboldt and others have found occasional traces in words of an earlier language than the Aztec or Nahua, but different from the Maya, which in Brasseur’s opinion was the language of the country in those pre-Nahua days. Bancroft, contrary to some recent philologists, holds the speech of the Toltec, Chichimec, and Aztec times to be one and the same.[1890] It was perhaps the most copious and most perfected of all the aboriginal tongues; and in proof of this are cited the opinions of the early Spanish scholars, the successes of the missionaries in the use of it in imparting the subtleties of their faith, and the literary use which was made of it by the native scholars, as soon as they had adapted the Roman alphabet to its vocabulary and forms.[1891]

The Maya has much the same prominence farther south that the Nahua has in the northerly parts of the territory of the Spanish conquest, and a dialect of it, the Tzendal, still spoken near Palenqué, is considered to be the oldest form of it, though probably this dialect was a departure from the original stock. It is one of the evidences that the early Mayas may have come by way of the West India islands that modern philologists say the native tongues of those islands were allied to the Maya. Bancroft (iii. 759, with other references, 760) refers to the list of spoken tongues given in Palacio’s _Carta al Rey de España_ (1576) as the best enumeration of the early Spanish writers.[1892] For its literary value we must consult some of the authorities like Orozco y Berra, mentioned in connection with the Aztec. Squier published a _Monograph of authors who have written on the languages of Central America, and collected vocabularies and composed works in the native dialects of that country_ (Albany, 1861,—100 copies), in which he mentions 110 such authors, and gives a list of their printed and MS. works. Those who have used these native tongues for written productions are named in Ludewig’s _Literature of the Amer. Aborig. Languages_ (London, 1858) and in Brinton’s _Aboriginal American Authors_ (Phila., 1883).[1893]

The philology of the South American peoples has not been so well compassed as that of the northern continent. The classified bibliographies show the range of it under such heads as Ande (or Campa), Araucanians (Chilena), Arrawak, Aymara, Brazil (the principal work being F. P. von Martius’s _Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerika’s, zumal Brasiliens_, Leipzig, 1867, with a second part called _Glossaria linguarum brasiliensium, Erlangen_, 1863), Chama, Chibcha (or Muysca, Mosca), Cumanagota, Galibi, Goajira, Guarani, Kiriri (Kariri), Lule, Moxa, Paez, Quichua, Tehuelhet, Tonocote, Tupi, etc.

V.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE MYTHS AND RELIGIONS OF AMERICA.

_By the Editor._

THE earliest scholarly examination of the whole subject, which has been produced by an American author, is Daniel G. Brinton’s _Myths of the New World, a treatise on the symbolism and mythology of the Red Race of America_ (N. Y., 1868; 2d ed., 1876). It is a comparative study, “more for the thoughtful general reader than for the antiquary,” as the author says. “The task,” he adds, “bristles with difficulties. Carelessness, prepossessions, and ignorance have disfigured the subject with false colors and foreign additions without number” (p. 3). After describing the character of the written, graphic, or symbolic records, which the student of history has to deal with in tracing North American history back before the Conquest, he adds, while he deprives mythology of any historical value, that the myths, being kept fresh by repetition, were also nourished constantly by the manifestations of nature, which gave them birth. So while taking issue with those who find history buried in the myths, he warns us to remember that the American myths are not the reflections of history or heroes. In the treatment of his subject he considers the whole aboriginal people of America as a unit, with “its religion as the development of ideas common to all its members, and its myths as the garb thrown around those ideas by imaginations more or less fertile; but seeking everywhere to embody the same notions.”[1894] This unity of the American races is far from the opinion of other ethnologists.

Brinton gives a long bibliographical note on those who had written on the subject before him, in which he puts, as the first (1819) to take a philosophical survey, Dr. Samuel Farmer Jarvis in a _Discourse on the religion of the Indian tribes of North America_, printed in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collections, iii._ (1821). Jarvis confined himself to the tribes north of Mexico, and considered their condition, as he found it, one of deterioration from something formerly higher. There had been, of course, before this, amassers of material, like the Jesuits in Canada, as preserved in their _Relations_,[1895] sundry early French writers on the Indians,[1896] the English agents of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England, and the Moravian missionaries in Pennsylvania and the Ohio country, to say nothing of the historians, like Loskiel (_Geschichte der Mission_, 1789), Vetromile (_Abnakis and their History_, New York, 1866), Cusick (_Six Nations_), not to mention local observers, like Col. Benjamin Hawkins, _Sketch of the Creek Country (Georgia Hist. Soc. Collections_, 1848, but written about 1800).

If the placing of Brinton’s book as the earliest scholarly contribution is to be contested, it would be for E. G. Squier’s _Serpent Symbol in America_ (N. Y., 1851);[1897] but the book is not broadly based, except so far as such comprehensiveness can be deduced from his tendency to consider all myths as having some force of nature for their motive, and that all are traceable to an instinct that makes the worship of fire or of the sun the centre of a system.[1898] With this as the source of life, Squier allies the widespread phallic worship. In Bancroft’s _Native Races_ (iii. p. 501) there is a summary of what is known of this American worship of the generative power. Brinton doubts (_Myths_, etc., 149) if anything like phallic worship really existed, apart from a wholly unreligious surrender to appetite.

Another view which Squier maintains is, that above all this and pervading all America’s religious views there was a sort of rudimentary monotheism.[1899]

When we add to this enumeration the somewhat callow and wholly unsatisfactory contributions of Schoolcraft in the great work on the _Indian Tribes of the United States_ (1851-59), which the U. S. government in a headlong way sanctioned, we have included nearly all that had been done by American authors in this field when Bancroft published the third volume of his _Native Races_. This work constitutes the best mass of material for the student—who must not confound mythology and religion—to work with, the subject being presented under the successive heads of the origin of myths and of the world, physical and animal myths, gods, supernatural beings, worship and the future state; but of course, like all Bancroft’s volumes, it must be supplemented by special works pertaining to the more central and easterly parts of the United States, and to the regions south of Panama. The deficiency, however, is not so much as may be expected when we consider the universality of myths. “Unfortunately,” says this author, “the philologic and mythologic material for such an exhaustive synthesis of the origin and relations of the American creeds as Cox has given to the world in the Aryan legends in his _Mythology of the Aryan Nations_ (London, 1870) is yet far from complete.”

In 1882 Brinton, after riper study, again recast his views of a leading feature of the subject in his _American hero-myths; a study in the native religions of the western continent_ (Philad., 1882), in which he endeavored to present “in a critically correct light some of the fundamental conceptions in the native beliefs.” His purpose was to counteract what he held to be an erroneous view in the common practice of considering “American hero-gods as if they had been chiefs of tribes at some undetermined epoch,” and to show that myths of similar import, found among different peoples, were a “spontaneous production of the mind, and not a reminiscence of an historic event.” He further adds as one of the impediments in the study that he does “not know of a single instance on this continent of a thorough and intelligent study of a native religion made by a Protestant missionary.”[1900] After an introductory chapter on the American myths, Brinton in this volume takes up successively the consideration of the hero-gods of the Algonquins and Iroquois, the Aztecs, Mayas, and the Quichuas of Peru. These myths of national heroes, civilizers, and teachers are, as Brinton says, the fundamental beliefs of a very large number of American tribes, and on their recognition and interpretation depends the correct understanding of most of their mythology and religious life,—and this means, in Brinton’s view, that the stories connected with these heroes have no historic basis.[1901]

The best known of the comprehensive studies by a European writer is J. G. Müller’s _Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen_ (Basle, 1855; again in 1867), in which he endeavors to work out the theory that at the south there is a worship of nature, with a sun-worship for a centre, contrasted at the north with fetichism and a dread of spirits, and these he considers the two fundamental divisions of the Indian worship. Bancroft finds him a chief dependence at times, but Brinton, charging him with quoting in some instances at second-hand, finds him of no authority whatever.

One of the most reputable of the German books on kindred subjects is the _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_ (Leipzig, 1862-66) of Theodor Waitz. Brinton’s view of it is that no more comprehensive, sound, and critical work on the American aborigines has been written; but he considers him astray on the religious phases, and that his views are neither new nor tenable when he endeavors to subject moral science to a realistic philosophy.[1902]

In speaking of the scope of the comprehensive work of H. H. Bancroft we mentioned that beyond the larger part of the great Athapascan stock of the northern Indians his treatment did not extend. Such other general works as Brinton’s _Myths of the New World_, the sections of his _American Hero-Myths_ on the hero-gods of the Algonquins and Iroquois, and the not wholly satisfactory book of Ellen R. Emerson, _Indian myths; or, Legends, traditions, and symbols of the aborigines of America, compared with those of other countries, including Hindostan, Egypt, Persia, Assyria, and China_ (Boston, 1884), with aid from such papers as Major J. W. Powell’s “Philosophy of the North American Indians” in the _Journal of the Amer. Geographical Society_ (vol. viii. p. 251, 1876), and his “Mythology of the North American Indians” in the _First Annual Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (1881), and R. M. Dorman’s _Origin of primitive superstition among the aborigines of America_ (Philad., 1881), must suffice in a general way to cover those great ethnic stocks of the more easterly part of North America, which comprise the Iroquois, centred in New York, and surrounded by the Algonquins, west of whom were the Dacotas, and south of whom were the Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, sometimes classed together as Appalachians.[1903]

The mythology of the Aztecs is the richest mine, and Bancroft in his third volume finds the larger part of his space given to the Mexican religion.

Brinton (_Amer. Hero Myths_, 73, 78), referring to the “Historia de los Méxicanos por sus Pinturas” of Ramirez de Fuenleal, as printed in the _Anales del Museo Nacional_ (ii. p. 86), says that in some respects it is to be considered the most valuable authority which we possess,[1904] as taken directly from the sacred books of the Aztecs, and as explained by the most competent survivors of the Conquest.[1905]

We must also look to Ixtlilxochitl and Sahagún as leading sources. From Sahagún we get the prayers which were addressed to the chief deity, of various names, but known best, perhaps, as Tezcatlipoca; and these invocations are translated for us in Bancroft (iii. 199, etc.), who supposes that, consciously or unconsciously, Sahagún has slipped into them a certain amount of “sophistication and adaptation to Christian ideas.” From the lofty side of Tezcatlipoca’s character, Bancroft (iii. ch. 7) passes to his meaner characteristics as the oppressor of Quetzalcoatl.

The most salient features of the mythology of the Aztecs arise from the long contest of Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl, the story of which modified the religion of their followers, and, as Chavero claims, greatly affected their history.[1906] This struggle, according as the interpreters incline, stands for some historic or physical rivalry, or for one between St. Thomas and the heathen;[1907] but Brinton explains it on his general principles as one between the powers of Light and Darkness (_Am. Hero Myths_, 65).

The main original sources on the character and career of Quetzalcoatl are Motolinía, Mendieta, Sahagún, Ixtlilxochitl, and Torquemada, and these are all summarized in Bancroft (iii. ch. 7).

It has been a question with later writers whether there is a foundation of history in the legend or myth of Quetzalcoatl. Brinton (_Myths of the New World_, 180) has perhaps only a few to agree with him when he calls that hero-god a “pure creature of the fancy, and all his alleged history nothing but a myth,” and he thinks some confusion has arisen from the priests of Quetzalcoatl being called by his name.

Bandelier (_Archæol. Tour_) takes issue with Brinton in deeming Quetzalcoatl on the whole an historical person, whom Ixtlilxochitl connects with the pre-Toltec tribes of Olmeca and Xicalanca, and whom Torquemada says came in while the Toltecs occupied the country. Bandelier thinks it safe to say that Quetzalcoatl began his career in the present state of Hidalgo as a leader of a migration moving southward, with a principal sojourn at Cholula, introducing arts and a purer worship. This is substantially the view taken by J. G. Müller, Prescott, and Wuttke.

Bancroft (iii. 273) finds the _Geschichte der Amer. Urreligionen_ (p. 577) of Müller to present a more thorough examination of the Quetzalcoatl myth than any other,[1908] but since then it has been studied at length by Bandelier in his _Archæological Tour_ (p. 170 etc.), and by Brinton in his _Amer. Hero Myths_, ch. 3.[1909]

* * * * *

What Tylor (_Primitive Culture_, ii. 279) calls “the inexplicable compound, parthenogenetic deity, the hideous, gory Huitzilopochtli” (Huitziloputzli, Vitziliputzli), the god of war,[1910] the protector of the Mexicans, was considered by Boturini (_Idea_, p. 60) as a deified ancient war-chief. Bancroft in his narrative (iii. 289, 294; iv. 559) quotes the accounts in Sahagún and Torquemada, and (pp. 300-322) summarizes J. G. Müller’s monograph on this god, which he published in 1847, and which he enlarged when including it in his _Urreligionen_.

Acosta’s description of the Temple of Huitzilopochtli is translated in Bancroft (iii. 292). Solis follows Acosta, while Herrera copies Gomara, who was not, as Solis contends, so well informed.

As regards the Votan myth of Chiapas, Brinton tells us something in his _American Hero Myths_ (212, with references, 215); but the prime source is the Tzendal manuscript used by Cabrera in his _Teatro Critico-Americano_.[1911] No complete translation has been made, and the abstracts are unsatisfactory. Bancroft aids us in this study of worship in Chiapas (iii. 458), as also in that of Oajaca (iii. 448), Michoacan[1912] (iii. 445), and Jalisco (iii. 447).

“The religion of the Mayas,” says Bancroft (iii. ch. 11), “was fundamentally the same as that of the Nahuas, though it differed somewhat in outward forms. Most of the gods were deified heroes.... Occasionally we find very distinct traces of an older sun-worship which has succumbed to later forms, introduced according to vague tradition from Anahuac.” The view of Tylor (_Anahuac_, 191) is that the “civilization,” and consequently the religions, of Mexico and Central America were originally independent, but that they came much into contact, and thus modified one another to no small extent.”

Modern scholars are not by any means so much inclined as Las Casas and the other Catholic fathers were to recognize the dogma of the Trinity and other Christian notions, which have been thought to be traceable in what the Maya people in their aboriginal condition held for faith.

The most popular of their deified heroes were Zamná and Cukulcan, not unlikely the same personage under two names, and quite likely both are correspondences of Quetzalcoatl. We can find various views and alternatives on this point among the elder and recent writers. The belief in community of attributes derives its strongest aid from the alleged disappearance of Quetzalcoatl in Goazacoalco just at the epoch when Cukulcan appeared in Yucatan. The centres of Maya worship were at Izamal, Chichen-Itza, and the island of Cozumel.

The hero-gods of the Mayas is the topic of Brinton’s fourth chapter in his _American Hero Myths_, with views of their historical relations of course at variance with those of Bancroft. As respects the material, he says that “most unfortunately very meagre sources of information are open to us. Only fragments of their legends and hints of their history have been saved, almost by accident, from the general wreck of their civilization.” The heroes are Itzamná, the leader of the first immigration from the east, through the ocean pathways; and Kukulcan, the conductor of the second from the west. For the first cycle of myths Brinton refers to Landa’s _Relation_, Cogolludo’s _Yucatan_, Las Casas’s _Historia Apologética_, involving the reports of the missionary Francisco Hernandez, and to Hieronimo Roman’s _De la Republica de las Indias Occidentales_.

The Kukulcan legends are considered by Brinton to be later in date and less natural in character, and Hernandez’s Report to Las Casas is the first record of them. Brinton’s theory of the myths does not allow him to identify the Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan hero-gods as one and the same, nor to show that the Aztec and Maya civilizations had more correspondence than occasional intercourse would produce; but he thinks the similarity of the statue of “Chac Mool,” unearthed by Le Plongeon at Chichen-Itza, to another found at Tlaxcala compels us to believe that some positive connection did exist in parts of the country (_Anales del Museo Nacional_, i. 270).[1913] “The Nahua impress,” says Bancroft (iii. 490), “noticeable in the languages and customs of Nicaragua, is still more strongly marked in the mythology. Instead of obliterating the older forms of worship, as it seems to have done in the northern parts of Central America, it has here and there passed by many of the distinct beliefs held by different tribes, and blended with the chief elements of a system which is traced to the Muyscas in South America.”

The main source of the Quiché myths and worship is the _Popul Vuh_, but Bancroft (iii. 474), who follows it, finds it difficult to make anything comprehensible out of its confusion of statement. But prominent among the deities seem to stand Tepeu or Gucumatz, whom it is the fashion to make the same with Quetzalcoatl, and Hurakan or Tohil, who indeed stands on a plane above Quetzalcoatl. Brinton (_Myths_, 156), on the contrary, connects Hurakan with Tlaloc, and seems to identify Tohil with Quetzalcoatl. Bancroft (iii. 477) says that tradition, name, and attributes connect Tohil and Hurakan, and identify them with Tlaloc.

Brinton’s _Names of the gods in the Kiché myths, a monograph on Central American mythology_ (Philad. Am. Philos. Soc., 1881), is a special study of a part of the subject.

Brinton (_Myths_, etc., 184) considers the best authorities on the mythology of the Muyscas of the Bogota region to be Piedrahita’s _Historia de las Conquistas del Nuevo Reyno de Granada_ (1668, followed by Humboldt in his _Vues_) and Simm’s _Noticias historiales de las Conquistas de Tierra Firme en el Nuevo Reyno de Granada_, given in Kingsborough, vol. viii.

The mythology of the Quichuas in Peru makes the staple of chap. 5 of Brinton’s _Amer. Hero-Myths_. Here the corresponding hero-god was Viracocha. Brinton depends mainly on the _Relacion Anónyma de los Costumbres Antiguos de los Naturales del Piru, 1615_ (Madrid, 1879); on Christoval de Molina’s account of the fables and religious customs of the Incas, as translated by C. R. Markham in the Hakluyt Society volume, _Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas_ (London, 1873); on the _Comentarios reales_ of Garcilasso de la Vega; on the report made to the viceroy Francisco de Toledo, in 1571, of the responses to inquiries made in different parts of the country as to the old beliefs which appear in the “Informacion de las idolatras de los Incas é Indios,” printed in the _Coleccion de documentos ineditos del archivo de Indias_, xxi. 198; and in the _Relacion de Antigüedades deste Reyno del Piru_, by Juan de Santa Cruz Pachicuti.

Brinton dissents to D’Orbigny’s view in his _L’homme Américaine_, that the Quichua religion is mainly borrowed from the older mythology of the Aymaras.

Francisco de Avila’s “Errors and False Gods of the Indians of Huarochiri” (1608), edited by Markham for the Hakluyt Society in the volume called _Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas_, is a treatment of a part of the subject.

Adolf Bastian’s _Ein Jahr auf Reisen—Kreuzfahrten zum Sammelbehuf aus Transatlantischen Feldern der Ethnologie_, being the first volume of his _Die Culturländer des Alten America_ (Berlin, 1878), has a section “Aus Religion and Sitte des Alten Peru.”

VI.

ARCHÆOLOGICAL MUSEUMS AND PERIODICALS.

_By the Editor._

THE oldest of existing American societies dealing with the scientific aspects of knowledge is the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, whose _Transactions_ began in 1769, and made six volumes to 1809. A second series was begun in 1818.[1914] What are called the _Transactions of the Historical and Literary Committee_ make two volumes (1819, 1838), the first of which contains contributions by Heckewelder and P. S. Duponceau on the history and linguistics of the Lenni Lenape. Its _Proceedings_ began in 1838. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences was instituted at Boston in 1780, a part of its object being “to promote and encourage the knowledge of the antiquities of America,”[1915] and its series of _Memoirs_ began in 1783,[1916] and its _Proceedings_ in 1846. These societies have only, as a rule, incidentally, and not often till of late years, illustrated in their publications the antiquities of the new world; but the American Antiquarian Society was founded in 1812 at Worcester, Mass., by Isaiah Thomas, with the express purpose of elucidating this department of American history. It began the _Archæologia Americana_ in 1820, and some of the volumes are still valuable, though they chiefly stand for the early development by Atwater, Gallatin, and others of study in this direction. In the first volume is an account of the origin and design of the society, and this is also set forth in the memoir of Thomas prefixed to its reprint of his _History of Printing in America_, which is a part of the series. The _Proceedings_ of the society were begun in 1849, and they have contained some valuable papers on Central American subjects. The Boston Society of Natural History[1917] published the _Boston Journal of Natural History_ from 1834 to 1863, and in 1866 began its _Memoirs_. Col. Whittlesey gave in its first volume a paper on the weapons and military character of the race of the mounds, and subsequent volumes have had other papers of an archæological nature; but they have formed a small part of its contributions. Its _Proceedings_ have of late years contained some of the best studies of palæolithic man. The American Ethnological Society, founded by Gallatin (New York), began its exclusive work in a series of _Transactions_ (1845-53, vols. i., ii., and one number of vol. iii.), but it was not of long continuance, though it embraced among its contributors the conspicuous names of Gallatin, Schoolcraft, Catherwood, Squier, Rafn, S. G. Morton, J. R. Bartlett, and others. Its _Bulletin_ was not continued beyond a single volume (1860-61).[1918] The society was suspended in 1871.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science began its publications with the _Proceedings_ of its Philadelphia meeting in 1848. Questions of archæology formed, however, but a small portion of its inquiries[1919] till the formation of a section on Anthropology a few years ago.

The American Geographical Society has published a _Bulletin_ (1852-56); _Journal_ (or _Transactions_) (1859), etc., and _Proceedings_ (1862-64). Some of the papers have been of archæological interest.

The Anthropological Institute of New York printed its transactions in a _Journal_ (one vol. only, 1872-73).

The Archæological Institute of America was founded in Boston in 1879, and has given the larger part of its interest to classical archæology. The first report of its executive committee said respecting the field in the new world: “The study of American archæology relates, indeed, to the monuments of a race that never attained to a high degree of civilization, and that has left no trustworthy records of continuous history.... From what it was and what it did, nothing is to be learned that has any direct bearing on the progress of civilization. Such interest as attaches to it is that which it possesses in common with other early and undeveloped races of mankind.” Appended to this report was Lewis H. Morgan’s “Houses of the American Aborigines, with suggestions for the exploration of the ruins in New Mexico,” etc.,—advancing his well-known views of the communal origin of the southern ruins. Under the auspices of the Institute, Mr. A. F. Bandelier, a disciple of Morgan, was sent to New Mexico for the study of the Pueblos, and his experiences are described in the second _Report_ of the Institute. In their third _Report_ (1882) the committee of the Institute say: “The vast work of American archæology and anthropology is only begun.... Other nations, with more or less of success, are trying to do our work on our soil. It is time that Americans bestir themselves in earnest upon a field which it would be a shame to abandon to the foreigner.” Still under the pay of the Institute, Mr. Bandelier, in 1881, devoted his studies to the remains at Mexico, Cholula, Mitla, and the ancient life of those regions. At the same time, Aymé, then American consul at Merida, was commissioned to explore certain regions of Yucatan, but the results were not fortunate.

The Institute began in 1881 the publication of an _American Series_ of its _Papers_, the first number of which embodied Bandelier’s studies of the Pueblos, and the second covered his Mexican researches. In 1885 the _American Journal of Archæology_ was started at Baltimore as the official organ of the Institute, and occasional papers on American subjects have been given in its pages. The editors were called upon to define more particularly their relations to archæology in America in the number for Sept., 1888. In this they say: “The archæology of America is busied with the life and work of a race or races of men in an inchoate, rudimentary, and unformed condition, who never raised themselves, even at their highest point, as in Mexico and Peru, above a low stage of civilization, and never showed the capacity of steadily progressive development.... These facts limit and lower the interest which attaches ... to crude and imperfect human life.... A comparison of their modes of life and thought with those of other races in a similar stage of development in other parts of the world, in ancient and modern times, is full of interest as exhibiting the close similarity of primitive man in all regions, resulting from the sameness of his first needs, in his early struggle for existence.” The editors rest their reasons for giving prominence to classical archæology upon the necessity of affording by such complemental studies the means of comparison in archæological results, which can but advance to a higher plane the methods and inductions of the prehistoric archæology of America.

The American Folk-Lore Society was founded in Jan., 1888, and _The Journal of American Folk-Lore_ was immediately begun. A large share of its papers is likely to cover the popular tales of the American aborigines.

The Anthropological Society of Washington is favorably situated to avail itself of the museums and apparatus of the American government, and members of the Geological Survey and Ethnological Bureau have been among the chief contributors to its _Transactions_,[1920] which in January, 1888, were merged in a more general publication, _The American Anthropologist_. A National Geographic Society was organized in Washington in 1888.

There are numerous local societies throughout the United States whose purpose, more or less, is to cover questions of archæological import. Those that existed prior to 1876 are enumerated in Scudder’s _Catalogue of Scientific Serials_; but it was not easy always to draw the line between historical associations and those verging upon archæological methods.[1921]

The oldest of the scientific periodicals in the United States to devote space to questions of anthropology is Silliman’s _American Journal of Science and Arts_ (1818, etc.). The _American Naturalist_, founded in 1867, also entered the field of archæology and anthropology. The same may be said in some degree of the _Popular Science Monthly_ (1877, etc.), _Science_ (1883), and the _Kansas City Review_. The chief repository of such contributions, however, since 1878, has been _The American Antiquarian_ (Chicago), edited by Stephen D. Peet. Its papers are, unluckily, of very uneven value.[1922]

The best organized work has been done in the United States by the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, in Cambridge, Mass., and by certain departments of the Federal government at Washington.

The Peabody Museum resulted from a gift of George Peabody, an American banker living in London, who instituted it in 1866 as a part of Harvard University.[1923] It was fortunate in its first curator, Dr. Jeffries Wyman, who brought unusual powers of comprehensive scrutiny to its work.[1924] He died in 1874, and was succeeded by one of his and of Agassiz’s pupils, Frederick W. Putnam, who was also placed in the chair of archæology in the university in 1886. The _Reports_, now twenty-two in number, and the new series of _Special Papers_ are among the best records of progress in archæological science.

The creation of the Smithsonian Institution in 1846, under the bequest of an Englishman, James Smithson, and the devotion of a sum of about $31,000 a year at that time arising from that gift, first put the government of the United States in a position “to increase and diffuse knowledge among men.”[1925]

The second _Report_ of the Regents in 1848 contains approvals of a manuscript by E. G. Squier and E. H. Davis, which had been offered to the Institution for publication, and which had been commended by Albert Gallatin, Edward Robinson, John Russell Bartlett, W. W. Turner, S. G. Morton, and George P. Marsh. Thus an important archæological treatise, _The Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, comprising the results of extensive original surveys and explorations_ (Washington, 1848), became the first of the _Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge_. The subsequent volumes of the series have contained other important treatises in similar fields. Foremost among them may be named those of Squier on the Aboriginal Monuments of New York (vol. ii., 1851); Col. Whittlesey on _The Ancient Works in Ohio_ (vol. iii., 1852); S. R. Riggs’ _Dakota Grammar and Dictionary_ (vol. iv., 1852); I. A. Lapham’s _Antiquities of Wisconsin_ (vol. vii., 1855); S. F. Haven’s _Archæology of the United States_ (vol. viii., 1856); Brantz Mayer’s _Mexican History and Archæology_ (vol. ix., 1857); Whittlesey on _Ancient Mining on Lake Superior_ (vol. xiii., 1863); Morgan’s _Systems of Consanguinity of the human family_ (vol. xvii., 1871);—not to name lesser papers. To supplement this quarto series, another in octavo was begun in 1862, called _Miscellaneous Collections_; and in this form there have appeared J. M. Stanley’s _Catalogue of portraits of No. Amer. Indians_ (vol. ii., 1862); a _Catalogue of photographic portraits of the No. Amer. Indians_ (vol. xiv., 1878).

Of much more interest to the anthropologist has been the series of _Annual Reports_ with their appended papers,—such as Squier on _The Antiquities of Nicaragua_ (1851); W. W. Turner on _Indian Philology_ (1852); S. S. Lyon on _Antiquities from Kentucky_ (1858), and many others.

The sections of correspondence and minor papers in these reports soon began to include communications about the development of archæological research in various localities. They began to be more orderly arranged under the sub-heading of Ethnology in the Report for 1867, and this heading was changed to Anthropology in the _Report_ for 1879. Charles Rau (d. 1887) had been a leading contributor in this department, and no. 440 of the Smithsonian publications was made up of his _Articles on Anthropological Subjects, contributed from 1863 to 1877_ (Washington, 1882). No. 421 is Geo. H. Boehmer’s _Index to Anthropological Articles in the publications of the Smithsonian Institution_ (Washington, 1881). Among the later papers those of O. T. Mason of the Anthropological Department of the National Museum are conspicuous.

The last series is the _Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology_, placed by Congress in the charge of the Smithsonian. The _Reports of the American Historical Association_ will soon be begun under the same auspices.

Major J. W. Powell, the director of the Bureau of Ethnology, said that its purpose was “to organize anthropologic research in America.”[1926] It published its first report in 1881, and this and the later reports have had for contents, beside the summary of work constituting the formal report, the following papers:—

Vol. i.: J. W. POWELL. The evolution of language.—Sketch of the mythology of the North American Indians.—Wyandot government.—On limitations to the use of some anthropologic data.—H. C. YARROW. A further contribution to the study of mortuary customs among the North American Indians.—E. S. HOLDEN. Studies in Central American picture-writing.—C. C. ROYCE. Cessions of land by Indian tribes to the United States: illustrated by those in Indiana.—G. MALLERY. Sign language among North American Indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf-mutes.—J. C. PILLING. Catalogue of linguistic manuscripts in the library.—Illustration of the method of recording Indian languages. From the manuscripts of J. O. Dorsey, A. S. Gatschet, and S. R. Riggs.

Vol. ii.: F. H. CUSHING. Zuñi fetiches.—_Mrs._ E. A. SMITH. Myths of the Iroquois.—H. W. HENSHAW. Animal carvings from mounds of the Mississippi Valley.—W. MATTHEWS. Navajo silversmiths.—W. H. HOLMES. Art in shell of the ancient Americans.—J. STEVENSON. Illustrated catalogue of the collections obtained from the Indians of New Mexico and Arizona in 1879;—Illustrated catalogue of the collections obtained from the Indians of New Mexico in 1880.

Vol. iii.: CYRUS THOMAS. Notes on certain Maya and Mexican manuscripts.—W. (C.) H. DALL On masks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution.—J. O. DORSEY. Omaha sociology.—WASHINGTON MATTHEWS. Navajo weavers.—W. H. HOLMES. Prehistoric textile fabrics of the United States, derived from impressions on pottery;—Illustrated catalogue of a portion of the collections made by the Bureau of Ethnology during the field season of 1881.—JAMES STEVENSON. Illustrated catalogue of the collections obtained from the Pueblos of Zuñi, New Mexico, and Wolpi, Arizona, in 1881.

Vol. iv.: GARRICK MALLERY. Pictographs of the North American Indians.—W. H. HOLMES. Pottery of the ancient Pueblos;—Ancient pottery of the Mississippi Valley;—Origin and development of form and ornament in ceramic art.—F. H. CUSHING.. A study of Pueblo pottery as illustrative of Zuñi culture growth.

Vol. v.: CYRUS THOMAS. Burial mounds of the northern sections of the United States.—C. C. ROYCE. The Cherokee nation of Indians.—WASHINGTON MATTHEWS. The Mountain Chant: a Navajo ceremony.—CLAY MACCAULEY. The Seminole Indians of Florida.—_Mrs._ TILLY E. STEVENSON. The religious life of the Zuñi child.

* * * * *

What is known as the United States National Museum is also in charge of the Smithsonian Institution,[1927] and here are deposited the objects of archæological and historical interest secured by the government explorations and by other means. The linguistic material is kept in the Bureau of Ethnology. The skulls and physiological material, illustrative of prehistoric times, are deposited in the Army Medical Museum, under the Surgeon-General’s charge.

Major Powell, while in charge of the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, had earlier prepared five volumes of _Contributions to Ethnology_, all but the second of which have been published. The first volume (1877) contained W. H. Dall’s “Tribes of the Extreme Northwest” and George Gibbs’ “Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon.” The third (1877): Stephen Powers’ “Tribes of California.” The fourth (1881): Lewis H. Morgan’s “Houses and house life of the American Aborigines.” The fifth (1882): Charles Rau’s “Lapidarian sculpture of the Old World and in America,” Robert Fletcher’s “Prehistoric trephining and cranial Amulets,” and Cyrus Thomas on the Troano Manuscript, with an introduction by D. G. Brinton.

Among the _Reports_ of the geographical and geological explorations and surveys west of the 100th meridian conducted by Capt. Geo. M. Wheeler, the seventh volume, _Report on Archæological and Ethnological Collections from the vicinity of Santa Barbara, California, and from ruined pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico and certain Interior Tribes_ (Washington, 1879), was edited by F. W. Putnam, and contains papers on the ethnology of Southern California, wood and stone implements, sculptures, musical instruments, beads, etc.; the Pueblos of New Mexico, their inhabitants, architecture, customs, cliff houses and other ruins, skeletons, etc.; with an _Appendix_ on Linguistics, containing forty Vocabularies of Pueblo and other Western Indian Languages and their classification into seven families.

The _Reports_ of the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, under the charge of F. V. Hayden, brought to us in those of 1874-76 the knowledge of the cliff-dwellers, and they contain among the miscellaneous publications such papers as W. Matthews’ _Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians_ and W. H. Jackson’s _Descriptive Catalogue of photographs of No. Amer. Indians_.

There are other governmental documents to be noted: _The Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in 1852_, by R. B. Marcy and G. B. McClellan (Washington, 1854), contains a vocabulary of the Comanches and Witchitas, with some general remarks by W. W. Turner. There is help to be derived from the geographical details, and from something on ethnology, in the _Reports of Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean_ (Washington, 1856-60, in 12 vols.); in W. H. Emory’s _Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey_ (Washington, 1857-58, in 2 vols.); J. H. Simpson’s _Report of Explorations across the great basin of the territory of Utah in 1859_ (Washington, 1876); J. N. Macomb’s _Report of the Exploring Expedition from Santa Fé to the Junction of the Grand and Green Rivers of the Great Colorado of the West in 1859_ (Washington, 1876).

There were also published, under the auspices of the government, the conglomerate and very unequal work of Henry R. Schoolcraft, _Historical and Statistical Information respecting the history, conditions, and prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, collected and prepared under the direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs_ (Philad., 1851-57, in 6 vols., with a trade edition of the same date). An act of Congress (March 3, 1847) authorized its publication. As reissued it is called _Archives of aboriginal knowledge, containing original papers laid before Congress, respecting the Indian tribes of the United States_ (Philadelphia, 1860, ’68, 6 vols.). It has the following divisions: General history.—Manners and customs.—Antiquities.—Geography.—Tribal organization, etc.—Intellectual capacity.—Topical history.—Physical type.—Language.—Art.—Religion and mythology.—Demonology, magic, etc.—Medical knowledge.—Condition and prospects.—Statistics and population.—Biography.—Literature.—Post-Columbian history.—Economy and statistics. An edition of vols. 1-5 (1856) is called _Ethnological researches respecting the Red Men of America, Information respecting the history_, etc. The sixth volume is in effect a summary of the preceding five.[1928]

At a recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a committee was charged with preparing a memorial to Congress, urging action to insure the preservation of certain national monuments. There is a summary of their report in _Science_, xii. p. 101.

* * * * *

Of all European countries, the most has been done in France, by way of periodical system and corporate organizations, to advance the study of American anthropology, ethnology, and archæology. The _Annales des voyages, de la géographie et de l’histoire, traduits de toutes les langues Européennes; des relations originales, inédites_,[1929] the publication of which was begun by Malte-Brun in 1808 and continued to 1814, and the _Nouvelles Annales des Voyages_, begun in 1819 and continued with a slightly varying title till 1870, are sources occasionally of much importance. At a later day, Edouard Lartet and others have used the _Annales des Sciences Naturelles_ as a medium for their publications. We hardly trace here, however, any corporate movement before the institution of the Société de Géographie de Paris in 1820. In 1824 it issued the first volume of its _Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires_, which reached seven volumes in 1864, and had included (vol. ii.) an account of Palenqué and the researches of Warden on the antiquities of the United States. Since this society began the issue of its _Bulletin_ in 1827, it has occasionally given assistance in the study of American archæology.

The earliest distinctive periodical on the subject was the _Revue Américaine_, of which, in 1826-27, three volumes, in monthly parts, were published in Paris.[1930] In 1857 a movement was inaugurated which engaged first and last the coöperation of some eminent scholars in these studies, like Aubin, Buschmann, V. A. Malte-Brun, Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Jomard, Alphonse Pinart, Cortambert, Léon de Rosny, Waldeck, Abbé Domenech, Charencey, etc. The active movers were first known as the Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, and they issued an _Annuaire_ (1863-67) and one volume, at least, of _Actes_ (1865), as well as a collection of _Mémoires sur l’archéologie Américaine_ (1865). This organization soon became known as the Société Américaine de France, and under the auspices of this name there has been a series of publications of varying designation.[1931] Its _Annuaire_ began in 1868, and has been continued. The general name of _Archives de la Société Américaine de France_ covers its other publications, which more or less coincide with the _Revue Orientale et Américaine par Léon de Rosny_, the first series of which appeared in Paris in 10 vols., in 1859-65, followed by a second, the first volume of which (vol. xi. of the whole) is called _Revue Américaine, publié sous les auspices de la Société d’Ethnographie et du Comité d’Archéologie Américaine_, and is at the same time the fourth volume of the _Actes de la Société d’Ethnographie Américaine et Orientale_. The whole series is sometimes cited as the _Mémoires de la Société d’Ethnographie_.[1932] The series, already referred to, of the _Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France_ is made up thus: Première série: vol. i., _Revue Orientale et Américaine_; ii., _Revue Américaine_; iii. and iv., _Revue Orientale et Américaine_.[1933] The nouvelle série has no sub-titles, and the three volumes bear date 1875, 1876, 1884.

The student of comparative anthropology will resort to the _Materiaux pour l’histoire positive et philosophique_ (later _primitive et naturelle_) _de l’homme_, the publication of which was begun at Paris in 1864 by Gabriel de Mortillet, and has been continued by Trutot, Cartailhac, Chautre, and others. This publication has contained abstracts of the proceedings of an annual gathering in Paris, whose _Comptes rendu_ have been printed at length as of the _Congrès international d’anthropologie et d’archéologie préhistoriques_ (1865, etc.).[1934]

Léon de Rosny published but a single volume of a projected series, _Archives paléographiques de l’Orient et de l’Amérique_ (Paris, 1870-71), which contains some papers on Mexican picture-writing. Rosny and others, who had been active in the movement begun by the Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, were now instrumental in organizing the periodical gathering in different cities of Europe, which is known as the _Congrès international des Américanistes_. The first session was held at Nancy in 1875, and its _Compte Rendu_ was published in two volumes (Nancy and Paris, 1876). The second meeting was at Luxembourg in 1877 (_Compte Rendu_, Paris, 1878, in 2 vols.); the third at Brussels in 1879 (_Compte Rendu_); the fourth at Madrid in 1881 (_Congreso internacional de Américanistas. Cuarta reunion_, Madrid, 1881); the fifth at Copenhagen (_Compte Rendu_, Copenhagen, 1884); and others at Chalons-sur-Marne, Turin, and Berlin. The papers are printed in the language in which they were read.

The _Mémoires de la Société d’Ethnographie_ (founded in 1859) began to appear in 1881, and its third volume (1882) is entitled _Les Documents écrits de l’Antiquité Américaine, compte rendu d’une mission scientifique en Espagne et en Portugal, par Léon de Rosny, avec une carte et 10 planches_. The fourth volume is P. de Lucy-Fossarieu’s _Ethnographie de l’Amérique Antarctique_ (Paris, 1884). In the second volume of a new series there is an account by V. Devaux of the work in American ethnology done by Lucien de Rosny as a preface to a posthumous work[1935] of Lucien de Rosny, _Les Antilles, étude d’Ethnographie et d’Archéologique Américaines_ (Paris, 1886).

Latterly there has been a consolidation of interests among kindred societies under the name of Institution Ethnographique, whose initial _Rapport annuel sur les récompenses et encouragements décernés en 1883_ was published at Paris in 1883. This society now comprises the Société d’Ethnographie, Société Américaine de France, Athénée Oriental, and Société des Etudes Japonaises.

* * * * *

In England, organized efforts for the record of knowledge began with the creation of the Royal Society, though certain sporadic attempts had earlier been known. America was represented among its founders in the younger John Winthrop, and Cotton Mather was a contributor to its transactions, and there has occasionally been a paper in its publications of interest to American archæologists.[1936] The Society of Antiquaries began to print its _Archæologia_ in 1779 and its _Proceedings_ in 1848, and the American student finds some valuable papers in them. The British Association for the Advancement of Science began its _Reports_ with the meeting of 1831, and it has had among its divisions a section of anthropology. In 1830 the Royal Geographical Society began its _Journal_ with a preliminary issue (1830-31, in 2 vols.), though its regular series first came out in 1832. Its _Proceedings_ appeared in 1855, and both publications are a conspicuous source in many ways relating to early American history.[1937] Closely connected with its interest has been the publication begun under the editing of C. R. Markham, and called successively _Ocean Highways_ (1869-73, vol. i.-v.), with an added title of _Geographical Review_ (1873-74), and lastly as _The Geographical Magazine_ (vol. i.-iii., 1874-76).

The Ethnological Society published four volumes of a _Journal_[1938] between 1844 and 1856, and resuming published two more volumes in 1869-70. Its contents are mainly of interest in comparative study, though there are a few American papers, like D. Forbes’s on the Aymara Indians of Peru. This society’s _Transactions_ was issued in two volumes, 1859-60; and again in seven volumes, 1861-69.

Meanwhile, some gentlemen, not content with the restricted field of the Ethnological Society, founded in London an Anthropological Society, which began the publication of _Memoirs_ (1863-69, in 3 vols.); and in this publication Bollaert issued his papers on the population of the new world, on the astronomy of the red man, on American paleography, on Maya hieroglyphics, on the anthropology of the new world, on Peruvian graphic records,—not to name other papers by different writers. The _Transactions_ and _Journal_ of the society, as well as the _Popular Magazine of Anthropology_ (1866), made part in one form or another of the _Anthropological Review_, begun in 1863, and discontinued in 1870, when the _Journal of Anthropology_ succeeded, but ceased the next year. The _Proceedings_ of the society make one volume, 1873-75, under the title of _Anthropologia_, and the society also maintained a series of translations of foreign treatises, the first of which was Theodor Waitz’s _Introduction to Anthropology_, ed. from the German by J. F. Collingwood (1863); and this was followed by a version by James Hunt, the president of the society, of Professor Carl Vogt’s _Lectures on Man, his place in Creation and in the history of the Earth_ (1864), and by other works of Broca, Pouchet, Blumenbach, etc.

What is known as the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland united some of these separate endeavors and began its _Journal_ in 1871. The _Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society_ has also at times been the channel by which some of the leading anthropologists have published their views, and a few papers of archæological import have been given in the _Transactions_ (1884, etc.) of the Royal Historical Society. Professedly broader relations belong to the _Transactions_ (_Comptes rendus_) of the International Congress of prehistoric (anthropology and) archæology, which began its sessions in 1866.[1939] The latest summary is the _Archæological Review, a journal of historic and prehistoric antiquities_, edited by G. L. Gomme, of which the first number appeared in March, 1888, which has for a main feature a bibliographical record of past and current archæological literature.[1940]

It is, however, in the volumes of the Hakluyt Society’s publications, beginning in 1847, in the annotated reprint of the early writers on American nations and on the European contact with them, that the most signal service has been done in England to the study of the early history of the new world. They are often referred to in the present History.

* * * * *

In Germany a _Magazin für die Naturgeschichte des Menschen_ was published at Zittau as early as 1788-1791.

Wagner published at Vienna, in 1794-96, two volumes of _Beiträge zur philosophischen Anthropologie_; and Heynig’s _Psychologisches (zugleich Anthropologisches) Magazin_ was published at Altenburg in 1796-97.

The Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaft began its _Abhandlungen_ in 1804, but it was not till long after that date that Buschmann and others used it as a channel of their views.

Vertuch’s _Archiv für Ethnographie und Linguistik_ (Weimar, 1807) only reached a single number.

The _Zeitschrift für physische Aerzte_, which was published by Nasse, at Leipzig, 1818-22, was succeeded by the _Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie_ (Leipzig, 1823-24), and this was followed by a single volume, _Jahrbücher für Anthropologie_ (Leipzig, 1830).

Bran’s _Ethnographisches Archiv_ was published at Jena from 1818 to 1829.

It was not till after 1860 that the new interest began to manifest itself, though Fechner’s _Centralblatt für Naturwissenschaften und Anthropologie_ was published at Leipzig in 1853-54.

Ecker’s _Archiv für Anthropologie_ was published at Braunschweig in 1866-68, which came in 1870 under the direction of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, which also began a _Correspondenzblatt_ in 1870, and a series, _Allgemeine Versammlung_, in 1873. This is the most important of the German societies.

Bastian’s _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_ was begun at Berlin in 1869, and later added a _Supplement_.

The Anthropologische Gesellschaft of Vienna began its _Mittheilungen_ in 1870; and in 1887 the Prähistorische Commission of the Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften at Vienna printed the first number of its _Mittheilungen_.

The _Verein für Anthropologie_ in Leipzig published but a single number of a _Bericht_ in 1871.

The Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte continued its _Verhandlungen_ for 1871-72 only; and the Göttinger Anthropologischer Verein made but a bare beginning (1874) of its _Mittheilungen_.

The _Bericht_ of the Museum für Völkerkunde was begun in Leipzig in 1874.

The Münchener Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte began the publication of _Beiträge_ in 1876.

In all these publications there have been papers interesting to American archæologists, if only in a comparative way, and at times American subjects have been frequent, especially in later years. The publications of zoölogical and geographical societies have in some respects been at times of equal interest, but it has not been thought worth while to enumerate them.[1941]

The Königliche Museum at Berlin has a considerable collection of American antiquities, which has been fostered by Humboldt and others, and the ethnological department has made some important publications like those relating to _Amerika’s Nordwestküste_.[1942]

Waitz in his _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_ (vol. iii.; _Die Amerikaner_, Th. i., Leipzig, 1862) has enumerated the literature of American anthropology upon which he depended.

* * * * *

The interest in most of the other European countries is more remotely American. The Museum of Ethnography at St. Petersburg is not without some objects of interest.[1943]

In Sweden the Antropologiska Sällskapet of Stockholm began a _Tidsskrift_ in 1875; but it affords little assistance to the Americanist except in comparative study.[1944]

The student will find some suggestions in a little tract by J. J. A. Worsaae, _De l’organisation des musées historico-archéologiques dans le Nord et ailleurs. Traduit par E. Beauvois_ (Copenhagen, 1885), which is extracted from the _Mémoires de la société royale des antiquaires de Nord, 1885_.

There has begun recently in Leyden an _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie. Herausg. von Krist. Bahnson, Guido Cora [etc.]_ (Leiden, 1888).

In Italy the _Archivio per l’Antropologia et la Etnologia_ was begun at Florence in 1871, and was later made the organ of the Società Italiana di Antropologia di Etnologia. There is an occasional paper in the _Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana_, published at Rome.

In Spain the Sociedad Antropológica Española began at Madrid the publication of its _Revista de Antropologia_ in 1875.

The session of the Congrès des Américanistes at Madrid in 1881 gave a new life in Spain to the study of American archæology and history, and out of this impulse there was begun a _Biblioteca de los Americanistas, publícala D. Justo Zaragoza; Editor D. Luis Navarro_; and the series has been begun with the _Recordacion florida, discurso del reino de Guatemala_, an hitherto unpublished work (1690) of Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzmán, edited by Justo Zaragoza; and with the _Historia de Venezuela_, being a third edition of the work of José de Oviedo y Baños, edited by C. F. Duro.

The Museo Nacional in Mexico has grown to have a proper importance,[1945] since the Mexican government has prevented the further exportation of archæological relics. It was founded in 1824 by Fathers Icaza and Gondra, but it owes its creation largely to the skill of Professor Gumesindo Mendoza, its curator, by whose death it lost much.[1946] There is a tendency to draw to it other collections. There was a beginning made to publish illustrations of the relics in the museum sixty years ago, but it came to little,[1947] and it was not until recently the publication of _Anales del Museo Nacional de Méjico_ was begun that there seemed to be a proper effort made. The periodicals _Revista Mexicana_ (1835), and _Museo Mexicano_ (1843-45) have done something to illustrate the subject,—not to name others of less importance. The principal periodical source farther south, the _Registro Yucatéco_, only ran to four volumes, published at Merida in 1845-46.

The most conspicuous archæological repository in South America is that of the National Museum at Rio de Janeiro, whose published _Mémoires_ contain important contributions to Brazilian Archæology.

* * * * *

_The editor must be understood as approaching the purely archæological side of the study of Aboriginal America, as a student of the literature pertaining to it, rather than as a critic of phenomena. He has not proceeded even in this course without consultation with Professors Putnam, Haynes, and Brinton, with Mr. Lucien Carr and with Señor Icazbalceta._

INDEX.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book, if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are made when additional information about the book is conveyed.]

AA, VAN DER, _Voyagien_, xxxv.

Abancay, 236.

Abbot, C. C., associates the rude implements of Trenton with Eskimos, 106, 366; his discoveries in the Delaware gravels considered, 330 _et seq._; _Implements in the river-drift at Trenton_, 333; _Supposed palæolithic implements from the valley of the Delaware_, 334, 388; on the pre-Indian race, 336; importance of his discoveries, 356; on the origin of Americans, 369; on the tertiary man, 387; researches in the Trenton gravels, 388; finds a molar tooth, 388; and a human jaw, 388; _Antiq. of Man in the Delaware Valley_, 388; _Evidences of the Antiq. of Man_, 388; on archæological frauds, 403; _Primitive Industry_, 358, 416; on Atlantic coast pottery, 419.

Abbott, _Brief Description_, 109.

Abelin, J. P., _Theatrum Europeum_, xxxiii. _See_ Gottfried, J. L.

Abenaki, 322.

Abert, J. W., _Examination of New Mexico_, 396.

Acagchemem, 328.

Acaltecs, 191.

Achilles Tatius, _Isagoge_, 8.

Acolhua, forms a confederacy, 147.

Acolhuacan conquered, 147.

Acoma, 396.

Acora, burial-tower at, 248; cut, 249.

Acosta, José de, in De Bry, xxxii; _East and West Indies_, 45, 262; _Historia_, 155, 262; corresponds with Tobar, 155; in Peru, 262; _Concilium Limense_, 268; _Nueva Granada_, 282.

Adair, Jas., _Amer. Indians_, 116, 320, 424; on the lost tribes, 116; on the mounds, 398.

Adam, Lucien, on Fousang, 80; opposes Irish connection with Mexico, 83; on the Eskimo language, 107; on the Quichua, 281; criticises Horatio Hale, 422; edits the Taensa grammar, 426; _Le Taensa_, 426; _Etudes sur six langues_, 425, 427; _Lengua Chiquita_, 425; _Examen grammatical_, 425.

Adam of Bremen on Vinland, 89; _Hist. Eccles._, 89, 94.

Adam, a race earlier than, 384.

Adams, Davenport, _Beneath the Surface_, 412.

Adelung, J. C., xxxv, 422.

Adhémer, _Rev. de la Mer_, 387.

Aelian, _Varia Historia_, 21, 40, 42.

Aeneas Silvius, 26.

Æschylus, _Prometheus Bound_, 13.

Africa, ancient views of its extension south of the equator, 7, 10; circumnavigated, 7; migrations from, to America, 116; its people in Yucatan, 370.

Agassiz, Alex., _Cruises of the Blake_, 17.

Agassiz, Louis, on the autochthonous American man, 373; portrait, 373; his views attacked, 374; on the earliest land above water, 384; _Geol. Sketches_, 384.

Agatharcides, _Geography_, 34.

Agnese map (1554), 53.

Agnew, S. A., 410.

Agriculture in pre-Spanish America, 173, 417; in Peru, 252.

Ahuitzotl, 148.

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty, 306.

Alabama, shell-heaps, 393; mounds, 410.

Alaguilac language, 428.

Alaska, 77; caves, 391; Indians, 328.

Albany, treaty at (1674), 304; (1684), 304.

Albinus, P., 370.

Albornoz, J. de, _Lengua Chiapaneca_, 425.

Albyn, Cornelis, _Nieuwe Weerelt_, xxv.

Alcavisa, 224.

Alcedo, Ant. de, _Bibl. Amer._, ii.

Alcobasa, 265.

Aleutian islands, as a route from Asia, 78; caves, 391; shell-heaps, 393.

Alexander, C. A., on the Royal Society, 442.

Algonquins, trace of the Northmen among, 99; hero-gods, 430; legends of, 431.

Allan, John, his library, xiii.

Allard, Latour, 192.

Allday, Jacob, 107.

Allen, Chas., _Stockbridge Indians_, 323.

Allen, Edw. G., iv.

Allen, F. A., 379; _Polynesian Antiq._, 82.

Allen, Harrison, 201.

Allen, Joel A., _Works on the orders of Cete, etc._, 107.

Allen, Zachariah, _Condition of Indians_, 323.

Allibone, S. A., xii.

Alligator mound, 409.

Allouez, reference to copper mines, 417.

Alloys of metals, 418.

Almaraz, R., _Memoria_, 182.

Alpacas, 213, 253.

Alsop, Richard, 328.

Alzate y Ramirez, J. A., _Xochicalco_, 180.

Amaquemecan, 139.

Amat de San Filippo, Pietro, _Planisferio del 1436_, 56.

Amautas, 223, 241.

Amegluno, F., _La Antigüedad del Hombre en la Plata_, 390.

America, early descriptions of, xix; early voyages to, xix; how far known to the ancients, 1, 15, 22, 29; held to be Atlantis, 16; to be the land of Meropes, 22; men supposed to reach Europe from, 26; early references to, 40; Egyptian visits, 41; Phœnician, 41; Tyrian, 41; Carthaginian, 41; Asiatic connection, 59, 76; Basques in, 75; early visits by drifting vessels, 75; voyage to Fousang, 78; maps of routes from Asia, 81; by the Polynesian islands, 81; state of culture reached in, 329; origin of man in, 369; climate, 370; autochthonous man in, 372; held to be, later than Europe, the home of man, 377; stone age in, references, 377; ethnological maps, 378; connections with Asia, 383; earliest land above water, 384; geological connection with Europe, 384; bibliog. of its aboriginal aspects, 413; comprehensive treatises on the antiquities, 415; arts in, 416. _See_ Africa, Asia, Chinese, Jews, Madoc, Man, Northmen, Phœnician, Scythian, Tartar, Zeni, Vinland, etc.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 437.

American Antiq. Soc. Catal., xvii; founded, 371, 437; _Archæologia Americana_, 437.

_American Anthropologist_, 438.

_American Antiquarian_, 439.

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 437; would protect antiquities, 441.

American Ethnological Society, 320, 399, 437; its publications, 376.

American Folk-Lore Society, 438.

_American Gazetteer_, 321.

American Geographical Society, xvii, 437.

American Historical Association, 439.

_American Journal of Archæology_, 438.

_American Journal of Science and Arts_, 438.

_American Naturalist_, 438.

American Philosophical Society, their publications, 437.

_American Traveller_ (1743), xxxv, 370.

Americana, i; bibliographies, i; dealers in, xiii.

Americanism, 160.

Ammianus Marcellinus, 42.

Ampère, _Promenade en Amérique_, 81.

Anáhuac, history of, 139; map of, in Clavigero, in facs., 144; its limits, 182; map, 182.

Anaxagoras, 3.

Anchorena, J. D., on the Quichua grammar, 280.

Ancients, their knowledge of America, 1.

Ancon, burials at, 276, 373; cut of mummy, 276; of cloth, 278.

Ancona, Eligio, _Yucatan_, 166.

Ande, 428.

Anderson, Rasmus B., translates Horn’s _Lit. Scandin. North_, 84; _America not discovered by Columbus_, 97; on Dighton Rock, 104.

Anderson, Winslow, on human bodies found in California, 138.

Andrade, J. M., 170; _Catalogue_, 414.

Andree, Richard, _Ethnog. Parallelen_, 105.

Andrews, Edmund B., on geological evidence from the great lakes, 382; on the Ohio mounds, 402, 407, 408.

Angliara, Johan von, xxi.

Angrand, L., on Waldeck, 194; _Les Antiquités de Tiaguanaco_, 273.

Anguilla island, 390.

Animal mounds, 400.

Animals, domestic, hardly known in pre-Spanish America, 173.

Animas River, ruins, 396.

_Annales maritimos_, xix.

_Annales Archéologiques_, 441.

_Annals of Science_, 418.

Antarctic continent, 10.

_Anthropologia_, 442.

Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, 443; _Journal_, 443.

Anthropological Institute of New York, 438.

_Anthropological Review_, 442.

Anthropological Society of Washington, 438.

Anthropology and its method, 378, 411; hist. of, 411.

Antichthones, 9.

Antilles, remnants of Atlantis, 44. _See_ Antillia.

Antillia, island, 31, 48; bibliog. 48; in Bianco and Pizigani maps, 54.

Antipodes, ancient views of, 9, 31, 37.

_Antiquarisk Tidsskrift_, 94.

Antiquity of man. _See_ Man.

Antisell, Thos., 78.

Antonio, Nic., _Bibl. Hispaña nova_, 413.

Apaches, 327.

Apalaches, 426, 431.

Apes, Wm., _Kingdom of Christ_, 116; _Son of the Forest_, 323.

Apianus’s map, xxi.

Apollonius Rhodius, _Argonautica_, 35.

Apponyi, _Libraries of San Francisco_, xviii.

Aprositos, 48.

Arabian geographers, 48.

Arabic maps, 53.

Arabs, their knowledge of the Atlantic islands, 47.

Arana, D. B., _Notas_, vi.

Arana, _Bibliog. de obras anon._, xxiv.

Aratus, _Phaenomena_, 35.

Araucanians, 428.

Arcelin, 357.

Archæological Institute of America, 169, 438.

_Archæological Review_, 443.

Archer-Hind, Ed. Plato’s _Timæus_, 46.

Archimedes, his globe, 3.

Architecture of Middle America, 176, 177; in Peru, 247.

_Archiv für Ethnographie_, 444.

_Archivo des Açores_, xix.

_Archivio per l’Anthropologia_, 444.

Arctic peoples. _See_ Eskimos.

Arequipa, 277.

Argillite, 417; spear-points, 359; commonness of the mineral, 363.

Argonauts, 6.

Argyle, Duke of, _Primeval Man_, 381.

Arica, 275.

Arickarees, 417.

Aristotle on the form of the earth, 2; _Meteorologia_, 7; _De Mirab. Auscultationibus_, 24; on the Atlantic, 28; his scientific treatises, 34; his influence in the West, 37.

Arizona, caves in, 391; ruins in, 397; map, 397.

Armin, _Heutige Mexico_, 178.

Armstrong, Col., 312.

Army Medical Museum, 440.

Arnold, Gov., his stone windmill at Newport, 105.

Arrawak, 428.

Arriaga, José de, 264; _La Idolatria del Peru_, 264.

Arrow-heads, art of making, 417.

Arroyo de la Cuesta, F., _Mutsun language_, 425.

Artaun, S. de, 262.

Arthur, King, in Iceland, 60.

Arthur von Dartzig, xxxiii; _Hist. Ind. orient._, xxxiii.

Arts in America, 416.

Arundel de Wardour, Lord, _Plato’s Atlantis_, 45.

Asguaws, 111.

Asher, David, 200.

Ashtabula Co., Ohio, mounds, 408.

Asia, emigration to America, 59, 76, 329, 371, 383; similarity of flora, 60; of physical appearance of peoples, 76; migration to Fousang, 78; maps of routes to America, 81; supported by Humboldt, 371; testimony of jade, 417; ancient views of its east coast, 7. _See_ Fousang, Mongols, etc.

Aspinwall, Thomas, his library, iv; burned, iv; sold to S. L. M. Barlow, iv.

Assarigoa, 289.

Astley, _Voyages_, xxxv.

Astor Library, xvii.

Astrolabe, 37.

Astronomy among the Mexicans, 179.

Atahualpa, his portrait, 228; his palace, 231; meets Pizarro, 231.

Atenco, 139.

_Atenco de Linia_, 282.

_Athenæ Rauricæ_, xxvi.

Atlantic islands, ancient names attached to, 14; remnants of Atlantis, 21, 45; fabulous ones, 31, 46; in maps, 47, 48; known to the Arabs, 47 as mapped by Gaffarel (_fac-simile_), 52.

Atlantic Ocean, contour of its bottom, map, 17; depth of, 17; its plateaus, 21; dreaded by the ancients, 28; myths of, 31; soundings in, 44; Toscanelli’s ideas of, 51; early maps of, 53; Arabs on, 72.

Atlantis, story of, 15; in Plato, 16; interpretations of it, 16; held to be America, 16, 43; maps of, 18, 19, 20; merely a literary ornament, 21; interest in it on the revival of learning, 33; history of the belief, 41; various identifications, 42; the Atlantic islands remnants, 43; Gaffarel’s map of the remnants, 52; Dawson’s views, 382.

Atonaltzin, 148.

Attu, 78.

Atwater, Caleb, _Indians of the N. W._, 327; on the origin of Americans, 372; on the shell-heaps of the Muskingum, 392; _Antiquities in the State of Ohio_, 398; _Writings_, 398; _Tour to Prairie du Chien_, 298.

Aubin, his acc. of Boturini’s collection of MSS., 159; purchases what was left of it, 160; aids in establishing the Soc. Américaine de France, 161; describes his own collection, 162; list of his MSS., 162; _Mém. sur la peinture didactique_, 176, 200; _Examen des anc. peintures fig. de l’anc. Méxique_, 200; _La langue Méxicaine_, 427.

Aughey, Samuel, 348.

Autochthonous theory, 375. _See_ Man.

Avallon, 32.

Avendaño, F. de, 280.

Avendaño, H. de, 264; _Idolatrios de los Indios_, 264.

Avienus, _Ora maritima_, 25; _Descriptio orbis terræ_, 36.

Avila, F. de, 264; his Indian mythology as translated by Markham, 436; his chapter on the Quichua, 274.

Aviles, Estavan, _Guatemala_, 168.

Axapusco, 173.

Axayacatl, 148.

Axelsen, Otto, 107.

Axon, W. E. A., on Trübner, xvi.

Aymara Indians, 226, 428, 442; language, 279, 428.

Aymé, L. H., on Mitla, 185.

Azangaro, 271.

Azatlan, Fort, 408.

Azcapuzalco, 146.

Azores, known to the Arabs, 47; on the early maps, 49; statue in, 49.

Aztecs, origin of, 135; traces of their tongue in the north, 138; their migration maps, 138; their cradle in the north, 137, 138; in the south, 139; arrive in Mexico, 142; Ranking’s map of their dominion, 144; divided into Mexicans and Tlatelulcas, 146; confederation formed, 147; laws and institutions, 153; _Mappe Tlotzin_, 163; their profiles, 193; the curve of the nose helped by an ornament, 193; their military dress, 193; picture-writing, 197 (_see_ Hieroglyphics); Aubin’s studies of it, 200; their books described, 203; their paper, 203; music of, 420; language, 426; hero-gods, 430; alleged monotheism, 430; mythology, 431; prayers, 431; priesthood and festivals, 431; sacred buildings, 431; goddess of war, 435. _See_ Mexico, Nahua.

Aztlan, 137; map of, 394; a myth, 138; its situation, 138; in the south, 139.

BABBITT, MISS F. E., _Ancient Quartz Workers_, 345; _Glacial Man in Minnesota_, 388.

Babel, dispersion of, 137.

Bachiller y Morales, on the Northmen, 94.

Bachman, John, _Unity of the Human Race_, 374.

Backer, Louis de, _Saint Brandan_, 48; _Misc. Bibliog._, 48.

Backofen, J. J., _Mutterrecht_, 380.

Bacqueville de la Potherie, _Hist. de l’Amérique_, 321, 324.

Baffin Land, 107.

Baguet, M. A., _Races prim. des deux Amériques_, 369.

Bahnson, K., 444.

Baily, John, _Cent. America_, 197; _Guatemala_, 168.

Baird, S. F., on shell-heaps, 392.

Bake, J., _Posidonii reliquiæ_, 34.

Balboa, M. C., _Miscellanea Austral._, 262.

Baldwin, Cornelius, on burial cists, 408.

Baldwin, C. C., 399; on the moundbuilders, 402; _Relics of Moundbuilders_, 403.

Baldwin, E., _La Salle County, Ill._, 408.

Baldwin, John D., _Anc. America_, 412, 415.

Ballesteros, _Ordenanzas del Peru_, 268.

Baltic Sea, early maps, 119, 124, 125, 126, 129.

Baltimore, libraries, xviii.

Bamps, _L’homme blanc_, 195.

Bancarel, _Voyages_, xxxvi.

Bancroft, Geo., his library, xvii; on the Northmen, 93; his map of Indian tribes, 321; on the origin of Americans, 375; believes in the unity of the race, 375.

Bancroft, H. H., aids to bibliog. of Indian languages, vii; buys the Squier MSS., viii, 272; his library, viii, ix; his _Native Races_, viii, 169, 415, 430; his lists and foot-note references, 414, 415; _Literary Undertakings_, viii; _Works_, viii; his _Central America_, ix; _Early American Chroniclers_, ix; criticised, ix; _Essays and Miscellanies_, ix; _Hist. of the Pacific States_, ix; _Hist. of California_, ix; on Mexican history, 150; on Sahagún, 157; on Clavigero, 158; on Maya history, 166; condenses the _Popul Vuh_, 166; on the anc. Mexican magnificence, 174; on their warfare, 175; attacks Morgan, 176; his estimate of Prescott, 269; on the moundbuilders, 401; on the general sources of aboriginal America, 413; his opinions, 415; on the aboriginal arts, 416; on American myths, 430.

Bandelier, A. F., on early Mexican chronology, 133, 155; on the Toltecs, 141; on the Aztec arrival, 142; on the Mexican confederacy, 147; on Torquemada, 157; on Ixtlilxochitl, 157; promises an ed. of the _Codex Chimalpopoca_, 158; On the _Popul Vuh_, 167; _Sources of the Aborig. History of Spanish America_, 167; _Warfare of the Ancient Mexicans_, 169, 175; _Tenure of lands_, 169; _Mode of government_, 169, 175; _Archæological Tour in Mexico_, 169, 180, 185; on the Mexican civilization, 173; Morgan’s pupil, 174, 175; his papers on Mexican life, 175; admiration for Morgan, 175; on calendars, 179; _Studies about Cholula_, 180; _Archæolog. Notes on Mexico_, 182; on Mitla, 185; on the Mexican paintings, 200; on the Pueblo ruins, 396; _Sedentary Indians of New Mexico_, 396; _Ruins of Pecos_, 396; his use of sources, 413; _Bibliog. of Yucatan and Cent. America_, 414; on American Monotheism, 430; Quetzalcoatl, 432; his labors in Mexico, 438.

Baradère, 192.

Barber, _Hist. Coll. Mass._, 104.

Barber, E. A., 395, 419; _Les anciens pueblos_, 397.

Barcia, annotates Garcia, 369.

Bardsen, Ivan, his sailing directions, 109.

Barentz, voyage, 36.

Baring-Gould, Sabine, _Iceland_, 84, 85.

Barlow, S. L. M., his library, iv, xviii; _Rough List_, iv; _Bibl. Barlowiana_, v.

Barnard, M. R., 85.

Barranca, J. S., _Ollanta_, 281.

Barrandt, A., 409.

Barrientos, Luis, _Doct. Cristiana_, 425.

Barrow, John, _Voyages into the Polar Regions_, xxxvi, 93.

Barry, Wm., 408.

Barter, _See_ Trade, Traffic.

Bartlett, John R., edits the Murphy Catalogue, x; the Carter-Brown Catalogues, xii; _Bibliog. Notices_, xii; drawing of Dighton Rock, 101, 104; _Personal Narrative_, 139, 396; on rock inscriptions, 410.

Bartlett, S. C., on Dartmouth College, 322.

Bartoli, _Essai sur l’Atlantide_, 46.

Barton, Benj. Smith, _New Views_, 76, 371, 398, 424; on the Madoc voyage, 110; his linguistic studies, 424; on the location of Indian tribes, 321; portrait, 371; his career, 371; _Amer. Antiq._, 371; _Observations_, 398; thought the mounds built by the Toltecs, the descendants of the Danes, 398; on the Ohio mounds, 407; on affinities of Indian words, 437.

Bartram, John, _Travels_, 398, 410.

Bartram, Wm., _Travels_, 398, 410.

Basadre, Modesto, 214; _Riquezas Peruanas_, 244; on Tiahuanacu, 273.

Basalenque, _San Augustin de Mechoacan_, 168.

Basques in America, 74; their language, 75.

Bassett, F. S., _Legends of the Sea_, 46.

Bastian, Adolf, on Yucatan, 166; _Geschichte des Alten Mexico_, 172; _Stein Sculpturen aus Guatemala_, 197; _Der Mensch in der Geschichte_, 378; _Ein Jahr auf Reisen_, 436; on the religion of Peru, 436; _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 443; _Culturländer_, 443.

Bates, H. W., _Ethnog. of America_, 76; _Cent. Amer._, 76, 422.

Baylies, Francis, 104.

Beach, W. W., _Indian Miscellany_, 320.

Beamish, N. L., _Disc. of Amer. by the Northmen_, 96.

Bear Mound, in Kentucky, 409.

Beatty, Chas., _Tour in America_, 110, 116, 325; on the lost tribes, 116.

Beauchamp, A. de, _Conquête du Pérou_, 228.

Beauchamp, W. W., 323, 325.

Beaufoy, M., _Mex. Illustrations_, 180.

Beaumes Chaudes caves, 357.

Beauvois, Eugène, _L’Elysée transatlantique_, 31, 47; _L’Eden_, 33, 50; on St. Malo’s voyage, 48; on the Irish discovery of America, 83; _Markland et Escociland_, 83; _Les relations des Gaels avec le Méxique_, 83; _Ancien Evêché du Nouveau Découvertes des Scandinaves_, 96; _Les derniers Vestiges du Christianisme dans le Markland_, 97; _Les Colonies Européennes du Markland_, 97; _Les Skrælings_, 105.

Beccario, his map, 49.

Becher, H. C. R., _Trip to Mexico_, 170.

Becker, J. H., 403; _Migrations des Nahuas_, 139.

Beckwith, H. W., 327.

Becmann, I. C.,_ Hist. Orbis terrarum_, 43.

Bede, _De Natura Rerum_, 37.

Beéche, G., his books, xiii.

Behaim on the Seven Cities (island), 49; globe (1492), 58, 120.

Behring’s Straits, route by, 77; map of, 77; in quaternary times, 78; once land, 383.

Behrnauer, W., _Commerce dans l’ancien Méxique_, 420.

Belknap, Jeremy, on the Norse voyages, 92.

Bell, A. W., 397.

Bell, J. S., 184.

Bellegarde, Abbé, xxxv.

Belt, Th., _Stone implements_, 388.

Beltran de Santa Rosa, P., _Idioma Maya_, 427.

Beltrami, J. C., _Pilgrimage_, 369.

Beloit, Wisc., mounds, 409.

Belt, Thos., on the Trenton gravels, 337; finds a skull in Colorado, 349.

Bembo, Cardinal, his history of Venice, 26.

Benasconi, A., on Palenqué, 191.

Benavides, Alonso, _Memorial_, 395.

Bendyshe, T., 411.

Benes, J. B., 265.

Benincasa, Andreas, his map (1476), cut, 56; other maps, 56.

Bennet and Wijk, _Nederl. Ontdekkingen_, xxxvii; _Zeereizen_, xxxvii.

Benzoni, _New World_, xxxii; printed with Martyr, xxiii.

Beothuks, 321. _See_ Newfoundland.

Berenger, _Voyages_, xxxvi.

Berendt, C. H., his Maya collection bought by Brinton, 164; memoir by Brinton, 164; on Guatemala docs., 166; _Centres of Anc. Civilization_, 176; notes on Central America, 196; his books, 414; his linguistic studies, 426; _Analytical Alphabet_, 426, 427; his papers, 426; memoir by Brinton, 426; on the Maya tongue, 427; _Ancient Civilizations in Cent. America_, 427.

Bergen, 68.

Berger, H., _Fragmente des Hipparchus_, 34; _des Eratosthenes_, 9, 34; _Gesch. der Wiss. Erdkunde_, 36; _Geographie_, 28.

Beristain de Souza, _Bibl. Hisp.-Amer._, ii, 413.

Berlin, A. F., 347.

Berlin, Akad. der Wissenschaft, 443; Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 443; Königliche Museum, 443.

Berlin tablet, 404.

Berlioux, E. F., _Les Atlantes_, 43.

Bernard, _Voiages_, xxxv.

Bernhardy, G., _Eratosthenica_, 34.

Berniggerus, _Questiones_, 40.

Bernoulli, Dr., 200.

Berthelot, _Antiq. Canariennes_, 116.

Berthoud, E. L., 397; _Natchez Indians_, 326; on human relics in Wyoming, 389; _Creek Valley, Colorado_, 416.

Bertonio, L., his Aymara grammar, 279.

Bertran, Giacomo, map, 58.

Bertrand, _Mémoires_, 116.

Betanzos, J. J. de, _Doctrina_, 260; _Suma y Narracion de los Incas_, 260.

Betoner, Wm. (of Worcester), 50.

Beughem, C., _Bibl. Hist._, i.

Bianco, Andreas, his map (1436), 50, 53, 55, 56, 114; cut of, 54; (1448), 50, 53; Carta Nautica, 55; assists Fra Mauro, 117.

Biart, Lucien, _Les Aztéques_, 143, 172; _The Aztecs_, 172.

Bibliographies, Americana, i; _Livres payés 1,000 francs et an dessus_, xx.

_Biblioteca de los Americanistas_, 444.

_Bibliothèque linguistique Amér._, vii.

Biddle, _Sebastian Cabot_, 112; believed the Zeni story a fraud, 112.

Big Bone Lick, 388.

Bigelow, A., 409.

Bigelow, _Natick_, 322.

Bigmore, _Bibliog. of Printing_, xvi.

Billaine, _Recueil de divers Voyages_, xxxiv.

Bimini island, 47.

Birch, _Robt. Boyle_, 322.

Birchrod on Atlantis, 43.

Bird mounds, 409.

Biscayans in America, 75.

Bjarni Asbrandson, his voyage, 82.

Blackamoors found in Central America, 117.

Blackett, W. S., _Lost Histories of America_, 40, 43.

Blackmore collections, 399, 444.

Blade, J. F., _L’Origine des Basques_, 75.

Blake, C. C., on Peruvian skulls, 244.

Blake, John H., his Peruvian collection, 273.

Blenheim Library, xiii.

Blome, _Jamaica_, xxxiv.

Blondel, S., _Recherches_, 419.

Boas, Franz, on the Eskimos, 107; his papers, 107.

Boban, 179.

Bodfish, J. P., on the Northmen voyages, 104.

Bodleian Library, _Codex Mendoza_, 203.

Boehmer, Geo. H., _Index to Anthropol. Articles_, 439.

Bohn, H. G., xvi.

Bolivia, map, 209.

Bollaert, Wm., on the Mexican calendars, 179; on Amer. palæography, 201; _Cent. Amer. hieroglyphics_, 201; _Antiq. Researches_, 270; _Anc. Peruvian graphic records_, 270; Incas, 270; on Tiahuanacu, 273; _Anthropol. of the New World_, 270, 375; his publications, 442.

Bollandists, _Acta Sanctorum_, 48.

Boncourt, F., 182.

Bone-workers, 417.

Bonneville, C. de, 370.

Boon, E. P., his library, xiii.

Bordone, B., his map of the Atlantic islands (1547), 57, 58; map of Scandinavia, 114, 126; had access to the Zeno map, 73.

Borgia, Cardinal, his museum, 205.

Bory de St. Vincent, J. B.,_ Les Isles Fortunées_, 19, 43; map, 19.

Boscana, G., _Chinigchinich_, 328.

Bossange, Hector, xvi.

Boston, private libraries, x; Public Library, its catalogues, xvii; as centre of study in American history, xvii; its libraries, xvii.

Boston Athenæum, its catal., xvii.

Boston Society of Natural History, 437.

Botanical arguments for the connection of Asia and America, 383.

Boturini, Beneduci, books on Indian tongues, vii; his collections in Mexican history, 159; its vicissitudes, 159; described by Aubin, 159; _Idea de una nueva Hist._, 159; facs. of title, 161; portraits, 160, 161; his catalogue, 159; his collection suffers in government hands, 162; contentions over it, 162.

Boucher de Perthes, his discoveries, 390; _Antiq. Celtiques_, 390; _De l’homme antédiluvien_, 390; _Bibl. Univ._, 93.

Boucher de la Richarderie, _Bibl. Univ. des Voyages_, ii.

Boudinot, Elias, _Star in the West_, 116.

Boué, A., on the floras of the earth, 44.

Bouquet, Col., secures captives from the Indians, 290.

Bourgeois, Abbé, on tertiary man, 387.

Bourke, J. G., _Snake Dance_, 429.

Bourne, Wm., _Treasure for Travellers_, 369.

Bovallius, K., _Nicaraguan Antiq._, 197.

Bowen, B. F., _America discovered by the Welsh_, 111.

Boyle, Fred., _Ride across a Continent_, 197.

Bracir (island). _See_ Brazil.

Braddock, Gen., his march, 294, 296.

Bradford, A. W., _Amer. Antiq._, 376, 415.

Brahm, Ger. de, 116.

Brainerd, David, his _Life_, 431.

Bran, _Ethnographisches Archiv_, 443.

Bransford, J. F., _Antiq. at Pantaleon_, 197.

Brasseur de Bourbourg, Abbé, his aids in linguistics, vii; his writings and career, vii, 170; _Coll. de docs. dans les langues Amér._, vii; his library, xiii; on Egyptian traces in America, 41, 167; on the Atlantis theory, 44, 172; on Fousang, 80; on the Northmen and their traces, 94, 99; on scattered traces of the Jews, 116; on the Votan myth, 134; on the Chichimecs, 136; on the Nahua migrations, 138; his easy credence, 139; begins Mexican hist. at B.C. 955, 155; on Sahagún, 157; _Lettres au duc de Valmy_, 158; on the Toltecs, 158; _Nations civilisées du Méxique_, 158, 171; chief sources of, 171; uses the _Codex Chimalpopoca_, 158; the _Codex Gondra_, 158; describes Aubin’s collection, 162; his own collection, 162; edits _Landa’s Relation_, 164, 165, 200; _Mission scientifique au Méxique_, 164, 170; on Yucatan history, 165; edits the _Popul Vuh_, 99, 166; _Dissert. sur les mythes de l’Antiq. Amér._, 166; his theory of cataclysms, 166; a Quiché MS., 167; translates _Mem. Tecpan-Atitlan_, 167; on Oajaca, 168; on Fuentes y Guzman, 168; portrait, 170; _Hist. du Canada_, 170; in Mexico, 170; _Esquisses l’histoire_, 170; _Ruines de Mayapan_, 170; _Lettres pour servir l’introduction a l’histoire du Méxique_, 171; helped by Aubin, 171; search for MSS., 171; _Quatre Lettres_, 171; bibliog., 171; his _MS. Troano_, 172, 200, 206, 207; _Chronol. hist. des Méxicains_, 179; on the ruins of Yucatan, 188; at Uxmal, 189; furnishes a text to Waldeck’s _Monuments Anc. du Méxique_, 194; _Ruines de Palenqué_, 171, 194; _Lettre à Léon de Rosny_, 200; Landa’s alphabet explained, 200; futile attempts at interpreting the hieroglyphics, 201; on the _Codex Telleriano-Remensis_, 205; _Système graphique des Mayas_, 207; _Dict. de la Langue Maya_, 207, 427; his _Rapport_ on the MS. Troano, 207; on the _Codex Perezianus_, 207; on the origin of Americans, 369; on the moundbuilders, 401; _Bibl. Mex.-Guat._, 172, 414, 423; on Mexican philology, 427; finds Greek roots, 427; _La lengua Quiché_, 427.

Brazil (country), rock inscriptions, 411.

Brazil (island), 31; bibliog., 49; origin of name, 50; on recent maps, 53; in Bianco and Pizigani maps, 54.

Brébœuf, the best observer of Indian traits, 317.

Breckenridge, H. H., on Indian populations, 437.

Breckenridge, _Louisiana_, 398.

Bredsdorff, T. H., on the Zeni, 112.

Breed, E. E., 409.

Brenden. _See_ St. Brandan.

Brenner, Oskar, 98 _Grönland_, 85; his map of Olaus Magnus, 125; _Die ächte Karte des O. Magnus_, 125.

Brerewood, E., _Enquiries_, 369.

Bretschneider, E., _Fusang_, 80.

Bretton, Baron de, _Origines des peuples de l’Amérique_, 369.

Breusing, _Nautik der Alten_, 24.

Brevoort, James C., his likeness, x; his library, x, xviii; supt. of Astor Library, x; on Leclerc’s _Bib. Am._, xvi.

Briganti, A., xxix.

Brigham, W. T., _Guatemala_, 166, 197.

Brine, Lindesay, _Ruined Cities of Cent. Amer._, 176.

Brinley, Geo., his library, xii.

Brinton, D. G., _Abor. Amer. Authors_, vii, 426; on Algonquin legends, 99; on Aztlan, 138; considers the Toltecs merely a dynasty, 141; on the Votanic Empire, 152; owns Berendt’s collection, 164; portrait, 165; on Dr. Berendt, 164; on Central American MSS., 164; _Books of Chilan Balam_, 164; _Chac-Xulub-Chen_, 164; on editions of Landa, 165; on the _Popul Vuh_, 167; _Names of the Gods in the Kiché myths_, 167, 436; _Annals of the Cakchiquels_, 167, 425; on the ethnology of the Cakchiquels, 167; on Nicaraguan history, 169; on Brasseur, 171; on Landa’s alphabet, 200; _Anc. Phonetic Alphabet of Yucatan_, 201, 427; _Graphic system of the Mayas_, 201; _Phonetic elements_, 201; _Ikonomic method_, 201; on the _MS. Troano_, 207; on Peruvian myths and literature, 270; on the effect of missions on the Indians, 318; “Archæology corrects Geology”, 350; on Theo. Waitz, 378; on the Nicaragua footprints, 385; _Floridian Peninsula_, 391, 393; on shell heaps, 393; opposes Carr’s views on the moundbuilders, 402; his own views, 402; _Rev. of data for the study of prehist. Chronology_, 412, 413; _Recent European Contributions_, 412; _Prehist. Archæology_, 412; on the use of mica, 416; _Lineal measures of Mexico_, 420; _Language of the palæolithic man_, 421; _Polysyntheism of Amer. languages_, 422; _Amer. Aborig. languages_, 425; _Chronicles of the Mayas_, 164, 425; _Gueguence_, 425, 428; the _Taensa Grammar_, 426; _Philos. Grammar of the Amer. languages_, 426; _Memoir of Berendt_, 164, 426; _Anc. Nahuatl Poetry_, 426; _Nahuatl language_, 426; _Cakchiquel language_, 427; _Xinca Indians_, 427; _Alaguilac language_, 427; on the Nicaragua tongues, 428; _Mangue dialect_, 428; _Lenape and their legends_, 325; _Nat. legend of the Chata-mus-ko-kee tribes_, 326; on the Shawanees, 326; on the mental capacity of the Indian, 328; _Myths of the New World_, 429; on sun-worship, 429; on phallic worship, 429; _American Hero-Myths_, 430; on monotheism, 430; _Religious sentiment_, 430; _Journey of the Soul_, 431; on Quetzalcoatl, 432.

Bristol, Eng., sends out expeditions westward, 75.

Britain, the Island of the Blessed, 15.

British Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, _Reports_, 442.

British Columbia mounds, 410.

_British Sailor’s Directory_, 110.

Brixham cave, 390.

Broadhead, G. C., 409.

Brocard, _Descriptio_, xxi.

Brockhaus (Leipzig), _Bibl. Amér._, xvii.

Brocklehurst, T. U., _Mexico To-day_, 177, 182.

Brodbeck, J., 109.

Bronze Age in America, 418.

Brooks, C. T., _Newport Mill_, 105.

Brooks, Ch. W., on the emigrations to China, 81.

Broughton, Richard, _Monasticon Brit._, 83.

Brown, Dewi, 326.

Brown, D., on Georgia shell heaps, 393.

Brown, G. S., _Yarmouth_, 102.

Brown, John Carter, his library and its catalogues, xii.

Brown, J. Madison, on the ten lost tribes, 116.

Brown, Marie A., _Icelandic Discoverers_, 96.

Brown, Nathan, 81.

Brown, Dr. Robt., on the Eskimos, 107.

Brown, Thomas J., 407.

Browne, J. M., 328.

Browne, J. Ross, 328; _Apache Country_, 396.

Bruff, J. G., on rock inscriptions, 104, 410.

Brühl, Gustav, _Culturvölker_, 195, 411.

Brunet on De Bry, xxxii.

Brunn, _Bibl. Danica_, 40.

Brunner, D. B., _Indians of Berks County_, 325.

Brunson, Alfred, 408.

Bruyas, J., _Radices Verborum Iroquæorum_, 425.

Bryce, Geo., on Manitoba mounds, 410.

Brynjalfson, G., on Scandin. polar explorations, 62.

Buache, Philippe, 20; _Antillia_, 49; map of the route to Fousang, 79; on the Zeni, 112; _Sur Frisland_, 112.

Buchholtz, _Die Homerische Realien_, 13.

Büchner, L., _Der Mensch_, 383; _Man_, 381.

Buck, W. J., _Lappawinzo_, 325.

Buckland, Dr., _Reliq. Diluvianæ,_ 390.

Buckland, Miss, 417.

Buckle, _Hist. Civilization_, 41.

Buddhist priest in Fousang, 78.

Buffon, _Epoques de la Nat._, 44; on stone implements, 387; on bones from the Big Bone Lick, 388.

Bull, Henry, 323.

Bull, Ole, and the statue of Leif Ericson, 98.

Bull, Mrs. Ole, on the Northmen, 98.

_Bulletin Archéologique Français_, 441.

Bullock, Wm., collection of pottery, 418.

Bullock, W. H., _Six mos. in Mexico_, 180.

Bumstead, Geo., xvi.

Bumstead, Jos. (Boston), xv.

Bunbury, E. H., _Anc. Geog._, 36; on Atlantis, 46.

Burder, Geo., _Welsh Indians_, 110.

Bureau of Ethnology, _Reports_, 439.

Burge, Lorenzo, _Preglacial Man_, 387.

Burgoa, F. de, _Géog. Descripcion_, 168.

Burkart, J., _Reisen in Mexico_, 183.

Burke, L., 46.

Burke, J., at Chichen-Itza, 190.

Burney, Jas., _Chron. History of Discovery_, xxxvi.

Burns, C. R., _Missouri_, 409.

Burr, R. T., 397.

Burton, R. F., _Ultima Thule_, 84, 85, 118.

Bus, land of, 47.

Buschmann, J. C. E., _Die Spuren der Aztekischen Sprache_, 138; _Die Lautveränderung Aztek. Wörter_, 138; his linguistic studies, vii, 425; _Die Aztekischen Ortsnamen_, 427; _Die Völker Neu-Mexicos_, 427.

Bussière, Th. de, _Le Pérou_, 275.

Bustamante, C. M. de, edits Leon y Gama’s _Piedras_, 159; _Mañanas de la Alameda_, 179.

Butler, Amos W., _Sacrificial Stone_, 183.

Butler, J. D., _Prehistoric Wisconsin_, 408; on copper implements, 418; _Copper Age in Wisconsin_, 418.

Butler County, Ohio, mounds, 408.

Butterfield, C. W., 326; on the mounds, 407.

Buxton, _Migrations of the Ancient Mexicans_, 169.

Byles, Mather, xxviii.

CABOT, JOHN, xxviii, xxxiv; in De Bry, xxxii; bust of, 56.

Cabot, J. Elliot, on the Northmen, 96.

Cabot, Sebastian, in Bristol, 50.

Cabrera, Felix, _Teatro Crit. Amer._, 134, 191, 433.

Cacama, 149.

Cæsar, Julius (Englishman), xxiii.

Cahokia mound, 408.

Cakchiquels, in Guatemala, 150; their geog. position, 151; their ethnog. relations, 167; their dialect, 427.

Calancha, A. de la, _Coronica Moralizada_, etc., 264; _Hist. Peruanæ_, etc., 264.

Calaveras skull, 351, 352, 384; cut, 385.

Calaveras County (Cal.) cave, 390.

Calculiform characters, 201.

Calderon, J. A., on Palenqué, 191.

Calendar disks, 179; stone of Mexico, 159, 178.

California Acad. of Science, 438.

California, gold drift, 384; its Indians, 81, 328; an island in Sanson’s map, 18; alleged tertiary relics, 351; mounds, 409; the original home of the Nahuas, 137, 138; linguistic confusion in, 138; pottery, 419; shell heaps, 393.

Callender, John, _Voyages_, xxxvi.

Callières, 303.

Camargo, D. M., _Tlaxcallan_, 163.

Campa, 428.

Campanius on the Sagas, 92.

Campbell, John, _Voyages_, xxxiv.

Campbell, John, 322, 369; on the linguistic affiliations with Asia, 77; on traditions of Mexico and Peru, 81; on the Davenport tablet, 404.

Camus, A. G., _De Bry_, xxxii.

Canaanites, ancestors of the Americans, 371.

Canada, Indians, 321; their arts, 416; library of Parliament, xviii; mounds, 410.

_Canadian Antiquarian_, 438.

Canadian Institute, 438; _Ann. Repts._, 416.

_Canadian Journal_, 438.

_Canadian Monthly_, 438.

_Canadian Naturalist_, 438.

Canaries, called _Ins. Fortunæ_, 14, 27, 47; known to the Carthaginians, 25. _See_ Fortunate Islands. Known to the Arabs, 47; island seen from, 48; _Noticias_ by Viera y Clavijo, 48; in the Bianco map, 50, 54; in Sanuto’s map, 53; in Pizigani’s map, 54; relations with America, 116. _See_ Guanches.

Canas, 226.

Candolle, De, _Géog. botanique_, 212.

Canepa map, 58.

Cañete, 275.

Canfield, W. H., _Sauk County_, 409.

Cannon, C. L., 397.

Canoes, 420; drifting, 78.

Canstadt, race of, 377.

Cantino map (1501-3), 53, 120.

Canto, Ernesto do, _Archivo des Açores_, xix; _Os Corte-Reaes_, xix.

Cape Cod, map of, 100; ancient hearth on, 105; map of shell heaps, 393.

Cape Prince of Wales, 77.

Cape de Verde islands known to the ancients, 14, 25.

Capel, _Vorstellungen des Norden_, xxxiv, 111.

Capella, Marcianus, _De Nuptiis_, etc., 36.

Caradoc, 109.

Cardiff giant a fraud, 41.

Carelloy Ancona C., _La lengua Maya_, 427.

Carette, E., _Les temps antéhistoriques_, 421.

Carey, _Amer. Museum_, 110.

Cari, 229.

Caribs, origin of, 117; descendants of the Chichimecs, 136.

Carignano map (xiv. cent.), 53.

Carleton, J. H., 397.

Carli, Count Carlo, _Briefe über Amerika_, 20; controverts DePauw, 370; _Delle Lettere Amer._, 43, 44, 370.

Carlson, F. F., 84.

Carolina, Indians of, 325. _See_ North Carolina.

Carolus, J., map of Greenland, 131.

Carr, Lucien, 412; on the position of Indian women, 328; _Crania of No. Amer. Indians_, 356; on the study of skulls, 373; on the Trenton implements, 337, 388; _Mounds of the Mississippi Valley_, 402; on Virginia mounds, 410.

Carrasco, C., _Ollanta_, 281.

Carrenza, L., 282.

Carrera, F. de, _Yunca Grammar_, 274, 279, 280.

Carreri, G. F. G., _Giro del Mondo_, 138, 158; attacked by Robertson and defended by Clavigero, 158.

Carriedo, J. B., on Oajaca, 168; _Los Palacios antiquos de Mitla_, 184.

Carrillo, Canon (now Bishop), Crescencio, his collection of MSS., 163; on Zumárraga, 203; _Yucatan_, 164, 166; _Geog. Maya_, 188; _La langua Maya_, 164.

Carrington, Margaret J., _Absaraka_, 327.

Cartailhac, E., 411, 442; _L’age de pierre_, 387.

Carter-Brown. _See_ Brown, J. C.

Carver, Jona., on the mounds, 398.

Carthaginian discoveries, 14, 25.

Casa Blanca, 395.

Casa Grande of the Gila Valley, 395, 397.

Casas Grandes, 395.

Caspari, Otto, _Urgeschichte der Menschheit_, 81, 383.

Caspi, Marquis de, 205.

Cass, Lewis, on Heckewelder, 398.

Casselius, _De nav. fortuitis in Americam_, 75.

Cassell, J. P., _Observatio hist._, 92.

Cassino, _Standard Nat. History_, 34, 412.

Castaing, Alphonse, _Les fêtes dans l’antiq. peruvienne_, 238; _Système relig. dans l’antiq. peruvienne_, 241.

Castañeda, drawings of Palenqué, 191, 192.

Castell, _America_, xxxiv.

Castelnau, F. de, _Expédition_, 271; on the antiquities of the Incas, 271.

Castillo, G., _Dict. de Yucatan_, 166.

Castillo y Orozco, E., _Vocab. Paéz-Castellano_, 425.

Cat, Edouard, _Découvertes Maritimes_, xxxvii.

Catalan map (1375), 49; cut, 55 (xiv. cent.), 53; carta nautica (1487), 58.

Catcott, A., _Deluge_, 370.

_Catecismo de la doctrina Cristiana_ vii.

Catherwood, Frederick, _Anc. Mts. in Cent. Amer._, 176.

Catlin, Geo., on the Welsh Indians, iii; finds analogies to Hebrew customs in the Indians, 116; _Lifted and subsided rocks_, 46; _Life among the Indians_, 369; _Last Rambles_, 369; _North American Indians_, 320; bibliog., 320; his _Indian Gallery_, 320; _Illustrations of the Manners_, etc., 320; portraits, 320; map of the Indian tribes, 321.

Cauchis, 226.

Cavate dwellings, 395.

Cave-bear epoch, 377.

Cave man, 377, 390; held to be speechless, 377; represented to-day by the Eskimos, 377; drawings of, 382.

Cavendish, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi; in _De Bry_, xxxii; in _Claesz_, xxxiii.

Caves in America, 389.

Caxamarca, 231.

Cayaron, _Chaumont_, 321; _Autobiographie_, 321.

Celedon, R., _Lengua gocejra_, 425.

Cellarius, _Notit. orb. antiq._, 37, 45.

Céloron, 286, 310.

Cenecu, 394.

Central America, Scandinavians in, 99; map of, by Malte-Brun, 151; notes on the ruins, 176. _See_ Yucatan, Guatemala, Nicaragua.

Central Ohio Scientific Assoc., 407.

_Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen_, xvii.

Ceramic art. _See_ Pottery.

Chac-Mool, statue, 180, 190, 434.

Chaca, 224; ruins, 224; described by Squier, 224.

Chaco Cañon, 395, 396.

Chadbourne, P. A., on shell heaps, 392.

Chahta, 402.

Chalcedony, 417.

Chalco conquered, 147.

Challenger ridge in the Atlantic, 44.

Chalmers, interpreting the geological record, 383.

Chama, 428.

Chamberlin, T. C., _Our glacial drift_, 332.

Champlain, his friendship with the Hurons, 285.

Chancas, 210, 227, 230.

Chanes, 135.

Changos, 275.

Chapultepec, Aztecs at, 142; sculptured likeness on its cliff, 148.

Charencey, H. de, _Mélanges_, vii; _La langue Basque_, 75; _Mythe de Votan_, 81; _Djemschid et Quetzalcohuatl_, 81; _Myth d’Imos_, 134; _Civilisation du Méxique_, 176; on the Maya hieroglyphics, 195; _Fragment d’inscription palenquéens_, 201; his linguistic studies, 425; _Mélanges_, 426, 427; _Chrestomathie de la langue Maya_, 427; _Des mots en lengua Maya_, 427; _Le Déluge_, 431.

Charlevoix, _Nouv. France_, ii; on Amer. linguistics, 424.

Charnay, Désiré, finds Buddhist traces in Mexico, 81; on the Toltecs, 141; _Cités et Ruines Amér._, 176, 186, 195; _Le Méxique_, 176; papers in _No. Amer. Rev._, 177; in _Tour du Monde_, 177; _Les Anc. Villes_, 177, 186, 195; _Ancient Cities_, 177; in Yucatan, 186; portrait, 187; his route in Yucatan, 188; at Chichen-Itza, 190; at Palenqué, 195.

Charton, Ed., _Voyageurs_, xxxvii.

Chase, A. W., 409.

Chata-mus-ko-kee tribes, 326.

Chatinos, 136.

Chautre, 442.

Chavanne, _Lit. Polar Regions_, 78.

Chavero, A., _Sahagún_, 157; _México á través de los Siglos_, 172; on the Calendar Stone, 179; his old view of Mexico, 182; _La Piedra del Sol_, 431.

Chaves, Francisco de, in Peru, 260.

Chekilli, 326.

Chellean period, 377.

Chelly, Cañon, cliff-houses, 395.

Cheney, T. A., 405.

Chenooks, 99. _See_ Chinook.

Cherbonneau on Arab geographers, 48.

Cherokees, Timberlake on, 83; _Enquiry into the origin_, 370; held to be moundbuilders, 402; council-house, 402; sources of their history, 326; their case with Georgia, 326.

Cherry, P. P., 403.

Chert, 417.

Chesapeake Bay, shell heaps, 392.

Chevalier, Michel, _Du Méxique avant et pendant la Conquête_, 172, 176; _Le Méxique_, 172.

Chiapaneca language, 425.

Chiapas, 433; MS. concerning, 168; sources of its history, 168; map, 188; ruins in, 191.

Chibchas, 282, 428; their language, 425; origin of, 80; position of, 210.

Chicama, 276.

Chi-Chen, 186.

Chichimecs, barbarians or a tribe, 136; etymology, 136; in Mexico, 139; invade Anáhuac, 142; their stock, 142; adopt the Nahua tongue, 142; form alliances, 142; authorities, 147; anc. MS. on, 157; MS. annals, 162; genealogy of their chiefs, 162; their language, 426.

Chichen-Itza, 434; position of, 151, 188; Charnay at, 186; Le Plongeon at, 186, 190; accounts of, 190; ornaments, 190; statue of Chac-Mool, 190; wall paintings, 190; hieroglyphics at, 200.

Chiclayo, 276.

Chicomoztoc, 138.

Chil, Dr., on Atlantis, 46.

Chilca, 277.

Chillicothe, map, 406.

Chimalpain, Domingo, notes on Mexican history, 162.

Chimalpain, A. M., _Crónica Méx._, 164.

Chimborazo, 275.

Chimus, 227, 275; burial habits, 276; character of the people, 277.

Chinantecs, 136.

Chinchas, 227, 277.

Chinese emigration, 369; in Peru, 82. _See_ Fousang.

_Chinese Recorder_, 80.

Chinook jargon and language, 422, 425.

Chippewas, 326.

Chiquimala, 168.

Chiquita language, 425.

Christianity introduced into Greenland, 62.

Christy collection, 444.

Chocope, 276.

Cholula, temple built by the Olmecs, 137; a shrine, 140; views, 177, 178; account of, 178; when built, 178; dimensions, 178; arms of, 178; restorations, 178; early mentions, 180; maps, 180; communal house at, 175.

Chontales, 136.

Chucuito, ruins at, 245.

Chumeto language, 426.

Chun-kal-cin, 187.

Chuquisaca, 278.

Churchhill’s _Voyages_, xxxiv.

Cibola, seven cities of, 138, 396; held to be Fousang, 80; map of, 394.

Cicero, 7; _Tusculan Disputations_, 9; _Respublica_, 9; on geog. questions, 36; dream of Scipio, 36.

Cicogna, _Bibl. Veneziana_, xxix.

Cicuye (Pecos), 396.

Cieza de Leon, P., as an authority on anc. Peruvian history, xxxv, 259.

Cimmerians, 13.

Cincinnati, Nat. Hist. Soc., 407, 438.

Cincinnati tablet, 404; cut, 404; mounds, 408.

Circleville, Ohio, mounds, 407.

Cisneros, Garcia de, 155, 276.

Cisternay du Fay, xxxii.

Ciudad Rodrigo, A. de, 155.

Civilization of the ancient nations of middle America, 173; bibliog., 176.

Claesz, C., coll. of voyages, xxxiii.

Clallam language, 425.

Clark, Gen. J. S., map of the Iroquois country, 323.

Clark, J. V. H., _Onondaga_, 325.

Clark, W. P., _Indian Sign-language_, 422.

Clarke, Hyde, _Legend of Atlantis_, 43, 383; _Khita-Peruvian Epoch_, 82; _Researches_, 369.

Clarke, P. D., _Wyandotts_, 327.

Clarke, Robt., his book-lists, xv; on the Cincinnati tablet, 404.

Clarke County, Ohio, mounds, 408.

Claus, C., _Den Grölandske Chronica_, 85.

Clavigero, _Storia del Messico_, ii; his beginning of Mexican hist., 155; on the sources of Mexican history, 158; describes the material, 158; belittled by Robertson, 158; portrait, 159; his bibliog., 413.

Clavus, Claudius, his map, 114, 117; facs., 118, 119.

Clay, moulding in, 419; masks of, 419.

Claymont, Del., deposits, 342.

Cleomedes, 4.

Cleomedes, _De sublimibus circulis_, 8, 35.

Clermont, college of, ii.

Cliff-dwellers’ pottery, 419; their houses, 395.

Climate, influence on man, 372, 378; theories of changes in, 387.

Clint, Wm., 322.

Clinton, De Witt, on the Northmen remains, 102; on mounds, 398; _Antiq. of Western N. Y._, 414.

Clodd, Edw., 387; _Childhood of the world_, 412.

Cloth. _See_ Textile arts.

Cluverius, 43; _Introd. in univ. geog._, 40.

Coahuila cave, 390.

Coate, B. H., _Discourse_, 369.

Cobo, B., _Lima_, 274.

Cochrane, J., 408.

Cocomes, 152.

_Codex Chimalpopoca_, 135; named by Brasseur, 158; acc. of, 158; copies, 158; _Hist. de los Reynos de Colhuacan_, 158; _Anales de Cuauhtitlan_, 158; owned by Aubin, 162.

_Codex Cortesianus_, 206, 207.

_Codex Flatoyensis_, 88, 92.

_Codex Gondra_, 158.

_Codex Mendoza_, 203.

_Codex Mexicanus_, 162, 207.

_Codex Perezianus_, 207; cut, 207.

_Codex Troano_, 205; ed. by Brasseur, 207.

Cogulludo, _Yucathan_, 165; _Los tres Siglos en Yucatan_, 165.

Cohn, Albert, xxxii.

Cohuixcas, 136.

Coins, Roman, found in America, 41.

Colaeus at Gades, 25.

Colden, Cadwallader, among the Mohawks, 289; _Five Indian Nations_, 324; editions, 324; his career, 324.

Colhuacan, founded, 139; seat of power, 139; its league, 140.

Colhuas, 136, 139; vassals of the Chichimecs, 142.

Colijn, M., _Journalen_, xxxiv.

Collahuaso, J., _Inca Atahualpa_, 268.

Collas, 226.

Collingwood, J. F., 443.

Colorado Cañon, explored by Powell, 396.

Colorado caves, 391.

Colorado, expeditions in, 395.

Columbia River Valley, centre of migrations, 381.

Columbus, Christopher, acc. of his voyages, xix, xxiv, xxxiv, xxxvi; believed he found Asia, 1; inherited the idea of the sphericity of the earth, 31; inspired by anc. writers, 40; his idea of the width of the Atlantic, 51; Toscanelli’s letter to him, 51; in Iceland, 61; _Tratado de las cinco zonas_, 61; supposed knowledge of the Norse discoveries, 96; efforts to canonize him, 96; attacks on his character, 96; meets a Maya vessel, 173; his Garden of Eden, 372.

Columbus, Ferd., his library, vi; life of C. Columbus, xxxiv.

Comanches, 327; vocabulary, 440.

Comfort, A. J., 409.

Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, its members, 441; _Annuaire_, 441; _Actes_, 441; _Mémoires_, 441.

Commelin, Isaac, _Oost-Indische Compagnie_, xxxiv.

Communal customs, 420; life, 175, 176.

Conant, A. J., 409; _Footprints of a vanished race_, 400.

Conant, H. S., 177.

Concacha, ruins, 220, 221.

Conchucus, 227.

Condamine, C. M. la, _Voyage_, 271; on Peruvian monuments, 271.

Congrès International des Américanistes, 442; its sessions and _Comptes rendus_, 442.

Congrès Internat. d’Anthropologie, 442.

Connecticut Acad. of Arts, etc., 438.

Connecticut Indians, 323.

Conover, G. S., on the Seneca burial mound, 405.

Contractus, H., _De util. astrolabii_, 37.

Conybeare, C. A. V., _Place of Iceland_, 85.

Cook, G. H., _Reports_, 388.

Cooke, J. J., his library, xii.

Cooley, W. D., _Maritime Discovery_, 72, 93.

Copan (ruins), 135; position of, 151; plan, 194; statues, 196; early accounts, 196; seen by Stephens, 196; plans, 197.

Copan (town), 196.

Cope, Edw. D., Mesozoic and Cænozoic of N. America, 353; on cave deposits, 390.

Copenhagen, Royal Soc. of Northern Antiquities, 93; its publications, 94.

Copper, mining, 417; tools of, 417, 418; moundbuilders’ use of, 408.

Copway, Geo., _Ojibway nation_, 327.

Cora, Guido, 444; _Precursori di Colombo_, 115.

Coras, 136.

Cordeiro, L., _Les Portugais dans la découverte de l’Amérique_, xix.

Cordoba, Andrés de, 155.

Cordova, H. de, first sees the Yucatan ruins, 173.

Cordova y Salinas, D. de, 264.

Coreal, François, _Voyages_, 145.

Corlear, 289.

Cornelius E., 410.

Cornell University, Sparks’s library at, vi.

Corni, C. M., 263.

Corroy, F., 193.

Cortambert, Richard, _Voyages_, xxxvii.

Cortereal, John Vas Costá, at Newfoundland, 75, 125.

Cortereal, Gasper, xix, xxxiv.

Cortereals, the, xix, xxxiv.

Cortés, his lost first letter, xxi; his letters, xxv; sought a passage to Asia, 1; arrives on the coast (1579), 149; hailed as Quetzalcoatl, 149; his statements about the native displays, 173; his knowledge of Palenqué, 191; sends feather work to Charles V, 420.

Coruña, Martin de, 155.

Corvo, equestrian statue, 49.

Coryat, _Crudities_, 32.

Cosmas, 30, 38.

Cosmogonists, 383.

Cosmology of the Middle Ages, 36.

Coursey, Col. Henry, 304.

Court, Dr. J., his library, xiii.

Cousin, on the So. Amer. coast, 76.

Cowles, Henry, _Pentateuch_, 374.

Cox, _Mythology of the Aryan nations_, 430.

Coxe, Daniel, _Voyages_, xxxv; _Carolana_, 326.

Cozumel, ruins in, 185, 188, 434.

Cozzen, _Marvellous Country_, 396.

Craniology, diversified in America, 356; science of, 373; capacity no sure guide to intelligence, 373; kinds of, 375; long-headed, or dolichocephalic, 375; short-headed, or brachycephalic, 375; medium, or mesocephalic, 375; Cro-magnon skull, 377, 389; Calaveras skull, 384, 385; Trenton gravel skulls, 388; Enghis skull, 389; Neanderthal skull, 389, 390; Hochelagan skull, 389; moundbuilders’ skulls, 399, 400, 403.

Crantor, commentator on Plato, 41.

Crantz, David, _Grönland_, 86; editions, 86; on Hans Egede, 108.

Crates of Mallus, 7; his globe, 9.

Crawford, Chas., _Indians descended from the Ten Tribes_, 116.

Crawford and Balcarres on De Bry, xxxiii.

Crawfordville, mounds, 400.

Cresson, H. T., finds palæolithic implements, 341; discoveries at Naaman’s Creek, Del., 363; finds piles, 364, 395; _Aztec music_, 420.

Crevaux, J. (with P. Sagot and L. Adam), _Langues de la région des Guyanes_, 425.

Croghan, Col. George, 318.

Croll, James, _Climate and Cosmology_, 383, 387; his theory of climatic changes, 387; _Climate and Time_, 387; controversy with Newcomb, 387.

Cro-magnon skull, 377, 389; cut of, 377; of the cave race, 377.

Cromlechs in Peru, 214.

Crook, G., on making arrow-heads, 417.

Crosby, Dr. Howard, on Geo. H. Moore, xii.

Cross, the, among the Mayas and Nahuas, 195; held to be a symbolized fire drill, 195; the symbol of life, 195.

Crow Indians, 327.

Crowninshield, E. A., his library, xii.

Ctesias, _India_, 39.

Cuella, Juan de, 265.

Cuesta, Fernandez, _Enciclopedia de viajes_, xxxvii.

Cuextecas, 136.

Cuitatecs, 136.

Cuitlahuac conquered, 147.

Cukulcan, 434.

Cumanagota, 428.

Cuming, F., _Tour_, 398.

Cumming, Thos., 306.

Cuoq, J. A., on the Algonquin dialects, 425; _Etudes_, 425; _La langue Iroquoise_, 425.

Currency. _See_ Money.

Cuscatlan, 168.

Cushing, F. H., on the habitation of man as affected by surroundings, 378; on the Pueblo architecture, 395; on the Zuñi, 396; on N. Y. mounds, 405; _Pueblo pottery_, 419, 440; _Zuñi fetiches_, 440.

Cushites of Egypt, 41.

Cusick, David, _Anc. History of the Six Nations_, 325.

Cutler, Manasseh, on the Ohio mounds, 407.

Cutter, Chas. A., edits Sparks’s Catalogue, vii; on bibliog. of De Bry, xxxii.

Cutts, J. B., 409.

Cuvier opposes Lamarck, 383.

Cuyahoga Valley mounds, 408.

Cuzco, great wall in, 220; its fortress, 220; plans of, 229; old view, 229; zodiac of gold found at, 235; foundation of the city, 246.

D’ARBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE, H., _Litt. Celtique_, 50; _Litt. Epique d’Irlande_, 50.

D’Autun, Honoré, _Imago Mundi_, 48.

D’Avalos y Figueroa, Diego, _Miscelanea Austral_, 280.

D’Avezac, _Iles d’Afrique_, 43, 47; _Les iles de St. Brandan_, 47; _Les iles fantastiques_, 43, 47; on the Laon globe, 56.

Da Gama, xxviii.

Dabry de Thiersant, _Origine des Indiens_, 77, 176.

Dacotahs, 327; bibliog., 424; mythology, 431; mounds, 409; linguistic connection with Asia, 77. _See_ Sioux.

Dahlman, F. C., _Dänemark_, 84.

Dahlmann, _Forschungen_, 99.

Dalin, Olaf von, _Svearikes Hist._, 84.

Dall, W. H., on the peopling of America, 76, 77, 78; on the Polynesians, 82; on the Eskimos, 107, 437; _Alaska_, 107; on the origin of the Americans, 369; against the autochthonous theory, 375; on Alaska caves, 391; on shell heaps, 393; on Aleutian islands, 393; edits Nadaillac, 412, 415; on prehistoric man, 412; on Indian masks, 419; on the Alaska tribes, 328, 437.

Dallas, W. S., 383.

Dalrymple, Alex., _Voyages_, xxxv.

Dalrymple, _Bibl. Amer._, ii.

Daly, D., 432.

Damariscotta, Me., shell heap, 392.

Dammartin, _La Pierre de Taunston_, 104.

Danforth, Dr., on Dighton Rock, 103.

Danilsen, A. F., 410.

Danish peat beds, man of, 395.

Danmar, 31, 47, 49.

Dapper’s collection, xxxiv.

Daremburg and Saglio, _Dict. de l’Antiq._, 36.

Dartmouth College founded, 322.

Darwin, Chas., _Descent of Man_, 375; on the degeneracy of the savage, 381.

Darwinism, 383.

Dasent, G. W., _Burnt Njal_, 85; _Norsemen in Iceland_, 85; introd. to Vigfusson’s _Icelandic Dict._, 88.

Daux, A., _Etudes préhistoriques_, 416.

Davenport Academy of Sciences, 438.

Davenport tablets, 404; controversy, 404.

Davilla Padilla, _Prov. de Santiago_, 156; _Varia hist._, 156.

Davis, Asahel, _Antiq. of Cent. Amer._, 176.

Davis, A. C., 418.

Davis, And. McF., on Indian games, 328.

Davis, E. H. _See_ Squier, E. G.

Davis, Horace, _Japanese blood on our N. W. coast_, 78.

Davis, John (navigator), xxxiv; in Davis Straits, 107.

Davis, John (Judge), on the Dighton Rock, 104.

Dawkins, W. B., on the Basques, 75; on the Eskimos, 105; on the tertiary man, 353; _Early man in No. America_, 353; _Early man in Britain_, 356; on prehistoric study, 376; on the antiquity of man, 383; on the Calaveras skull, 385; on man and extinct animals, 388; _Cave Hunting_, 390.

Dawson, Sir J. W., on the Skrælings, 105; on the early migrations, 138; follows Morgan in his communal theory, 176; on the unity of the human race, 374; believes the biblical account literally, 375; portrait, 380; on No. Amer. migrations, 381; _Fossil Men_, 382, 383, 416; advocates the theory of degeneracy, 382; _Nature and the Bible_, 382; _Story of the Earth_, 382, 386; _Origin of the World_, 382; on the Calaveras skull, 385; on the moundbuilders, 401.

Day, St. John V., _Prehistoric Use of Iron_, 41, 418.

Dayton, E. A., 410.

De Brosses, _Hist. des Navigations_, xxxv.

De Bry, Theodore, portrait, xxx; _Voyages_, xxxi; his heirs, xxxi; _Collectiones peregrinationum_, xxxi; bibliog., xxxii; _Elenchus_, xxxii; counterfeit eds., xxxii; his other publications, xxxiii; abridgments, xxxiii; original Wyth drawings, xxxiii.

De Bure on De Bry, xxxii.

De Candolle, _Géog. botanique_, 117. _See_ Candolle.

De Costa, B. F., _Pre-Columbian Discovery_, 97; _Notes on a Review_, 97; _Northmen in Maine_, 97; _Sailing Directions of Hudson_, 97; _Columbus and the geographers of the North_, 97; on Dighton Rock, 104; on the Eskimos, 105; on the Zeni, 115.

De Courcy, _Hist. Chh. in America_, 69.

De Ferry, H., _Le Maconnais préhistorique_, 357.

De Forest, _Indians of Conn._, 323.

De Haas, W., _Archæology of the Mississippi Valley_, 437.

De Hart, J. D., 408.

De Hart, J. M., 409.

De la Porte, Abbé, _Voyageur Français_, xxxvi.

De Laet, on Madoc, 109; on the Zeni, 111. _See_ Laet.

De Leyre, xxxv.

De Pauw, C., his depreciation of American products, 370; _Recherches Philos._, 370; editions, 370; _Defenses_, 370.

De Tocqueville on the Indians, 320.

Dean, C. K., 409.

Deane, Chas., his library, x; his likeness, xi; on James Lenox, xi; on E. A. Crowninshield, xiii; on the Northmen, 98.

Degrees, length of, 32.

Delafield, John, _Antiq. of Amer._, 372.

Delamar, island, 49.

Delaware River gravels, 360, 361, 388. _See_ Trenton.

Delawares, in Penna., 306; in Pontiac’s conspiracy, 316; sources of their history, 325; their language, 423; their legends, 431.

Deluge, myths of the, 431.

Deman, island, 49.

Demmin, A., _La Céramique_, 419.

Demons, isles of, 32.

Denis, Ferd., _Arte plumaria_, 420.

Dennie, _Portfolio_, on the mounds, 398.

Denton, _Desc. of N. Y._, vi.

Derby, J. C., _Fifty years_, viii.

Desimoni, Cornelio, on the Atlantic islands, 47; _Le carte nautiche del medio evo_, 55; on the Zeni, 113.

Desjardins, Ernest, _Rapport sur Harrisse_, v; _Pérou avant la conquête_, 270.

Desnoyers on tertiary man, 387.

Desor, Ed., _Palafittes_, 395.

Deuber, F. X. A., _Gesch. der Schiffahrt im Atl. Ozean_, 60.

Deutsch, Manuel, xxvii.

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 443; _Correspondenzblatt_, 443; _Allgemeine Versammlung_, 443.

Devaux, V., 442.

Devereux on Arkansas pottery, 419.

Dewitt, S., 405.

Dexter, Henry M., his library, xvii; his bibliog. of Congregationalism, xvii.

Dhoulcarnain, 49.

Dialects, 422. _See_ Linguistics.

Diaz, Bernal, his stories of regal pomp, 173; as a chronicler, 153; facs. of his MS., 154.

Dibden on De Bry, xxxii.

Didron, Aîné, _Annales Archéologiques_, 441.

Dieskau, Baron, on his Indian allies, 296.

Dighton Rock, held to be Phœnician, 41, 104; Rafn’s view of it, 101; various drafts of its inscription, 103; account of, 104; work of the Indians, 104; of Siberians, 104; of Northmen, 104; of Roman Catholics, 104.

Dille, I., 407, 410.

Diman, J. L., on the unhistoric quality of the sagas, 97.

Dimning, E. O., 408.

Dinwiddie, Gov., on the Indians as allies, 296.

Dionne, N. E., 317.

Diodorus Siculus, 14.

Diogenes Laertius, 3.

District Historical Soc., 407.

D’Orbigny, A., _L’homme Americain_, 412; on the religion of the Quichuas, 436.

Doddridge, Jos., _Settlement and Indian wars_, 319; his career, 319.

Dodge, David, 347.

Dodge, J. R., _Red Man_, 326.

Dodge, Wm. (Cincinnati), xv.

Dodsley, _Voyages_, xxxvi.

Dolfus, Montserrat and Pavie, _Mémoires_, 170.

Dolphin ridge in the Atlantic, 44.

Domenech, Abbé, _Seven years’ residence_, 80; _Manuscrit pictographique_, 163; on the American man, 369.

Donaldson, Thomas, _Geo. Catlin’s Indian Gallery_, 320.

Doncker, H., map of Greenland, 131.

Dongan, Gov., 304.

Donis, his Ptolemy map, 114; sketch of northern parts, 122.

Donnelly, Ignatius, _Atlantis_, 16, 45, 46.

Dorman, R. M., _Primitive Superstition_, 431.

Dörpfeld, _Metrologie_, 5.

Dorr, H. C., 327.

Dorsey, J. O., 423; on the Omahas, 327.

Douglass, A. E., 393.

Doutrelaine, _Mitla_, 170, 185.

Doyle, _English in America_, 325.

Drake, Daniel, _Cincinnati_, 398.

Drake, E. C., _Voyages_, xxxvi.

Drake, Sir Francis, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii; on De Bry, xxxii; on Claesz, xxxiii.

Drake, F. S., his deceptive _Indian Tribes_, 320, 441.

Drake, Samuel G., dealer in Americana, xv; dies, xv; his library, xv; sold to Conn. Hist. Soc., xv; sold coll. of school-books to the Brit. Mus. xv; his books on the Indians, 318; _Aborig. Races of No. America_, 318.

Draper, _Intellectual development of Europe_, 176.

Draudius, _Bibl. Classica_, i.

_Dresden Codex_, 204, 205; ed. by Förstemann, 205.

Drogeo, 72, 128.

D’Urban, 43.

Du Perier, _Voyages_, xxxv.

Du Pré, L. J., on a prehistoric threshing floor, 210.

Ducatel, J. T., on shell heaps, 392.

Duchateau, Julien, _L’écriture calculiforme des Mayas_, 201.

Dufossé, _Americana_, xvi.

Dunbar, Jas., _Hist. of Markland_, 398.

Dunbar, J. B., 327.

Dunbar, W., on the Indian sign language, 437.

Dunn, Oscar, 60.

Dunning, E. O., 410.

Dupaix, on Mitla and Palenqué, 192; _Antiq. Méxicaines_, 192; on the monuments of New Spain, 203.

Duponceau, P. E., 423; _Mém. sur le système grammatical_, 425.

Durán, Diego, _Las Indias_, 155.

Duro, C. F., 444.

Duro, Ferd., _Disquis. Nauticas_, 75.

Dury, John, 115.

Dussieux, L., _Hist. de la Géog._, 94.

Dutch, early, in Newfoundland, 75.

Dwight, Theo. F., xv.

EAMES, WILBERFORCE, vi; bibliog. of Ptolemy, 35; continues _Sabin’s Dictionary_, 414.

Earl, title of, 61.

Earth, spherical theory, 2; the ancients’ notion of its size, 4, 8; measured, 4; distribution of land and sea, 6; shape of the part known, 8; notions respecting the unknown parts, 8; a supposed southern continent, 9; size supposed in the Middle Ages, 30; rectangular map of, 30; sphericity taught in the Middle Ages, 31; the word “rotundus” as applied, 36; its sphericity ignored by the Church Fathers, 37; acknowledged by others, 37; theories respecting its form, 38; a plane in Homer, 39.

Easter Island, 81.

Eastman, Mrs. Mary, _Dacotah_, 327, 431.

Ebeling, Professor, his likeness, iii; library, iii; his own books on Amer. history, iii.

Ebn Sáyd, 47.

Ecker, _Archiv_, 443.

Ecuador, map, 200.

Eden, Richard, _Decades_, xxiii; _Hist. of Travayle_, xxiii.

Eden, Garden of, 372.

Edkins, J., 78.

Edrisi, _Geography_, 33, 48, 72; on Arab voyages on the Atlantic, 72; his map, 72.

Edwards, Jona., on the lost tribes, 116; on linguistic traces, 116; _Muhhekaneew Indians_, 116; on the Mohegan language, 423.

Effigy mounds, 408.

Egede, Hans, in Greenland, 69, 107; _Grönland_, 107; facs. of its title, 108; bibliog. 108; his map, 131.

Egede, Paul, in Greenland, 69; _Grönland_, 108, 131; his map in facs., 131; acc. of, 131.

Eggers, H. P. von, _Om Grönlands österbygds_, 108; _Ueber die wahre Lage des Ostgrönlands_, 108; on the Zeni, 111.

_Egils saga_, 88.

Eguiara y Eguren, _Bibl. Mex._ 413.

Egyptian migrations, 372; visits to America, 41; analogies in Mexico, 183; built the mounds, 405.

Eichthal, Gustave de, on Fousang, 80; _Les origins Bouddhiques de la civilisation Amér._, 80; _Races océaniennes_, 82.

El-Ghanam, 47.

Elephant mound, 409.

Eliot, John, apostle, on Jews in America, 115; his letters, 322; _Brief Narration_, 322; _Grammar Mass. Indian Language_, 423.

Eliot, Samuel, _Early relations with the Indians_, 323.

Eliot, Samuel A., iii.

Ellicott, Andrew, on mounds near Natchez, 398.

Elliott, C. W., _New England_, 96.

Elliott, E. T., 391.

Ellis, F. S., _Americana_, xvi.

Ellis, Geo. E., on Sparks, vii; “The Red Indian of North America”, 283; _Red Man and White Man_, 322; on the Indians of Mass., 323.

Ellis, Robt., _Peruvia Scythica_, 82, 241, 281.

Ellis and White, xvi.

Elton, C. A., _Remains of Hesiod_, 2.

Elysian Fields, 12, 13.

Emblematic mounds, 400 Emerson, Ellen R., _Indian Myths_, 431.

Emery, Geo. E., on the Zeno map, 115.

Emory, W. H., _Mil. Reconnoissance_, 327, 396; on the Mexican boundary survey, 396, 440.

Enciso, M. F. d’, _Suma de Geog._, 173.

Engel, E. B. d’, _Essai_, 370.

Enghis skull, 389.

England, archæological studies in, 442.

English colonists in North America, their treatment of the Indians, 283; compared with the French, 298; exceed the French in number, 299; number of, 310.

Engroneland, 72. _See_ Greenland.

Engronelant sometimes made distinct from Greenland, 121, 122.

Enriques, Martin, tries to gather Mexican relics, 155.

Ens, Gasper, _West-und-Ost Indischer Lustgart_, xxxiii.

Eocene man, 387.

Epstein, I., 426.

Equinoxes, precession of, 387.

Eratosthenes, on the form of the earth, 3; measured it, 4; _Hermes_, 7; his view of the habitable earth, 9; and the western passage, 27; his age, 34.

Eric Upsi, Bishop, 65.

Eric the Red, his career, 61; saga, 85, 90, 94.

Erizzo, _Le Scoperte Artiche_, 127.

Erslef, Ed., on the Zeni, 114.

Erytheia, 14.

Escoma (Bolivia) ruins, 250.

Escudero, _Chihuahua_, 396.

Eskimos, their boats drift to Europe, 61; appear in Greenland, 68, 107; near Behring’s Straits, 78; described by La Peyrère, 86; known to the Northmen as Skrælings, 105; bibliog., 105, 108; their former southern range, 106, 336; their intellectual char., 106; their migrations, 106, 321; their skulls, 106, 377; bone implements, 106; their linguistic differences, 107, 425; missions among, 108; De Pauw on, 370; allied to the cave race of Europe, 377, 390; of the primitive race of America, 336, 367; their stone implements, 336.

Esparza, M. de, _Informe_, 183.

Espinosa, J. D., 427.

Essex Institute, 438.

Estes, L. C., 409.

Estete, M., 277.

Estienne, Jean d’, on Atlantis, 45.

Estotiland, 72, 128; identification of, 114; not America, 111, 115; was America, 114, 115.

Eten, 277.

Eternal Islands, 47.

Ethnographical collections, 412.

_Ethnological Journal_, 442.

Ethnological Society, _Journal_, 442; _Transactions_, 442.

Etowah valley mounds, 410.

Ettwein, _Traditions of the Indians_, 325.

Etzel, Anton von, _Grönland_, 107.

Eudoxus, 35.

Eumenius, 47.

Euphemus in the Atlantic, 26.

Euripides, _Helena_, 13; _Hippolytus_, 14.

Euseues, 22.

Euthymemes, 26.

Evans, John, _Anc. stone implements_, 384.

Evans, A. S., _Our Sister Republic_, 180.

Everett, Alex. H., in Spain, iii; on the Norse voyages, 94.

Everett, Edw., on the Norse voyages, 94.

Everett, Wm., on the Northmen, 98.

Evers, E., _Archæology of Missouri_, 419.

Ewbank, T., _Rock-writing_, 105; _Indian Antiq. and Arts_, 416.

Eyrbyggja Saga, 83.

FABRICIUS, _Dissert. Crit._, 372.

Fabulous islands, 46. _See_ Atlantic islands.

Faidherbe, Gen., 25.

Fairfield County, Ohio, mounds, 408.

Falb, R., _Land der Inca_, 275.

Falconer, Hugh, _Palæontol. Memoirs_, 384; _Primeval Man_, 390.

Falconer, Richard, _Voyages_, 318.

Faliès, L., _Populations primitives de l’Amérique_, 415.

Fall River, “Skeleton in Armor” found, 105.

Fancourt, C. G., _Yucatan_, 188.

Farcy, Ch., 192; _Antiq. de l’Amérique_, 77.

Faria y Sousa, _Hist. Portuguezas_, 49.

Faribault, G. B., _Catalogue_, iv.

Farnham, Luther, _Private Libraries of Boston_, x, xvii.

Farnum, Alex., _Northmen in Rhode Island_, 102.

Faroe Islands, 114.

Farquharson, R. J., 404.

Farrar, _Families of Speech_, 75.

Farrer, J. A., _Primitive Manners_, 379.

Favyn, Andre, _Navarre_, 75.

Fay, Jos. S., 99.

Fay, S. L., 403.

Feather work, 420.

Fechner, _Centralblatt_, 443.

Fegeux, _Quemada_, 183.

_Fejérvary Codex_, 205.

Fernandez, Melchior, 279.

Ferrer de Conto, José, _La Marina real_, xxxvii.

Feudal system in anc. Mexico, 173.

Feyerabend, Sigmund, portrait, xxxi.

Field, Thomas W., _Ind. Bibliog._, xiii, 414; his _Catalogue_, xiii, 414.

Field of Delight, 32.

Fifteenth-century maps, 53, 57.

Figueredo, J. de, 279.

Figuier, Louis, _L’homme primitif_, 388, 412; _Human Race_, 412; _World before the Deluge_, 375, 412.

Finæus, Orontius, his map, xxiv.

Finlay, J. B., _Wyandotte Mission_, 116.

Finley, E. B., 403.

Finley, I. J., _Ross County, Ohio_, 408.

Finns build the mounds, 405.

Fiorin, Nic., his map, 58.

Fischer, Abbé, edits Ramirez’s Catalogue, 414; _Bibl. Mejicana_, xiii, 414.

Fischer, Theobald, edits Ongania maps, 47.

Fischer, _Origin des Américaines_, 76.

Fish-hooks of bone, 417.

Fish-spears, 360.

Fish-weirs, 365.

Fiske, Moses, 371.

Fiske, Willard, _Bibliog. Notices_, 93.

Fitch, John, his map on the mounds, 398.

Fitzer, W., xxxi; _Orient. Indian_, xxxiii.

Five Nations. _See_ Iroquois.

Flat-heads, 425.

Flath Inis, 32.

_Flatoyensis Codex_, 99.

Fleming, Abraham, _Registre of Hystorie_, 21.

Fletcher, Alice C., _Indian Education and Civilization_, 321; her studies on the Sioux, 327; _Omaha Tribe_, 327.

Fletcher, Robt., _Prehist. trephining_, 440.

Flint, Earl, on the Nicaragua footprints, 385; on Palenqué, 191.

Flint chips, 388. _See_ Stone.

Flint folk, 416; in America, 417.

Flora, that of South America connected with Polynesia, 82.

Flores, I. J., _La lengua del Regno Cakchiquel_, 427.

Florida, calcareous conglomerate, reported human remains in, 389; migration from, to Mexico, 136; mounds, 410; pile-houses in, 393; pottery, 419; shell heaps, 393.

Flower, W. H., 106; on the study of skulls, 373.

Folsom, Geo., on the Northmen, 96; on the Zeni, 112.

Fondouce, C. de, _Les temps préhistoriques_, 390.

Fontaine, Edw., _How the World was Peopled_, 374; on the recent origin of man, 382.

Fontpertuis, A. F. de, _Canaries_, 116; on the mounds, 403.

Footprints in geological times, 385; cut of one, 386.

Forbes, D., 442.

Forbiger, _Handbuch der Alten Geog._, 4, 36.

Force, M. F., on the mounds, 402.

Force, Col. Peter, his library, vi, 171; dies, vi; tributes to, vii.

Forged relics made in Mexico, 180.

Formaleoni, _Saggio sulla Nautica Ant. dei Veneziani_, 47.

Forrey, Samuel, 374.

Forshey, C. G., 409.

Förstemann, Ed., edits the _Dresden Codex_, 205; _Die Maya Handschrift_, 205; _Der Maya Apparat in Dresden_, 205; _Erläuterungen zur Mayahandschrift_, 202, 205.

Forster, J. R., _Geschichte der Entd. und Schifffahrten_ xxxvi; _Entdeckungen im Norden_, 92; on the Zeni, 111.

Fort Ancient, Ohio, 408.

Fort Chartres, last French flag at, 316.

Fort Duquesne, 310.

Fortia, 43.

Fortunate Islands, 15, 22, 27, 47, 48. _See_ Canaries.

Fossey, M., _Le Méxique_, 180, 184.

Foster, G. E., _Se-quo-yah_, 326.

Foster, J. W., _Prehistoric Races_, 401, 412; on the moundbuilders, 401, 409; (with Whitney), _Geology of Lake Superior_, 418.

Four Worlds, doctrine of, 11.

Fourteenth-century maps, 55.

Fousang, in Buache’s map, 79; discussions on, 81; voyage to, 78.

Fox, A. L., on early navigation, 81.

Fox, Luke, on the Zeni, 111.

Fraggia, _Coleccion de MSS._, ii.

Frampton, John, translates Monardes, xxix.

France, archæological efforts in, 441; Congrès archéologique, 441; Société Américaine, 441; _Annuaire_, 441; _Archives_, 441; _Revue Américaine_, 441; _Actes de la Soc. d’Ethnographie_, 441.

Franciscans in Mexico, 154.

Franciscus, E., _Ost- und West-Indischer Lustgarten_, 370.

Francisque, Michel, _Le Pays Basque_, 75.

Franco, Alonzo, 162.

Franco, P., _Indios de Veragua_, 425.

Franklin, B., his papers in Henry Stevens’s hands, xv; on the Norse voyages, 92; on the mounds, 398.

Franklin Co., Ohio, mounds, 408.

Frantzius, A. von, _San Salvador_, etc., 196.

Fraser, W., 51.

Frassus, _Regio_, etc., ii.

Frauds, archæological, 403.

Frazier, J. G., 328.

French colonists in North America, their treatment of the Indians, 283, 297; compared with the English, 299; aim to possess the Western country, 301, 302; their forts along the lakes, 302; their use of Indian lands, 303; numbers, 310; the testimony of their early explorers, 318; their manœuvres to monopolize the fur trade, 324.

Fresnoy, Lenglet du, _Méthode_, xxxii.

Fréville, _Cosmog. du Moyen Age_, 38, 76; _Commerce de Rouen_, 76.

Frey, S. L., 405.

Frezier, A. F., _Voyage_, 243, 271.

Friederichsthal, Baron von, in Yucatan, 186.

Friends. _See_ Quakers.

Frisch, E. F., _Wikingzüge_, 85.

Frisius, Laurentius, map, 114.

Frislanda, 72; name used by Columbus, 73; “Fixlanda”, 73; in maps, 73; in the Zeno map, 114; different identifications, 114, 115; in Stephanus’s map, 130.

Fritsch, J. G., _Disputatio_, 93, 371.

Frobisher, xxxiv; and the island of Bus, 51.

Frode, Are, 84.

Froebel, _Seven Years’ Travel_, 410.

Fry, J. B., _Army Sacrifices_, 319.

Fuenleal, Bishop, 155.

Fuensalida, Luis de, 155.

Fuentes y Guzman, F. A. de, _Guatemala_, 167, 196; _Recordacion Florida_, 168, 444.

Fuhlrott, Dr., 390.

Fur trade, 302.

Fusang. _See_ Fousang.

Fustér, _Bibl. Valenciana_, ii.

GABRIAC, CTE. DE, _Promenade à travers l’Amérique du Sud_, 231.

_Gacetas de Literatura_, 180.

Gadé, G., on an ancient Norse ship, 62.

Gades (Cadiz), 13, 24.

Gaffarel, Paul, _L’Atlantide_, 16; _Les isles fantastiques_, 31, 47; _Relations entre l’anc. monde et l’Amérique_, 38, 60; _Etude sur les rapports de l’Amérique_, 40; _Les Grecs ont-ils connu l’Amérique?_ 40; on the Phœnician visits to America, 41; on Roman inscriptions in America, 41; _Rapports de l’Atlantis_, 44, 46; his later studies of it, 44, 46; bibliog. of Atlantis, 46; _Voyages de St. Brandan_, 48; his map (_fac-simile_) of the Atlantic islands, 52; on the Arab voyages, 72; on Vinland, 97; on the Newport mill, 105; on the Zeno voyage, 115; on the lost tribes of Hebrews, 116; on blackamoors in America, 117.

Galapagos, 81.

Gale, G., _Upper Mississippi_, 327; his annotations on Lapham’s _Antiq. of Wisconsin_, 408.

Galibi, 428.

Galicia, F. C., 171.

Gallindo, J., 193.

Gallæus, Ph., _Enchiridion_, 129; map, in facs., 129.

Gallatin, Albert, on Polynesian connections of the American man, 82; on pre-Spanish migrations, 138; on the Toltecs, 141; _Notes on the semi-civilized nations of Mexico_, 169, 424; _Synopsis of the Indian Tribes_, 320; his map of the Indian tribes,321; a student of ethnology, 376; on the pueblos, 396; on American languages, 320, 422, 424; review of Hale’s work on the Wilkes Exped., 424; on Teoyaomiqui, 435; founds the American Ethnological Society, 437; commends the work of Squier and Davis, 439.

Galloway, W. B., _Science and Geology_, 387.

Galvano, xxxvi; on the seven cities, 75.

Gannett, H., 397.

Gante, Pedro de, 156; _Chronica Compend._, 156.

Garcia y Cubas, _Ensayo_, 41; _Atlas de la Republica Mejicana_, 139; _Pirámides_, 183.

Garcia, Gregorio, _Origen de los Indios_, i, 116, 264, 369; his _Monarquia de los Incas_ lost, 264.

Gardar, Cathedral, 108.

Garden beds, 410.

Garden of Eden, 372.

Gardner, Job, on Dighton Rock, 103, 104.

Gardner, J. S., _Eocenes of England_, 44.

Garnier, Jules, _Les migrations polynésiennes_, 82.

Garnier, J. L., 172.

Garrigue and Christern, _Livres curieux_, xv.

Gass, Rev. J., 404.

Gatschet, A. S., on the Beothuks, 321; _Migration legend of the Creeks_, 326, 425, 426; his linguistic studies, 423, 426.

Gavarrete, Juan, 167.

Gavilan, A. R., _Hist. de Copacabana_, 264.

Gay, Sydney H., on the Norse voyages, 97.

Gebelin, Count, 104; _Monde primitif_, 41, 424.

Geiger, Lazarus, _Development of the human race_, 200.

Geijer, E. J., _Hist. of Sweden_, 84.

Geikie, A., _Search for Atlantis_, 45.

Geikie, Jas., _Great Ice Age_, 332, 386.

Gelcich, E., _Fischgang des Gascogner_, 75.

Geminus, _Isagoge_, 7; _Elementa astron._ or _Isagoge_, 35.

Gendron, _Pays des Hurons_, 321.

Genesis, a record of the Jews only, 372.

_Genesis of Earth and Man_, 373.

_Geografisk Tidsskrift_, 113.

_Geographi Græci minores_, 25.

Geographical Society of the Pacific, 438.

Geological Society, _Quarterly Journal_, 443.

Geology as controverting theology, 383.

George, Wm., xvi.

Georgia, case with the Cherokees, 326; mounds in, 410; Reck in, 326; shell heaps, 393.

Germany, archæological studies in, 443.

Gesner, W., 416.

Gesture-language, 422.

Ghetel, Henning, xx.

Gheysmer abridges Saxo, 92.

Giants in Mexico, 133; references, 133; their bones proved to be mastodon’s, 133; the Toltecs, 141.

Gibbs, Geo., 409, 422; on the Oregon tribes, 328; _Chinook Dict._, 423; his linguistic studies, 424; memoir of, 424; _Vocabularies of the Clallam and Lummi_, 425; _Chinook jargon_, 425; _Chinook language_, 425.

Gila Valley, 395.

Gilbert, J. K., _Niagara falls_, 333.

Gillies, John, _Hist. Collections_, 322.

Gilliss, G. M., 275.

Gillman, H., _Anc. men of the great lakes_, 403; papers on the mounds, 408; _Anc. works at Isle Royale_, 418.

Giroldi map (1426), 53.

Gist, Christopher, 287.

Glacial age, how long ago, 333, 382, 386; in America, 332, 386; man in the, 343, 387.

Glacial gravels, 387. _See_ Trenton.

Gladiatorial stone, 182.

Gladstone, W. E., _Homer_, 12, 39.

Glareanus, revised Strabo, 34; on early references to America, 40.

Glass in pre-Spanish times, 177.

Gleeson, _Cath. Chh. in California_, 409.

Gliddon, Geo. R. _See_ Nott, J. C.

_Glorias del segundo siglo de la compañia de Jesus_, 317.

Goajira, 428.

Goajira language, 425.

Gobineau, _Moral Diversity of Races_, 374.

Godron, A., on Fousang, 80.

Godthaab, 69.

Gold found in the mounds, 418.

Goldsmidt, Edmund, 370.

Gomez, Estevan, his voyage, xxxvi.

Gomme, G. L., 443.

Gonçalvez de Mattos Corrêa, _Descobertas_, xix.

Gondra, Padre, 170, 444.

Gonino, J., 177.

Goodell, A. C., jr., on the Norse voyages, 98.

Gooding, Jos., 103, 104.

Goodnow, I. P., 390.

Goodrich, Aaron, _The So-called Columbus_, 97.

Goodrich, S. G., 328.

Goodson, _Straits of Anian_, 110.

Gookin, Daniel, 322.

Goranson, 92.

Gorgon islands, 13.

Gosnold found metal in use in New England, 417.

Gosse, L. A., _Déformations du crane_, 373.

Gosselin, P. F. J., _Géog. des Grecs_, 36; _Recherches sur la géog._, 36; _Iles de l’océan_, 46; on Atlantis, 46.

Gottfried, J. L., _Neue Welt_, xxxiii.

Göttingen, Anthropol. Verein, 443; Americana in, iii.

Götz, _Dresdener Bibliothek_, 205.

Goupil, René, 323.

Gowans, Wm., bookseller, vi; dealer in Americana, xv.

Graah, W. A., _Reise till ostkysten af Gronland_, 109.

Grammar as an ethnical test, 421, 422.

Granados y Galvez, J. J., _Tardes Américanas_, 172.

Grant, E. M., 410.

Gratacap, L. P., 177, 377.

Grave Creek mound, 403; alleged Scandinavian inscription in, 102, 403.

Gravier, Gabriel, _Les Normands_, 76, 97; _Découverte de l’Amérique_, 97; on Norse civilization among the Aztecs, 99; on the Dighton Rock, 104; _Le Roc de Dighton_, 104; on the Newport mill, 105.

Gray, Asa, on the flora of Japan, 44; in _Darwiniana_, 60; on Jeffries Wyman, 392.

Gray, D., 325.

Gray, Thomas, his copy of the _Novus Orbis_, xxv.

Greek allied to the Maya, 427.

Greeks, cosmography among, 2; in the Atlantic, 26.

Green, John, xxxv.

Green, Dr. S. A., 102.

Green rock (in the Atlantic), 51.

Greene, Albert G., his books, xiii.

Greenland, in the Ptolemy of 1482, xii; its name, 61; earliest people there, 61; its folk lore, 61; Norse visits in eighth century, 61; churches in, 63, 86; East and West Bygd, 63, 108; Norse occupation, 68; bishops of, 68; extinction of the colonists, 68, 69; efforts to learn their fate, 69; climatic changes, 69; its colonists perhaps merged in the Eskimos, 69; ancient bishopric, 85; its ruins, 85; bibliog., 85; runes in, 87; seals of the bishops, 87; voyages hence to Vinland, 87; _Antiq. Amer._, 94; map, 95; a prolongation of Europe, 99, 122, 125. _See_ Eskimos. Sometimes confounded with Spitzbergen, 107; bibliog. of the lost colonies, 107; voyages to discover them, 107, 109; Hans Egede on, 107; sites of the colonies disputed, 108, 109; scant population on east coast, 109; the Zeni in, 114; cartography of, 117, 132; oldest map yet found, 117; in the Genovese portolano, 117; in the _Tab. Reg. Sept._, 117, 121; maps by Hans Egede, 108; by G. Fries, 108; by Paul Egede, 108; by Anderson, 108; by Rafn, 109; by Claudius Clavus, 117, 118; by Fra Mauro, 117; by Behaim, 120; by Sylvanus, 120; by Waldseemüller, 122; by Apian, 122; by Frisius, 122; by Olaus Magnus, 123, 125; by Münster, 126; by Bordone, 126; by Vopellio, 126; by Gallæus, 129; notions of Greenland in Columbus’ time, 120; in Portuguese chart (1503), 120; Ruysch made it a part of Asia, 120; made to stretch northerly from Europe, 125; to connect Europe with America, 126; called Labrador by Rotz, 126; severed from Europe in the alteration of the Zeno map (1561), 128, 129; made an island by Mercator and others, 129; earliest Scandinavian maps to illustrate the sagas, 129; maps of xvith cent., 130; Moll’s confusion, 131; maps by Hans Egede, 131; by Paul Egede, in facs., 131; by Jovis Carolus, 131; by H. Doncker, 131; by J. Meyer, 131; De la Martinière connects it with northern Asia, 132; La Peyrère’s map in facs., 132.

Greenwood, Dr. Isaac, on Dighton Rock, 103, 104.

Greg, R. P., _Fret ornament_, 176.

Gregg, _Commerce des Prairies_, 396.

Gregory IV., his bull, 61.

Grenville, Thos., _Bibl. Grenvil._, iv.

Griffis, W. E., _Arent van Curler_, 323.

Grijalva, Juan de, on the Mexican coast (1518), xxi, 149.

Grimm’s Law, 421.

Grinlandia. _See_ Greenland.

Griswold, Almon W., his library, xiii.

Grocland, a geographical misapprehension, 129; on maps, 129.

Gronland, or Gronlandia. _See_ Greenland.

Gros, _Sur les Monuments de Mexico_, 170.

Grossmann, F. E., 397.

Grote, A. R., 369; on the Eskimos, 105.

Grote, _Greece_, 28.

Grotius, Hugo, on Scandinavia blood in Central America, 99; _De Origine Americanarum_, 369; his controversies, 370.

Grotlandia. _See_ Greenland.

Gruppe, _Die Kosmischen Systeme der Griechen_, 39.

Grynæus, Simon, portrait, xxiv; _Novus Orbis_, xxiv; _Die neue Welt_, xxv; map (1532), 114.

Guajiquero Indians, 169.

Guanches in the Canaries, 25, 116, 377.

Guano, 253.

Guaranis, 136.

Guarini language, 278.

Guatemala, linguistic evidence of Norse influence in, 99; early hist. of, 135, 150; the ethnological connection of its people in dispute, 150; native sources, 166; _Popul Vuh_, 166; _Memorial de Tecpan Atitlan_, 166; bibliog., 166. _See_ Quichés, Cakchiquels.

Guatusos, 169.

Guaxtecas, 136.

Guazucupan, 168.

Gucumatz, 135, 435.

Gudmund, Jonas, his Vinland map, 130.

Gudrid, 65.

Guerrero, ruins in, 184.

Guerrero, Lobo, _Constituciones Synodales_, 268.

Guest, Dr., _Origines Celticæ_, 45.

Guest, W. E., 410.

Guignes, on the Arab voyages, 72; _Les navigations des Chinois_, 78.

Guillot, Paul, 93.

Guimet, Emile, _Anc. peuples de Méxique_, 81.

Guiyard, _Géog. d’Abul-Fada_, 47.

Gumilla, 75.

Gunnbiorn, his voyage, 61; his Skerries, 109.

Günther, Siegmund, _Hypothèse_, 37; _Die Lehre von der Erdrundung_, 38.

Gurnet Head, 102.

Gutierrez, Manuel, 183.

HAAS, WILLS DE, on the moundbuilders, 401, 403.

Habel, S., on sculptures in Guatemala, 197.

Haeckel, _Hist. of Creation_, 375; _Natürl. Schöpfungsgesch._, 383.

Hakluyt, Richard, edits Peter Martyr, xxiii; used by Lok, xxiii; _Divers Voyages_, xxix; _Principall Navigations_, xxix; on Madoc, 109; on the Zeni, 111.

Hakluyt Soc. publications, xxxvii, 443.

Haldeman, S. S., 437; discovers rude implements, 347; on a Rock shelter, in Penna., 416.

Hale, Capt. Chas. R., on the Dighton Rock, 102.

Hale, E. E., on the Madoc voyage, 111.

Hale, Horatio, _Iroquois Book of Rites_, 325, 425; on the tribes of the N. W. coast, 328; _Origin of Language_, 377, 421; on the Cherokees, 402; _Primitive money_, 420; _Indian migrations_, 403, 422; in Wilkes’ Exploring Exped., 423, 424; his linguistic studies, 424.

Hale, Nathan, 320.

Haliburton, R. G., on Bjarni’s voyage, 63; on the Norse voyages, 98.

Hall, Jacob, 107.

Hall, James, _Indian Tribes_, 320.

Hall, Joshua, 410.

Hamconius, _Frisia_, 75.

Hamlin, A. C., 102.

Hampstead, G. S. B., _Portsmouth_, Ohio, 408.

Hamor in De Bry, xxxii.

Hamy, E. T., on a Chinese inscription at Copan, 81; _Crania Ethica_, 373; _Précis de paléontologie humaine_, 383.

Hanno, on the coast of Africa, 25; _Periplus_, 34; his voyage, 45.

Hanson, _Gardiner, Me._, 322; _Norridgewock_, 322.

Happel, _Thesaurus_, 320.

Hardiman, _Irish minstrelsy_, 50.

Hardin Co., Ohio, mounds, 408.

Hardy, Michel, _Les Scandinaves_, 97.

Hariot, _Virginia_, xxxi.

Harrassowitz, Otto, xvi, xvii.

Harris, G. H., _Lower Genesee County_, 323.

Harris, John, _Voyages_, xxxiv.

Harris, T. M., on the mounds, 398; _Tour_, 405.

Harrison, Gen. W. H., on the mounds, 407.

Harrison, _John Howard Payne_, 326.

Harrisse, Henry, _Bibl. Am. Vet._, v, 414; _Notes on Columbus_, v; controversy with Henry Stevens, v; _Sur la nouvelle France_, v; _Additions_, v; _La Colombine_, v; _Les Cortereal_, xix; on Peter Martyr, xx; on early Basque voyages to America, 75.

Hartgers, Joost, _Voyagien_, xxxiv.

Hartman cave, 391.

Harvard College library, rich in Americana, iii; Sparks MSS. in, vii; its catalogue, xvii.

Hassaurek, F., _Spanish Americans_, 272.

Hassler, _Buchdruckergeschichte Ulms_, 118.

Hatfield, R. G., on the Newport mill, 105.

Hatun-runas, 226.

Haumonté, J. D., _La Langue Taensa_, 425.

Harard, V., 328.

Haven, S. F., on the Northmen, 96; portrait, 374; his _Reports_, 374; his career, 376; _Archæology of the United States_, 376; revises Lapham’s _Antiq. of Wisconsin_, 400; on mound exploration, 400; believes in their Indian origin, 400; _Prehist. Amer. Civilization_, 412.

Haven, S. F., jr., bibliography, ii.

Hawkins, Benj., _Creek Country_, 326, 429.

Hawkins, _Voyage_, xxxvi.

Hay, _Texcoco_, 170.

Hayden, F. V., _Ethnography and Philology of the Missouri Valley_, 424; _Survey of the territories_, 440; among the cliff houses, 395.

Hayes, I. I., _Land of Desolation_, 69, 98.

Haynes, H. W., on runic frauds, 97; on Vinland, 98; on the Monhegan runes, 102; “The prehistoric Archæology of North America”, 329; discovers rude implements in N. E., 347, 363; _Bow and arrow unknown to the palæolithic man_, 355; believes in interglacial man, 355; at Solutré, 357; on the Eng. trans. of Grotius, 370; on the Trenton implements, 388; _Copper implements_, 418; on the Taensa fraud, 426.

Hayti held to be Ophir, 82.

Haywood, John, _Tennessee_, 372.

Headlee, S. H., 409.

Heart, Maj. Jona., _Ancient Mounds_, 398, 410.

Heaviside, J. T. C., _Amer. Antiquities_, 41.

Hecatæus, 34.

Heckewelder, J., on Delaware names, 437; on the mounds, 398; on the Delaware language, 423; correspondence with Duponceau, 425.

Heer, _Flora tert. Helv._, 44; _Urwelt der Schweitz_, 44.

Hegewisch, Prof., iii.

Heidenheimer, H., _Petrus Martyr_, xx.

_Heimskringla_, 83.

Heller, C. B., on Uxmal, 189; _Reisen_, 189.

Helluland, 63, 130.

Hellwald, F. von, on Amer. migrations, 139; on the autochthonous theory, 375; _Naturgeschichte des Menschen_, 412; on Mexican mining, 418.

Helps, Sir Arthur, xii; gives the first English condensation of the _Popul Vuh_, 166; on Zumárraga, 203; _Spanish Conquest_, 269; on Peru, 269; _Realmah_, 379.

Henao, G. de, _Antig. de Cantabria_, 75.

Henderson, Ebenezer, _Iceland_, 93.

Henderson, Geo. F., _The Republic of Mexico_, 427.

Henotheism, 430.

Henry, Alex., _Travels_, 318; mentions copper mines, 417.

Henry, David, _Voyages_, xxxvi.

Henry, Joseph, 139; on Lake Superior mining, 418.

Henshaw, H. W., on the mounds, 401; _Animal carvings_, 404; on sinkers, 351, 417.

Herbert, Sir Thomas, _Travaile into Africa_, 109.

Herbrüger, E., _Album de Mitla_, 185.

Herckmann, _Der Zeevaert_, etc., xxxiv.

Hercules’ twelve labors, 13.

Heredra, J. M. de, ed. Bernal Diaz, 154.

Heremite, J. d’, _Journael_, 271.

Herjulfson, Bjarni, his voyage, 63.

Hermes, K. H., _Entdeckung von America_, 96.

Herodotus, 39.

Herr, Michael, _Die neue Welt_, xxv.

Herrera, H. A. de, _Disputatio_, xx.

Herrera in De Bry, xxxii; made use of the _Relaciones descriptivas_, 266; title-page of his fifth book, showing portraits of Incas, 267; _Historia_, 1, 155.

Hervai, ruins, 271, 277.

Hervas, L., _Lenguas y naciones Americanas_, 422; _Catálogo de las Lenguas_, 422.

Hervey de St. Denis, _Fou-Sang_, 80.

Hesiod, _Theogony_, 2; on the Elysian Fields, 13; _Works and Days_, 13.

Hesperides, 14.

Heve language, 425.

Heynig, _Psychologisches Magazin_, 443.

Hidatsa language, 425.

Hieroglyphics, invented, 152; of Yucatan, attempts to decipher, 195; by Charencey, 195; used by Spaniards in relig. instruction, 197; stages of, 197; color and forms, elements, 197; not easily read even by natives, 198; Mrs. Nuttall’s complemental signs, 198; phonetic scale, 198, 200; Landa’s Alphabet, 198; general references, 198; on a Yucatan statue, 199; early descriptions, 200; sculptured in wood, 200; inscription on the Palenqué tablet, 200; cut of the same, 201; comparative age of those on stone and in MS., 202; rebus character, 202; _Codex Mendoza_, 203; tribute rolls, 203, 205; _Dresden Codex_, plate of, 204; explained, 205; _Codex Telleriano-Remensis_, 205; _Codex Vaticanus_, 205; _Fejérvary Codex_, 205; other Maya MSS., 205; _Codex Troano_, 205, 207; _Codex Cortesianus_, 207; facs. of plate, 206; _Codex Perezianus_, 207.

Higginson, T. W., _Larger Hist. U. S._, 98, 176.

Higginson, Waldo, _Memorials of Class of 1833_, H. C., 439.

Highland County, Ohio, mounds, 408.

Hildebrand, H. O. H., _Island_, 85.

Hilder, F. F., 409.

Hildreth, Richard, on the Northmen, 96.

Hildreth, Dr. S. P., _Pioneer History_, 319; _Pioneer Settlers_, 319.

Hilgard, E. W., 386.

Hill, G. W., 408.

Hill, Horatio, iii.

Hill, Ira, _Antiq. of America_, 104, 415.

Hill, S. S., _Peru and Mexico_, 272.

Himilko on the ocean, 25.

Hindoos, migrations, 371, 372.

Hipkins, A. J., _Musical instruments_, 420.

Hipparchus, 34; on the form of the earth, 3; on the oceans, 7.

_Hispanicarum rerum, Scriptores_, xxix.

Historical societies, their libraries, xviii.

Hobbs, James, _Wild life_, 327.

Hochelagan skull, 377.

Hochstetter, F. von, _Ueber Mex. Reliquien_, 420.

Hodgson, Adam, _Letters_, 76.

Hoei Shin, 78, 80.

Hoffman, W. J., 347.

Holden, Edw. S., _Cent. Amer. Picture-writing_, 201, 202, 440.

Holden, Mrs. H. M., on Atlantis, 45.

Hole, the Norse Holl, 99.

Holguin, D. G., his grammar, 279.

Holm, Lieut., on the Greenland ruins, 86.

Holmberg, A. E., _Nordbon_, etc., 85.

Holmes, O. W., on Jeffries Wyman, 392.

Holmes, W. H., on the sacrificial stone of Teotihuacan, 183; on the cliff houses, 395; survey of the serpent mound, 401; on shell work, 417; _Use of gold in Chiriqui_, 418; on textile art, 419; _Ceramic art_, 419; on pottery in the Mississippi Valley, 419; _Pueblo Pottery_, 419, 440.

Homer, Arthur, _Bibl. Amer._, ii.

Homer, his World, 6; his ideas of the earth, 38; his geography, 39.

Hondt, F. de, xxxv.

Honduras Indians, 169.

Hooker, J. D., _Botany of the Voyage of the Erebus_, etc., 82; _Flora of Tasmania_, 82.

Hopkins, A. G., 323.

Hopkins, Samuel, _Housatunnuk Indians_, 323.

Horace, and Atlantic islands, 27.

Horn, F. W., _Lit. of the Scandinavian North_, 84, 98.

Horn (Hornius), Geo., _Responsio ad diss. H. Grotii_, 370; on the Zeni, 111; on Madoc, 109.

Hornstone, 417.

Horsford, E. N., _Disc. of America by Northmen_, 98; edits Zeisberger’s _Dictionary_, 424.

Hosea, L. M., 408.

Hospitality, laws of, 175.

Hotchkiss, T. P., 409.

Hotten, J. C., xvi.

Hough, F. B., on the N. Y. Indians, 325; on mound in N. Y. State, 405.

Houghton, Jacob, _Copper mines of Lake Superior_, 418.

Housatonics, 323.

Houses of the American aborigines, 420.

Howard, Lord, gov. of Virginia, 304.

Howe, _Hist. Coll. Ohio_, 407.

Howell, G. R., on Munsell, xv.

Howells, Jas., _Fam. letters_, 109.

Howgate polar exped., 106.

Howland, H. R., 408.

Howley, M. F., _Eccles. Hist. Newfoundland_, 69.

Howorth, H. H., _Irish monks and Northmen_, 61; _Mammoth and the Flood_, 45, 382; on Genesis, 384.

Hoy, P. R., 402; _Copper implements_, 418.

Hoyt, Epaphas, _Antiq. Researches_, 323.

Huacabamba, 276.

Huacrachucus, 227.

Hualli, 275.

Huamachuchus, 227.

Huanacauri hill, 224.

Huanaco, 213.

Huanapu, 275.

Huancas, 227; allies of the Chancas, 230.

Huanuco el viejo, 247.

Huaraz, ruins, 220.

Huarcu, 277.

Huarochiri, 277, 436.

Huascar, 231.

Huastecs, 136.

Huayna Ccapac, 231.

Hubbard, Bela, _Mem. of half century_, 408.

Hudson, Hendrick, voyage, xxxiv.

Hudson Bay connected with the Great Lakes, 79.

Hudson Bay Company, its relations with the Indians, 297.

Hudson Bay Indians, 321.

Hudson, _Geog. vet. script. Græci minores_, 34.

Hudson River Indians, 325.

Huebbe and Azuar, map of Yucatan, 188.

Huehue-Tlapallan, 136, 137.

Huemac, 140, 432.

Huerta, Alonso de, 279.

Huiñaque, ruins, 220.

Huitramannaland, 82.

Huitzillopochtli, 148, 432, 435.

Hulsius, bibliog., xii.

Hultsch, _Metrologie_, 4, 5.

Human sacrifices, 140, 145, 147, 148, 185; in Peru, 237, 238; in Mexico, 431.

Humboldt, Alex. von, his library, vi; _Examen Critique_, vi, 40; _Crit. Untersuchungen_, vi; _Géog. du nouveau monde_, vi; _Cosmos_, vi; his MSS., vi; on early mentions of America, 40; on Atlantis, 46; on the fabulous islands, 47; on the Arab voyages in the Atlantic, 72; on the Asiatic origin of Americans, 76; on the Icelandic sagas, 94; on the Norse discovery, 96; on the Dighton Rock, 104; on the Eskimos, 105; on the Zeni, 115; on the Aztec wanderings, 138; on their migration maps, 139; on Carreri, 158; buys some part of the Boturini collection, 160, 162; on the ruins of Middle America, 176; on the Cholula mound, 180; on Mitla, 184; describes Aztec MSS., 203; on the _Codex Telleriano_, 205; in South America, 270; _Vues de Cordillères_, 271, 371; Eng. transl., 271; _Voyage au régions équinoxiales_, 271; _Ansichten der Natur_, 271; _Aspects of Nature_, 271; _Views of Nature_, 271; on the Chibchas, 282; on the origin of Mexicans, 371; his bibliog. in his _Vues_, 413; on arts in America, 416; (with Bonpland) _Voyage_, 426.

Humboldt, Wm. von, his linguistic studies, 426.

Humphrey, D., _Soc. for propagating the Gospel_, 323.

Humphrey and Abbott, _Physics of the Mississippi Valley_, 393.

Hunt, Jas., 443.

Hurakan, 435.

Huron River, Ohio, mounds near, 408.

Hurons, 321; their language, 423.

Hutchinson, Thos., his library, i.

Hutchinson, T. J., on Peruvian skulls, 244; _Two years in Peru_, 272; _Some fallacies about the Incas_, 272.

Huttich, John, _Novus Orbis_, xxiv.

Huxley, on cataclysmic force, 382; _Distribution of Races_, 383; _Man’s place in nature_, 390.

Hygden maps (1350), 55, 117; Polychronicon, 117.

Hyginus, on the form of the earth, 3; _Poeticon astron._, 36.

Hyperboreans, 12.

Hyrcanian ocean, 382.

ICAZA, Father, 444.

Icazbalceta, J. G., on Indian languages, vii; _Don Fray Zumárraga_, 155, 156, 203; on Sahagún, 157; ed. Mendieta, 157; _Apuntes_, 157; portrait, 163; prints the_Hist. de los Méxicanos por sus Pinturas_, 164; defends Zumárraga, 203; _Destruccion de Antigüedades_, 203; _Las bibliotecas de Eguiara y de Beristain_, 413; _Cat. de escritores en lenguas indígenas_, 414; _Bibl. Amér. del Siglo xvi._, 157, 414, 426; his MSS., 427.

Iceland, visited by King Arthur, 60; by Irish, 60, 82; by the Norse, 83; bibliog., 84; millennial celebration, 85; books printed in, 93, 94; _Antiq. Amer._, 94; map, by Rafn, 95; by Claudius Clavus, 117, 118; other maps, 118; in Mauro’s map, 120; in map (1467), 121; in Martellus’ map, 122; Olaus Magnus, 123, 124, 125; Seb. Münster, 126; Zeno map, 127, 128; by Gallæus, 129.

Icelandic language, 66.

Icelandic sagas. _See_ Saga.

Ideler, J. I., vi.

Idols still preserved in Mexico, 180.

Igh, 134.

_Il genio vagante_, xxxiv.

Illinois, Indians, 327; mounds, 408.

_Ilustracion Mexicana_, 184.

Imlay, G., _Western Territory_, 398.

Imox, 134.

Inca civilization. _See_ Peru.

India, supposed westerly route to, 27.

Indian languages. _See_ Linguistics.

Indian Ocean once dry land, 383.

Indian summer, origin of the term, 319.

Indians, variety of complexion among, 111, 370; Morgan on their houses, 175; their contact with the French and English, 283; their feuds, 284; acquire firearms, 285, 301; deed lands, 286, 296; trade with the whites, 286; lose skill with the bow, 287; adoption of prisoners, 287; sell them for ransoms, 287, 289; treatment of captives, 290; captives cling to them, 291; life of, 293; trails, 294; traders among, 294, 297; as allies, 295; treaties with the English, 300, 304, 305; French missionaries among, 301; fur-hunters, 301; attempts to christianize, 307; the French instigations, 313; number of souls, 315; bibliog., 316; character in war, 318; government publications on, 320, 321; their shifting locations, 321; reservations for, 321; life of, as depicted by Morgan, 325; tribal society, 328; position of women, 328; medicine, 328; mortuary rites, 328; their games, 328; their mental capacity, 328; myths, 429; non-pastoral, 379; map of tribes, 381; decay of tradition among them, 400; degraded descendants of the higher races of middle America, 415; industries and trade, 416; lost arts, 416; copper mining, 418; influence of missions, 430; belief in a future life, 431; scope of Schoolcraft’s work, 441.

Indiana, _Geol. Report_, 393; Indians, 327; mounds, 408.

Indianapolis Acad. of Sciences, 438.

Indio triste, statue, 183.

Industries of the Amer. aborigines, 416.

Ingersoll, Ernest, 440; _Village Indians_, 396; on Indian money, 420.

Ingolf in Iceland, 61.

Ingolfshofdi, 61.

Ingram, Robert, 115.

Institut Archéologique, _Annales_, 441.

Institution Ethnographique, 442; _Rapport_, 442.

_Insulae Fortunatae_, 14. _See_ Fortunate Islands, Canaries.

Interglacial man, 334, 355.

International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, _Trans._, 443.

Inwards, Richard, _Temple of the Andes_, 219, 273.

Iowa mounds, 409.

Ireland the Great, 61; references, 82; variously placed, 82, 83; Rafn’s map, 95.

Ireland, early map of, 118

Irish legends about the island Brazil, 50.

Irish in Iceland, 60, 61, 82.

Irland it Mikla, 82. _See_ Ireland the Great.

Irminger, Admiral, on the Zeni, 114.

Iron, meteoric, found in the mounds, 418.

Iroquois, held to be Turks, 82; Sir Wm. Johnson breaks their league, 284, 300; attacked by the French, 300; extend their hunting grounds, 303; war against the Illinois, etc., 303; addicted to rum, 303; treaty with the English (1764), 304; sources of their history, 323; map of their country, 323; in Colden’s _Five Nations_, 324; their cession of western lands to the English in 1726, 324; sacrifice of the white dog, 325; build the mounds in New York, 402, 405; their arts, 416; hero-gods, 430; their monotheism, 430; myths, 431; language, 425.

Irving, Washington, on O. Rich, iii; on the Norse voyages, 93, 96.

Isla Verde, 31, 47, 51.

Islands of the Blest, 13, 15. _See_ Canaries, Fortunate Islands.

Isle Royale, copper mines, 418.

_Islenzkir Annáler_, 83.

Israel, lost tribes. _See_ Jews.

Italy, anthropological studies in, 444.

Itzamná, 434.

Itzcohuatl, 203.

Ivory workers, 417.

Ixtlilxochitl (ruler), 146.

Ixtlilxochitl (writer), 148; beginning of Mexican history, 155; gathers records, 157; his character, 157; his MS. material, 157; part secured by Aubin, 162; _Hist. Chichimeca_, 162; chief instigator of the feudal view of Mexican life, 173; his illusive character, 174.

Izalco, 168.

Izamal, 186, 188, 434.

Iztachnexuca, 139.

Iztcoatl, 146.

JACKER, E., 327, 328.

Jackson, C. T., _Geol. Report_, 418.

Jackson, Jas., _Liste de bibliog. géog._, i, xvii.

Jackson, W. H., among the cliff dwellings, 395; in the Chaco cañon, 396; _Photographs of N. Am. Indians_, 440.

Jacobs-Beeckmans, _Les iles Atlantique_, 53.

Jacobs, _Praying Indians_, 322.

Jacquet Island, 53.

Jade, 417; in Asia and America, 81.

Jadite, 417.

_Jahrbücher für Anthropologie_, 443.

Jalisco, 139, 433.

James, Capt. Thomas, his voyage, xxxv.

Japan discovered, 32; held to be Fusang, 78.

Jargons, 422.

Jarl, 61.

Jarvis, S. F., 381; _Religion of the Indian Tribes_, 429.

Jarz, K., on the Homeric islands, 40.

Jasper, 417.

Jaubert, trans. of _Edrisi_, 48.

Jay, John, early navigator, 50.

Jefferson, Thos., his anthropological collections, 371; on the mounds, 398; on Amer. linguistics, 424; his MSS. burned, 424; _Notes on Va._, ii.

Jeffreys, _French Dominion_, 326.

Jemez, 394.

Jeremias, _Die Babylon.—Assyr. Vorstellungen_, 13.

Jesuits, their _Relations_ as a source of Indian history, 316; their bibliog., xii; their missions, 317; travels of their missionaries, 318; in Peru, 262.

Jewitt, J. R., _Journal at Nootka Sound_, 327.

Jews, Grave Creek tablet, 404; migrations to America, 115.

Jiménes de la Espada, Márcos, _Biblioteca Hispano-ultramarina_, 260; edits Santillan, 261; edits Montesinos, 263; edits the _Relacion_ of the Anonymous Jesuit, 263; _Coleccion de libros Españoles raros_, 263; _Tres Relaciones_, 263; edits Salcamayhua, 266; edits the _Informaciones por mandado de Don F. de Toledo_, 268; his editorial labors, 274; edits Cieza de Léon, 274; edits Betanzos, 274; portrait, 274.

Jogues, the missionary, 323; sources, 323.

Johannes, Count. _See_ Jones, George.

Johnson, Elias, _Six Nations_, 325.

Johnson, G. H. M., 325.

Johnson, Sir William, and the Iroquois, 284; on his influence among the Indians, 318.

Jolibois, Abbé, on the anc. Mexicans, 81.

Joly, _L’homme avant métaux_, 383; _Man before metals_, 383; on the moundbuilders, 403.

Jomard, _Les Antiq. Amér._, 80; _Une pierre gravée_, 404.

Jones, C. C., _Tomo-chi-chi_, 326; finds rude stone implements in Georgia, 344; _Antiq. of No. Amer. Indians_, 344; on the making of arrow-heads, 417; on the Georgia mounds, 410; _Indian Remains_, 410; _Anc. tumuli_, 410; _Antiq. of Southern Indians_, 293, 410; on effigy mounds, 410; on bird-shaped mounds, 410; on rock inscriptions, 411.

Jones, David, _Two visits_, 110, 326, 398.

Jones, Geo., _Orig. Hist. of Ancient America_, 41, 190.

Jones, H. G., on Madoc’s voyage, 110.

Jones, Jos., 419; on the mounds, 410.

Jones, J. M., on shell heaps, 392.

Jones, Morgan, on the Tuscaroras, 109.

Jones, Peter, _Ojibway Indians_, 327.

Jones, _Oneida County_, 323.

Jones, _Stockbridge_, 323.

Jónsson, Arngrimur, 84; _Grönlandia_, 85.

Jordan, Francis, _Aboriginal Encampment at Rehoboth, Del._, 393.

Jordan, Fr., jr., 419.

Jorell, Otto, _Navires du Nord_, 62.

Jotunheimer, 130.

Jourdain, A., _Traductions d’Aristote_, 37.

Jourdain, Ch., _Influence d’Aristote_, 37, 38.

_Journal of American Folk Lore_, 438.

_Journal of Anthropology_, 442.

Jowett, B., _Dialogues of Plato_, 46.

Joyce, _Old Celtic Romances_, 33, 50.

Juarros, Domingo, _Guatemala_, 168, 196.

Jubinal, _Légendes de S. Brandaines_, 48.

Julianehaab district, maps, 87, 89.

Junks, drifting of, 78.

Junquera, S. P., 115.

Justiniani, Dr. Pablo, 281.

KABAH, 188, 200.

Kabah-Zayi, 186.

Kakortok, 86, 88.

Kalbfleisch, C. H., his library, xviii.

Kalm, Peter, on the Norse voyages, 92; _Travels_, 325; on the mounds, 398; on the formation of soil, 361.

Kames, Lord, _Hist. of Man_, 380.

Kan-ay-ko, 394.

Kane, Paul, _Wanderings_, 321.

Kansas Academy of Sciences, 438.

_Kansas City Review_, 439.

Kansas mounds, 409.

Keane, A. H., 273, 410; _Ethnology of America_, 412, 422.

Keary, C. F., _Dawn of History_, 412, 415.

Keller, Dr., on the Swiss lake dwellings, 395.

Kelley, O. H., 409.

Kemp’s discovery in London, 388.

Kendall, E. A., 104; _Travels_, 104.

Kennebecs, 322.

Kennedy, James, _Origin Amer. Indians_, 117.

Kennedy, J., _Probable origin of the Amer. Indians_, 369; _Essays_, 369.

Kennett, White, _Bibl. Amer. Prim._, i; his library, i.

Kennon, B., 78.

Kentucky caves, 390.

Kentucky mounds, 409.

Keppel, Gestalt, _Grösse, and Weltstellung der Erde_, 39.

Kerr, Henry, _Travels_, 111.

Kerr, Robert, _Voyages_, xxxvi.

Keyport, N. Jersey, 363, 393.

Keyser, J. R., _Private life of the old Northmen_, 85; _Religion of the Northmen_, 85.

Keyser, K., _Norges Hist._, 85.

Kich-Moo, 187.

Kiché, Brinton’s spelling of Quiché, 167.

Kidder, F., 325.

King, Richard, 106.

Kingektorsoak stone, 66.

Kingsborough, Edward, Lord, his belief in the lost-tribe theory, 116; acc. of, 203; his MSS. in Rich’s hands, 203; in Sir Thomas Philipps’, 203; _Antiq. of Mexico_, 203; copies, 203; finds no MSS. in Spain, 203.

Kingsley, Chas., _Lectures_, 98.

Kingsley, J. S., _Standard Nat. Hist._, 356.

Kino, Padre, 396.

Kircher, A., _Mundus Subterraneus_, 9, 43; _Œdipus Ægypticus_, 204.

Kiriri, 428.

Kirkland, the missionary, on the mounds, 399.

Kitchen-middens. _See_ Shell heaps.

Kittanning, 312.

Klaproth, J. H. von, _Fousang_, 78.

Klee, _Le Déluge_, 390.

Klemm, _Allgem. Culturgesch. der Menschheit_, 377, 431; _Allgem. Culturwissenschaft_, 377.

Kneeland, Samuel, _Amer. in Iceland_, 85; on the skeleton in armor, 105.

Kneip, C. H., iii.

Knight, Mrs. A. A., 45.

Knox, Robert, _Races of Men_, 369.

Knox, _Voyages_, xxxvi.

Koch and the Missouri mastodon, 388.

Kohl, J. G., on the Northmen voyages, 97; on Frislanda, 114; _Kitchi-Gami_, 327.

Kolaos, voyage, 40.

Kollmann, Dr., 384.

_Kosmos_, 438.

Koriaks, 77.

Kramer, J., ed. Strabo, 34.

Krarup, F., on the Zeni, 113.

Krause, E., _Northwest Coast of America_, 328.

Kristni Saga, 85.

Krossanes, 101, 102.

Kublai Khan, 82.

Kukulcan, 152. _See_ Cukulcan.

Kumlein, L., _Nat. Hist. Arctic America_, 106.

Kunstmann, _Mémoires_, 53.

LA BORDE, _Mer du Sud_, 43; _L’origine des Caraibes_, xxxiv, 117.

La Harpe, _Voyages_, xxxvi.

La Mothe Cadillac at Detroit, 303.

La Peyrère, map of Greenland, 132; _Relation du Groenland_, 132.

La Roquette on the Zeni, 112.

La Salle and the Indians, 318.

Labarthe, Charles, _La civilisation péruvienne_, 275; _Doc. inédits sur l’Empire des Incas_, 275.

Labat, _Nouveau Voyage_, 117.

Labrador, name of, 31, 74.

Lacandons, 188.

Lacerda, José de, _Doutor Livingstone_, 114.

Lachmann, _Sagenbibliothek_, 91.

Lacustrine deposits, 347; habitations, 393.

Laet, Joannes de, _Nieuwe Wereldt_, i; _Notæ ad diss. H. Grotii_, 370; further controversy with Grotius, 370.

Lafieri, Geografia, 125.

Lafitau, on the Asiatic origin of Americans, 76; _Mœurs des Sauvages_, 317; on the Tartar origin of Americans, 371.

Lagerbring, Sven, 84.

Laguna, Col. de la, 184.

Laing, Ed., _Heimskringla_, 92; on the sagas, 99.

Lake Bonneville, 347.

Lake Lahontan, 347.

Lake Superior, copper mines, 417.

Lamarck, J. B. A., his transformation theory, 383; _Philosophie Zool._, 383.

Lambayeque, 275.

Lancaster, Pa., treaty at, 305.

Landa, Bishop, _Relacion_, 164, 200; edited by Brasseur, 164; by Rada y Delgado, 165; critical account of editions by Brinton, 165; his alphabet, 198; facs. of part of it, 198; exists only in a copy, 198; pronounced a fabrication, 200, 202; analysis of, 201; misleading, 202; his destruction of MSS., 203.

Landino, 35.

_Landnamabók_, 83; editions, 83.

Landry, S. F., _Moundbuilder’s Brain_, 403.

Lands, tenure of, 175.

Lang, A., 281.

Lang, J. D., _Polynesian Nations_, 82.

Langdon, F. W., 408.

Langebek, Jacobus, _Scriptores rerum Danicarum_, 83.

Langius, _Med. Epist. Misc._, 41.

Langlet du Fresnoy, _Méthode_, i.

Language, as a test of race, 421, 422; failed in the palæolithic man, 421. _See_ Linguistics.

Laon globe (1486), 119; cut, 56.

Lapham, I. A., on the Indians of Wisconsin, 327; _Antiq. of Wisconsin_, 400, 408.

Lappawinzo, 325.

Larenaudière, _Méxique_, 190.

Larkin, F., _Anc. man in America_, 384, 405, 415.

Larrabure y Unanue, E., on the Ollantay drama, 282.

Larrainzar, M., _Estudios sobre la hist. de America_, 172, 195; on Palenqué, 195.

Lartet, Ed., _Nouvelles Recherches_, 388; _Annales des Sciences_, 441.

Lartet and Christy, _Reliq. Aquitanicæ_, 389.

Las Casas, _Narratio_, xxxiii; _Apolog. hist._, 155.

Latham, _Nat. Hist. of Man_, 374; _Man and his migrations_, 381.

Latreille, 16.

Latrobe, C. J., _Rambles in Mexico_, 180.

Laud, Archbp., 205.

Laurentian hills, 384.

Laurenziano-Gaddiano portolano, 55.

Law, A. E., 410.

Lawson, _Carolina_, xxxv.

L’Estrange, Sir H., _Americans no Jewes_, 115.

Le Beau, _Voyage_, 321.

Le Hon, H., _Influence des lois Cosmiques_, 387; _L’homme fossile_, 383.

Le Moyne, _Florida_, xxxii.

Le Noir on the _Dresden Codex_, 205.

Le Plongeon, Dr., on Atlantis, 44; on the connection of the Maya and Asiatic races, 81; on traces of the Guanches in Yucatan, 117; his studies in Yucatan, 166, 186; his discovery of the Chac-mool, 180, 181, 190; _Sacred Mysteries_, 180, 187; his over-confidence, 187, 200; controversies, 187; at Chichen-Itza, 187, 190; on the Maya tongue, 427.

Le Plongeon, Mrs. Alice, her studies on the Mayas, 166, 169, 187; _Vestiges of the Mayas_, 187; _Here and There in Yucatan_, 187.

Leardo, Giovanni, map (1448), 56; (1452), 53, 56, 115.

Leclerc, Ch., _Bibl. Amer._, vii, xvi, 413, 423.

Leclercq, _Gaspésie_, 321.

Leconte, J. L., on the California Indians, 437.

Lee, Arthur, on the mounds, 398.

Lee, J. C. Y., 397.

Lee, J. E., _Lake dwellings of Switzerland_, 395.

Leffler, O. P., 84.

Legendre, Napoleon, _Races de l’Amérique_, 369.

Legis-Glueckselig, _Die Runen_, 66.

Legrand d’Aussy, _Image du monde_, 37.

Leibnitz, _Opera philol._, 40.

Leidy, Jos., 374; discovers rude implements in lacustrine deposits, 347; on a mustang skull found in the California gravels, 353; _Extinct mammalia_, 388; on shell-heaps, 393; on the Hartman cave, 391.

Leif Ericson, his career, 62; his voyage to Vinland, 63; described, 90; statue in Boston, 98.

Leipzig, Museum für Völkerkunde, _Bericht_, 443; _Verein für Anthropologie_, 443.

Leland, Ch. G., C_alifornia and Mexico in the Fift. Cent._, 80; _Fusang_, 80; _Mythology of the Algonquins_, 99; _Algonquin legends_, 99, 431; on the Norse spirit in Algonquin myths, 99.

Lelewel, on the Arab voyages, 72; on Frislanda, 114.

Lemoine, J. M., on the Hurons, 321; on Indian mortuary rites, 328.

Lemuria, 383.

Lenape stone, 405.

Lenni Lenape, 325, 437. _See_ Delawares.

Lenoir, A., on Egyptian traces in America, 41; compares Palenqué with Egyptian remains, 192.

Lenox Library, xi; its bibliographical contributions, xi.

Lenox, Jas., his library, xi; _Recollections_ by Stevens, xi; his De Brys, xxxiii.

Léon y Gama, A. de, _Desc. de las Dos Piedras_, 159, 182; chronol. tables of Mexico, 133.

Léon y Pinelo, _Epitome_, i.

Leone, Giovan, _Viaggio_, xxix.

Lepsius, _Das Stadium_, 4.

Lesage, S., 317.

Lesley, J. P., _Origin and Destiny of Man_, 379, 383; his independent views, 384.

Lesson and Martinet, _Les Polynésiens_, 82.

Letheman on the Navajos, 327.

Letronne, on the size of the earth, 5; on the views of the extension of Africa, 7; _Opinions Cosmog. des Pères_, 38.

Levinus printed with Martyr, xxiii.

Lévy-Bing on the Grave Creek mound tablet, 404.

Lewis, Sir Geo. C., _Astron. of the Ancients_, 36.

Lewis, H. C., _Geol. Survey of Penna._, 388; _Trenton gravels_, 337, 388.

Lewis, T. H., on the mounds, 400, 403; on a snake mound, 401; on Iowa mounds, 409; on Kentucky mounds, 409; on Red River mounds, 410; on Rock inscriptions, 410.

Lewis and Clarke, on the Indians, 320; discover mounds, 409; their Indian vocabularies lost, 424.

Lexington, Ky., Indian fort, 437.

Li Yan Tcheou, 80.

Libraries, American, i; in New England, i; private, of Americana, vi.

_Libretto de tutta la navigazione_, etc., xix.

Libyan relic in America, 404.

Lick Creek mound, 408.

Lima, audience of, 211.

Linares on Teotihuacan, 182.

Lindenow, G., voyage to Greenland, 107.

Linguistics, American, bibliog. of, vii, 421, 423; affiliations with Asia, 77; with China, 81; used in studying ethnical relations, 421; number of stocks, 422, 424; dialects, 422; maps of America, by languages, 422; polysynthesis, 422; collections, 425; vocabularies in Wheeler’s Survey, 440.

Linschoten, xxxvii.

Lisbon Academy, _Memorias da Litteratura_, xix.

Little, Wm., _Warren_, 322.

Little Falls, Minn., 346.

Little Miami valley, mounds in, 403, 408.

Littlefield, Geo. E., xv.

Livermore, Geo., on Henry Stevens, xiv.

Lizana, B., 165.

Ljung, E. P., _Dissertatio_, 370.

Llamas of Peru, 213, 253; cut of, 213.

Llanos, Adolfo, _Sahagún_, 157.

Lloyd, Humphrey, _Cambria_, 109.

Lloyd, H. E., 108.

Lloyd, T. G. B., 321.

Loaysa, 162.

Locke, Caleb, _Hist. de la navigation_, xxxiv.

Locke, John, on the Wisconsin mounds, 400; _Mineral Lands_, 400.

Locket, S. H., 409.

Lockwood, Rev. Samuel, 363; collection, 393.

Lodge, Henry Cabot, review of Gravier’s _Découverte par les Normands_, 97.

Loess, 332, 348; of the Mississippi Valley, 388.

Loew, O., 394.

Löffler, E., on Vinland, 98.

Logan, James, his position in Penna., 308.

Logstown, 287.

London Anthropological Society, _Memoirs_, 442; _Trans._ and _Journals_, 442.

London Society of Antiquaries, _Archæologia_, 442.

Long, R. C., _Anc. Arch. of America_, 176.

Long, _Bibl. Amer._, ii.

Longfellow, H. W., _Skeleton in Armor_, 105.

Longperier, A. de, _Notice des Monuments_, 444; _Bronzes Antiques_, 26.

Loo-choo Islands, 80.

Lopez, V. F., on Quichua roots, 280; _Les Races Aryennes du Pérou_, 82, 241, 281; on the Ollantay drama, 282,

Lorente, S., _Hist. Antiq. del Peru_, 270; papers in the _Revista Peruana_, 270; _Revista de Lima_, 270.

Lorenzana, _Hist. Nueva España_, 203.

Lorillard, Pierre, 177.

Lorillard City, 177; situation, 188.

Lort, Michael, 104.

Loskiel, G. H., _Mission_, 371, 429.

Lothrop, S. K., _Kirkland_, 323.

Loudon, Archibald, _Selection of narratives_, 319.

Louisiana, missions in, 326; mounds, 409.

Löw, Conrad, _Meer Buch_, xxxiii.

Löwenstern, _Le Méxique_, 182.

Lowndes, the bibliographer, xvi.

Lubbock, Sir John, _Origin of Civilization_, 377, 380; as an anthropologist, 379; portrait, 379; _Prehistoric Times_, 379; on _No. Amer. Archæology_, 379; on the degeneracy of the savage, 381; _Early Condition of Man_, 381; _Scientific Lectures_, 387; on prehistoric archæology, 412.

Lucy-Fossarieu, P. de, _Ethnographie de l’Amérique Antarctique_, 442.

Ludewig, Hermann E., _Amer. local History_, v; _Amer. Aborig. Linguistics_, v; _Lit. of Amer. Aborig. Language_, vii, 423.

Lule, 428.

Lummi language, 425.

Lumnius, J. F., _De Extremo Dei Judicio_, 115.

Lunarejo, Dr., 280.

Lund, Dr., on caves in Brazil, 390.

Lurin, 277.

Lyctonia, 46.

Lydius, B., xxv.

Lyell, Sir Charles, on Atlantis, 44; _Antiquity of Man_, 384; eds., 384; _Second Visit_, 393; on the moundbuilders, 402.

Lykins, W. H. R., 409.

Lyman, Theodore, 3, 412.

Lyó-Baa, 184.

Lyon, G. F., _Journal_, 170; _Mexico_, 183.

Lyon, S. S., 410; _Antiquities from Kentucky_, 439.

Lyon, W. B., 397.

MACCAULEY, CLAY, on the Seminole Indians, 326.

Macedo, Dr., on Inca and Aztec civilizations, 275.

Machimus, 22.

Maciana library (Venice), vi.

Mackenna, B. V., his books, xiii.

Maclean, J. P., on Atlantis, 45; _Mastodon, Mammoth and Man_, 388; _Moundbuilders_, 401; on the serpent mound, 401; on the Grave Creek tablet, 404; mounds in Butler County, 408.

Maclovius, Bishop of Aleth, 48.

Macomb, J. N., _Exploring Exped. from Santa Fé_, 440.

Macrobius, 13, 31; _Comm. in Somn. Scip._, 9, 10, 11, 36; his maps, 10, 11, 12.

Madeira, 48; known to the ancients, 15, 25, 27; in the Bianco map, 50.

Madier de Montjau, _Chronol. hiérog._, 133; on Mexican MSS., 163; _Chronol. des rois Aztéques_, 200.

Madison, Bishop J., on the mounds, 398; on fortifications in the West, 437.

Madisonville, Ohio, Archæolog. Soc., 407; mounds, 408.

Madoc, Prince, his voyage, 71; bibliog., 109, 110, 111; linguistic traces of the Welsh in America, 109; English eagerness to substantiate his voyage, 109; some believe he went to Spain, 111; his people are the Mandans, 111; possible, but not probable, 111.

Madriga, P. de, 271; voyage to Peru, xxxiv.

Madrinanus, A., xx.

Maelduin, 33, 50.

Mag Mell, 32.

_Magazin für die Naturgeschichte des Menschen_, 443.

Magellan, xxviii, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii.

Magio, Ant., _Lengua de los Indios Baures_, 425.

Magnus, Olaus, _Hist. of the Goths_, 84; maps (1539), 123; (1555), 124; (1567), 125; _Historia_, 125; _Von dem alten Goettenreich_, 125.

Magnusen, Finn, 86, 96; on _Scand. divisions of time_, 99; an instance of his over-eagerness, 102.

Magnussen, Arne, 88.

Magrurin, 33.

Mahudel on stone implements, 387.

Mailduin, 33, 50.

Maillard, Abbé, _Miconaque language_, 425.

Maine Indians, 322; Indian missions, 322; shell heaps, 392.

Maisonneuve, _Bibl. Amer._, xiv, xvi; _Collection linguistique_, 425.

Maisonneuve. _See_ Leclerc.

Maize in Peru, 213.

Major, R. H., on the Atlantic islands, 47; on Arab voyages in the Atlantic, 72; on the Northmen, 96; on the sites of the Greenland colonies, 109, 113; on the Madoc voyage, 111; advocates the Zeni story, 112; portrait, 112.

Mala, 277.

Malay emigration to America, 60.

Malay stock in America, 81, 82.

Mallery, Col. Garrick, on the Dighton Rock, 103; on Indian inscriptions, 104; on pictographs, 410; on gesture language, 422; _Study of Sign language_, 422, 440.

Mallet, P. H., _Dannemark_, 92; _Northern Antiq._, 84, 92.

Malte-Brun, _Annales des Voyages_, xxxvi, 441; _Nouvelles Annales_, xxxvi, 441; on the Arab voyagers, 72; on the sagas, 92; on the Zeni, 112; _Précis de la géog._, 112; map of Central America, 151; map of Yucatan, 188; _L’époque des monumens de l’Ohio_, 398; _Nations et langues au Méxique_, 427.

Mame-Huastèque language, 426.

Mamertinus, 47.

Mammoth, 388.

Man Satanaxio, 31, 47, 49, 54.

Man, origin and antiquity of, in America, 330, 369; bibliog., 369; plurality of origin, 372; autochthonous, in America, 372; references on, 375; prehistoric, 377; stages of prehistoric existence, 377; his progress from barbarism to civilization, 378; influenced by climate, 378; degenerate in the modern savage, 380; controversy on this point, 381; arguments against his antiquity, 382; for it, 383; English, French, and German schools of opinion, 383; original home in the Indian Ocean, 383; his geological remoteness in Europe, 330, 384; references on his antiquity in America, 384; in the Glacial age, 387; existence with extinct animals, 388; in American caves, 389; scarcity of human remains of the palæolithic era, 390; early man in So. America, 390; as lake dweller, 395; of the Danish peat beds, 395; general references on prehistoric man, 412, 415; as a speaking animal, 421; unity of the American race, 429; the thoughts of early man, 429. _See_ Anthropology.

Manasseh Ben Israel, 115.

Manchester Geographical Society, _Journal_, 442.

Manco Ccapac, origin of, 225; at Cuzco, 224; portrait, 228.

Mancos River, 395.

Mandans, 111.

Mange, Padre, 396.

Mangue dialect, 428.

Mangues, 169.

Mani, 153; archives, 189.

Manilius, on the form of the earth, 3; _Astronomicon_, 36.

Manitoba Hist. Society, _Trans._, 410; mounds, 410.

_Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco_, 180.

Marana, J. P., _Turkish Spy_, 110.

Marçay, De, _Découvertes de l’Amérique_, 45.

Marceau, E., _Les anc. peuples d’Amérique_, 412.

Marcel de Serre, _Cosmog. de Moise_, 41.

Marcellus, _Ethiopic History_, 41.

March y Labores, José, xxxvii.

Marcoy, _Travels in So. Amer._, 209; _Voyage_, 272.

Marcy, R. B., _Border Reminiscences_, 319; (with G. B. McClellan) _Exploration of the Red River_, 327, 440.

Margry, Pierre, _Mémoires_, 302, 317.

Maricheets, 321.

Marietta, mounds, plan of, by W. Sargent, 437; Harris, view of the mounds, 405; mounds at, discovered, 407.

Marinelli, G., _Erdkunde bei den Kirchen-Vätern_, 30, 38.

Marinus of Tyre, 34; on the size of the known earth, 8.

Markham, C. R., on the Eskimos, 107; “The Inca civilization in Peru”, 209; translates Report of Ondegardo, 261; Molina’s _Rites of the Incas_, 262, 436; translates Avila’s narrative, 264; edits Salcamayhua, 266; _Cuzco and Lima_, 271; _Travels in Peru and India_, 271; _Peru_, 271; portrait, 272; on Tiahuanacu, 273; his editorial work, 274; on the Quichua language, 280; _Ollanta_, 281; reply to Mitre, 282; _Ocean Highways_, 442; _Geog. Review_, 442; _Geog. Mag._, 442.

Markland, 63, 130.

Marmier, X., _Island_, 84.

Marmocchi, F. C., _Viaggi_, xxxvii, 163.

Marquesas islands, 81.

Marquez, P., _Antichi mon. de Arch. Messicana_, 180.

Marriott mound, 408.

Marryat’s _Travels_, 321.

Marsh, Geo. P., 84, 439.

Marsh, O. C., on the Newark mounds, 408.

Marshall, O. H., _Hist. Writings_, 323; on the Ohio Valley Indians, 326.

Marson, Arc, 82.

Martellus, H., _Insularium illustratum_, 114, 119; map sketched, 122.

Marten, _Voyage to Greenland_, xxxiv.

Martha’s Vineyard, tracts on the conversion of the Indians, 322.

Martin, Félix, _Hurons et Iroquois_, 321; _Jogues_, 323.

Martin, Gabriel, xxxii.

Martin, Henri, _Dissertation sur l’Atlantide_, 46; _Timée de Platon_, 46.

Martin, Luis, 184.

Martin, T. H., his astron. papers, 36; _Cosmog. Grecque_, 39; _Sur le Timée_, 42.

Martin of Valencia, 156.

Martinez, J., Quichua vocabulary, 279.

Martinière, map of Greenland, 132; _Voyages_, 132.

Martius, F. P. von, _Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, 428; _Glossaria_, 428; _Beiträge_, 136.

Martyr, Peter, bibliog., xx; his first decade, xx; _Legatio Babylonica_, xx; acc. by Harrisse, xx; by Schumacher, xx; by Heidenheimer, xx; _Die Schiffung_, xxi; Poemata, xxi; _De Nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis_, xxi; facs. of title, xxii; _De orbe novo_, xxi; _Extrait ou Recueil_, xxi; _De rebus oceanicis_, xxiii; _Summario_, xxiii; joined with Oviedo, xxiii; Eden’s _Decades_, xxiii; Willes’ _Hist. of Travayle_, xxiii; edited by Hakluyt, xxiii; by Lok, xxiii; _Opus Epistolarum_, xxiv; on the Ethiopian origin of the tribes of Yucatan, 117; describes the Maya and Nahua picture-writings, 203.

Maryland, docs. in her Archives, xiv; Hist. Soc., xviii; Indians, 325.

Masks, Mexican, 419.

Mason, Geo. C., on the Newport mill, 105; _Rem. of Newport_, 105.

Mason, O. T., on the mounds, 402; bibliog. of anthropology, 411; on anthropology in the U. S., 411; his anthropolog. papers, 439.

Massachusetts Bay map, 100.

Massachusetts Hist. Soc., Library Catalogue, xvii; on the statue of Leif Ericson, 98; on Rafn’s over-confidence, 100.

Massachusetts Indians, 323.

_Massachusetts Quart. Rev._, 96.

Massachusetts State Library, xvii.

Massilia founded, 26.

Mastodon, carvings of, 405; mound, 409; remains of man associated with the, 388; how long disappeared, 389.

_Materiaux pour l’histoire primitive_, 411.

Mather, Cotton, on Dighton Rock, 103, 104; _Wonderful works of God_, 104; on Jews in New England, 115; on supposed remains of a giant, 389; and the Royal Society, 442.

Mather, Increase, his letter to Leusden, 322.

Mather, Saml., _America known to the ancients_, 40.

Mathers, their library, i.

Matienzo, Juan de, _Gobierno de el Peru_, 261.

Matlaltzinca, 148.

Matthews, W., _Language of the Hidatsa_, 425; _Hidatsa Indians_, 440.

Maudsley, A. P., _Guatemala_, 197.

Maurault, _Abenakis_, 322.

Maurer, Konrad, _Altnord. Sprache_, 84; _Island_, 85; _Isländische Volkssagen_, 85; on the Zeni, 113; _Rechtgesch. des Nordens_, 85.

Mauro, Fra, map (1457), 53, 117; facs. of northern parts, 120.

Maury, Alfred, 374.

Mavor, _Voyages_, xxxvi.

Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, his library, viii.

Maximilian, Prince, _Reise_, 319; _Travels_, 392.

Maxtla, 146.

Maya d’Ahkuil-Chel, 426.

Mayapan, 152; deserted, 153.

Mayas, origin of, 134, 152; name first heard, 135; nations comprised, 135; acc. of, 152; hieroglyphics, 152, 426; Katunes, 152; calendar, 152; manuscripts, 162; Chilan Balam, 164; _Popul Vuh_, their sacred book, 166; their last pueblo, 175; picture-writing, 197; metals among, 418; languages of, 427; dialects, 427; allied to the Greek, 427; general references, 427; religion of, 433; hero-gods, 430, 434.

Mayberry, S. P., on Florida shell heaps, 393.

Mayda, 31, 47, 51, 53.

Mayer, Brantz, on Sparks, vii; _Mexico_, 170; _Observations on Mex. hist._, 184.

Mayhews, the Indian missionaries, 322.

Mayta, Ccapac, Inca, 229.

Mazahuas, 136.

Mazetecs, 136.

McAdams, W., 409; _Anc. Races in the Mississippi Valley_, 403, 410; _Cahokia_, 408.

McCaul, John, 99.

McCharles, A., 410.

McClellan, G. B., 440.

McClintock and Strong’s _Cyclop. bibl. lit._, 384.

McClure and Parish, _Mem. of Wheeloch_, 322.

McCoy, Isaac, _Baptist Indian missions_, 369.

McCulloh, James H., _Researches on America_, 169, 372; on the mounds, 399.

McCullough, John, captive to the Indians, 292, 319.

McElmo cañon, 395.

McFarland, R. W., 408.

McGee, W. J., 377; on glacial man, 330, 343; on the Columbia period, 343; his lacustrine explorations, 349; on Iowa mounds, 409.

McIntosh, John, _Disc. of America_, 372.

McKenney, T. L., _Memoirs_, 320; his career, 320; (with James Hall) _Indian Tribes_, 320.

McKinley, Wm., 410.

McKinney, W. A., 41.

McLennan, J. F., _Primitive Marriage_, 380; _Studies in Anc. Hist._, 380.

McMaster, S. Y., 111.

McParlin, J. A., 397.

McWhorter, T., 408.

Measures of length used by the Mexicans, 420.

_Meddelelser om Grönland_, 86.

Medel on the Mex. hieroglyphics, 200.

Megatherium, 389.

Megiser, H., _Sept. Novantiquus_, xxxiv, 111.

Meigs, J. A., on Morton’s collection, 372; _Catal. human crania_, 372; _Obs. on the cranial forms_, 374; _Form of the occiput_, 375.

Meineke, A., ed. Strabo, 34.

Mela, Pomponius, his views of the extension of Africa, 10; relations with Ptolemy, 10; on men supposed to be carried from America to Europe, 26; _De Situ Orbis_, 36.

Melgar, E. S. de, 279.

Melgar, J. M., _De las Teogonias en los manuscritos Méxicanos_, 431.

Melgar, Señor, 116.

Melkarth, 24.

Melo, Garcia de, 260.

Menana, 102.

Mendieta, _Hist. Eçcles. Ind._, 157.

Mendoza, Gumesindo, 155; curator of Museo Nacional in Mexico, 444.

Menendez, _Geog. del Peru_, 212.

Mengarini, G., _Flat-head Grammar_, 425.

Mentone caves, 390.

Menzel, _Bibl. Hist._, ii.

Menzies, Wm., his library and catalogue, xii.

Mer de l’Ouest, 79.

Mercator map (1538), 125.

Mercer, H. G., 405.

_Mercurio Peruano_, 276.

Meredith, a Welsh bard, 109.

Merian, M., xxxi.

Merida, 188.

Meridian, the first, where placed by the ancients, 8.

Merivale, C., _Conversion of the Northern Nations_, 85.

Merom, Ohio, 408.

Meropes, 22.

Merry Meeting Bay, 102.

Mesa, Alonso de, 260; _Anales del Cuzco_, 270.

Metal, use of, 418; working in Peru, 256; among the early Americans, 417.

Metz, Dr. C. L., finds palæolithic implements in Ohio, 340, 341; _Prehist. Mts. Little Miami Valley_, 408.

Meunier, V., _Les ancêtres d’Adam_, 383.

Mexia y Ocon, J. R., 279.

Mexico (country), linguistics of, viii; held to be Fousang, 78, 80, 81; correspondences in languages with Chinese, 81; with Sanskrit, 81; Asiatic origin of games, 81; jade ornaments in, 81; Asiatic origin, references on, 81; obscurities of its pre-Spanish history, 133; early race of giants, 133; chronologies, 133; the Toltecs arrive, 139; the confederacy growing, 147; its nature, 147; portraits of the kings, 148; sources of pre-Spanish history, 153; the early Spanish writers, 153; the courts and the natives, 160; MS. annals, 162; general accounts in English, 169; _Archives de la Com. Scient. du Méxique_, 270; ethnology of, 172; character of its civilization, 173, 176; the confederacy, 173; diverse views of the extent of the population, 174; disappearance of their architecture, 174; map by Santa Cruz, 174; mode of government, 174, 175; their palaces, 175, 176; notes on the ruins, 176; astronomy in, 179; idols still preserved, 180; superstitions for writings, 180; origin of the people, 375; copper, use of, 418; variety of tongues in, 426; culture, 329, 330. _See_ Toltecs, Nahuas, Anahuac, Aztecs, Chichimecs.

Mexico (city), founded, 133, 144; Clavigero’s map in facs., 143; its lakes, 143; other maps, 143; facs. of the map in Coreal’s _Voyages_, 145; a native acc. of the capture, 162; calendar stone, 179; used to regulate market days, 179; Museo Nacional, 419, 444; its _Anales_, 444; view of, 180, 181; forgeries in, 180; no architectural remains, 182; the city gradually sinking, 182; relics still beneath the soil, 182; Bandelier’s notes, 182; old view of the city, 182; early descriptions, 182; its military aspect, 182; relics unearthed, 182; temple of (views), 433, 434.

Meye, Heinrich, _Copan und Quiriguá_, 196, 197.

Meyer, A. B., 417.

Meyer, J., map of Greenland, 131.

Mica, 416.

Michel, Francisque, _Saint Brandan_, 48.

Michigan mounds, 408.

Michinacas, 136.

Michoacan, 149, 433.

Micmacs, 321; language, 425; legends, 431; missions, 321; traditions of white comers among, 99.

Mictlan, 184, 435.

Mictlantecutli, 435.

Middle Ages, geographical notions, 30.

Miedna, 78.

Migration of nations in pre-Spanish times, 137, 139, 369; disputes over, 138; Gallatin’s view, 138; bibliog., 139; Dawson’s map of those in North America, 381; generally from the north, 381.

Mil, A., _De origine Animalium_, 370.

Milfort, a creek, 326.

Miller, J., _Modocs_, 327.

Miller, W. J., _Wampanoags_, 102.

Mindeleff, V., on Pueblo architecture, 395.

Minnesota mounds, 409.

Minutoli, J. H. von, on Palenqué, 191; _Stadt in Guatemala_, 195.

Miocene man, 387.

Miquitlan, 184.

_Mirror of Literature_, 110.

_Mission Scientifique au Méxique, Ouvrages_, 207.

Missions’ effect on the Indians, 318.

Mississippi Valley, loess of, 388; mounds, 410.

Missouri, mounds, 409; pottery, 419.

Missouri River, lacustrine age, 348.

Mitchell, S. L., on the Asiatic origin of the Americans, 76, 371; on the Northmen, 102.

Mitchell, A., 410.

Mitchell, W. S., on Atlantis, 44.

Mitchener, C. H., _Ohio Annals_, 407.

Mitla, ruins of, 184; plan, 184.

Mitre, Gen. B., _Ollantay_, 282.

Miztecs, 136; subjugated, 149.

Mochica language, 227, 275, 276.

Modocs, 327.

Mohawks put English arms on their castles, 304, 324.

Mohegan Indians, their language, 423.

Moke, H. T., _Hist. des peuples Américains_, 172.

Moletta (Moletius) on the Zeno map, 129.

Molina, Alonzo de, 156.

Molina, Christoval de, in Peru, 262; _Fables and Rites of the Incas_, 262; on the Incas, 436.

Molina, _Vocabulario_, viii; _Arte de la lengua Méx._, viii.

Möllhausen, Reisen, 396; _Tagebuch_, 396.

Moluccan migration to South America, 370.

Monardes, _Dos Libros_, xxix; _Hist. Medicinal_, xxix; likeness, xxix; _Joyfull Newes_, xxix.

Monboddo, Lord, on Irish linguistic traces in America, 83.

Moncacht-Ape, 77.

Money, 420.

Mongolian stock on the Pacific coast, 82.

Mongols in Peru, 82.

Monhegan, alleged runes on, 102.

Monogenism, 374.

Monotheism in America, 430.

Monro, R., _Anc. Scotch lake dwelling_, 393.

Montalboddo, _Paesi Nov._, xix.

Montana mounds, 409.

Montanus, _Nieuwe Weereld_, i; on the Zeni, 111; _America_, xxxiv; on the sagas, 92; on the Madoc voyage, 109.

Monte Alban, 184.

Montelius, O., _Bibliog. de l’archéol. de la Suède_, 444.

Montémont, A., Voyages, xxxvii.

Montesinos, F., in Peru, 263; _Memorias antiguas_, 82, 263; _Anales_, 263; _Mémoire historique_, 263; on Jews in Peru, 115; _Mémoires_, 273.

Montesquieu, _Esprit des Lois_, 380.

Montezuma (hero-god), 147, 150.

Montezuma (first of the name), 146; in power, 147; various spelling of the name, 147; dies, 148.

Montezuma (the last of the name), 148; forebodings of his fall, 148; hears of the coming of the Spaniards, 149; his “Dinner”, 174, 175.

Montfaucon, _Collectio_, 30.

Montgomery, James, _Greenland_, 69.

Moore, Dr. Geo. H., at the Lenox Library, xii; account of, xii.

Moore, Martin, 322.

Moore, M. V., 41.

Moore, Thos., _Hist. Ireland_, 61.

Moosmüller, P. O., _Europäer in America_, 88, 90.

Moquegua, 277.

Moqui Indians, 397, 429; representatives of the cliff dwellers, 395.

Moravian missions, 308, 318.

_Moravian Quarterly_, 109.

Morellet, Arthur, _Voyage_, 194; _Travels_, 195.

Morgan, Col. Geo., 319.

Morgan, L. H., his _Montezuma’s dinner_, ix, 174; attacked by H. H. Bancroft, ix, 174; on the cradle of the Mexicans, 138; his exaggerated depreciation of the Mexican civilization, 173, 174; his relations with the Iroquois, 174; _Houses and House life_, 175, 420; _Ancient Society_, 175, 382; controverted, 380; his publications, 175; his death, 175; on Rau’s views as respects the Tablet of the Cross, 195; on centres of migrations, 381; on human progress, 382; on the Pueblo race, 395; on the ruins of the Chaco cañon, 396; on the ruins on the Animas River, 396; on the social condition of the Pueblos, 397; on the moundbuilders, 401; finds their life communal, 402; on their houses, 402; _League of the Iroquois_, 325, 416; on bone implements, 417; on linguistic divisions, 422; on Indian life, 325; _Iroquois laws of descent_, 437; _Bestowing of Indian names_, 437; _Houses of American Aborigines_, 437.

Morgan, Thomas, on Vinland, 98.

Morillot, Abbé, _Esquimaux_, 105.

Morisotus, C., _Epist. Cent. duæ_, 370.

Morlot, A., 395; on the Phœnicians in America, 41.

Mormon bible, its reference to the lost tribes, 116.

Morris, C., 403.

Morse, Abner, _Anc. Northmen_, 105.

Morse, Edw. S., _Arrow Release_, 69; on the tertiary man, 387; on prehistoric times, 412.

Morse, Jed., _Report on Indian affairs_, 320.

Mortillet, G. de, _Le Signe de la Cross_, 196; _Antiq. de l’homme_, 383; founds the _Materiaux_, etc., 411, 442; _L’homme_, 442; _Dict. des Sciences Anthropologique_, 442.

Morton, S. G., _Inquiry into the distinctive characteristics of the aborig. race_, 437; _Crania Amer._, 372; his collection of skulls, 372; _Physical type of the American Indian_, 372; _Aboriginal Race of America_, 372; _Some observations_, 372; on the moundbuilders’ skulls, 399, 403.

Morton, Thomas, _New English Canaan_, 369.

Mossi, H., on the Quichua language, 280.

Motolinía, _Historia_, 156.

Motupé, 276.

Moulton, J. W., _New York_, 93.

Moulton, M. W., 409.

Moundbuilders, connected with the Irish, 83; with the Welsh, 111; with the Jews, 116; with the later peoples of Mexico, 136, 137; Morgan on their houses, 175; Haynes’s views, 367; literature of, 397; early Spanish and French notices of, 398; accounts by travellers, 398, 402; held to be ancestors of the Aztecs and other southern peoples, 398; emblematic mounds, 400; the most ancient, 402; believed to be of the Indian race, 400, 401, 402; earliest advocates of this view, 400; vanished race view, 400, 401, 402; Great Serpent mound, 401; no clue to their language, 401; mounds in New York built by the Iroquois, 402; date of their living, 402; divisions of the United States by their characteristics, 402; held to be Cherokees, 402; agriculturalists, 402, 410; sun-worshippers, 402; age of, 403; contents of the mounds, 403; fraudulent relics, 403; geographical distribution of their works, 404; built by Finns, 405; by Egyptians, 405; maps, 406; use of copper, 408; pipes, 409; military character, 409; turned hunters, 410; their textile arts, 419; cloth found, 419; pottery, 419.

Movers, _Die Phoenizier_, 24.

Mowquas, 111.

Moxa, 428.

M’Quy, Dr., 191.

Mudge, B. F., 409.

Muellenhof, _Alterthumskunde_, 4.

Muhkekaneew Indians, 116.

Mühlenpfordt, E. L., _Versuch_, 184.

Muiscas. _See_ Muyscas.

Mujica, M. A., 282.

Müller, C., _Geog. Græci_, 34.

Müller, F., _Allgemeine Ethnographie_, 375.

Müller, J. G., on the Peruvian religion, 270; _Amer. Urreligionen_, 380, 430; on Quetzalcoatl, 433.

Müller, J. W. von, _Reisen_, 185.

Müller, Max, on early Mexican history, 133; on Ixtlilxochitl, 157; on the _Popul Vuh_, 167; on E. B. Tylor, 377; on American monotheism, 430.

Müller, P. E., _Icelandic Hist. Lit._, 84; (with Velchow, J.) ed. _Saxo Gram._, 92; _Sagenbibliothek_, 85.

Müller, _Handbuch des klas. Alterth._, 5.

Muller, Frederik, xvi.

Mummies, in American caves, 391; of Incas, 234, 235; Peruvian, 276, 277.

Munch, P. A., _Det Norske Folks Hist._, 84; _Olaf Tryggvesön_, 90; _Norges Konge-Sagaer_, 90.

Munich, Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 443.

Muñoz, J. B., 191; _Historia_, ii; on the Norse voyages, 92.

Munsell, Frank, xv.

Munsell, Joel, xv; his publications, xv; sketch by G. R. Howell, xv.

Münster, Sebastian, his map, xxv; _Cosmographia_, xxv; likeness, xxvi, xxvii; _Kosmograffia_, xxviii; translations, xxviii; on the Greenland geography, 126.

Murphy, H. C., his library, ix; his _Catalogue_, ix; dies, ix.

Murray, Andrew, _Geog. Distrib. Mammals_, 82, 106.

Murray, Hugh, _Travels_, 93, 111; _Disc. in No. America_, 72; on the Northmen, 93.

Múrua, M. de, _Hist. gen. del Peru_, 264.

_Museo Erudico_, 276.

_Museo Guatemalteco_, 168.

_Museo Mexicano_, 444.

Music, 420.

Musical instruments, 420.

Mutsun language, 425.

Muyscas, myths of, 436; idol, 281; origin of, 80.

Myths, not the reflex of history, 429; literature of American, 429.

NAAMAN CREEK, rock shelter at, 365.

Nachan, 135.

Nadaillac, Marquis de, _L’Amérique préhistorique_, 369, 412, 415; _Prehistoric America_, 415; on the autochthonous theory, 375; _De la période glaciaire_, 388; _Les prem. hommes_, 369, 412; _Mœurs des peuples préhistorique_, 412; _Les pipes et le tabac_, 416; _L’art préhist. en Amérique_, 419.

Nahuas, origin of, 134; direction of their migration controverted, 134, 136, 137, 138; earliest comers, 137; from the N. W., 137; date disputed, 137; their governmental organizations, 174; places of their kings, 174; their buildings, 182; picture-writing, 197; myths, 431. _See_ Aztecs, Mexico.

Narborough, _Magellan Straits_, xxxiv.

Narragansetts, 323.

Nasca, Peru, 271, 277.

Nasmyth, J., 50.

Natchez Indians, 326; supposed descendants of Votanites, 134.

Natchez, relics at, 389.

Natick language, 423.

National Geographic Society, 438.

Natural Hist. Soc. of Montreal, 438.

_Nature_, 443.

Naugatuck valley, 323.

Naulette cave, 377.

Nauset, 102.

Navajos, 327; expedition against, 396; weaving among, 420.

Neanderthal, race, 377; skull, 377, 389.

Nebel, Carlos, _Viaje pintoresco_, 179, 180.

Negro race, as primal stock, 373; of a stock earlier than Adam, 384.

Nehring, A., on animals found in Peruvian graves, 273.

Neill, E. D., on the Ojibways, 327.

Neolithic Age, 377; implements of, 377. _See_ Stone Age.

Nepeña, 276.

_Neue Berlinische Monatsschrift_, 371.

Neumann, K. F., _Amerika nach Chinesischen Quellen_, 78, 80.

Névome language, 425.

New Brunswick shell heaps, 392.

New England Hist. Geneal. Society, xvii.

New England Indians, 322; mounds in, 404; visited by the Northmen, 94, 95, 96; shell heaps, 392.

New Grenada, map, 209; tribes of, 282.

New Hampshire, bibliog., xv; Indians, 322.

New Jersey, copies of docs. in her Archives, xiv; Indians, 325; shell heaps, 393.

New Mexico, map of ruins in, 397.

New Orleans, human skeleton found near, 389.

New York Acad. of Science, 438.

New York city, as a centre for the study of Amer. hist., xvii; its Hist. Soc. library, xvii; Astor Library, xvii; private libraries, x, xviii.

New York State, local history in, v; its library at Albany, xviii; the French import goods into, for the Indian trade, 311; its trade with the Indians, 311; Indians, 323; missions, 323; mounds, 404.

Newark, Ohio, map of mounds at, 407; described, 408.

Newcomb, Simon, opposes Croll’s theory, 387.

Newfoundland, early visited by the Basques, 75; in the early maps, 74; Eskimos in, 106; Indians of, 321.

Newman, J. B., _Red Men_, 46.

Newport stone tower claimed to be Norse, 105.

Nezahualcoyotl, 146, 147; dies, 148.

Nezahualpilli, 148.

Nicaragua, early footprint in, 385; explorers of, 197; mythology, 434; sources of its history, 169.

Nicholas V, alleged bull about Greenland, 69.

Nicholls and Taylor, _Bristol_, 50.

Nienhof, _Brasil. Zee-en Lantreize_, xxxiv.

Nijhoff, Martin, xvii.

Nilsson, _Stone Age_, 412.

Niza, Marco de, _Quito_, 268.

Noah, M. M., _American Indians descendants of the Lost tribes_, 116.

Nodal, J. F., on the Quichua tongue, 280; _Ollanta_, 281.

Nonohualcas, 136.

Nordenskjöld, A. E., _Exped. till Grönland_, 86; his belief in a colony on east coast of Greenland, 109; portrait, 113; on the Zeni, 114; _Bröderna Zenos_, 114; _Trois Cartes précolumbiennes_, 114, 117; _Studienund Forschungen_, 114; finds the oldest maps of Greenland, 117; his projected _Atlas_, 125; on the Olaus Magnus map (1567), 125.

Norman, B. M., _Rambles in Yucatan_, 186.

Norman sailors on the American coasts, 97.

Norris, P. W., 409.

Norse. _See_ Northmen.

North Carolina, antiquities, 410; rock inscriptions, 411.

Northmen, cut of their ship, 62; plan of same, 63; ship discovered at Gokstad, 62; another at Tune, 62; one used as a house, 64; depicted in the Bayeux tapestry, 64; flags, 64; weapons, 64; characteristics, 67; in Greenland, 68; in Iceland, 83; alleged visits to America, 98; their voyages seldom recognized in the maps of the xvth cent., 117.

Northwest coast, the Berlin Museum’s _Nordwest Küste_, 76.

Nortmanus, R. C., _De origine gent. Amer._, 370.

Norton, Charles B., his _Lit. Letter_, xv.

Norumbega held to be a corruption of Norvegia, 98.

Norway, early map, 118; in Fra Mauro’s map, 120; in Olaus Magnus, 124, 125; by Bordone, 126; in Gallæus, 129.

Nott, J. C. (with Gliddon), _Types of Mankind_, 372; _Physical Hist. of the Jews_, 373; _Indigenous Races_, 374.

Nova Scotia, Indians, 321; shell-heaps, 392.

Nova Scotia Institute of Nat. Science, 438.

Novo y Colson, D. P. de, and Atlantis, 45.

Noyes, _New England’s Duty_, 322.

Noymlap, 275.

Numismatic and Antiq. Soc. of Philadelphia, 438.

Nuttall, Thomas, _Arkansa Territory_, 326.

Nuttall, Mrs. Zelia, on Mexican communal life, 175; on the so-called Sacrificial Stone, 185; on complemental signs in the Mexican graphic system, 198; on Mexican feather-work, 420; on terra cottas from Teotihuacan, 182.

Nyantics, 323.

O’BRIEN, M. C., grammatical sketch of the Abnake, 423.

O’Curry, Eugene, _Anc. Irish history_, 50.

O’Flaherty, _Islands of Arran_, 50; _Ogygia_, 51.

Oajaca, 149, 433; sources of its history, 168; ruins in, 184; teocalli at (view), 436.

Obando, Juan de, his Quichua dictionary, 279; grammar, 279.

Ober, F. A., _Travels in Mexico_, 170; _Anc. Cities of America_, 177.

Obsidian, 417; implements, 358.

Ocean, ancient views of the, 7; depth of, 383.

_Ocean Highways_, 442.

Ococingo, 135.

Odysseus, voyage of, 6; his wanderings, 40.

Ogallala Sioux, 327.

Ogilby, _America_, i, xxxiv.

Ogygia, 12, 13, 23.

_Ohio Archæological and Hist. Quarterly_, 407.

Ohio Land Company (1748), formation of the, 309.

Ohio, mounds in, 405; bibliog. and hist., 406; _Centennial Report_, 406; pictographs, 410; State Board of Centennial managers, _Final Report_, 407.

Ohio Valley, ancient man in, 341; ancient hearths in, 389; caves, 391; English attempts to occupy, 312; frontier life, 319; Indians, 326.

Ojeda, A. de, describes pile dwellings, 364.

Ojibways, 327.

Olaf, Tryggvesson, 62; saga, 90; editions, 90.

Olaus Magnus, 65; _Hist. de Gentibus Septent_, 67.

Olivarez, A. F., 282.

_Ollantai_ or _Ollantay_, 425; drama, 274, 242, 281; different texts, 281; its age, 282.

Ollantay-tampu _or_ tambo, ruins, 220, 221, 271.

Olmecs, migration of, 135; earliest comers, 135; overcame the giants, 137.

Olmos, A. de, 156, 276, 279.

Olosingo, 196.

Omahas, 327.

Onas, 289.

Ondegardo, Polo de, in Peru, 260, 261; _Relaciones_, 261.

Onderdonk, J. L., 412.

Ongania, _Sammlung_, 47, 53.

Onondaga language, 424.

Onontio, 289.

Ophir of Solomon, 82, 369; found in Palenqué, 191.

Orbigny, A. d’, _L’homme Américain_, 271; _Voyages_, 271; his ethnographical map of South America, 271.

Orcutt, S., _Indians_, 323; _Stratford_, 323.

Ordoñez, Ramon de, _La Creacion del Cielo_, etc., 168; _Palenqué_, 191.

Oré, L. G. de, _Rituale_, 227, 280.

Oregon, Indians, 328; mounds, 409; shell heaps, 393.

Orozco y Berra, helped by the collections of Icazbalceta and Ramirez, 163; _Geog. de las lenguas de México_, 135, 172, 427; _Dic. Universal de Hist_., 172; _Mexico_, 172; _El Cuauhxicalli de Tizoc_, 185; _Códice Mendozino_, 200.

Orrio, F. X. de, _Solution_, _del gran problema_, 76.

Ortega, C. F., ed. Veytia, 159.

Ortelius, on the Zeni, 111; holds Plutarch’s continent to be America, 40; believed Atlantis to be America, 43; map of the Atlantic Ocean (1587), 58; map of Scandia, 129; and the sagas, 92.

Otomis, 136, 424; their language, 81.

Otompan, 140.

Otté, E. C., 271.

Otumba, fight at, 175.

Ovid, _Fasti_, 3.

Oviedo y Baños, J. de, _Venezuela_, 444.

_Oxford Voyages_, xxxiv.

Oztotlan, 139.

PACCARI-TAMPU, 223.

Pachacamac, 234, 277.

Pachicuti, J. de S. C., _Reyno del Piru_, 436.

Pachacutec, Inca, 230, 277.

Pacific Ocean, great Japanese current, 78; its islands in geol. times, 383; long voyages upon, in canoes, 81.

Pacific Railroad surveys, 440.

Packard, A. S., on the Eskimos, 105.

Padoucas, 110.

_Pæsi Novamente_, xix; _Newe unbek. landte_, xx; fac-simile of title, xxi; _Nye unbek. lande_, xx; _Itinerariū Portugal_, xx; _Sensuyt le nouveau monde_, xx; _Le nouv. monde_, xxi.

Paez, 428.

Paéz-Castellano language, 425.

Page, J. R., 410.

Paijkull, C. W., _Summer in Iceland_, 83.

Paint Creek, map, 406.

Painter, C. C., _Mission Indians_, 328.

Palacio, Diego Garcia de, _Carta_, 168, 427.

Palacio, M., 281.

Palæolithic age, named by Lubbock, 377; its implements, 331; cut of, 331; man in America, 357, 358; could he talk? 421; developments towards the neolithic state, 365. _See_ Stone Age.

Palenqué, position of, 151; ruins described, 191; first discovered, 191; age of, 191; restorations, 192; tablet, 193; sculptures from the Temple of the Cross, 193, 195; seen by Waldeck, 194; plans, 195; views, 195; statues, 196.

Palfrey, J. G., on the Northmen, 96; on the Newport tower, 105; on the Indians, 323.

Palin, Du, _Study of hieroglyphics_, 204.

Pallas, _Vocab. comparativa_, 424.

Palmer, Edw., 409; on a cave in Utah, 390.

Palmer, Geo., _Migrations from Shinar_, 374.

Palomino, 260.

Palos, Juan de, 155.

Palszky, F., 374.

Panchæa, 12.

Pandosy, M. C., _Yahama language_, 425.

Papabucos, 136.

Papantla, 178.

Paracelsus, Theoph., on the plurality of the human race, 372.

Paradise, position of, 31, 47.

Paraguay, 370.

Paravey, C. H. de, _Fou-Sang_, 80; _Nouvelles preuves_, 80; _Plateau de Bogota_, 80; replies to Jomard, 80.

Pareja, F., _La Lengua Timuquana_, 425.

Pareto, Bart. de, his map (1455), 56.

Paris, peace of (1763), 312, 313; Société de Géographie founded, 441; _Recueil de Voyages_, 441; _Bulletin_, 441.

Parkman, F., _California and the Oregon trail_, 327; _France and England in North America_, 316; on the Indian character, 317; _La Salle_, 318.

Parmenides, 3.

Parmentier, Col., 81.

Parmunca, 275.

Parsons, S. H., 437.

Parsons, Usher, on the Nyantics, 323.

Passamaquoddy legends, 431.

Patin, Ch., xxiv.

Pattison, S. R., _Age of Man_, 387; _Earth and the Word_, 383.

Patton, A., 408.

Pauw., De, _Recherches_, 173. _See_ De Pauw.

Pawnees, 327.

Paynal, 432.

Payta, 275.

Pazos-kanki, V., his Quichua work, 280.

Peabody, Geo., 439.

Peabody Academy of Science, 438.

Peabody Institute (Balt.), xviii.

Peabody Museum of Archæology and Ethnology, 439; _Reports_, 439; _Special Papers_, 439.

Peale, T. R., 409, 410.

Pech, Nakuk, 164.

Peck, W. F., _Rochester_, 323.

Pecos, ruins, 396.

Pederson, Christiern, ed. of Saxo, 92.

Peet, S. D., _The Pyramid in America_, 177; on Pueblo architecture, 395; on the serpent symbol, 401; on the moundbuilders, 403, 408, 409; on mounds as totems, 408; on the Saint Louis mounds, 409; on early agriculture, 417; human faces in American art, 420; _Religious beliefs of the Aborigines_, 431; _Animal worship and Sun worship_, 431; _Religion of the Moundbuilders_, 431; edits _Amer. Antiquarian_, 439.

Pégot-Ogier, E., _Archipel des Canaries_, 48.

Peirce, C. S., on the Newport mill, 105.

Pelaez, Paula G., _Guatemala_, 168.

Pemicooks, 323.

Pemigewassets, 322.

Penafiel, Antonio, _Nombres géog. de México_, 427.

Penn, Wm., on Jews in America, 115.

Pennant, _Tour of Wales_, iii.

Pennock, B., 85.

Pennsylvania, Indians in, 306, 325; mounds, 405; settlers of, 307; their treatment of the Indians, 309.

Penobscots, 322; their legends, 431.

Pentland, J. B., map of Lake Titicaca, 246.

Pequods, 323.

Percy, Bishop, ed. Mallet’s _Northern Antiquities_, 91.

Perdita, island, 48.

Perez, José, 77, 117, 404; preserver of Maya MSS., 163.

Perez, Pio, _Chron. Yucateca_, 164; his notes, 164.

Periegetes, D., _Periplus_, 39.

Peringskiöld, ed. _Heimskringla_, 91.

Perizonius, 22, 40.

Perkins, Fred. B., his sketch of Gowans, xv; _Scrope_, xv.

Pernetty, D., controverts De Pauw, 370; _Examen_, 370; _De l’Amérique_, 370.

Perrine, T. M., 408.

Perrot, Nic., _Mémoires_, 429.

Pertuiset, E., _Le Trésor des Incas_, 272.

Pertz, G. H., _Mon. Germ. Hist._, 88.

Peru, Mongols in, 82; giants in, 82; the Ophir of Solomon, 82; Chinese in, 82; Jews in, 115; Votanites in, 134; civilization in, 209; evidences of it, 209; maps, 210, 211; bounds, 212; length of the settled condition of the Inca race, 212; plants and animals domesticated, 212; ancient burial-places, 214; pre-Inca people, 214; cyclopean remains, 220; water sacrifices, 221; deity of, 222; Pirua dynasty, 223, 225; its people, 227; Tampu Tocco, 223; Inca dynasty, 223; its duration, 225; list of the kings, 223; origin of the Incas, 223; their rise under Manco, 225; their original home, 226; their subjugation of the earlier peoples, 227; establish their power at Cuzco, 228; portraits of the Incas, 228, 267; picture of warriors, 230; Chanca war, 230; Inca Yupanqui, 230; war between Huascar and Atahualpa, 231, 262; names of the Incas, 231; succession of the Incas, 231, 232; their religion, 232; belief in a Supreme Being, 233; sun-worship, 233; plan of the Temple of the Sun, 234; religious ceremonials, 236, 240; astronomical knowledge, 236; their months, 236; festivals, 237; human sacrifices, 237, 238; learned men, 241; the Quichua language, 241; the court language, 241; references on the Inca civilization, 241; their bards, 242; dances, 242; musical instruments, 242; dramas, 242; quipus records, 242; healing art, 243; the central sovereign, 244; tributes, 245; the Inca insignia, 245; their architecture, 247; two stages of it, 247; their thatching, 247; ruins, 247; social polity, 249; the Inca family, 249; divisions of the empire, 249; provinces, 250; ruins of a village, 251; laborers, 251; bringing up of children, 251; land measure, 251; their agriculture, 252; hanging gardens, 252; irrigation, 253; peculiar products, 253; their flocks, 253; their roads, 254, 261; travelling, 254; map of roads, 254; colonial system, 255; military system, 255; arts, 255; metal-workers, 256; pottery, 256, 257, 258; weapons, 257; spinning, weaving, and dyeing, 257; cloth-making, 258; authorities on ancient Peruvian history, 259; the conquerors as authors, 260; lawyers and priests, 261; poetry, 262; chronology, 262; efforts to extirpate idolatry, 264; native writers, 265; _Relaciones descriptivas_ filled out in Peru, 266; the _Informaciones_ respecting the usurpation of the Incas, 268; pedigrees of the Incas, 268; ordinances, 268; works of travellers, 270, 272; origin of its civilization, 273; the great work of Raimondi, 273; on the geography, 273; editors of old works, 273; songs of the Incas, 274; ancient people of the coasts, 275; native language, 278; iron in, 418; cloths of, 420; mythology of, 436.

Peschel, O., _Gesch. der Erdkunde_, 36; _Erd- und Völkerkunde_, 48; on the Arab voyages, 72; _Gesch. des Zeitalters der Entdeck._, 96; portrait, 391; _Abhandlungen_, 391; acc. of, 391; on the Polynesians, 82; _Races of Men_, 381; on Orozco y Berra, 427.

Petavius, Dionysius, _Uranologion_, 6, 8, 35.

Peter, R., 410.

Peter of Ghent. _See_ Gante.

Peters, Richard, on the lost tribes, 116.

Petersen, N. M., _Danmarks Hist._, 84.

Peterson, J. G., 84.

Peterson, _Rhode Island_, 105.

Petit Anse Island, basket-work discovered at, 348, 386.

Pettitot, P. E., _Langue Dènè-Dindjie_, 425; _Vocab. Français-Esquimau_, 425.

Petzholdt, _Bibl. Bibliog._, xvii.

Peyrère, Isaac de la, _Groenland_, 85; editions and translations, 86; _Præadamitæ_, 384; _Man before Adam_, 384.

Peyster, J. W. de, _Miscellanies by an officer_, 321.

Phallic symbols, 81, 195, 429.

Philadelphia libraries, xviii.

Philip, King, his war, 297; prisoners in, 289.

Phillips, H., jr., 155, 444; on the alleged Nova Scotia runes, 102.

Phillips, J. S., 372.

Phillipps, Sir. Thomas, 155; receives some of Kingsborough’s MSS., 203; _Catalogue_, 203; his copy of Kingsborough’s book, 203.

Philoponus, _Nova typis transacta navigatio_, 48.

Phœnicians and maritime discovery, 23, 29.

Photography of the Yucatan ruins, 186.

Picard, _Peuples idolatres_, xxxiii.

Pichardo, J. A., and the Boturini collection, 160.

Pickering, Chas., his ethnolog. map, 82; _Races of Man_, 374; _Men and their geog. distribution_, 381.

Pickering, John, 423.

Pickett, E., _Testimony of the Rocks_, 403, 409.

Pictographs, 105, 410.

Picture-writing, notes on, 197; that of the Aztecs and Mayas early confounded, 197, 205 (_see_ Hieroglyphics); recent sales of MSS., 200; Maya method, 202; P. Martyr’s descriptions, 203; in Kingsborough’s work, 203.

Pidgeon, Wm., _Traditions of De-coo-dah_, 400; on Fort Azatlan, 408.

Piedrahita, _Granada_, 436.

Pierre, Henry, xxviii.

Pile dwellings, 364.

Pillars of Hercules, 25.

Pilling, Jas. C., _Bibliog. Indian Languages, Proof-sheets_, vii, 414, 423; on linguistic MSS., 423.

Pim, Bedford, _Dottings_, 197.

Pima language, 425.

Pimentel, Antonio, _Relaciones_, 164.

Pimentel, F., _Lenguas indigenas de México_, viii, 142, 425, 426.

Pinart, Alphonse, _Les Aléoutes_, 78; _Catalogue_, 414, 423, 425; _Coleccion de linguistica_, vii; _Bibl. de linguistique Amér._, 425.

_Pinart-Brasseur Catalogue_, vii, xiii.

Pindar on the Atlantic Ocean, 28.

Pinelo, Ant. de Léon, _Biblioteca_, 413; Barcia’s ed., 413.

Pinelo. _See_ Léon y Pinelo.

Pinkerton, John, _Voyages_, xxxvi.

Pinzon’s voyages, acc. of, xxiv.

Pipart, Abbé J., 200; _Astronomie des Méxicaines_, 179.

Pipe-stone quarries, 416.

Piquet, Father, 308.

Pirinda-Othomi language, 426.

Piruas, 222.

Pisco, valley, 277; mummy from, 277.

Pissac, 236.

Pizarro, Pedro, 260.

Pizigani, Fr., map (1367), 50, 55; cut of, 54; (1373), 53, 55.

Plato, on the form of the earth, 3; _Phaedo_, 3; _Timaeus_, 3, 15, 42; on the Atlantis story, 15, 41; his works, 34; editions, 42.

Platzmann, Julius, _Grammatiken_, vii.

Pleistocene man in America, 329, 357. _See_ Tertiary and Quaternary man.

Pliny on the form of the earth, 3; _Nat. Hist._, 15, 35, 42; his _Atlantis_, 42.

Pliocene man, 385. _See_ Pleistocene.

Plummets, 417.

Plurality of races, 372.

Plutarch, _De Placitis Philosophorum_, 3; his Saturnian continent, 23; _Moralia_, 35; on Solon, 42.

Poinsett, J. R., _Notes on Mexico_, 180.

Poisson, J. B., _Animadversiones_, 370.

Polo, Marco, xxiv, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvi.

Polybius, 34; on the branches of the ocean, 7.

Polynesians, their relations to the Malays, 81; their route to America, 81; migrations, 82, 376.

Pomar, J. B., _Antigüedades de los Indios_, 164; _Memorias históricas_, 164; on a Mexican house, 420.

Ponce, Father Alonzo, 197.

Pontanus, _Rerum et urbis Amst. hist._, xxxiii; on the Zeni, 111.

Pontiac’s conspiracy, 284, 314; number of warriors, 315; posts captured, 316.

Pontoppidan, _Norway_, 92.

Poole, W. F., 43; on Donnelly’s _Atlantis_, 45; on Weise’s _Disc. of America_, 45.

_Popular Mag. of Anthropology_, 442.

_Popular Science Monthly_, 439.

_Popular Science Review_, 443.

Porcelain in pre-Spanish times, 177.

Porcupine bank, 51.

Portuguese discoveries in America, bibliog., xix; the first explorers of the African coast, 38; early views of the American coast, 120.

Posidonius, 5, 34.

Post, C. F., in Ohio, 311.

Potato in Peru, 213.

Potter, W. P., 409.

Potter, _Early Hist. Narragansett_, 323.

Potter’s wheel, 419.

Pottery, collections of, 418, 419; paper on, 419; in Peru, 256, 257.

Pourtalès, Count, on human remains in Florida, 389.

Powell, David, 109.

Powell, Maj. J. W., in the Colorado cañon, 396; portrait, 411; _Survey of the Rocky Mt. region_, 412; _Ann. Reports Bur. Ethnol._, 412; on the moundbuilders, 401; views on language, 423; _Evolution of language_, 423, 440; on the Wyandots, 327, 440; on tribal society, 328; _Philosophy of the No. Amer. Indians_, 431; _Mythology of the No. Amer. Indians_, 431, 440; director of Bureau of Ethnology, 439; his linguistic studies, 439; edits _Contributions to Ethnology_, 440.

Powers, Stephen, on the California Indians, 81; _Tribes of California_, 81, 328.

Pownal, Gov. Thomas, suggests the cranial test of race, 372.

Prantl, _Aristoteles_, 7; _Himmelsgebäude_, 7.

Pratt, W. H., 408.

Praying Indians, 309.

Preadamites, 384.

Preble, G. H., on Norse ships, 62.

Precession of the equinoxes, 387.

Prehistoric archæology, canons of, 329; Internat. Congresses, 411.

Prehistoric time, usual divisions of, 377; stages of development not decided by time, 377.

Prescott, W. H., on the Northmen, 96; _Mexico_, 163; notes on it by Ramirez, 163; on the Mexican civilization, 174; his relative use of early Spanish writers in his _Peru_, 263, 269; his library, 269; on the Mexican connection with Asia, 375.

Prestwich, on cataclysmic force, 382; on the age of man, 384; _On the drift containing implements_, 384; _Flint-implement-bearing beds_, 386.

Prevost, Abbé, _Voyages_, xxxv.

Price, E., 403.

Price, J. E., 258.

Prichard, J. C., _Researches_, 320, 412.

Priest, Josiah, _Amer. Antiq._, 372.

Prime, W. C., on Gowans, xv.

Prince, Thos., his library, i.

Prinz, R., _De Solonis Plutarchi fontibus_, 42.

Pritt, Jos., _Olden Time_, 319.

Proclus, comment on Plato, 35; _Comment. in Timaeum_, 41.

Proudfit, S. V., 347.

Prunières, 357.

Ptolemy, on the form of the earth, 3; on the size of the known earth, 8; his system revived, 32; his influence, 34; editions, 34; bibliog., 35; _Almagest_, 35; on the Atlantic islands, 47.

Pueblo Indians, arts of, 416; pottery, 419; connection with the Aztecs, 427; general references, 397; their race, 395; ruins among them, 395; their connection with the moundbuilders, 395. _See_ Zuñi, Moqui, etc.

Pueblo region, maps of, 394, 397.

Pulgar, Fernando del, xxiv.

Pullen, Clarence, 397.

Pulszky, F., _Human races and their art_, 420.

Pumpelly, R., _Across America_, 327.

Puquina, 274; language, 226, 280.

Purchas, Samuel, xxxiii; on the Zeni, 111; buys the _Codex Mendoza_, 204.

Purpurariæ, 14.

Putnam, C. E., 404; _Authenticity of the elephant pipes_, 404.

Putnam, F. W., on the California Indians, 328; on the origin of Americans, 375; on the Trenton implements, 334, 337, 388; _Palæolithic implements_, 388; on Kentucky caves, 390; on shell heaps, 392; on Jeffries Wyman, 392; on the Great Serpent mound, 401; his position on the question of moundbuilders, 402; on their skulls, 403; on Fort Ancient, 408; in the Little Miami Valley, 408; on Fort Azatlan, 408; on stone graves in Tennessee, 410; on the Kentucky mounds, 410; in Cassino’s _Standard Nat. Hist._, 412; on the arts of Southern California, 416; edits the archæological part of _Wheeler’s Survey_, 416, 440; on soap-stone quarries, 416; on traces of stone-working, 417; on jade in America, 417; on the melting of metal, 417; finds meteoric iron in the mounds, 418; silver, 418; gold, 418; on copper objects, 418; in Mexico, 418; on moundbuilders’ pottery, 419; on Tennessee pottery, 419; _Conventionalism in Anc. Amer. art_, 420; on cloth in the mounds, 420; as curator of Peabody Museum, 439; on Amer. archæological collections, 440; his comments on the relics of the Naaman Creek rock shelter, 367.

Putnam, Rufus, _Ross County, Ohio_, 408.

Pyramids in America, 177.

Pythagoras, 3.

Pytheas, 34; on the Atlantic, 28; at Thule, 28.

QUAKERS, bibliog., xvii; in Pennsylvania, oppose resistance to Indians, 308; relation to the Indians, 325.

Quaritch, Bernard, the London bookseller, xvi; his _Museum_, xvi; his _General Catalogues_, xvi; in the “Sett of Odd Volumes”, xvi; sketch by W. H. Wyman, xvi.

Quarry of pipe-stones, 416.

Quarrying stone, 416.

Quartz, 417.

Quartzite, 417.

Quaternary man, the earliest, 387.

Quatrefages de Bréan, A. de, _Les Polynésiens_, 82; _Crania Ethica_, 373; _Unité de l’espèce humaine_, 374; _Races humaines_, 374, 387; _Human Species_, 374; _Nat. Hist. of Man_, 374, 387, 411; _Les progrès de l’Anthropologie_, 378; _Hommes fossiles_, 359, 411; _Rapport sur le progrès de l’Anthropologie_, 411.

Quauhnahuac conquered, 147.

Quauhtlatohuatzin, 146.

Queh, F. G., 167.

Quellenata, ruins, 249.

Quemada, ruins, 183.

Querez, 394.

Querlon, xxxv.

Quetzalcoatl (a king), 140; discredited by Brinton, 141.

Quetzalcoatl (a divinity), a white-bearded man, 137; the myth, 137; identified with Cortés, 149; Bastian on, 172; his mound, 179; oppressed by Tezcatlipoca, 431; references, 432; historical basis of his story, 432; effigy, 432; under other names, 434.

Quiahuiztlan, 164.

Quiché-Cakchiquel peoples of Guatemala, 135; their geog. position, 151.

Quichés, language, 427; myths, 435; origin of, 134; traditions, 135; their power in Guatemala, 150; warned of the Spaniards’ coming, 151; their geog. position, 151.

Quichuas, their language and literature, 82, 241, 278; grammars, 278; vocabularies, 278; myths of, 436; original home, 226.

Quignon, Mount, human jaw found at, 390.

Quinames, 133, 136.

Quinantzin, 142.

Quincy, Josiah, _Hist. Harvard University_, iii.

Quinsai, 51.

Quinté Bay mounds, 410.

Quipus, 242; cut, 243.

Quiriguá, ruins, 196; plan, 196; references, 197.

Quito, Hassaurek on, 272; map, 211; early accounts lost, 268; later histories, 268.

Quitus, 227.

Quivira, 394.

RACES, unity or plurality of, bibliog., 372.

Rada, De la, on Rosny, 201; _Les Vases péruviennes_, 257.

Rada y Delgado, J. D. de la, publishes Landa’s _Relacion_, 165.

Radisson, P. E., _Voyages_, 318.

Rae, John, 106.

Rafinesque, C. S., on Atlantis, 46; on the Delawares, 325; _Anc. Mts. of America_, 372; on the mounds, 409; his character, 424; introd. to Marshall’s _Kentucky_, 424; _Ancient History_, 424; _The American Nations_, 424.

Rafn, C. C., _Grönlands Hist. Mindesmaerker_, 86; autog., 87; _Americas Geog._, 87; ed. Olaf Tryggvesson’s Saga, 90; portrait, 90; his career, 93; _Cabinet d’Antiq. Amér._, 93; _Antiq. Americanæ_, 94; bibliog., 94; his lesser statements about the Northmen, 94; _L’ancienne géog. des régions arctiques_, 94; _Antiq. Américaines_, 94; influence of Rafn, 96.

Ragine, A., _Découv. de l’Amérique_, 78.

Raimondi, Ant., _El Peru_, 273.

Rain-god, 180.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, on De Bry, xxxii.

Ramirez, José F., edits Duran’s _Historia_, 155; on Sahagún, 157; his collection of MSS., 157, 163; notes on Prescott, 163; _Bibl. Mex._, 414.

Ramirez de Fuenleal, _Hist. de los Méxicanos por sus Pinturas_, 431.

Ramon de Ordoñez, _Hist. del Cielo_, 134. _See_ Ordoñez.

Ramusio, edits P. Martyr and Oviedo, xxiii; _Navigazioni_, xxiii, xxviii; on the Zeni, 111.

Randolph, J. W., xv.

Ranking, John, _Conquest of Peru by the Mongols_, 82.

Rask, Erasmus, 88; on the Irish discovery of America, 83.

Rasle, S., _Abnake language_, 423.

Rau, Chas., on Dighton Rock, 104; on the Palenqué Tablet, 195; on the progress of study in the hieroglyphics, 202; _Catal. Nat. Museum_, 403; on Illinois mounds, 408; _Articles_, etc., 411; on the aboriginal implements of agriculture, 417; _Prehistoric fishing_, 417; on the stock in trade of an aboriginal lapidary, 417; various papers on stone implements, 417; on Amer. pottery, 419; _Aboriginal Trade_, 420; thought the earliest man could not talk, 421; _Articles on Anthropol. Subjects_, 439; _Archæolog. Coll. of the U. S._, 440; _Lapidarian Sculpture_, 440.

Rawlinson, Geo., _Antiq. of Man_, 381, 382.

Rawlinson, Sir H. C., on the Zeni, 113.

Ray, Luzerne, 323.

Rea, A. de la, _Mechoacan_, 168.

Read, Harvey, 418.

Read, M. C., 407; _Archæology of Ohio_, 407; on the Tennessee mounds, 410.

Reade, John, 328.

Reck, P. G. F. von, _Diarium_, 326.

Recollects, missions, 317.

_Recueil de Voyages_, etc., xix.

Red River of Louisiana, 440.

Red River of the North, mounds, 410.

Red pipe-stone quarry, 416.

_Registro Yucatéco_, 444.

Reynolds, E. R., 416; _Shell-heaps at Newburg, Md._, 393.

Reynolds, H. L., jr., _Metal Art of Anc. Mexico_, 418.

Reid, _Bibl. Amer._, ii.

Reikjavik, 61.

Reillo, island, 49.

Reinaud, _Relations de l’Empire Romaine avec l’Asie_, 11; _Géog. d’Abul-Fada_, 47.

Reindeer Period, 339, 377.

Reisch’s map, 122.

Reiss, W., and A. Stübel, _Necropolis of Ancon_, 273.

Relics, spurious, 180.

Remesal, Ant. de, _Hist. gen. de las Indias_, 168; praised by Helps, 168.

Renard, on St. Paul’s Rocks in the Atlantic Ocean, 45.

Repartimientos, 174.

Retzius, A., _Present state of Ethnology_, 44; on the human skull, 373; on the unity of man, 374; on the Guanche skulls, 116, 117.

Reusner, _Icones_, xxiv.

Réville, Albert, _Origin and growth of religion_, 241, 431.

_Revista Méxicana_, 444.

_Revista Peruana_, 276.

_Revue Américaine_, 441.

_Revue d’Anthropologie_, 442.

_Revue d’Architecture_, 217.

_Revue Ethnographique_, 441.

_Revue des Soc. Savantes_, 38.

Rhees, W. J., _History of the Smithsonian Institution_, 439.

Rhode Island, docs. in her Archives, xiv; Indians, 323.

Rialle, G. de, _La Mythologie_, 430.

Ribas, Juan de, 155.

Ricardo, Ant., 278.

Riccioli, _Geog._, 5.

Rice, A. T., _Essays from No. Amer. Rev._, 92.

Rich, Obadiah, his career, iii; dies, iv; his catalogues, iv; assists Kingsborough, 203; obtains his MSS., 203; helped Prescott, 260.

Richarderie. _See_ Boucher.

Richardson, J. M., 408.

Richardson, _Voyages_, xxxvi.

Riggs, R. S., 423; _Dacota language_, 424; on the Dacotah myths, 431.

Rigollet, convinced by De Perthes, 390.

Rikardsen, K., 107.

Rimac, 277.

Rink, Hinrich, _Eskimoiske Eventyr_, 70; portrait, 106; best authority on the Eskimos, 106; his publications, 106; _Tales of the Eskimo_, 107; _Danish Greenland_, 107; _Eskimo Tribes_, 107; on their dialects, 107; their origin and descent, 107; their primitive abode, 107; their traditions, 107; _Ostgrönländerne_, 131. _See_ Greenland.

Rio, Ant. del, at Palenqué, 191; _Ruins of an anc. city_, 191.

Rio de Janeiro, Nat. Museum, 444; _Mémoires_, 444.

Rios, P. de los, 205.

Riseland, 130.

River drift, man of, 377.

Rivero, M. E. de, _Antigüedades Peruanas_, 270; translations, 270.

Rivera, P., 183.

Rivière, E., in the Mentone caves, 390; _Un Squelette humain_, 390.

Robertson, D. A., 403, 405.

Robertson, R. S., 401, 403, 408.

Robertson, Samuel, 74.

Robertson, Wm., _America_, ii., 169; on the Norse voyages, 92; his nearly correct view of the anc. Mexican civilization, 173; severe on Clavigero, 158; disbelieved in pre-Spanish ruins, 176; on the Incas, 269; portrait, 269; on the Amer. Indians, 320; on seventeenth-century literature of Americana, 413; his bibliog., 413.

Robin, _Louisiane_, 398.

Robinson, Conway, _Disc. in the West_, 93.

Robinson, Edw., 439.

Robinson, _Life in California_, 328.

Rocca, inca, 229.

Rock inscriptions of the Indians, 104, 105, 410, 411.

Rock shelter at Naaman’s Creek, 365.

Rock-writing, 105.

Rocks, cup-like cavities in, 417.

Rockall, 51.

Rockford tablet, 404.

Roehrig on the Sioux, 77.

Rogers, Horatio, _Private libraries of Providence_, xvii.

Roisel, _Etudes ante-historiques_, 46.

Rojas, _Cholula_, 180.

Roman, G., 265.

Roman, H., _Republica de las Indias_, 434.

Roman coins, in the Danish shell-heaps, 382; found in America, 41.

Romans, Bernard, _Florida_, 326, 372; on the autochthonous Amer. man, 372.

Romans in the Atlantic, 26.

Rome, _Società Geog. Ital., Bollettino_, 444.

Romero on Mexican languages, vii.

Roquefeuil, de, Voyage, 78.

Rosa, Gonzalez de la, 274, 280.

Rosas, Dr., 281.

Rosny, Léon de, _L’Atlantide_, 46; on Fousang, 80; _Variétés Orientales_, 80; _Les doc. écrit. de l’antiq. Amér._, 139, 201, 207, 442; on Sahagún, 157; gives fac. of Aztec map, 163; _Essai sur le déchiffrement_, etc. 163, 198, 201, 207; on Landa’s Alphabet, 200; _Les écritures figuratives_, 201; _Archives paléographiques_, 201, 442; _Anc. textes Mayas_, 201; _Nouvelles Recherches_, 201; his studies on Spain and Portugal, 201; _Les Sources d’histoire anté-Columbienne_, 201, 413; bibliog. 201; portrait, 202; on the _Codex Telleriano-Remensis_, 205; on Brasseur’s ed. of the _Codex Troano_, 207; discovers the _Codex Perezianus_, 207; _Manuscrit dit Méxicain, No. 2 de la bibl. impériale_, 207; his works on Amer. archæology, 207; on jade industries, 417; _Revue Orientale et Américaine_, 441.

Rosny, Lucien de, _Les Antilles_, 412, 442; _Le tabac_, 416; _La Céramique_, 419.

Ross, Thomasina, 271.

Rosse, Irving C., 106.

Rothelin, Abbé, De Bry, xxxii.

Rotz, his map of Greenland, 126.

Roujow, _Races humaines_, 390.

Rowbotham, J. F., _Hist. of Music_, 420.

Royal Geographical Society and its publications, 442.

Royal Historical Soc. _Trans._, 443.

Royal Society of Canada, 438.

Royal Society, 442.

Royce, C. C., on the Cherokees, 326; _Indian Cessions of land_, 440; on the Shawanees, 326.

Royllo, island, 49.

Rucharner, _Newe unbek. landte_, xx.

Rudbeck, on Atlantis, 16.

Ruffner, E. H., _Ute Country_, 327.

Ruge, _Der Chaldäer Selenkos_, 7.

Ruins in Middle America, notes on, 176.

Runes, alleged ones in Nova Scotia, 102; cuts of, 66, 67; age of, 66; references, 66; in Greenland, 87.

Runnels, M. T., _Sanbornton, N. H._, 404.

Rupertus, _Dissertationes_, 40.

Russell, I. C., _Lake Lahontan_, 349.

Ruttenber, E. M., _Hudson River Indians_, 325.

Ruxton, _Life in Far West_, 111, 327.

Ruysch’s map, 120, 122.

SAABYE, HANS E., 108.

Sabin, Jos., his publications, vi; _Amer. Bibliopolist_, vi; _Dictionary_, vi, 414; _Squier Catal._, viii, 414; _Menzies Catal._, xii.

Sabine, Lorenzo, on the Indians in Maine, 322.

Sac and Fox tribes, 327.

Sacrificial Stone in Mexico, 180, 181, 185.

Sacsahuaman, ruins, 220, 221.

Sagard, _Canada_, 429; reference to copper mines, 417.

Sagas, when written, 84; credibility of, 87, 98, 99; fac-simile of script, 87; largely myths, 88; when put in writing, 88; _Codex Flatoyensis_, 88, 99; bibliog., 91; absurdities in, 99; oldest maps in accordance with, 129. _See_ Northmen, Iceland, etc.

Saghalien, 80.

Sagot, P., 425.

Sahagún, Father, as linguistic student, 156; portrait, 156; his true name, 156; bibliog., 157.

Sahuaraura, inca, Dr. J., 281; _Recuerdos de la Monarquia Peruana_, 270.

Saint. _See_ St.

Sails used by the Peruvians, 420.

Salcamayhua, J. de, S. P. Y., _Relacion_, 266.

Saldamando, E. T., _Los Antiquos Jesuitas del Peru_, 223, 262.

Sale, Ant. de la, _La Salade_, 85.

Salisbury, Stephen, jr., 137; assists Le Plongeon, 186, 187; _The Mayas_, 187; _Terra Cottas of Isla Mujeres_, 187.

Salone on Atlantis, 46.

Salter, John, 328.

San Juan, cliff houses on the, 395; pueblo, 396.

San Miguel, 49.

San Tomas, his grammar, 278.

Sana, 276.

Sanborn, J. W., _Seneca Indians_, 323.

Sanbornton, N. H., Indian fortification, 404.

Sanford, Ezekiel, _Hist. United States_, 320.

Sans, R., 264.

Sanskrit roots in Mexican, 81.

Sanson, Guillaume, on Atlantis, 16; his map, 18.

Santa, 275.

Santarem, _Hist. de la Cosmog._, 38; his atlas, 53.

Santillan, Fernando de, Relacion, 261.

Sanuto, Marino, his map (1306), 53; acc. of, 53 (1320), 55.

Saravia, B. de, _Antig. del Peru_, 261, 268.

Sargasso Sea, 25.

Sargent, Winthrop, on the Cincinnati mounds, 398, 437; plan of the Marietta mounds, 405.

Sarmiento de Gamboa, P., discovers islands, 268; _Viage al estrecho de Magellanes_, 268.

Sars, J. E., _Norske Hist._, 85.

Satanagio. _See_ Man Satanaxio.

Satanaxio. _See_ Man.

Saunders, Trelawny, map of Peru, 211.

Saussure, H. de, _Ruines d’une anc. ville_, 182.

Savage, a.d., 196.

Savage, Jos., 409.

Sawkins, J. G., 184.

Saxe-Eisenach, Duke of, 205.

Saxenburg, island, 47.

Saxo-Grammaticus, _Hist. Danica_, 91.

Scandinavia. _See_ Northmen, Norway, Sweden, Iceland.

Schaefer, _Entwicklung, etc._, 3; _Gestalt und Grösse der Erde_, 39; _Philologus_, 5.

Schaghticoke Indians, 324.

Schellhas, _Die Mayahandschrift_, 205.

Scherer, J. B., _Recherches_, 76, 424, 445.

Scherzer, K., _Wanderungen_, 166; _Las Hist. del Origen de los Indios_, 166; _Quiriguá_, 197.

Schiern, F., _Un Enigme_, 26.

Schlagintweit, 412.

Schmerling, Dr., _Recherches sur les ossemens_, 390.

Schmidel, Brazil, xxxii.

Schmidt, E., 402; _Dissert. de America_, 40; _Die ältesten Spuren des Menschen_, 384; _Anthropol. Methoden_, 411.

Schmidt, Julius, _Copan and Quiriguá_, 196, 197.

Schneider, C. E. C., 41.

Schoebel, C., among the pueblos, 397.

Schöning, Gerhard, _Norges Rigens Hist._, 92.

Schonlandia, 129.

Schoolcraft, H. R., _Books in the Indian tongues_, vii; on the Northmen, 96; on the Grave Creek inscription, 102; on the Dighton Rock, 102, 104; _Indian Tribes_, 320, 376, 430, 441; opinions of it, 320, 441; otherwise called _Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge_, 441; and _Ethnological Researches_, 441; F. S. Drake’s ed., 441; his notes on antiquities, 376; _Grave Creek Mound_, 403; _Report on Iroquois_, 324, 405; _Notes on the Iroquois_, 324, 405; on Virginia mounds, 410; on Florida pottery, 419; his linguistic studies, 424; dies, 441; rivalry of Catlin, 441.

Schouten in De Bry, xxxii.

Schrader, _Namen der Meere_, 13.

Schultz-Sellack, Carl, _Die Amer. Götter_, 202, 434.

Schultz, _Travels_, 405.

Schumacher, H. A., _Petrus Martyr_, xx.

Schumacher, P., 393; on pottery making, 419.

Schwab, Moïse, 404.

Schwatka, F., on the Eskimos, 107.

_Science_, 439.

Scioto Valley, map of mounds, 406.

Scipio’s dream, 9, 11.

Scoffern, John, _Stray leaves_, 383.

Scolvus, Jac., his landfall, 129. _See_ Skolno.

Scott, P. A., 350.

Scott, Sir Walter, on the Sagas, 83.

Scotland, early map of, 118.

Scudder, S. H., _Catal. of Scientific Serials_, 438, 441.

Scull, G. D., edits Radisson, 318.

Scylax on the Atlantic, 28; _Periplus_, 28.

Scythian migration to America, 370.

Sea of Darkness, 32, 74.

Seager, his drawing of the Dighton Rock, 102.

Sebillot, Paul, _Légendes_, 47.

Seeman, B., _Dottings_, 197.

Selden collection, 205.

Selish grammar, 425.

Sellers, on arrow points, 417.

Seminole Indians, 326.

Semites, 25.

Seneca, L. A., _Questionum Nat._, 35; works, 35; on the westward passage, 27; his prophecy, 29; his “Ultima Thule”, 29; his _Medea_, 29.

Seneca Indians, 323; origin of the name, 323; their burial mound, 405. _See_ Iroquois.

Septon, J., 85.

Se-quo-yah, 326.

Serpent mound, 401.

Serpent symbol, 401.

Serpent, worship of, 429.

Sertorius, 14, 26.

Seven Caves, 138.

Seven Cities, island of, 31, 47, 48.

Sewall, Samuel, on Hornius, 370; _Phænomena_, 115.

Sewell, Stephen, on Dighton Rock, 103, 104.

Shaler, N. S., on the New Jersey gravels, 334; their implements, 388; on the disappearance of the mastodon, 389; on Ohio Valley caves, 391; _Kentucky Survey_, 402; on the mounds, 410.

Shaw, J., 408.

Shawanees, 307, 326; in Pontiac’s conspiracy, 316.

Shea, J. G., _Library of Amer. Linguistics_, vii; _Catholic Missions_, 318; on the Indians of Nova Scotia, 321; translates Martin’s _Jogues_, 323; on the Wisconsin Indians, 327; _Dict. Français-Onontagué_, 424; _Lib. of Amer. Linguistics_, 425; its contents, 425; _French Onondaga Dict._, 425.

Shell-heaps, 391; contemporary with the cave-men, 391; contents of those in No. America, 392; general references, 392, 393.

Shell-money, 420.

Shell-work, 417.

Shepard, H. A., Antiq. of Ohio, 405, 407.

Sherman, D., 325.

Sherwood, J. D., 403.

Sherwood, R. H., 322.

Shetimasha Indians, 426.

Ships, speed of ancient, 24; of the fifteenth century, 73; a British ship, 110. _See_ Northmen.

Short, C. W., 437.

Short, J. T., _No. Amer. of Antiq._, vii, 412, 415; on Fousang, 81; on the antiquity of man in America, 330.

Shoshones, arts of, 416; their migrations, 381.

Sierra, Justo, 165.

Sign-language. _See_ Gesture language.

Sigüenza y Gongora, C. de, his chronology of Mexico, 133; collection of, 158.

Silenus, 21.

Silliman, _Journal of Arts_, 371. See _Amer. Journal of Science and Arts_.

Sillustani, 236; Chulpas at, 248; cut, 250.

Silver, 418.

Silvestre, _Paléographie_, 205.

Siméon, Rémi, _Les Annales Méxicaines_, 164; _La langue Méxicaine_, 427; _Sur la numération_, 170.

Simms, _Views and Reviews_, 328.

Simon, Mrs. B. A., _Hope of Israel_, 116; _Ten Tribes_, 116.

Simonin, L., _L’homme Américain_, 375, 381.

Simpson, H. F. M., _Prehist. of the North_, 85.

Simpson, J. H., _Navajo Country_, 327; _Mil. Reconnaissance_, 395, 396; _Explorations of Utah_, 440.

Sinding, Paul K., _Scandinavia_, 96; _Scandin. Races_, 96.

Sinkers, 417.

Sioux, 327. _See_ Dacotahs.

Sitgreave, Capt. L., _Expedition_, 396.

Sitjav, B., language of the San Antonio Mission, 425.

Six Nations. _See_ Iroquois.

Skeleton in armor, 105.

Skertchly, S. B. J., 352.

Skolno on the Labrador coast, 76. _See_ Scolvus.

Skrælings, 68, 105. _See_ Eskimos.

Skulls, trepanned, 244; deforming of, 244. _See_ Craniology.

Sladen, Von, _Brazil_, xxxii.

Slafter, E. F., _Voyages of the Northmen_, 76.

Small, John, on Thule, 118.

Smedt, C. de, 48.

Smith, Alf. R., xvi.

Smith, B., 169; on the Dighton Rock, 104; _Heve language_, 425; _Pima language_, 425.

Smith, C. D., 416.

Smith, C. H., 369; _Human Species_, 374.

Smith, Ethan, _View of the Hebrews_, 116.

Smith, Mrs. E. A., on the Iroquois, 425; _Myths of the Iroquois_, 431.

Smith, Col. James, 292, 319; _Captivity_, 288.

Smith, John, in De Bry, xxxii.

Smith, J. G., _Atla_, 45.

Smith, John Russell, xvi.

Smith, J. T., _Northmen in New England_, 96; _Disc. of America by the Northmen_, 96.

Smith, J. W. C., 410.

Smith, J. Y., 369.

Smith, Jos., _Friends’ books_, xvii; _Anti-quakeriana_, xvii; _Bibl. Quakeristica_, xvii.

Smith, Wm., _New York_, 324.

Smithsonian Institution, 439; its publications, 439.

Smucker, Isaac, 403; archæology in Ohio, 406; on the Newark mounds, 408; on the Alligator mound, 409.

Smyth, Thos., _Unity of the Human Race_, 374.

Snorre Sturleson, _Heimskringla_, 83.

Snorre, ancestor of Thorwaldsen, the Danish sculptor, 65.

Soap-stone quarries, 416.

Sobolewski, S., his catalogue, xiii; his De Bry, xxxii.

Sobron, F. C. Y., _Los idiomas_, vii.

Société Americaine de France, 176, 441.

Société d’Anthropologie, 390; _Bulletin_ and _Mémoires_, 442.

Société d’Ethnographie, _Mémoires_,442; _Les Documents écrits de l’Antiquité Amér._, 442.

Société Ethnographique, _Bulletin_ and _Mémoires_, 441.

Soil formation in America, 461.

Solberg, Th., bibliog. of Scandinavia, 98.

Soldan, Paz., _Geog. del Peru_, 212.

Soligo, Christ., map (1487?), 58.

Solinus, _Polyhistor._, 35.

Sollars, W. J., 106.

Solomon, his Ophir, 82. _See_ Ophir.

Solon and Atlantis, 15, 42.

Solorano, Juan de, _Politica Indiana_, 268.

Soloutre, village, 357, 377.

Soltecos, 136.

Soto, Francis de, 155; on the mounds, 397.

South America, flora corresponds with African, 117; prehistoric man in, 412; languages, 428.

Southall, Jas. C., on the Unity of Races, 374; believes in the theory of degeneracy, 382; _Recent origin of Man_, 382, 384; biblical trust, 382; _Epoch of the Mammoth_, 382; his views, 382; controversy with the archæologists, 382; on his opponents, 382.

Southern States, Indians of, 326.

Southey, Robert, _Madoc_, 111.

Spain, arms of, 267; hieroglyphic MSS. in, 203; Sociedad Anthropológica Española, 444; _Revista_, 444.

Spainhour, J. M., 410.

Spanish America, writers of, ii.

Sparks, Jared, his library, vi; his MSS., vii; dies, vii.

_Speaker’s Commentary_, 383.

Speech wanting in the palæolithic man, 377.

Speer, Wm., 81.

Spilbergen on De Bry, xxxii.

Spilsbury, J. H. G., his Quichua work, 280.

Spineto, _Hieroglyphics_, 205.

Spitzbergen sometimes called Greenland in early accounts, 107.

Spizelius, Theoph., _Elevatio_, 115.

_Sporting Review_, 213.

Spotswood, Gov., on the frontier posts, 309.

Sprengel, M. C., _Europäer in Nord Amerika_, 92.

Squier, E. G., on Zestermann’s _Colonization of America_, 60; his publications and library, vii, viii, 169, 272, 414; _Serpent Symbol_, 76; notes on Zestermann, 83; on the Grave Creek inscription, 102; _Catalogue of his library_, 169; _Central America_, 169; _Collection of Docs._, 169; _The Great Calendar Stone_, 179; introd. to Morellet’s _Travels_, 195; on the Central America ruins and their relative age, 196; _Nicaragua_, 197; on Tenampua, 197; criticised by Bovallius, 197; on a defect in the signatures of Kingsborough’s book, 203; in Peru, 224; at Chacha, 224; at Lake Titicaca, 247; _La géog. du Pérou_, 247; _Primeval monuments of Peru_, 249; _Peru, incidents of Travel_, 272; his mission and studies in Peru, 272; _Les monuments du Pérou_, 272; death, 272; _Traditions of the Algonquins_, 325; on early notices of the Pueblo race, 395; _Semi-civilized Nations of New Mexico and California_, 396; (with Davis), _Anc. Mts. of the Mississippi Valley_, 399; commended by Gallatin and others, 439; on the New York mounds, 399; _Observations onmounds_, 399; doubts the Grave Creek tablet, 404; _Aborig. Mts. State of N. Y._, 405; _Antiq. of N. Y. State_, 405; _Monograph of Authors_, 427; _Serpent Symbol_, 429.

Squier, Mrs. M. F., 195.

St. Bonaventure, G. de, 427; _Grammaire Maya_, 200.

St. Brandan, island of, 32; his story, 48; his island, 48.

St. Clement, 37.

St. Lawrence Island, 77.

St. Louis Academy of Science, 438; mounds near, 409.

St. Malo, legend of, 48.

St. Patrick, 83.

St. Petersburg, Museum of Ethnography, 443.

St. Thomas in Central America, 137; connected with Quetzalcoatl, 432.

Stadium, length of, 4.

Stallbaum, ed. of Plato, 43; on Phœnician knowledge of America, 43.

Stanford, _Compend. of Geog._, 412.

Stanley, J. M., _Portraits of No. Amer. Indians_, 439.

Steenstrup, Japetus, on the Zeni, 114.

Steenstrup, K., on Scandinavian ruins, 86; _Osterbygden_, 131; on the Greenland colonies, 109.

Steffen, Max, _Landwirtschaft_, 253, 417.

Stein, Gerard, _Die Entdeckungsreisen_, 72.

Steiner, Abraham G., 408.

Steinthal, H., _Ursprung der Sprache_, 421.

Stelle, J. P., 410.

Stenstrom, H., _De America_, 93.

Stephens, Geo., _Oldest Doc. in Danish_, 66; _No. Runic Mts._, 66; _Runic Mts. of Scandinavia_, 66.

Stephens, J. L., _Yucatan_, 164, 176, 186; prints a Maya doc., 164; held responsible by Morgan for exaggerated notions of the Maya splendor, 176; _Central America_, 176, 186, 194; in Yucatan, 185, 186; map, 188; at Uxmal, 189; at Chichen-Itza, 190; his results in Yucatan, 190; at Palenqué, 194; at Copan, 196.

Stephens, _Lit. of the Cymry_, 111.

Stephenson, Geo., 410.

Stephenson, M. F., 410.

Sterling, H. H., _Irish Minstrelsy_, 50.

Stevens, E. T., _Flint Chips_, 392, 444.

Stevens, Henry, controversy with Harisse, v; buys Humboldt’s library, vi; on Humboldt, vi; _Recoll. of Lenox_, xi; bought Crowninshield library, xii; dealer in Americana, xiii; _Schedule of Nuggets_, xiii, xiv; _Bibl. Hist._, xiii, xiv; dies, xiii; on De Bry, xxxii; proposed _Bibl. Americana_, xiv; his transcripts of MSS., xiv; agent of the Smithsonian Inst., the British Museum, the Bodleian, xiv; his _English Library_, xiv; _Amer. Bibliographer_, xiv; _Books in the Brit. Mus._, xiv; _Hist. Nuggets_, xiv; _Bibl. Amér._, xiv; _Hist. and Geog. Notes_, xiv; _Bibl. Geog. et Hist._, xiv; _Amer. books with tails_, xv; _Hist. Collections_, xv; owns Franklin MSS., xv; list of his own publications, xv; _Bibliog. of New Hampshire_, xv; buys the Brockhaus collection, xvii; Zeni map, 113.

Stevens, H. N., xiv.

Stevens, John, _Voyages_, xxxv.

Stevens, J. A., _Geo. Gibbs_, 424.

Stevens, Simon, xiv.

Stevenson, Jas., on the cliff houses, 395; _Anc. habitations of the Southwest_, 397; catalogue of pottery, 419; researches among the Pueblos, 439.

Stevenson, J. E., 403; _Zuñi_, 396.

Stevenson, Mrs. T. E., _Religious life of the Zuñi child_, 440.

Stevenson, W., on navigation, xxxvi.

Stickney, C. E., _Minisink Region_, 323.

Stiles, Dr. Ezra, on the Dighton Rock, 104; _The United States elevated to glory_, 371; on the origin of the American, 371; on an Indian idol, 437.

Stockbridge Indians, 323.

Stoddard, Amos, _Louisiana_, 110.

Stoddard, _Louisiana_, 398.

Stoll, O., _Republik Guatemala_, 428.

Stone, O. M., _Teneriffe_, 48.

Stone, W. L., on the moundbuilders, 41; _Uncas and Miantonomoh_, 323; his lives of Johnson, Brant, and Red Jacket, 325; on the N. Y. mounds, 405.

Stone Age in America, oldest implements yet found, 343; different stones used, 362. _See_ Palæolithic, Neolithic.

Stone, artificial cleavages of, 388; chipping, the process, 417; work in, 416.

Strabo, on the size of the known world, 8; his views of habitable parts, 9; _Geographia_, 5, 34; editions, 34; translations, 34; Gosselin’s French transl., 34; translated by order of Nicholas V, 37.

Strebel, H., _Alt-Mexico_, 172, 420.

Strinhold, A. M., 85.

Stroll, Otto, _Guatemala_, 141.

Strong, Moses, 409.

Strutt, _Dict. Engravers_, xxvii.

Stuart and Kuyper, _De Mensch_, 320.

Stübel, A., _Necropolis of Ancon_, 273; _Ueber Altperuvianische Gewebemuster_, 273.

Studley, Cordelia A., 390.

Sturleson, Snorro, _Heimskringla_, 91.

Sulte, B., on the Iroquois, 321.

Sumner, Chas., _Prophetic voices concerning America_, 40.

Sun, worship of, 429.

Sunderland library, xiii.

Susquehanna Valley Indians, 325.

Sutcliffe, Thomas, _Chili and Peru_, 272.

Sutherland, P. C., 106.

Sweden, anthropological studies in, 444.

Sweden, early map, 119, 124, 125, 129.

Swedes, their blinding patriotism, 88; on the Delaware, 307.

Sweetzer, Seth, on prehist. man, 412.

Swinford, _Mineral Resources of Lake Superior_, 418.

Swiss lake dwellings, 395; relics from, 395; general references, 395.

Switzler, W. F., _Missouri_, 409.

Sylvester, _Northern New York_, 323.

TACITUS, _Germania_, 28.

Tacna, 277.

Tamana, idol from, 281.

Tamoanchar, 135; geog. position, 151.

Tanmar. _See_ Danmar.

Tanos, 394.

Taos, 394, 396.

Tapenecs. _See_ Tepanecs.

Tapijulapane-Mixe, 426.

Tarapaca, 270, 275.

Tarascos, 136.

Tarayre, G., _L’Exploration mineralogique_, 170.

Targe, xxxvi.

Tartar migrations to America, 369, 370; traces in N. W. America, 78.

Tassin, French geographer, 51.

Tayasàl, 175.

Taylor, A. S., bibliog. of California, ix.

Taylor, Isaac, _Alphabets_, 200.

Taylor, Jeremy, _Dissuasive from Popery_, 51.

Taylor, John, on the N. Y. mounds, 404.

Taylor, R. C., on the Wisconsin mounds, 400.

Taylor, S., 400.

Taylor, Thomas, 41; _Commentaries of Proclus_, 35.

Taylor, W. M., on mounds, 405.

Techotl, 146.

Tecpan, 175.

Tecpaneca conquered, 147.

Tehna, 394.

Tehuelhet, 428.

_Telleriano-Remensis Codex_, 205.

Temple, Edw., _Travels in Peru_, 272.

Temple, _No. Brookfield_, 323.

Tempsky, G. F. von, _Mitla_, 184.

Ten Kate, H. F. C., 356; _Reizen_, 395.

Tenampua, 197.

Tenayocan, 142.

Tennessee, aborig. remains, 410; pottery, 419; stone graves, 410.

Tenochtitlan. _See_ Mexico (city).

Teoamoxtli, 158, 167.

Teoculcuacan, 138.

Teotihuacan, Olmecs at, 135; a religious shrine, 140; ruins, 182.

Teoyaomiqui, effigy, 182, 435.

Tepanecs, 136, 146.

Tepechpan, 162.

Tepeu, 435.

Tepeyahualco, 173.

Terceira, 49.

Ternaux-Compans, H., his library, iv; _Bibl. Amér._, iv; _Voyages_, xxxvii, 273; his studies of Peru, 273; _La theogonie Méxicaine_, 431.

Terra cotta, 420.

Tertiary man, 387; evidences, 353, 385, 387.

Tertullian, _De Pallio_, 42.

Teruel, Luis de, 264; MSS. on the Peruvians, 264.

Textile arts, 419; impression preserved in pottery, 419; of the moundbuilders, 419.

Tezcatlipoca, 431; oppressor of Quetzalcoatl, 431.

Tezcuco, growth of, 140, 142; alleged empire at, 173; old bridge near, 182; old buildings, 182.

Tezozomoc, H. de A., 146; _Crónica Méx._, 155, 163; MSS. on Mexican history, 162.

Theopompus of Chios, 21; his continent, 21.

Thévenot, bibliog., xii, xxxiv; _Voyages_, 204.

Thévet, A., on the Jewish migration to America, 115.

Thiersant, Dabry de, _Origine des Indiens_, 369.

Thomas, Cyrus, on Mexican MSS., 163; on the Mexican astronomy, 179; on Landa’s alphabet, 200; _MS. Troano_, 201, 207, his course of study, 201; on Maya numerical signs, 205; on the mounds, 401; _Work on Mound Exploration_, 401; _Burial Mounds_, 401; disputes Putnam’s view of the mounds, 402; presentations of his views on the moundbuilders, 402; on the elephant pipes, 404; on the builders of the mounds, 407; on the effigy mounds, 408, 409; on the stone graves of Tennessee, 410; on the Etowah mounds, 410; conducts mound explorations, 439; _Maya and Mexican MSS._, 440.

Thomas, Mrs. Cyrus, bibliog. of Ohio mounds, 406.

Thomas, David, _Travels_, 405.

Thomas, Isaiah, founds Amer. Antiq. Soc., 437.

Thompson, E. H., _Atlantis not a Myth_, 44; on Yucatan, 187; on the “Elephants’ trunks”, 188.

Thompson, G. A., _New Theory_, 76.

Thompson, J., translates De Pauw, 370.

Thompson, T. P., _Knot Records of Peru_, 243; _Hist. of the Quipus_, 243.

Thompson, Waddy, _Recoll. of Mexico_, 180.

Thomson, Chas., _Enquiry_, 325.

Thorfinn Karlsefne, in Vinland, 65; Saga, 90.

Thorlacius, G., his map of Vinland, 130, 131.

Thorlacius, Theod., 130, 131.

Thorlakssen. _See_ Thorlacius.

Thorndike, Col., Israel, iii.

Thorne, Robt., his map, 125.

Thornton, J. W., 102.

Thoron, Onffroy de, 82.

Thorowgood, Thomas, _Jewes in America_,115; _Vindiciæ Jud._, 115; _Digitus Dei_, 115.

Thorwald on Vinland, 65.

Three Chimneys (islands), 53.

Thule, 117; discovered, 26; in Seneca, 29; varying position, 118.

Thurston, G. P., 81, 402.

Thyle, on Macrobius’ map, 10. _See_ Thule.

Tiahuanacu, position, 210; architectural details, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218; ruins restored, 219; ruins described, 215; doorway, 216, 218; seen by D’Orbigny, 271; various descriptions, 272, 273; by Bollaert, 273; by Basadie, 273; by Inwards, 273.

Tibullus, _Elegies_, 7.

Tides, Macrobius’ view of, 11.

Tiele, P. A., xxxiii.

Tiguex, 394.

Tikal, 200.

Tilantongo, 148.

Tillinghast, W. H., “Geog. Knowledge of the Ancients”, 1.

Timagenes, 42.

Timber brought from Vinland, 65.

Timberlake, Henry, on the Cherokees, 83.

Timucua language, 426.

Timuquana language, 425.

Tin mines, early, 24.

Tinneh, 77.

Tishcoban, 325.

Titicaca, lake, seat of worship, 222; its myth, 222; seat of the Piruas, 223; connected with the Inca myths, 224; dwellers near, 226; views of lake and ruins, 246; Squier’s Explorations, 246; surveyed by J. B. Pentland, 246; Inca palace, 247; map, 248.

Tizoc, 148.

Tlacatecuhtli, 173.

Tlacopan forms a confederacy, 147.

Tlacutzin, 139.

Tlaloc, 435; rain-god, 180.

Tlapallan, 137, 139.

Tlapallanco, 139.

Tlascalans, 149.

Tobacco, mortars for pounding it, 416.

Tobar, Juan de, _Codex Ramirez_, 155; _Relacion_, 155; printed by Sir Thos. Phillipps, 155; _Hist. de los Indios_, 155.

To-carryhogan, 289.

Tollan, 137, 139.

Tollatzinco, 139.

Toloom, 190.

Toltecs, descendants of the Atlantides, 44; origin of, 135, 141; from Tollan, 137; their appearance in Mexico, 139; end of their power, 140; a nation or a dynasty, 140; their story, 140; their later migrations, 140; Brinton and Charnay disagree on their status, 141; Bandelier considers them Maya, 141; Sahagún the “giants”, 141; Bandelier’s view, 141; sources of their history, 141; MS. annals, 162; their astronomical ideas, 179; build the ruins of Yucatan, 191.

Tomo-chi-chi, 326.

Tomlinson, A. B., 403.

Tonocote, 428.

Topinard on the jaw-bone from the Naulette Cave, 377.

Torfæus, _Hist. Gronlandiæ_, 85; his character, 88; _Hist. Vinlandiæ_, 92; facs. of title, 91; places Vinland in Newfoundland, 99; gives maps, 129.

Toribio de Benevente, 155.

Torquemada, instructed by Ixtlilxochitl, 173; on the origin of Americans, 369; MS. used by him, 162; _Monarchia Ind._, 157.

Torres Rubio, Irego de, in Peru, 279; his Quichua grammar, 278.

Torrid zone, notions regarding it, 6; they check exploration, 6.

Toscanelli on Antillia, 49; his ideas of the Atlantic ocean, 51; letter to Columbus, 51; different texts of it, 51, 52; his working papers, 52; his map, 56.

Totems, 408.

Totemism, 328.

Totonacs, 136.

Totul Xius, 152; sources, 153.

Toulmin, Harry, 110.

Tovar, _See_ Tobar.

Trabega, 205.

Trade of the Amer. Aborigines, 416; no good acc. of, 420.

Traffic, intertribal, 420.

Treaties with the Indians, methods of, 305.

Trees, rings of, as signs of age, 191, 403.

Trenton gravel bluff, view of, 335; the deposits described, 338; skulls found in, 356; gravels, 388; traces of man in, 388. _See_ Delaware, New Jersey.

Trepanning in Peru, 244.

Trephining, 244.

Trigoso, S. F. M., _Descob. e Commercio dos Portuguezes_, xix.

Triquis, 136.

Tritemius, Joannes, _De Scriptoribus_, xx.

Trivizano, _Libretto_, xx.

Trivulgiana library (Milan), vi.

Tro y Ortolano, J., 205.

Trocadero Museum in Paris, 177.

Troil, _Lettres sur l’Islande_, 84.

Trojans, ancestors of the Indians, 369.

Trömel, Paul, _Bibl. Amér._, xvii, 413.

Troost, G., on Tennessee archeol. remains, 410.

Tross, Edwin, catalogues, xvi.

Trowbridge, D., 405.

Troyon, Prof., _Habitations lacustres_, 395.

Trübner, K. J., xvi.

Trübner, Nic., _Bibl. Hisp. Amer._, xvi; dies, xvi.

Trumbull, J. H., on Indian languages, vii; edits the Brinley library catalogue, xii; _Indian Missions in New England_, 322; his studies in the Indian languages, 322, 423.

Trutat, E., 411.

Trutot, 442.

Truxillo, Diego de, _Relacion_, 260.

Truxillo, ruins near, 275.

Tschudi, J. D. von, on the llamas, 213; _Antig. Peruanas_, 270; _Reisen_, 270; _Travels_, 270; _Ollanta_, 281; on the Quichua language, 280; his grammar, 280.

Tula, 137; ruin at, 177.

Tulan, 135.

Tulan, Zuiva, 139.

Tumbez, 277.

Tungus, 77.

Tupac Inca Yupanqui, 230.

Tupis of South America, 136, 428.

Turnefort, 43.

Turner, G., 437.

Turner, Sharon, _Anglo-Saxons_, 88.

Turner, W., 423.

Turner, W. W., vii, 424, 440; _Indian Philology_, 439.

Tusayan, 394.

Tuscaroras, 310.

Tuttle, C. W., 102.

Two Sorcerers, island, 47.

Tylor, E. B., on Egyptian hieroglyphics, 41; _Scandin. civilization among Eskimaux_, 70; on connection of Asia and Mexico, 77; _Anáhuac_, 170, 174; applauds Prescott’s view, 174; portrait, 376; his rank as an anthropologist, 377; _Early Hist. of Mankind_, 377, 380; _Early Mental Condition of Man_, 378; _Condition of Prehist. Races_, 378; on man’s progress from barbarism to civilization, 378; _Primitive Culture_, 378; _Anthropology_, 378; _Amer. aspects of Anthropology_, 379; acc. of, 379; on the degeneracy of the savage, 381.

Tyrians on the Atlantic, 24.

Tzendal language, 427.

Tzequiles, 135.

Tzetzes, _Scholia in Lycophron_, 15.

UA CORRA, 50.

Uhde collection, 444.

Uhle, Max, 404.

Uira-cocha, 222, 229.

Ukert, _Geog. der Griechen_, 28, 36, 46.

Ule, Otto, _Die Erde_, 44.

Ulloa, A., _Mémoires_, 271; _Voyage historique_, 271; _Not. Amer._, 370.

Ulloa, J. J., _Voyage_, 271.

Ulloa, _Relacion Hist._, 228.

Ulpius globe, 126.

Uncpapas, 327.

Unger, F., _Insel Atlantis_, 44.

United States Army, _Reports of Chief Engineer_, 396; geological survey, _Reports_, 396; National Museum, 440.

Upham, Warren, 333; _Recession of the ice sheet in Minnesota_, 346; _Ohio gravel beds_, 388.

Urcavilca, 230.

Urco, 229.

Uricoechea, E., _Memorias_, 282; _Lengua Chibcha_, 425.

Urlsperger Tracts, 326.

Urrabieta, xxxvii.

Ursel, Comte d’, _Sud Amérique_, 272.

Ursúa, M., 175.

Urus, 226, 280.

Utah mounds, 409.

Utes, 327.

Utlatlan, position of, 151, 152.

Uxmal, position of, 151, 188; Totul Xius in, 153; communal house near, 175; seen by Zavala, 186; by Waldeck, 186; by Charnay, 186, 188; descriptions, 188; so-called elephants’ trunks, 189; early accounts, 189; view of ruined temple, 189; seen by Brasseur, 189; inhabited when the Spaniards came, 190; plans, 190.

Uzielli, G., on Toscanelli, 51.

VALADES, DIDACUS, _Rhetorica Christ._, 154.

Valdemar-Schmidt, _Voyages au Groenland_, 109.

Valdez, Ant., 281.

Valencia, Martin de, 155.

Valentini, P. J. J., _Olmecas and Tultecas_, 137; on the Calendar Stone, 179; on Landa’s alphabet, 200; _Mexican copper tools_, 418; _Katunes of Maya Hist._, 152, 164.

Valera, Blas, his work lost, 209; his career, 261; his MSS. used by Garcilasso, 262.

Valera, Luis, 260.

Vallancey, Chas., 104.

Valmy, Duc de, 171.

Valpy, _Panegyrici veteres_, 47.

Valsequa, Gabriell de, his map (1439), 56.

Vancouver’s Island, 81, 393.

Van den Bergh, L. P. C., _Amerika voor Columbus_, 75.

Van den Bos, Lambert, _Zee-helden_, xxxiv.

Van der Aa. _See_ Aa.

Van Noort, Olivier, xxxiii.

Vanuxem, Professor, on shell heaps, 392.

Varnhagen, F. de, _L’Origine touranienne des Américains_, 41, 117.

Vasquez, Francisco, _Guatemala_, 168.

Vasquez, T., 260.

Vater, J. S., _Ueber Amerikas Bevölkerung_, 60; (with Adelung), _Mithridates_, 422; _Analekten der Sprachenkunde_, 422.

Vaugondy, _Atlantis_, 16.

Veer, G. de, _Voyages_, 85.

Vega, Father, his collection of MSS., 157.

Vega, F. Nuñez de la, knew the Book of Votan, 134; _Obispado de Chiappas_, 134.

Vega, Garcilasso de la, in Peru, 265; house in which he was born, 265; son of an Inca princess, 265; his expedition of De Soto, 265; _Commentarios Reales_, 265, 266; used Blas Valera, 265; wrote on Spain thirty years after leaving Peru, 266; corrects Acosta, 266; critics of, 266; dies, 266.

Velasco, Juan de, 279; _Reino de Quito_, 268, 273.

Ventancurt, _Teatro Mex._, 171.

Vera, F. H., 413.

Vera Cruz, ruins near, 178.

Verneau, _Dans l’Archipel Canarienne_, 25.

Verreau, Abbé, on the beginnings of the Church in Canada, 317.

Vertuch, _Archiv für Ethnographie_, 443.

Vespucius in De Bry, xxxii; voyages, acc. of, xxiv; mentioned, xxviii, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi; map owned by him, 56.

Vetanzos, Juan de, used by Garcia, 369. _See_ Betanzos.

Vetromile, _Abnakis and their history_, 466.

Veytia, on the Toltecs, 141; _Hist. Antiq. de Mejico_, 141, 159; better on the Tezcucans than on the Mexicans, 150; begins Mexican history at A.D. 697, 155; used Boturini’s collection, 159; annotates Ixtlilxochitl’s MSS., 162; continues Boturini’s labors, 162.

Vicary, J. F., _Saga time_, 92.

Victor, J. D., _Disput. de America_, 40, 370.

Vicuña, 213.

Vienna, Anthropologische Gesellschaft, 443; Prähist. Commission, 443.

Viera y Clavijo, J. de, _Islas de Canaria_, 48.

Vigfússon, G., _Icelandic Eng. Dict._, 85; _Icelandic Sagas_, 90.

Vigil, José M., 155.

Vikings, burial of, 62.

Vilcashuaman, ruins, 247, 271.

Villacastin, F. de, 260.

Villagutierre Soto-Mayor, _Conquista de Itza_, 165.

Villar, Dr., 282; _Uira-cocha_, 271.

Villar, Leonardo, 266.

Villebrune, J. B. L., 370.

Vincent, _Commerce of the Ancients_, 117.

Vining, E. P., _An inglorious Columbus_, 80.

Vinland, found and named, 64; attempted identification, 65; last ship to, 65; probability of voyages to, 67; bibliog., 87, 98; the sagas, 87, 88; put in writing, 88; situated in Labrador, 92, 93, 96, 99; in Newfoundland, 92, 93, 94, 96, 99; in Greenland, 92, 98; in New York, 93, 102; not in America, 93; in New England, 93; in Maine, 102; in Massachusetts, 94, 99; in Rhode Island, 94, 96, 99, 102; in Africa, 100; maps, 94; those of Rafn reproduced, 95, 100; probability of the voyages to, 98; linguistic proofs of, 98; ethnographical proofs, 99; physical and geographical proofs, 99; tides in, 99; length of summer day in, 99; Rafn’s attempts to identify it, 100; his map, 100; held to be a prolongation of Africa, 100; monumental proofs, 102; has no frost, 102; natives called Skrælings, 105; held to be north of Davis’s Straits by the oldest Norse maps, 130; that by Stephanius (1570) in facs., 130; separated from America, 130.

Vinson, Julien, _La langue basque_, 75.

Viollet-le-Duc, _Habitation humaine_, 64, 176; belief in a yellow race in Central America, 81; on Norse ceremonials in the south, 99; his text to Charnay, 176; a restoration of Palenqué, 192.

Viracocha, 436.

Virchow, R., on Peruvian skulls, 244; on human remains found in Peruvian graves, 273.

Virgil, _Georgics_, 6; prophecy of Anchises, 27.

Virginia, docs. in her Archives, xiv; Indian conspiracy of. 1622, 284; Indians, 325; mounds in, 410; graves, 410.

Visconti, 33; map (1311), 53; (1318), 53.

Vitalis, Ordericus, _Hist. Eccles._, 88.

Vitziliputzli, 432.

Vivien de St. Martin, _Hist. de la Géog._, 36; on Fousang, 80.

Vocabularies, numerous, 421; tests of ethnical relations, 421; formed as tests, 424. _See_ Linguistics.

Vogel, Theo., xxxvii.

Vogeler, A. W., 393, 403.

Vogt, Carl, _Vorlesungen_, 369; _Lectures on Man_, 369, 443.

Völcker, _Homersch. Geog._, 39.

Volney on the mounds, 398.

Von Baer, K. E., _Fahrten des Odysseus_, 40.

Voss, _Die Gestalt der Erde_, 39.

Votan, and his followers, 133, 141; _Book of Votan_, 134; dim connection with Guatemala, 150; with Yucatan, 152; myth of, 433.

Voyages, collections of, xxxiv; early ones to America, bibliog., xix.

Vreeland, C. E., _Antiquities at Pantaleon_, 197.

Vries, voyage to Virginia, xxxiv.

WADSWORTH, M. E., 334; _Microscopic evidence of a lost continent_, 45.

Wagner, G., _De originibus Amer._, 370; _Beiträge zur Anthropologie_, 443.

Wahlstedt, J. J., _Iter in Americam_, 92.

Waiknas, 136.

Waitz, T., on Peruvian anthropology, 270; _Naturvölker_, 369, 430, 443; _Anthropologie_, 378, 430; portrait, 378; _Die Amerikaner_, 172, 378; _Introd. to Anthropology_, 370, 378, 443.

Wake, C. S., _Chapters on Man_, 82; _Serpent Worship_, 429.

Walam-Olum, 325.

Waldeck, Frederic de, buys some of the Boturini collection, 162; _Voyage pittoresque_, 186; at Uxmal, 186, 188; portrait, 186; map of Yucatan, 188; in Yucatan, 194; _Monuments Anc. du Méxique_, 194; liberties of his drawings, 202; _Coleccion de las Antig. Mex._, 444.

Walkenaer, C. A., _Voyages_, xxxvii.

Walkendorf, Bishop Eric, 107.

Walker, S. T., on Tampa Bay shell-heaps, 393.

Walker, _Athens County, Ohio_, 408.

Walker River cañon, 350.

Wallace, A. R., _Antiq. of Man in America_, 330; on climate and its influence on races, 378; _Tropical Nature_, 383; does not believe in sunken continents, 383; _Geog. Distribution of Animals_, 383; _Malay Archipelago_, 383; on the antiq. of man, 330, 384; _Island life_, 387.

Wallace, C. M., _Flint implements_, 345.

Wallace, Jas., _Orkney Islands_, 118.

Wallbridge, T. C., 410.

Wampanoag Indians, 102, 323.

Wampum, 420; belts, 420.

Ward, H. G., _Mexico_, 180.

Warden, David B., his library, iii; _Art de vérifier des dates_, iii; dies, iii; translates Rio on Palenqué, 191; on the origin of Americans, 192; on the mounds, 399; _Recherches_, 415.

Warner, J., 409.

Warren, Dr. J. C., on the mounds, 400.

Warren, W. F., _Key to Anc. Cosmologies_, 12; on Homer’s earth, 39; _True Key_, 39; _Paradise Found_, 39, 47.

Warren, W. W., 327.

Washington, Col., expedition against Navajos, 396.

Washington, Geo., on the Dighton Rock, 104.

Washington, D. C., as a centre of study in Amer. history, xvii.

Water, proportion of, on the globe, 383.

Watkinson Library, xii.

Watrin, F., 326.

Watson, P. B., _Bibliog. of Pre-Columbian Discoveries_, 98.

Watts, Robt., i.

Weaving, art of, 420.

Webb, Daniel, 370.

Webb, Dr. T. H., 94.

Webster, Noah, on the mounds, 398.

Wedgwood, _Origin of language_, 422.

Weeden, W. B., _Indian money_, 420.

Wegner, G., _De Nav. Solomonæis_, 82.

Weigel, T. O., xvii; on De Bry, xxxii.

Weights used by the Peruvians, 420.

Weise, A. J., _Disc. of America_, 45, 98; on Atlantis, 45.

Weiser, Conrad, interpreter, 305; his career, 305; his papers, 305.

Welch, L. B., _Prehistoric Relics_, 408.

Welsh in America, 72. _See_ Madoc.

West India Island, Malay stock in, 82.

Western Reserve Historical Soc., 407.

Westropp, H. M., _Prehistoric Phases_, 412.

Whately, Richard, _Polit. Economy_, 381; _Origin of Civilization_, 381.

Wheaton, Henry, _Northmen_, 93; French version, 93.

Wheeler, G. M., on the _Pueblos_, 395; _U. S. Geol. Survey_, 396, 440.

Wheelock, Eleazer, his charity school, 322; founds Dartmouth College, 322; _Indian Charity School_, 322; memoir, 322.

Whipple, Report on the Indian tribes, in _Pacific R. R. Repts._, 396.

White’s drawings in Hariot’s _Virginia_, xxxiii.

White, John S., 62.

Whitney, J. D., _Climatic Changes_, 69, 383; searches in the Trenton gravels, 337; on the neolithic man in the tertiary gravels, 350; views the Calaveras skull, 385; his accounts of it, 385; _Auriferous Gravels_, 385; _Human remains of the Gravel series_, 385; disbelieves the precession of the equinoxes as affecting climate, 387; on the Trenton implements, 388; _Geol. of Lake Superior_, 418.

Whitney, W. D., _Language_, 74; _Bearing of language on the Unity of Man_, 372; _Testimony of language respecting the unity of the human race_, 422.

Whitney, W. F., _Bones of the native races_, 373.

Whittlesey, Col. Chas., on anc. hearths in the Ohio Valley, 389; _Antiquity of Man in the U. S._, 391; portraits, 399; _Ancient Works in Ohio_, 399; _Weapons of the Race of the Mounds_, 400; on the Grave Creek tablet, 404; on the Cincinnati tablet, 404; surveys the Marietta mounds, 405; on the Ohio mounds, 407, 408; _Report_ on the archæology of Ohio, 407; _Fugitive Essays_, 407; surveys the Newark mounds, 408; on Rock inscriptions, 410; _Anc. mining at Lake Superior_, 418; on anc. human remains in Ohio, 437.

Wicksteed, P. H., 241, 431.

Wiener, Charles, _Pérou et Bolivie_, 271; _Le communisme des Incas_, 271; _Les institutions de l’Empire des Incas_, 82, 271.

Wieser, F., on Zoana Mela, 122.

Wilde, Sir W. R., on lacustrine dwellings, 393.

Wilder, B. G., on Jeffries Wyman, 392.

Wilhelmi, K., _Island_, etc., 83, 96.

Willes, Richard, edits Eden, xxiii.

William of Worcester, 50.

Williams, C. M., 80.

Williams, G., _Guatemala_, 197.

Williams, H. C., 410.

Williams, H. L., 318.

Williams, Helen M., translates Humboldt’s _Vues_, 271.

Williams, Isaac, memoir, 319.

Williams, John, _Prince Madog_, 110.

Williams, Roger, on the Jews in America, 115; _Key_, 423.

Williams, S. W., on Fousang, 80.

Williamson, Jos., on the Northmen in Maine, 97.

Williamson, Peter, _Sufferings_, 318.

Williamson on the Asiatic origin of Americans, 371.

Williamson, _No. Carolina_, 93.

Willson, Marcus, _American History_, 415.

Wilson, Sir Daniel, _Lost Atlantis_, 46; on Vinland, 97; _Historic Footprints in America_, 97; on Dighton Rock, 104; on the exaggeration of Mexican splendor, 174; on picture-writing, 198; on the Huron-Iroquois, 322; on the Canada tribes, 322; _Certain Cranial Forms_, 373; on the unity of man, 374; _American Cranial Type_, 374; portrait, 375; _Prehistoric Annals of Scotland_, 376; first used the word “prehistoric”, 376; _Prehistoric Man_, 376, 379, 415; _Pre-Aryan Amer. Man_, 377; _Unwritten History_, 377; _Interglacial Man_, 388; on the moundbuilders, 402; on the Grave Creek tablet, 404; accepts the Cincinnati tablet, 404; on Canadian mounds, 410; on bone and ivory work, 417; on American pottery, 419; _Artistic faculty in the aborig. races_, 419; _American Crania_, 437.

Wilson, R. A., _New Conquest of Mexico_, 41, 174, 203.

Wimmer, L. F. A., _Runenskriftens_, etc., 66.

Winchell, Alex., on Atlantis, 45; on the retrocession of the falls of St. Anthony, 382; _Preadamites_, 379, 384.

Winchell, N. H., _Geol. of Minnesota_, 333; discovers rude implements, 345; on copper mining, 418.

Winsor, Justin, “Americana”, i; “Early Descriptions of America”, etc., xix; _Ptolemy’s Geography_, xxv; “Pre-Columbian Explorations”, 59; “Cartography of Greenland”, 117; “Mexico and Central America”, 133; sources of the history of the modern Indians, 316; “Progress of Opinion respecting the Origin and Antiquity of Man in America”, 369; “Bibliog. of Aboriginal America”, 413; “Comprehensive treatises on Amer. Antiquities”, 415; “Industries and Trade of the American Aborigines”, 416; “American Linguistics”, 421; “American Myths and Religions”, 429; “Archæological Museums and Periodicals”, 437; _Calendar of the Sparks MSS._, 423.

Winthrop, Jas., on Dighton Rock, 103, 104.

Winthrop, John, the younger, 442.

Winthrop, R. C., 437.

Wisconsin Academy of Science, 438.

Wisconsin, Indians, 327; mounds in, 400, 408.

Wiseman, Cardinal, _Lectures_, 372.

Witchitas, vocabulary, 440.

Withrow, W. H., on the last of the Hurons, 322; on Jogues, 323.

Witsen, Nic., _Tartarye_, 123, 370.

Wittmack, L., on Peruvian plants found on graves, 273.

Wollheim, A. E., _Nat. lit. der Scand._, 66, 88.

Woodward, Ashbel, _Wampum_, 420.

Workshops of stone chipping, 417.

Wormskiold on the sites of the Greenland colonies, 108.

Worsaae, J. A., _Vorgesch. des Nordens_, 85; acc. of, 85; _Prehistory of the North_, 62; _L’organisation des Musées_, 444; _Danes in England_, 61.

Worsley, Israel, _View of the Amer. Indians_, 116.

Worthen, A. H., 388.

Wright, B. M., _Gold ornaments from the graves_, etc., 273.

Wright, D. F., 410.

Wright, Geo. F., on the antiq. of man in America, 340; examines deposits in Delaware, 342; _Man and the glacial period_, 388; _Preglacial man in Ohio_, 388; _Ohio gravel beds_, 388.

Wright, Thomas, _St. Brandan_, 48.

Wureland, 117.

Wuttke, H., _Erdkunde_, 38, 49; on the Atlantic islands, 47.

Wuttke, _Gesch. der Schrift_, 205.

Wyandots, 327.

Wyhlandia, 117.

Wyman, Jeffries, 439; on the Calaveras skull, 353; portrait, 392; investigates shell-heaps, 392; death, 392; accounts of, 392; on the Florida shell heaps, 393; on the St. John River, 393.

Wyman, W. H., on Quaritch, xvi; _Bibliog. of Printing_, xvi.

Wynne, _Private Libraries of N. Y._, x, xviii.

Wyoming Hist. and Geol. Soc., 438.

XAHILA, F. E. A., 167.

Xenophanes, 6.

Xeres, on Peru, xxxvii.

Xibalba, 134; held to be Palenqué, 135; Brinton’s view, 135.

Xicalancas, 136.

Xicaques, 169.

Ximenes, Francisco, 155; finds the _Popul Vuh_, 166.

Ximenes, _Gnomone fioretino_, 51.

Xinca Indians, 428.

Xochicalco, 180.

Xochimilca conquered, 147.

Xoloc founded, 142.

Xolotl, 162.

Xuares, Juan, 155.

YAHAMA LANGUAGE, 425.

Yahuar-huaccac, 229.

Yaqui, 135.

Yarrow, H. C., _Mortuary Customs_, 328, 440; on mound-burials, 408.

Yates and Moulton, _New York_, 104.

Yca, 277.

Youmans, Eliza H., 411.

Yucatan. _See_ Mayas; difficulty of the chronology, 152; the Perez MS., 153; sources, 164; scant material, 164; Barendt’s collection, 164; ruins, 185; early described, 186; seen by Stephens, 186; ancient records, 187; architecture, 188; Charnay’s map, 188; other maps, 188; age of the ruins, 191; types of heads, 195; bas-relief, 208; had an Ethiopian stock, 370; crucible for melting copper used, 418; folk-lore, 434.

Yucay, 247.

Yuma language, 426.

Yuncas, 227; grammar of, 280.

Yupanqui, Inca, his portrait, 228; in power, 230; called Pachacutec, 230.

ZABOROWSKI, _L’homme préhistorique_, 412.

Zacatecas, 183.

Zach, _Correspondenz_, 41.

Zachila, 184.

Zahrtmann on the Zeni, 112.

Zamná, 152, 434.

Zani, Count V., 205.

Zapaña, 229.

Zapata, MS. Hist. of Tlaxcalla, 162; _Cronica de Tlaxcallan_, 164.

Zapotecs, 146, 149.

Zaragoza, Justo, 167, 444.

Zarate, Augustin de, _Prov. del Peru_, 261.

Zavala, L. de, on Uxmal, 186.

Zayi, ruins, 188.

Zegarra, G. P., _Ollantay_, 281, 282.

Zegarra, Pedro, 281; _Ollantay_, 425.

Zeisberger, David, missionary, 423; _Indian Dictionary_, 423; on a Delaware grammar, 437.

_Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie_, 443.

_Zeitschrift für physische Aerzte_, 443.

Zeller, _Gesch. der Griech. Philosophie_, 36.

Zeni, brothers, xxviii, xxxiv, xxxvi; northern voyage, 72, 111; bibliog., 115; _Dei Commentarii del Viaggio_, 73; fac-simile of title, etc., 70, 71; their map perhaps used by Bordone, 73; it made an impression, 74, 128; history of the belief in their voyage, 111; the map, 111, 112, 114; fac-simile of, 11, 127; altered in Ptolemy, 111, 114; facsimiles of this alteration, 111, 128; maps possibly to be used by the young Zeno, 114, 126; map compared with that of Olaus Magnus, 126; condition of northern cartography at the date of the Zeno publication, 126, 127.

Zerffi, _Hist. development of art_, 416.

Zestermann, C. A. A., _Colonization of America_, 60, 83.

Ziegler, America, xxxiii, 125.

Zoana Mela, 122.

Zorzi, Pæsi Nov., xix.

Zumárraga, Bp., orders a collection of traditions, 164; _Hist. de los Mexicanos_, 164; _Codex Zumárraga_, 164; his alleged destruction of MSS., 203.

Zuñi, representatives of the cliff dwellers, 395; references on, 396; visits to, 396.

Zurita, A. de, on the Quiches, 168; _Rapport_, 153; character of, 153.

Zurla, Cardinal, on the Zeni, 112; _Dissertazione_, 112; _Di Marco Polo_, 47, 112; _Fra Mauro_, 47.

Zutigils, 152.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Herrera failed to add a list of authors to the original edition of his _Historia_ (1601-1615), but one of about thirty-three entries is found in later editions.

[2] See Vol. IV. p. 417.

[3] Sabin, vol. x. no. 40,053; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 347; Rich (1832), no. 188; Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide to American Literature_, p. viii; Murphy, no. 1,471.

[4] _Dictionary_, vol. ii. no. 5,102.

[5] For an account of a likeness, see J. C. Smith’s _British Mezzotint Portraits_, iv. no. 1,694.

[6] The book, of which 250 copies only were printed, is rare, and Quaritch prices it at £3 (Sabin, vol. ix. no. 37,447). It preserves some titles which are not otherwise known; and represents a library which Kennett had gathered for presentation to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Rich (_Bibl. Amer. nova_, i. 21) says the index was made by Robert Watts. Although Stevens (Historical Collections, i. 142) says that the books were dispersed, the library is still in existence in London, though it lacks many titles given in the printed catalogue, and shows others not in that volume. Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xx. 274; Allibone, ii. 1020; James Jackson’s _Bibliographies géographiques_ (Paris, 1881), no. 606; Trübner’s _Bibliographical Guide_, p. ix; Sabin, _Bibliography of Bibliographies_, p. lxxxvii.

[7] _Memorial History of Boston_, vol. i. pp. xviii, xix; vol. ii. pp. 221, 426.

[8] The original edition was Valencia, 1607. Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 52.

[9] _Catalogue_ (1832), no. 188. Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 568; Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide_, p. ix; Sabin, vol. i. no. 3,349. The portion on America is in vol. ii.

[10] For example, the Champlain of 1613, 3 fr.; that of 1632, 4 fr.; 21 volumes of the _Relations_ of the Jesuits, 18 fr.

[11] Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. ii. no. 5,198; and _Bibliography of Bibliographies_, p. xviii; _Hist. Mag._, i. 57; and Allibone, ii. 1764, who calls him Reid, an American resident in London, and says he issued the bibliography as preparatory to a history of America. Jackson’s _Bibliographies géographiques_, no. 611, and Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide_, p. x, call it by the name of the publisher, Debrett.

[12] Jackson’s _Bibliographies géographiques_, no. 621.

[13] Jackson, _Bibliographies géographiques_, no. 612; _Serapeum_ (1845), p. 223; Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide_, p. xxv.

[14] Sparks, _Catalogue_, no. 1,635; Jackson’s _Bibliographies géographiques_, no. 613; Trübner, p. xxv.

[15] _History of Mexico_, iii. 512, where is an account of Alcedo’s historical labors.

[16] Sparks, _Catalogue_, no. 1,635 _a_, and p. 230.

[17] Sabin, _Bibliography of Bibliographies_, p. xxiv; H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 700, 760.

[18] Quincy’s _Harvard University_, ii. 413, 596. It is noteworthy, in view of so rich an accession coming from Germany, that Grahame, the historian of our colonial period, says that in 1825 he found the University Library at Göttingen richer in books for his purpose than all the libraries of Britain joined together.

[19] This collection is also embraced in the Catalogue of the College Library already referred to. Mr. Warden began the collection of another library, which he used while writing the American part (10 vols.) of the _Art de vérifier des Dates_, Paris, 1826-1844, and which (1,118 works) was afterward sold to the State Library at Albany for $4,000. Dr. Henry A. Homes, the librarian at Albany, informs me that when arranged it made twenty-one hundred and twenty-three volumes. Warden’s _Bibliotheca Americana_, Paris, 1831, reprinted at Paris in 1840, is a catalogue of this collection. Mr. Warden died in 1845, aged 67. Cf. Ludewig in the _Serapeum_, 1845, p. 209; Muller, _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1734; Allibone, iii. 2,579; S. G. Goodrich, _Recollections_, ii. 243; Jackson’s _Bibl. Géog._, nos. 617, 618; Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide_, p. xiv. There was a final sale of Mr. Warden’s books by Horatio Hill, in New York, in 1846.

[20] This portrait of one of the earliest contributors to the bibliography of American history follows an engraving in the _Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden_, May, 1800, p. 395. Ebeling was born Nov. 20, 1741, and died June 30, 1817, and his own contributions to American History were—

(_a_) _Amerikanische Bibliothek_ (Zwei Stücke), Leipzig, 1777.

(_b_) _Erdbescreibung und Geschichte von America_, Hamburg, 1795-1816, in seven vols.; the author’s interleaved copy, with manuscript notes, is in Harvard College Library.

(_c_) With Professor Hegewisch, _Americanisches Magazin_, Hamburg, 1797.

There are other likenesses,—one a large lithograph published at Hamburgh; the other a small profile by C. H. Kniep. Both are in the collection of the American Antiquarian Society.

[21] This collection was offered to Congress for purchase through Edward Everett in December, 1827. The printed list, with nearly a hundred entries for manuscripts and three hundred and eighty-nine for printed books, covering the years 1506-1825, was printed as Document 37 of the 1st session of the 20th Congress. The sale was not effected. Rich had been able to gather the books at moderate cost because of the troubled political state of the peninsula. Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide_, p. xv.

[22] _Dictionary_, ii. 1788.

[23] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. xxix.

[24] Dibdin (_Library Companion_, edition 1825, p. 467) refers to this spirit, hoping it would lead to a new edition of White Kennett, perfected to date.

[25] _Bibliotheca Grenvilliana_ (London, 1842), now a part of the British Museum.

[26] Sabin, _Bibliog. of Bibliog._, p. cxxi; Allibone, _Dictionary_, p. 1787; Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide to American Literature_, Introduction, p. xiv; Jackson’s _Bibl. Géog._, no. 623, etc.; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, i. 395; _Historical Magazine_, iii. 75; _Menzies Catalogue_, no. 1,690; Ternaux-Compans, _Bibliothèque Américaine_, Preface. Puttick and Simpson’s _Catalogues_, London, June 25, 1850, and March, April, and May, 1872, note some of his books, besides manuscript bibliographies.

After Mr. Rich’s death Mr. Edward G. Allen took the business, and issued various catalogues of books on America in 1857-1871. Cf. Jackson’s _Bibliog. Géog._, nos. 677-682.

[27] See Vol. III. p. 159. The catalogue, being without date, is sometimes given later than 1833. Cf. Jackson, _Bibliog. Géog._, no. 636; and no. 690. A new _Rough List_ of the Barlow Collection was printed in 1885.

[28] _Magazine of American History_, iii. 177. This library was sold in November, 1836, as Raetzel’s; the numbers 908-2,117 concerned America. Trübner (_Bibliographical Guide_, p. xviii) says the collection was formed by Ternaux probably with an ultimate view to sale. Ternaux did not die till December, 1864.

[29] Now worth 40 or 50 francs.

[30] Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide_, p. xvi.

[31] See Vol. IV. p. 367. Cf. also Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide_, p. xviii; and Daniel’s _Nos Gloires Nationales_, where will be found a portrait of Faribault.

[32] Sabin, x. nos. 42, 644-42, 645.

[33] Sabin, x. 42, 643; Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide_, p. xxi.

[34] _Historical Magazine_, xii. 145; Allibone, ii. p. 1142. The sale of Mr. Ludewig’s library (1,380 entries) took place in New York in 1858.

[35] In his _Verrazano_, p. 5.

[36] Cf. also D’Avezac in his _Waltzemüller_, p. 4.

[37] Sabin, viii. p. 107; Jackson, _Bibliog. Géog._, no. 696. The edition was four hundred copies.

[38] An error traced to the proof-reader, it is said in Sabin’s _Bibliog. of Bibliog._, p. lxxiv.

[39] Stevens noticed this defence by reiterating his charges in a note in his _Bibliotheca Historica_, 1870, no. 860.

[40] Vol. IV. p. 366.

[41] Sabin, _Bibliography of Bibliographies_, p. lxxv.

[42] _Grandeur et décadence de la Colombine_, Paris, 1885.

[43] _J. J. Cooke Catalogue_, no. 2,214; _Griswold Catalogue_, nos. 730, 731. The editions were fifty copies on large paper, two hundred on small. It may be worth record that Gowan, a publisher in New York, was the earliest (1846) to instigate a taste for large paper copies among American collectors, by printing in that style Furman’s edition of Denton’s _Description of New York_, after the manner of the English purveyors to book-fancying.

[44] See _Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society_, Philadelphia, 1881, p. 28.

[45] Mr. Wilberforce Eames is the new editor. A list of the catalogues prepared by Mr. Sabin is given in his _Bibliography of Bibliographies_, p. cxxiv, etc.

[46] The German translation, _Kritische Untersuchungen_, was made by J. I. Ideler, Berlin, 1852, in 3 vols. It has an index, which the French edition lacks.

[47] Sabin, viii. 539. The edition of Paris, without date, called _Histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent_, is the same, with a new title and an introduction of four pages, La Cosa’s map being omitted.

[48] _Verrazano_, p. 4.

[49] In his _Cosmos_ Humboldt gives results, which he says are reached in his unpublished sixth volume of the _Examen critique_.

[50] The Humboldt Library was burned in London in June, 1865. Nearly all of the catalogues were destroyed at the same time; but a few large paper copies were saved, which, being perfected with a new title (London, 1878), have since been offered by Stevens for sale. Portions of the introduction to it are also used in an article by Stevens on Humboldt, in the _Journal of Sciences and Arts_ January, 1870. Various of Humboldt’s manuscripts on American matters are advertised in Stargardt’s _Amerika und Orient_, no. 135, p. 3 (Berlin, 1881).

[51] Cf. _Historical Magazine_, vol. ix. no. 335; _Magazine of American History_, vol. ii. pp. 193, 221, 565; _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, April, 1868. Colonel Force died in January, 1868.

[52] Mr. Sparks died March 14, 1866. Tributes were paid to his memory by distinguished associates in the Massachusetts Historical Society (_Proceedings_, ix. 157), and Dr. George E. Ellis reported to them a full and appreciative memoir (_Proceedings_, x. 211). Cf. also _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, March, 1866; _Historical Magazine_, May, 1866; Brantz Mayer before the Maryland Historical Society, 1867, etc.

[53] Cf. _Historical Magazine_, vol. ix. p. 137.

[54] The principal interpreter of the Indian languages of the temperate parts of North America has been Dr. J. Hammond Trumbull, of Hartford, for whose labor in the bibliography of the subject see a chapter in vol i. of the _Memorial History of Boston_. There is also a collection edited by him, of books in and upon the Indian languages, in the _Brinley Catalogue_, iii. 123-145. He gave in the _Proceedings_ of the American Antiquarian Society, and also separately in 1874, a list of books in the Indian languages, printed at Cambridge and Boston, 1653-1721 (Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,571). Cf. also Ludewig’s _Literature of American Aboriginal Languages_, mentioned on an earlier page. It was edited and corrected by William W. Turner. (Cf. _Pinart-Brasseur Catalogue_, no. 565; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 959).

Icazbalceta published in 1866, at Mexico, a list of the writers on the languages of America; and Romero made a similar enumeration of those of Mexico, in 1862, in the _Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografia_, vol. viii. Dr. Daniel G. Brinton has made a good introduction to the literary history of the native Americans in his _Aboriginal American Authors_, published by him at Philadelphia in 1883. For his own linguistic contributions, see Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 187, etc. One of the earliest enumerations of linguistic titles can be picked out of the list which Boturini Benaduci, in 1746, appended to his _Idea de una nueva historia general de la America septentrional_.

The most extensive enumeration of the literature of all the North American tongues is doubtless to be the _Bibliography of North American Linguistics_, which is preparing by Mr. James C. Pilling of the Bureau of Ethnology in Washington, and which will be published in due time by that bureau. A preliminary issue (100 copies) for corrections is called _Proof-sheets of a Bibliography of the Indian Languages of North America_ (pp. xl, 1135).

The _Bibliotheca Americana_ of Leclerc (Paris, 1879) affords many titles to which a preliminary “Table des Divisions” affords an index, and most of them are grouped under the heading “Linguistique,” p. 537, etc. The third volume of H. H. Bancroft’s Native Races, particularly in its notes, is a necessary aid in this study; and a convenient summary of the whole subject will be found in chapter x. of John T. Short’s _North Americans of Antiquity_. J. C. E. Buschmann has been an ardent laborer in this field; the bibliographies give his printed works (Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, p. 208, etc.), and Stargardt’s _Catalogue_ (no. 135, p. 6) shows some of his manuscripts. The Comte Hyacinthe de Charencey has for some years, from time to time, printed various minor monographs on these subjects; and in 1883 he collected his views in a volume of _Mélanges de philologie et de paléographie Américaines_.

The Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, in his _Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatemalienne_ (Leclerc, nos. 81, 1,084), has given for Central America a very excellent list of the works on the linguistics of the natives, which are all contained also in the _Catalogue_ of the Pinart-Brasseur sale, which took place in Paris in January and February, 1884. Cf. the paper on Brasseur by Dr. Brinton, in _Lippincott’s Magazine_, vol. i.; and the enumeration of his numerous writings in Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ii. 7,420; also Leclerc, Field, and Bancroft.

Dr. Félix C. Y. Sobron’s _Los Idiomas de la America Latina,—Estudios Biografico-bibliograficos_, published a few years since at Madrid, gives, according to Dr. Brinton, extended notices of several rare volumes; but on the whole the book is neither exhaustive nor very accurate.

Julius Platzmann’s _Verzeichniss einer Auswahl Amerikanischer Grammatiken_, etc. (Leipsic, 1876), is a small but excellent list, with proper notes. These bibliographies will show the now numerous works upon the aboriginal tongues, their construction and their fruits.

There are several important series interesting to the student, which are found in the catalogues. Such are the _Bibliothèque linguistique Américaine_, published in seven volumes by Maisonneuve in Paris (Leclerc, no. 2,674); the _Coleccion de linguistica y etnografía Americanas_, or _Bibliothèque de linguistique et d’Ethnographie Américaines_, 1875, etc., edited by A. L. Pinart; the _Library of American Linguistics_, in thirteen volumes, edited by Dr. John G. Shea (Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, vol. iii. no. 5,631; Field, no. 1,396); _Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature_, published by Dr. D. G. Brinton in Philadelphia; and Brasseur de Bourbourg’s _Collection de documents dans les langues indigènes_, Paris, 1861-1864, in four volumes (cf. Field, p. 175).

The earliest work printed exclusively in a native language was the _Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristiana en lengua Timuiquana_, published at Mexico in 1617 (cf. Sabin, vol. xiv. no. 58,580; Finotti, p. 14). This is the statement often made; but Mr. Pilling refers me to references in Icazbalceta’s _Zumárraga_ (vol. 1. p. 200) to an earlier edition of about 1547; and in the same author’s _Bibliografia Mexicana_ (p. 32), to one of 1553. Molina’s _Vocabulario de la lengua Castellana y Mexicana_, placing the Nahuatl and Castilian in connection, was printed at Mexico in 1555. The book is very rare, five or six copies only being known; and Quaritch has priced an imperfect copy at £72 (Quaritch, _Bibliog. Géog. linguistica_, 1879, no. 12,616; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 206; _Brinley Catalogue_, vol. iii. no, 5,771). The edition of 1571 is also rare (_Pinart-Brasseur Catalogue_, no. 630; Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 285, 286; Quaritch, 1879, no. 12,617). The first edition of Molina’s Aztec grammar, _Arte de la lengua Mexicana y Castellana_, was published the same year (1571). Quaritch (1879, no. 12,615) prices this at £52 10_s._ Cf. also Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 284. One of the chief of the more recent studies of the linguistics of Mexico is Francisco Pimentel’s _Cuadro descriptivo y comparativo de las lenguas indigenas de México_, Mexico, 1862-1865; and second edition in 1874-1875.

This subject has other treatment later in the present volume.

[55] It included two thousand and thirty-four items, ninety-four of which were Mr. Squier’s own works.

[56] Vol. II. p. 578.

[57] He says that up to 1881 he had gathered 35,000 volumes, at a cost of $300,000, exclusive of time and travelling expenses. His manuscripts embraced 1,200 volumes. The annual growth of his library is still 1,000 volumes.

[58] One twelfth of the earth’s surface, as he says.

[59] Cf. account of Maximilian’s library in the _Bookworm_ (1869), p. 14.

[60] These biographical data are derived from a tract given out by himself which he calls _A brief account of the literary undertakings of Hubert Howe Bancroft_ (San Francisco, A. L. Bancroft & Co. [his own business house], 1882, 8vo, pp. 12). Other accounts of his library will be found in the _American Bibliopolist_, vii. 44; and in Apponyi’s _Libraries of California_, 1878. Descriptions of the library and of the brick building (built in 1881) which holds it, and of his organized methods, have occasionally appeared in the _Overland Monthly_ and in other serial issues of California, as well as in those of the Atlantic cities. He has been free to make public the most which is known regarding his work. He says that the grouping and separating of his material has been done mostly by others, who have also written fully one half of the text of what he does not hesitate to call _The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft_; and he leaves the reader to derive a correct understanding of the case from his prefaces and illustrative tracts. Cf. J. C. Derby’s _Fifty Years among authors, books, and publishers_ (New York, 1884), p. 31.

[61] Averaging twelve from that time to this; a hundred persons were tried for every one ultimately retained as a valuable assistant,—is his own statement.

[62] At a cost, as he says, of $80,000 to 1882.

[63] They appeared in _The Nation_ and in the _New York Independent_ early in 1883. The first aimed to show that there were substantial grounds for dissent from Mr. Bancroft’s views regarding the Aztec civilization. The second ignored that point in controversy, and merely proposed, as was stated, to test the “bibliographic value” which Mr. Bancroft had claimed for his book, and to point out the failures of the index plan and the vicarious system as employed by him.

[64] Seemingly intended to make part of one of the later volumes of his series, to be called _Essays and Miscellanies_.

[65] With a general title (as following his _Native Races_) of _The History of the Pacific States_, we are to have in twenty-eight volumes the history of Central America, Mexico, North Mexico, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, Northwest Coast, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, British Columbia, and Alaska,—to be followed by six volumes of allied subjects, not easily interwoven in the general narrative, making thirty-nine volumes for the entire work. The volumes are now appearing at the rate of three or four a year.

[66] The list which is prefixed to the first volume of the _History of California_, forming vol. xiii. of his Pacific States series, is particularly indicative of the rich stores of his library, and greatly eclipses the previous lists of Mr. A. S. Taylor, which appeared in the _Sacramento Daily Union_, June 25, 1863 and March 13, 1866. Cf. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. xxxix. A copy of Taylor’s pioneer work, with his own corrections, is in Harvard College Library. Mr. Bancroft speaks very ungraciously of it.

[67] See Vol. IV., chap. i. p. 19.

[68] Jackson, _Bibl. Géog._, no. 639; _Menzies Catalogue_, nos. 1,459, 1,460; Wynne’s _Private Libraries of New York_, p. 335. Mr. Murphy died Dec. 1, 1882, aged seventy-two; and his collection, then very much enlarged, was sold in March, 1884. Its _Catalogue_, edited by Mr. John Russell Bartlett, shows one of the richest libraries of Americana which has been given to public sale in America. It is accompanied by a biographical sketch of its collector. Cf. Vol. IV. p. 22.

[69] Cf. Wynne’s _Private Libraries of New York_, p. 106. Mr. Brevoort died December 7, 1887.

[70] Cf. Sabin, v. 283; Farnham’s _Private Libraries of Boston_.

[71] February, 1880, aged eighty years. His father was Robert Lenox, a Scotchman, who began business in New York in 1783, and retired in 1812 with a large fortune, including a farm of thirty acres, worth then about $6,000, and to-day $10,000,000,—if such figures can be made accurate. Cf. also Charles Deane in _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, April, 1880. Henry Stevens’s _Recoll. of Lenox_ is conspicuous for what it does not reveal.

[72] The Lenox Library is now under the direction of the distinguished American historical student, Dr. George H. Moore, so long in charge of the New York Historical Society’s library. Cf. an account of Dr. Moore by Howard Crosby in the _Historical Magazine_, vol. xvii. (January, 1870). The officer in immediate charge of the library is Dr. S. Austin Allibone, well known for his _Dictionary of Authors_.

[73] Mr. Bartlett was early in life a dealer in books in New York; and the Americana catalogues of Bartlett and Welford, forty years ago, were among the best of dealers’ lists. Jackson’s _Bibl. Géog._, no. 641.

[74] The field of Americana before 1800 has been so nearly exhausted in its composition, that recent purchases have been made in other departments, particularly of costly books on the fine arts.

[75] Cf. Vol. III. p. 380.

[76] Because Greenland in the map of the Ptolemy of this year is laid down. The slightest reference to America in books of the sixteenth century have entitled them to admission.

[77] The book purports to have been printed in one hundred copies; but not more than half that number, it is said, have been distributed. Some copies have a title reading, _Bibliographical notices of rare and curious books relating to America, printed in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in the library of the late John Carter Brown, by John Russell Bartlett_.

[78] Sir Arthur Helps, in referring to the assistance he had got from books sent to him from America, and from this library in particular, says: “As far as I have been able to judge, the American collectors of books are exceedingly liberal and courteous in the use of them, and seem really to understand what the object should be in forming a great library.” _Spanish Conquest_, American edition, p. 122.

[79] Cf. _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, October, 1875.

[80] Dr. Trumbull himself has been a keen collector of books on American history, particularly in illustration of his special study of aboriginal linguistics; while his influence has not been unfelt in the forming of the Watkinson Library, and of that of the Connecticut Historical Society, both at Hartford.

[81] The first sale—there are to be four—took place in March, 1878, and illustrated a new device in testamentary bequests. Mr. Brinley devised to certain libraries the sum of several thousand dollars each, to be used to their credit for purchases made at the public sale of his books. The result was a competition that carried the aggregate of the sales, it is computed, as much beyond the sum which might otherwise have been obtained, as was the amount devised,—thus impairing in no degree the estate for the heirs, and securing credit for public bequests. The scheme has been followed in the sale of the library (the third part of which was Americana, largely from the Menzies library) of the late J. J. Cooke, of Providence, with an equivalent appreciation of the prices of the books. It is a question if the interests of the libraries benefited are advanced by such artificial stimulation of prices, which a factitious competition helps to make permanent.

[82] _American Bibliopolist_, viii. 128; Wynne’s _Private Libraries of New York_, p. 318. The collection was not exclusively American.

[83] Memoir of Mr. Crowninshield, by Charles Deane, in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvii. 356. Mr. Stevens is said to have given about $9,500 for the library. It was sold in various parts, the more extensive portion in July, 1860. Allibone, vol. ii. p. 2,248.

[84] This collection—which Mr. Allan is said to have held at $15,000—brought $39,000 at auction after his death.

[85] Another catalogue rich in pamphlets relating to America is that of Albert G. Greene, New York, 18339.

[86] The _Catalogue_ is more correctly printed than the _Essay_. Sabin, _Bibliog. of Bibliog._, p. cxxv.

[87] _Bibliotheca Mejicana, a collection of books relating to Mexico, and North and South America_; sold by Puttick & Simpson in London, June, 1869. (About 3,000 titles.)

[88] Jackson, _Bibl. Géog._, nos. 844, 845.

[89] _Catalogue de la collection précieuse de livres anciens et modernes formant la Bibliothèque de feu M. Serge Sobolewski (de Moscou)_ Leipsic, 1873.

[90] _Bibliotheca Sunderlandiana. Sale Catalogue of the Sunderland or Blenheim Library. Five Parts._ London, 1881-1883. (13,858 nos.)

[91] _Catalogue de livres rares et précieux, manuscrits et imprimés, principalement sur l’Amérique et sur les langues du monde entier, composant la bibliothèque de Alphonse L. Pinart, et comprenant en totalité la bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne de M. l’abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg._ Paris, 1883. viii. 248 pp. 8º.

[92] _Catalogue de la précieuse bibliothèque de feu M. le Docteur J. Court, comprenant une collection unique de voyageurs et d’historiens relatifs à l’Amérique. Première partie._ Paris, 1884. (458 nos.)

[93] There is an account of his family antecedents, well spiced as his wont is, in the introduction to his _Bibliotheca Historica_, 1870.

[94] Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide to American Literature_ (1859), p. iv.; _North American Review_, July, 1850, p. 205, by George Livermore.

[95] Allibone, ii. 2247-2248.

[96] Sabin, vol. xii. no. 49,961.

[97] Stevens, _Historical Collections_, i. 874. It was ostensibly made in preparation for his projected _Bibliographia Americana_.

[98] _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 90; Allibone, vol. ii. p. 2248.

[99] Allibone, ii. 2248; _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 875; _Bibliotheca Historica_ (1870), no. 1,974.

[100] Allibone, ii. 2248; _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 878.

[101] It was first published, less perfectly, in the _American Journal of Science_, vol. xcviii. p. 299; and of the separate issue seventy-five copies only were printed. _Bibliotheca Historica_ (1870), no. 1,976. It was also issued as a part of a volume on the proposed _Tehuantepec Railway_, prepared by his brother, Simon Stevens, and published by the Appletons of New York the same year. _Ibid._ no. 1,977; _Historical Collections_, vol. i. nos. 894-895; Allibone, vol. ii. p. 2348, nos. 17, 18, 19.

[102] _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 897.

[103] It is a droll fancy of his to call his bookshop the “Nuggetory;” to append to his name “G. M. B.,” for Green Mountain Boy; and even to parade in a similar titular fashion his rejection at a London Club,—“Bk-bld—Ath.-Cl.”

[104] _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 898.

[105] _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 899.

[106] The public is largely indebted to the efforts of Mr. Theodore F. Dwight, the librarian and keeper of the Archives of the Department of State at Washington, for the ultimate success of the endeavor to secure these manuscripts to the nation. Mr. Stevens had lately (1885) formed a copartnership with his son, Mr. Henry N. Stevens, and had begun a new series of Catalogues, of which No. 1 gives his own publications, and No. 2 is a bibliography of New Hampshire History. He died in London, February 28, 1886.

[107] _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1863, p. 203. Dr. Homes, of Albany, is confident Joseph Bumstead was earlier in Boston than Mr. Drake. The _Boston Directory_ represents him as a printer in 1800, and as a bookseller after 1816.

[108] His earliest catalogue appeared in 1842, as of his private library. Sabin’s _Bibl. of Bibl._, p. xlix. A collection announced for sale in Boston in 1845 was withdrawn after the catalogue was printed, having been sold to the Connecticut Historical Society for $4,000. At one time he amassed a large collection of American school-books to illustrate our educational history. They were bought (about four hundred in all) by the British Museum.

[109] Cf. Jackson’s _Bibl. Géog._, no. 684, and pp. 185, 199. Also see Vol. III. 361.

[110] His catalogues are spiced with annotations signed “Western Memorabilia.” Sabin (_Dictionary_, vii. 369) quotes the saying of a rival regarding Gowans’s catalogues, that their notes “were distinguished by much originality, some personality, and not a little bad grammar.” His shop and its master are drawn in F. B. Perkins’s _Scrope, or the Lost Library_. _A Novel_. Mr. Gowans died in November, 1870, at sixty-seven, leaving a stock, it is said, of 250,000 bound volumes, besides a pamphlet collection of enormous extent. Mr. W. C. Prime told the story of his life, genially, in _Harper’s Magazine_ (1872), in an article on “Old Books in New York.” Speaking of his stock, Mr. Prime says: “There were many more valuable collections in the hands of booksellers, but none so large, and probably none so wholly without arrangement.” Mr. Gowans was a Scotchman by birth, and came to America in 1821. After a varied experience on a Mississippi flat-boat, he came to New York, and in 1827 began life afresh as a bookseller’s clerk. Cf. _American Bibliopolist_, January, 1871, p. 5.

[111] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. xxx.

[112] Jackson, _Bibl. Géog._, nos. 670-676.

[113] Jackson, no. 687. See Vol. IV. p. 435. Munsell issued privately, in 1872, a catalogue of the works printed by him. Sabin, _Bibl. of Bibl._, p. cv. Cf. a _Biographical Sketch of Joel Munsell, by George R. Howell, with a Genealogy of the Munsell Family, by Frank Munsell_. Boston, 1880. This was printed (16 pp.) for the New England Historic Genealogical Society.

[114] Jackson, no. 669.

[115] They have been issued in 1869, 1871, 1873, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1883. Jackson, nos. 705-711. Lesser lists have been issued in Cincinnati by William Dodge. The chief dealer in Americana in Boston, who issues catalogues, is, at the present time, Mr. George E. Littlefield.

[116] Another is now in progress.

[117] With these canons Mr. Quaritch’s prices can be understood. The extent and character of his stock can be inferred from the fact that his purchases at the Perkins sale (1873) amounted to £11,000; at the Tite sale (1874), £9,500; at the Didot sales (1878-1879), £11,600; and at the Sunderland sales (1883), £32,650, out of a total of £56,851. At the recent sales of the Beckford and Hamilton collections, which produced £86,444, over one half, or £44,105, went to Mr. Quaritch. These figures enable one to understand how, in a sense, Mr. Quaritch commands the world’s market of choice books. A sketch, _B. Q., a biographical and bibliographical Fragment_ (1880, 25 copies), in the privately printed series of monographs issued to a club in London, of which Mr. Quaritch is president, called “The Sette of Odd Volumes,” has supplied the above data. The sketch is by C. W. H. Wyman, and is also reprinted in his _Bibliography of Printing_, and in the _Antiquarian Magazine and Bibliographer_, November, 1882. One of the club’s “opuscula” (no. iii.) has an excellent likeness of Mr. Quaritch prefixed. Cf. also the memoir and portrait in Bigmore and Wyman’s _Bibliography of Printing_, ii. 230.

[118] Jackson, nos. 643-649; Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide_, p. xix.

[119] Mr. Trübner died in London March 30, 1884. Cf. memorial in _The Library Chronicle_, April, 1884, p. 43, by W. E. A. Axon; also a “Nekrolog” by Karl J. Trübner in the _Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen_, June, 1884, p. 240.

[120] Cf. notice by Mr. Brevoort in _Magazine of American History_, iv. 230.

[121] There is a paper on “Edwin Tross et ses publications relatives à l’Amérique” in _Miscellanées bibliographiques_, Paris, 1878, p. 53, giving a list of his imprints which concern America.

[122] Jackson, nos. 689, 703, 717.

[123] Vol. IV. chap. viii. editorial note. There is an account of Muller and his bibliographical work in the _Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen_, November, 1884.

[124] Jackson, nos. 650-654; Trübner, _Bibliographical Guide_, p. xix; Sabin, _Bibliog. of Bibliog._, p. cv; Petzholdt, _Bibliotheca Bibliographica_.

[125] More or less help will be derived from the American portion of the _Liste provisoire de bibliographies géographiques spéciales, par James Jackson_, published in 1881 by the Société de Géographie de Paris,—a book of which use has been made in the preceding pages.

[126] See the chapter on the libraries of Boston in the _Memorial History of Boston_, vol. iv.

[127] The extent of Dr. Dexter’s library is evident from the signs of possession which are so numerously scattered through the 7,250 titles that constitute the exhaustive and very careful bibliography of Congregationalism and the allied phases of religious history, which forms an appendix to his _Congregationalism as seen in its Literature_, New York, 1880. He explains in the Introduction to his volume the wide scope which he intended to give to this list; and to show how poorly off our largest public libraries in America are in the earliest books illustrating this movement, he says that of the 1,000 earliest titles which he gives, and which bear date between 1546 and 1644, he found only 208 in American libraries. His arrangement of titles is chronological, but he has a full name-index.

The students of the early English colonies cannot fail to find for certain phases of their history much help from Joseph Smith’s _Descriptive Catalogue of Friends’ Books_, London, 1867; his _Bibliotheca Anti-Quakeriana_, 1873; and his _Bibliotheca Quakeristica_, a bibliography of miscellaneous literature relating to the Friends, of which Part I. was issued in London in 1883.

[128] The private library of George Bancroft is in Washington. It is described as it existed some years ago in Wynne’s _Private Libraries of New York_.

[129] A book on the private libraries of San Francisco by Apponyi was issued in 1878.

[130] An account of the libraries of the various historical societies in the United States is given in the _Public Libraries of the United States_, issued by the Bureau of Education at Washington in 1876.

[131] The title is quoted differently by different authorities. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 32, and _Additions_, no. 16; his _Christophe Colomb_, i. 89; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iv. 67; Sabin, _Dictionary of Books relating to America_, x. 327; D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 79; Varnhagen, _Nouvelles Recherches_, p. 17; Irving’s _Columbus_, app. ix.

[132] See Vol. IV. p. 12. The editorship is in dispute,—whether Zorzi or Montalboddo. The better opinion seems to be that Humboldt erred in assigning it to Zorzi rather than to Montalboddo. Cf. Humboldt, _Examen critique_; Brunet, v. 1155, 1158; Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. xii. no. 50,050; D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 80; Graesse, _Trésor_; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 48, 109, app. p. 469, and _Additions_, no. 26; _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_, October, 1857, p. 312; Santarem’s _Vespucius_, Eng. tr., p. 73; Irving’s _Columbus_, app. xxx.; Navarrete, _Opúsculos_, i. 101; Harrisse, _Christophe Colomb_, i. 89. There are copies of this 1507 edition in the Lenox and Carter-Brown libraries, and in the Grenville Library; and one in the Beckford sale, 1882 (no. 186), brought £270. Cf. also _Murphy Catalogue_, no. 2,612[A], and _Catalogue de la précicuse bibliothèque de feu M. le Docteur F. Court_ (Paris, 1884), no. 262. The _Paesi novamente retrovati_ is shown in the chapter on the Cortereals in Vol. IV. to be of importance in elucidating the somewhat obscure story of that portion of the early Portuguese discoveries in North America. Since Vol. IV. was printed, two important contributions to this study have been made. One is the monograph of Henry Harrisse, _Les Cortereal et leur voyages au Nouveau-monde. D’après des documents nouveaux ou peu connus tirés des archives de Lisbonne et de Modène. Suivi du texte inédit d’un recit de la troisième expédition de Gasper Cortereal et d’une carte nautique portugaise de 1502 reproduite ici pour la première jois. Mémoire lu à l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres dans sa séance du 1er juin, 1883_, and published in Paris in 1883, as Vol. III. of the _Recueil de voyages et de documents pour servir à l’histoire de la géographie depuis le XIIIe jusqu’à la fin du XVIe siècle_. The other is the excerpt from the _Archivo des Açores_, which was drawn from that work by the editor, Ernesto do Canto, and printed separately at Ponta Delgarda (S. Miguel) in an edition of one hundred copies, under the title of _Os Corte-Reaes, memoria historica accompanhada de muitos documentos ineditos_. Do Canto refers (p. 34) to other monographs on the Portuguese discoveries in America as follows: Sebastião Francisco Mendo Trigoso,—_Ensaio sobre os Descobrimentos e Commercio dos Portuguezes em as Terras Septentrionaes da America_, presented to the Lisbon Academy (1813), and published in their _Memorias da Litteratura_, viii. 305. Joaquim José Gonçalves de Mattos Corrêa,—_Acerca da prioridade das Descobertas feitas pelos portuguezes nas costas orientaes da America do norte_, which was printed in _Annaes maritimos e Coloniaes_, Lisbon, 1841, pp. 269-423. Luciano Cordeiro,—_De la part prise par les Portugais dans le découverte de l’Amerique_, Lisbon, 1876. This was a communication made to the Congrès des Américanistes in 1875. Cf. Vol. IV. p. 15.

[133] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 55; D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 80; Wieser, _Magalhâes-Strasse_, pp. 15, 17. There are copies in the Lenox, Carter-Brown, Harvard College, and Cincinnati Public libraries. The Beckford copy brought, in 1882, £78. Quaritch offered a copy in 1883 for £45. At the Potier sale, in 1870 (no. 1,791), a copy brought 2,015 francs; the same had brought 389 francs in 1844 at the Nodier sale. _Livres payés en vente publique 1,000 francs et au dessus_, 1877, p. 77. Cf. also Court, no. 263.

[134] Only one copy in the United States, says Sabin.

[135] In Carter-Brown and Lenox libraries; also in the Marciana and Brera libraries. Leclerc in 1878 priced a copy at 1,000 francs. Cf. Harrisse, no. 90, also p. 463, and _Additions_, no. 52; Sobolewski, no. 4,130; Brunet, v. 1158; Court, no. 264.

[136] Sabin, vol. xii. no. 50,054; Leclerc, no. 2,583 (500 francs). A copy was sold in London in March, 1883. There is a copy in the Cincinnati Public Library.

[137] Harrisse, no. 109; Sobolewski, no. 4,131; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 68; Murphy, no. 2,617.

[138] _Newe unbekanthe landte_ (Nuremberg, 1508), by Ruchamer; copies are in the Lenox, Carter-Brown, Congress, and Cincinnati Public libraries. Cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 50,056; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 36; Harrisse, no. 57; Murphy, no. 2,613; Sobolewski, no. 4,069; D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 83; Rosenthal, _Catalogue_ (1884), no. 67, at 1,000 marks.

[139] _Nye unbekande Lande_ (1508), in Platt-Deutsch, by Henning Ghetel, of Lubeck, following the German. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 50,057; Harrisse, _Additions_, no. 29. The Carter-Brown copy (_Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 37) cost about 1,000 marks at the Sobolewski (no. 4,070) sale, when it was described as an “édition absolument inconnu jusqu’au présent.” Mr. C. H. Kalbfleisch has since secured a copy at 3,000 marks,—probably the copy advertised “as the second copy known,” by Albert Cohn, of Berlin, in 1881, in his _Katalog_, vol. cxxxix. no. 27. Cf. _Studi biografici e bibliografici della Società Italiana_, i. 219.

[140] _Itinerariū Portugallēsiū e Lusitania in Indiā_ (Milan, 1508), a Latin version by Archangelus Madrinanus, of Milan. Cf. D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 82; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 50,058; Harrisse, no. 58; Sobolewski, no. 4,128; Muller (1870), no. 1,844. There are copies in the Lenox, Barlow, Harvard College, Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 35), and Congressional libraries. The Beckford copy (no. 1,081) brought £78. Sabin quotes Bolton Corney’s copy at £137. Copies have been recently priced at £30, £36, and £45. A copy noted in the _Court Catalogue_ (no. 177) differs from Harrisse’s collation.

[141] _Sensuyt le nouveau mōde_, supposed to be 1515; some copies vary in text. The Lenox Library has two varieties. Cf. Sabin, vol. xii. nos. 50,059, 50,061; Harrisse, no. 83, and _Additions_, no. 46; D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 84. An edition of 1516 (_Le nouveau monde_) is in the Carter-Brown and Lenox libraries (Sabin, vol. xii. no. 50,062; Court, no. 248; Harrisse, no. 86; Sobolewski, no. 4,129). One placed in 1521 (_Sensuyt le nouveau mōde_) is in Harvard College Library (Harrisse, no. 111; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 50,063). Another (_Sensuyt le nouveau monde_) is placed under 1528 (Sabin, vol. xii. no. 50,064; Harrisse, no. 146, and _Additions_, no. 87).

[142] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 50. Harrisse also gives a chapter to Peter Martyr in his _Christophe Colomb_, i. 85.

[143] See also the reference in Joannes Tritemius’ _De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis_ (Cologne, 1546), pp. 481-482. There have been within a few years two monographs upon Martyr:(1) Hermann A. Schumacher’s _Petrus Martyr, der Geschichtsschreiber des Weltmeeres_ (New York, 1879); (2) Dr. Heinrich Heidenheimer’s _Petrus Martyr Anglerius und sein Opus epistolarum_ (Berlin, 1881). This last writer gives a section to his geographical studies.

[144] Humboldt, _Examen critique_, ii. 279; Irving, _Columbus_, app.; Prescott, _Ferdinand and Isabella_ (1873), ii. 74, and _Mexico_, ii. 96; H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 312; Helps, _Spanish Conquest_. Cf. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 66 and 160.

[145] Morelli’s edition of _Letter of Columbus_, 1810.

[146] There is an examination of this edition on page 109 of Vol. II.

[147] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 88; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 50; Huth, p. 920; Brunet, i. 293; Murphy, no. 1,606; Leclerc, no. 2,647 (600 francs); Stevens, _Nuggets_, £10 10_s._; _Bibliotheca Grenvilliana_. There is a copy in Charles Deane’s collection. Tross priced a copy in 1873 at 900 francs.

[148] _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 61; Graesse, _Trésor_, i. 130; Sabin, i. 201, who says Rich put it under 1560.

[149] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 62; _Additions_, p. 78.

[150] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 110.

[151] There are copies in Harvard College and Carter-Brown libraries. Cf. Sabin, i. 199; Leclerc, no. 24 (150 francs); Court, no. 13; Murphy, no. 1,606[A]; Stevens, _Historical Collection_, i. 48; his _Nuggets_, £2 2_s._ But recent prices have been £20 and £25; Brunet, i. 294; Ternaux, no. 24; Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,173. This tract was reprinted in the _Novus orbis_ (Basle, 1532), and was appended to the Antwerp edition (1536) of Brocard’s _Descriptio terræ sanctæ_ (Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 218; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 117). It is also in the _Novus orbis_ of Rotterdam, 1596 (Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 505).

[152] There are copies in the Harvard College, Lenox, and Carter-Brown libraries. It is very rare; a fair copy was priced in London, in 1881, at £62. Cf. Brunet, i. 293; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 94; Sabin, i. 198; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 154; Murphy, no. 1,607; Court, no. 14.

[153] The book is very rare. There is a copy in Harvard College Library. A copy was priced in London at £36; but Quaritch holds the Beckford copy (no. 2,275), in fine binding, at £148. Harrisse (_Bill. Amer. Vet._, no. 167) errs in his description. Cf. Brunet, i. 294; Sobolewski, no. 3,667; Sabin, i. 199; Huth, p. 920; Stevens, _Historical Collections_, i. 48; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 99; Murphy, no. 3,002; Court, no. 124.

[154] Richard Eden’s copy of this book, with his annotations, apparently used in making his translation of 1555, was sold in the Brinley sale, no. 40, having been earlier in the Judge Davis sale in 1847 (no. 1,352). The first of the Stevens copies, in his sale of 1870 (nos. 75, 1,234), is now in Mr. Deane’s library. There are also copies in the Force (Library of Congress), Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 104), and Ticknor (_Catalogue_, p. 14) collections, and in Harvard College Library. Cf. Sabin, i.; Stevens’s _Nuggets_, £1 11_s._ 6_d._; Ternaux, no. 47; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 176; Muller (1877), no. 2,031; Court, no. 15; Murphy, no. 1,608; Leclerc (1878), no. 25 (80 francs); Quaritch, no. 11,628 (£3 10_s._; again, £5 5_s._); Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,176 (£50). Priced in Germany at 60 and 100 marks.

[155] Ramusio’s name does not appear, but D’Avezac thinks his editorship is probable; cf. _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (1872), p. 11. There are copies in Harvard College, Carter-Brown, J. C. Brevoort, H. C. Murphy, and Lenox libraries. For an account of a map said to belong to it, see Winsor’s _Bibliography of Ptolemy_, sub anno 1540. Cf. _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 190; Stevens, _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 344, and _Nuggets_, vol. ii. no. 1,808; Murphy, no. 1,609; Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,177; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 107; Ternaux, no. 43; Court, no. 213. Ramusio also included Martyr in the third volume of his _Navigationi_. Cf. the opinions of Mr. Deane and Mr. Brevoort on the _Summario_ as given in Vol. III. p. 20.

[156] Brunet, Graesse, Ternaux.

[157] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 214.

[158] Vol. i. p. 199.

[159] See Vol. III. p. 200; Murphy, no. 1,610.

[160] The book is rare; the copy in the Menzies sale (no. 1,332) brought $42.50. Cf. further in Vol. III. p. 204; also Cooke, no. 1,642.

[161] It has three decades and three books of the “De Babylonica legatione.” There are copies in Harvard College and the Carter-Brown libraries. Cf. Rich (1832), no. 52; _Nuggets_, £1 10_s._ 6_d._; Sabin, i. 201; Muller, (1877), no. 2,031; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 295; Leclerc, no. 26 (80 francs); Harrassowitz, 35 marks; Quaritch, £1 5s. and £1 16s.; Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,178; O’Callaghan, no. 1,479; Cooke, no. 1,641; Court, no. 16; Murphy, no. 1,611.

[162] Graesse, i. 130; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 344; Stevens (1870), no. 1,235.

[163] The Sunderland copy (vol. iv. no. 8,179), with the map, brought £24; a French catalogue advertised one with the map for 250 francs. Without the map it is worth about $25. See further in Vol. III. p. 42; also Murphy, no. 1,612; Cooke, no. 1,643; Court, no. 17. Hakluyt’s text was used by Lok in making an English version (he adopted, however, Eden’s text of the first three decades), which was printed as _De Novo Orbe; or, the Historie of the West Indies_. Bibliographers differ about the editions. One without date is held by some to have been printed in 1597 (White-Kennett; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,013; Menzies, no. 1,333, $35; Huth, p. 923); but others consider it the sheets of the 1612 edition with a new title (see Vol. III. p. 47, Field, no. 1,014; Stevens, 1870, no. 1,236; Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 10; O’Callaghan, no. 1,481; Murphy, no. 1,612*; Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 129, 130). There are copies of this 1612 edition in the Boston Athenæum, Harvard College, Carter-Brown, and Massachusetts Historical Society libraries; it is worth from $30 to $40. Mr. Deane’s edition of 1612 has a dedication to Julius Cæsar, the English jurist of that day, which is not in the edition without date. See Vol. III. p. 47. The same was reissued as a “second edition,” with a title dated 1628, of which there is a copy in Harvard College Library (Field, no. 1,015; Stevens, _Nuggets_, £4 14_s._ 6_d._; Menzies, no. 1,334; Griswold, no. 475; Quaritch, £9 and £12).

[164] Brunet, i. 294; Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 10; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 160; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 93; Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,174, (£61). There is also a copy in Harvard College Library.

[165] Sabin, i. 200. Copy in Harvard College Library; it was printed at the Elzevir Press (Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 11; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,036; Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 8,175).

[166] Prescott’s copy is in Harvard College Library (_Ferdinand and Isabella_, 1873, ii. 76).

[167] Cf. Arana, _Bibliog. de obras anon._ (1882), no. 373.

[168] There are copies of this Basle edition in the Boston Public, Harvard College, Carter-Brown, Lenox, Astor, and Barlow libraries. Münster’s map, of which an account is given elsewhere, is often wanting; the price for a copy with the map has risen from a guinea in Rich’s day (1832), to £5. Cf. Harrisse, no. 171; Leclerc, no. 411; Muller (1877), no. 1,301; Ternaux, no. 38; Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,100; Court, no. 249. The Paris edition has the Orontius Finæus map properly, though others are sometimes found in it. Cf. Harrisse, nos. 172, 173; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 102; Sabin, vol. ix. nos. 34,101, 34,102; Leclerc, nos. 412 (150 francs), 2,769; Stevens, _Bibliotheca geographica_, p. 124; Cooke, no. 2,879; Court, no. 250; Sunderland, no. 263; Muller (1872), no. 1,847; Quaritch (1883) £12 16_s._ The Lenox Library has copies of different imprints,—“apud Galeotum” and “apud Parvum.” There are other copies in the Barlow and Carter-Brown libraries. Good copies are worth about £10.

[169] Sabin (vol. ix. p. 30) says it is rarer than the original Latin. There are copies in Harvard College, Congressional, and Carter-Brown libraries. Cf. Rich (1832), £1 1_s._; Ternaux, no. 45; Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,106; Grenville, p. 498; Harrisse, no. 188, with references; Stevens (1870), no. 1,419; Muller (1872), no. 1,853, and (1877) no. 1,309 (40 florins), with corrections of Harrisse; Sobolewski, no. 3,857; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 110; Huth, vol. iii. nos. 1,050-1,051. Quaritch and others of late price it at £3. It was from this German edition of the _Novus orbis_ that the collection, often quoted as that of Cornelis Albyn, and called _Nieuwe Weerelt_, was made up in 1563, with some additional matter. It is in the dialect of Brabant, and Muller (_Books on America_, 1872, no. 1,854) says it is “exceedingly rare, even in Holland;” he prices it at 50 florins. Cf. Leclerc, no. 2,579 (250 francs); Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,107; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 240; Huth, vol. iii. no. 1,051; A. R. Smith’s Catalogue (1874), no. 8 (£2 2_s._); Pinart, no. 668.

[170] It has pp. 585-600 in addition to the edition of 1532. There are copies in the Cornell University (_Sparks Catalogue_, no. 1,107), Lenox, Carter-Brown, Barlow, J. C. Brevoort, and American Antiquarian Society libraries. One of the two copies in Harvard College Library belonged at different times to Charles Sumner, E. A. Crowninshield (no. 796), and the poet Thomas Gray, and has Gray’s annotations, and a record that it cost him one shilling and ninepence. The map of the 1532 Basle edition belongs to this 1537 edition; but it is often wanting. The _Huth Catalogue_ (vol. iii. p. 1050) calls the map of “extreme rarity;” and Quaritch has pointed out that the larger names in the map being set in type in the block, there is some variation in the style of these inscriptions belonging to the different issues. Cf. Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,103; Harrisse, no. 223; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 123; Leclerc, no. 413, with map (100 francs); Stevens (_Nuggets_) does not mention the map, but his _Bibliotheca historica_ (1870), no. 1,455, and _Historical Collections_, p. 66, give it; Muller (1872), no. 1,850 and (1877) no. 1,306. Recent prices of good copies with the map are quoted at £4 4_s._, 57 marks, and 70 francs; without the map it brings about $4.00. Grolier’s copy was in the Beckford sale (1882), no. 187.

[171] There are copies in the Boston Public (two copies), Boston Athenæum, Harvard College, Carter-Brown (no. 202), and American Antiquarian Society libraries. The map is repeated from the earlier Basle editions. Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 50; _Huth Catalogue_ (without map), iii. 1,050; Harrisse, no. 171; Stevens, _Historical Collection_, vol. i. no. 501; Cooke, no. 1,064; Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,104. Rich, in 1832, priced it with map at £2 2_s._; recent prices are £4 4_s._ and £5 5_s._

[172] Edited by Balthazar Lydius. Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 182; Graesse, iv. 699; Brunet, iv. 132; Sabin, vol. ix. no. 34,105; Huth, iii. 1051; Leclerc, no. 414 (40 francs); Stevens, _Nuggets_, £2 2_s._; Court, no. 251; Muller (1872), no. 1,870. There are copies in Harvard College Library and Boston Athenæum.

[173] The editions of Ptolemy recording or affecting the progress of geography in respect to the New World are noted severally elsewhere in the present work; but the whole series is viewed together in the _Bibliography of Ptolemy’s Geography_, by Justin Winsor, which, after appearing serially in the _Harvard University Bulletin_, was issued separately by the University Library in 1884 as no. 18 of its _Bibliographical Contributions_.

[174] H. H. Bancroft, _Mexico_, i. 258. Harrisse (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 237) gives the date 1541 as apparently the first edition. His authority is the _Labanoff Catalogue_; but the date therein is probably an error (Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,384). The _Athenæ Rauricæ_ cites a Latin edition of 1543,—it is supposed without warrant, though it is also mentioned in Poggendorff’s _Biog.-liter. Handwörterbuch_, ii. 234.

[175] Harrisse (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 258), describing a copy in the Lenox Library. The map of America in this edition is given by Santarem, and much reduced in Lelewel. There are twenty-four maps in it in all (Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,385).

[176] Also published at Basle (Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 152; Weigel, 1877, _Catalogue_; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,386). It has twenty-eight maps. There is a copy in the Royal Library at Munich.

[177] The third and later German editions were as follows: 1546. According to the _Athenæ Rauricæ_.—1550. Basle, 1,233 pages, woodcuts, with views of towns added for the first time, and fourteen folios of maps. Harrisse (no. 294) quotes the description in Ebert’s _Dictionary_, no. 14,500. Cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,387; Leclerc, no. 396; Rosenthal (Munich, 1884), no. 52, at 80 marks. Harrisse (_Additions_, no. 179) says the Royal Library at Munich has three different German editions of 1550.—1553. Basle. Muller (_Books on America_, 1872, no. 1,020; 1877, no. 2,203) cites a copy, with twenty-six maps; also Sabin (vol. xii. no. 51,388).—1556. Cited by Sabin, vol. xii. no. 53,389.—1561. Basle. Cf. Rosenthal, _Catalogue_ (1884), no. 53.—1564. Basle. Cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,390; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 598. It has fourteen maps, the last being of the New World.—1569, 1574, 1578. Basle. All are cited by Ebert and Harrisse, who give them twenty-six maps, and say that the cuts are poor impressions.—1574, 1578, 1588. Undated; but cited by Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,391-51,393.—1592, 1598. In these editions the twenty-six maps and the woodcuts are engraved after new drawings. That of 1592 is in the Boston Athenæum; that of 1598 is in Harvard College Library. The likeness of Münster on the title is inscribed: “Seins alters lx jar.” America is shown in the general mappemonde, and in map no. xxvi., “Die Newe Welt.” Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,394-51,395.—1614, 1628. These Basle editions reproduced the engravings of the 1592 and 1598 editions, and are considered the completest issues of the German text. They are worth from 30 to 40 marks each. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,396.

[178] The _Athenæ Rauricæ_ gives a Latin edition of 1545.

[179] This 1550 Latin edition has fourteen maps, and copies are worth from $12 to $15. Cf. _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 300; _Huth Catalogue_, iii. 1,009; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,379; Strutt, _Dictionary of Engravers_.

[180] The title of the 1554 edition as shown in the copy in the Boston Public Library reads as follows: _Cosmo | graphiae | uniuersalis Lib. VI. in | quibus iuxta certioris fidei scriptorum | traditionem describuntur, | Omnium habitabilis orbis partium situs, pro- | priæq’ dotes. | Regionum Topographicæ effigies. | Terræ ingenia, quibus sit ut tam differentes & ua | rias specie res, & animatas, & inanimatas, ferat. | Animalium peregrinorum naturæ & picturæ. | Nobiliorum ciuitatum icones & descriptiones. | Regnorum initia, incrementa & translationes. | Regum & principum genealogiæ. | Item omnium gentium mores, leges, religio, mu- | tationes: atq’ memorabilium in hunc usque an- | num 1554. gestarum rerum Historia. | Autore Sebast. Munstero._ The same edition is in the Harvard College Library; but the title varies, and reads thus: _Cosmo | graphiæ | uniuersalis Lib. VI. in | quibus, iuxta certioris fidei scriptorum | traditionem describuntur, | Omniū habitabilis orbis partiū situs, propriæq’ dotes. | Regionum Topographicæ effigies. | Terræ ingenia, quibus sit ut tam differentes & uarias | specie res, & animatas & inanimatas, ferat. | Animalium peregrinorum naturæ & picturæ. Nobiliorum ciuitatum icones & descriptiones. | Regnorum initia, incrementa & translationes. | Omnium gentium mores, leges, religio, res gestæ, mu- | tationes: Item regum & principum genealogiæ. | Autore Sebast. Munstero. | The colophon in both reads: | Basileæ Apud Henrichum Petri, | Mense Septemb. Anno Sa | lvtis M.D.LIIII._ | This copy belonged to Dr. Mather Byles, and has his autograph; the title is mounted, and may have belonged to some other one of the several “title-editions” which appeared about this time. Cf. _Harvard University Bulletin_, ii. 285; _Carter-Brown_, vol. i. no. 194; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,380-51,381. The account of America is on pages 1,099-1,113. These editions have been bought of late years for about $4; but Rosenthal (Munich, 1884) prices a copy of 1552 at 130 marks, and one of 1554 at 150 marks.

[181] Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,382; Muller, _Books on America_ (1872), p. 11.

[182] Some copies have nineteen maps, others twenty-two in all. Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 291; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,383. Some passages displeasing to the Catholics are said to have been omitted in this edition. It is worth about $12 or $15.

[183] _Supplément_, col. 1,129; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,397.

[184] That of Basle, 1556, has on pp. 1,353-1,374, “Des nouvelles ilsles: comment, quand et par qui elles ont esté trouvées,” with a map and fourteen woodcuts. It is usually priced at about $20; the copies are commonly worn (Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,398). The same publisher, Henry Pierre, reissued it (without date) in 1568, with twelve folding woodcut maps, the first of which pertains to America (Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 271; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,399). In 1575 a new French edition, with the cuts reduced, was issued in three volumes, folio, edited by Belleforest and others; it gives 101 pages to America. Cf. Brunet, col. 1,945; _Supplément_, col. 1,129; Stevens (1870), p. 121; Sunderland, no. 8,722 (£18 10_s._); Porquet (1884), no. 1,673, (150 francs); Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,400.

[185] Cf. Vol. III. of the present _History_, pp. 200, 201.

[186] Weigel (1877), p. 96; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 51,401.

[187] _Supplément_, col. 1,129. Cf. also Weigel (1877), p. 96; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,132; Sabin, vol. xii. nos. 51,402-51,403.

[188] _Terzo volume delle navigationi et viaggi_, etc., Venice, 1556. His name is, Latinized, Ramusius.

[189] Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 46. A list of the Contents is given in the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_ (vol. i. p. 181), and in Leclerc (no. 484), where a set (1554, 1583, 1565) is priced at 250 francs. Of interest in connection with the present History, there are in the first volume of Ramusio the voyages of Da Gama, Vespucius, and Magellan, as well as matter of interest in connection with Cabot (see Vol. III. p. 24); in the second volume (1559), the travels of Marco Polo, the voyage of the Zeni and of Cabot. The first edition of the first volume was published in 1550; Ramusio’s name does not appear. A second edition came out in 1554. Cf. _Murphy Catalogue_, nos. 2,096-2,098; Cooke, no. 2,117.

[190] Born in 1485-1486; died in 1557. There is an alleged portrait of Ramusio in the new edition of _Il viaggio di Giovan Leone_, etc. (Venice, 1857), the only volume of it published. The portrait of him by Paul Veronese in the hall of the Great Council was burned in 1557; and Cicogna (_Biblioteca Veneziana_, ii. 310) says that the likeness now in the Sala dello Scudo is imaginary.

[191] Cf. also Camus, _Mémoire sur De Bry_, p. 8; Humboldt, _Examen critique_; Hallam, _Literature of Europe_; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 304; Brunet, vol. iv. col. 1100; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 195 Clarke’s _Maritime Discovery_, p. x, where Tiraboschi’s account of Ramusio is translated; and H. H. Bancroft, _Mexico_, i. 282. Ternaux mentions a second edition in 1564; but Harrisse could find no evidence of it (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. xxxiii). There was a well-known second edition of the third volume in 1565 (differing in title only from the 1556 edition), which, with a first volume of 1588 and a second volume of 1583, is thought to make up the most desirable copy; though there are some qualifications in the case, since the 1606 edition of the third volume is really more complete.

[192] Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 275.

[193] Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 287, 288, 299, 337; Sunderland, nos. 8,569, 8,570; Brinley, no. 44; Murphy, no. 1,709; Court, no. 241.

[194] Court, no. 242.

[195] Carter-Brown, i. 386; ii. 12; Brinley, no. 45.

[196] The different editions in the various languages are given in Sabin, xii. 282.

[197] Sabin, vol. viii. no. 32,004.

[198] A complete reprint of all of Hakluyt’s publications, in fourteen or fifteen volumes, is announced (1884) by E. and G. Goldsmid, of Edinburgh.

[199] The title, however, as given in catalogues generally, runs: _Collectiones peregrinationum in Indiam orientalem et Indiam occidentalem, XXV partibus comprehensæ a Theodoro, Joan-Theodoro De Bry, et a Matheo Merian publicatæ. Francofurti ad Mænum_, 1590-1634.

[200] This part is of extreme rarity, and Dibdin says that Lord Oxford bought the copy in the Grenville Library in 1740 for £140. Cf. Vol. III.

[201] The earliest description of a set of De Bry of any bibliographical moment is that of the Abbé de Rothelin, _Observations et détails sur la collection des voyages_, etc. (Paris, 1742), pp. 44 (Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 473), which is reprinted in Lenglet du Fresnoy’s _Méthode pour étudier la géographie_ (1768), i. 324. Gabriel Martin, in his catalogue of the library of M. Cisternay du Fay, had somewhat earlier announced that collector’s triumph in calling a set in his catalogue (no. 2,825) “exemplum omni genere perfectum,” when his copy brought 450 francs. The Abbé de Rothelin aimed to exceed Cisternay du Fay, and did in the varieties which he brought together. The next description was that of De Bure in his _Bibliographie instructive_ (vol. i. p. 67), printed 1763-1768; but the German editions were overlooked by De Bure, as they had been by his predecessors. The _Carter-Brown Catalogue_ (vol. i. no. 473) shows Sobolewski’s copy of De Bure with manuscript notes. A lifetime later, in 1802, A. G. Camus printed at Paris his _Mémoire sur les grands et petits voyages_ [de De Bry] _et les voyages de Thevenot_. As a careful and critical piece of work, this collation of Camus was superior to De Bure’s. A description of a copy belonging to the Duke of Bedford was printed in Paris in 1836 (6 pp.). Weigel, in the _Serapeum_ (1845), pp. 65-89, printed his “Bibliographische Mittheilungen über die deutschen Ausgaben von De Bry,” which was also printed separately. It described a copy now owned in New York. Muller, in his _Catalogue_ (1872), p. 217, indicates some differences from Weigel’s collations. The copy formed by De Bure fell into Mr. Grenville’s hands, and was largely improved by him before he left it, with his library, to the British Museum. The _Bibliotheca Grenvilliana_ describes it, and Bartlett (_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 321) thinks it the finest in Europe. Cf. Dibdin’s description, which is copied in the _American Bibliopolist_ (1872), p. 13. The standard collation at present is probably that of Brunet, in his _Manuel du libraire_, vol. i. (1860), which was also printed separately; in this he follows Weigel for the German texts. This account is followed by Sabin in his _Dictionary_ (vol. iii. p. 20), whose article, prepared by Charles A. Cutter, of the Boston Athenæum, has also been printed separately. The Brunet account is accompanied by a valuable note (also in Sabin, iii. 59), by Sobolewski, whose best set (reaching one hundred and seventy parts) was a wonderful one, though he lacked the English Hariot. This set came to this country through Muller (cf. his _Catalogue_, 1875, p. 387), and is now in the Lenox Library. Sobolewski’s second set went into the Field Collection, and was sold in 1875; and again in the J. J. Cooke sale (_Catalogue_, iii. 297) in 1883. Cf. _Catalogue de la collection de feu M. Serge Sobolewski de Moscou_, prepared by Albert Cohn. The sale took place in Leipsic in July, 1873. Brunet and Sobolewski both point out the great difficulties of a satisfactory collation, arising from the publisher’s habit of mixing the sheets of the various editions, forming varieties almost beyond the acquisition of the most enthusiastic collector, “so that,” says Brunet, “perhaps no two copies of this work are exactly alike.” “No man ever yet,” says Henry Stevens (_Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 179), “made up his De Bry perfect, if one may count on the three great De Bry witnesses,—the Right Honorable Thomas Grenville, the Russian prince Sobolewski, and the American Mr. Lenox,—who all went far beyond De Bure, yet fell far short of attaining all the variations they had heard of.” The collector will value various other collations now accessible, like that in the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 396 (also printed separately, twenty-five copies, in 1875); that printed by Quaritch, confined to the German texts; that in the _Huth Catalogue_, ii. 404; and that in the _Sunderland Catalogue_, nos. 2,052, 2,053.

[202] There are lists of the sets which have been sold since 1709 given in Sabin (vol. iii. p. 47), from Brunet, and in the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_ (vol. i. p. 408). The Rothelin copy, then esteemed the best known, brought, in 1746, 750 francs. At a later day, with additions secured under better knowledge, it again changed hands at 2,551 francs, and once more, in 1855 (described in the _Bulletin du bibliophile_, 1855, pp. 38-41), Mr. Lenox bought it for 12,000 francs; and in 1873 Mr. Lenox also bought the best Sobolewski copy (fifty-five volumes) for 5,050 thalers. With these and other parts, procured elsewhere, this library is supposed to lead all others in the facilities for a De Bry bibliography. Fair copies of the _Grands voyages_ in Latin, in first or second editions, are usually sold for about £100, and for both voyages for £150, and sometimes £200. Muller, in 1872, held the fourteen parts, in German, of the _Grands voyages_, at 1,000 florins. Fragmentary sets are frequently in the Catalogues, but bring proportionately much less prices. In unusually full sets the appreciation of value is rapid with every additional part. Most large American libraries have sets of more or less completeness. Besides those in the Carter-Brown (which took thirty years to make, besides a duplicate set from the Sobolewski sale) and Lenox libraries, there are others in the Boston Public, Harvard College, Astor, and Long Island Historical Society libraries,—all of fair proportions, and not unfrequently in duplicate and complemental sets. The copy of the Great Voyages, in Latin (all first editions), in the Murphy Library (_Catalogue_, no. 379), was gathered for Mr. Murphy by Obadiah Rich. The Murphy Library also contained the German text in first editions. In 1884 Quaritch offered the fine set from the Hamilton Library (twenty-five parts), “presumed to be quite perfect,” for £670. The Earl of Crawford and Balcarres is about publishing his bibliography of De Bry.

[203] There are somewhat diverse views on this point expressed by Brunet and in the Grenville Catalogue.

[204] Reference has been made elsewhere (Vol. III. pp. 123, 164) to sketches, now preserved as a part of the Grenville copy of De Bry in the British Museum, which seem to have been the originals from which De Bry engraved the pictures in Hariot’s _Virginia_, etc. These were drawn by Wyth, or White. A collection of twenty-four plates of such, from De Bry, were published in New York in 1841 (_Field’s Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,701). Cf. _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, Oct. 20, 1866, for other of De Bry’s drawings in the British Museum. De Bry’s engravings have been since copied by Picard in his _Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses des peuples idolatres_ (Amsterdam, 1723), and by others. Exception is taken to the fidelity of De Bry’s engravings in the parts on Columbus; cf. Navarrete, French translation, i. 320.

[205] Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 453, 454, 455.

[206] Rich (1832), £5 5_s._ Cf. P. A. Tiele’s _Mémoire bibliographique sur les journaux des navigateurs Néerlandais réimprimés dans les collections de De Bry et de Hulsius_, Amsterdam, 1867.

[207] Stevens (1870), no. 668; Sabin, vi. 211.

[208] Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 456; vol. ii. no. 198; Muller (1875), p. 389.

[209] Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 457, 458; vol. ii. nos. 373, 791. There was a second edition in 1655. Cf. Muller (1872), no. 636; Sabin, vol. i. no. 50; iii. 59; Huth, ii. 612. Abelin also edited the first four volumes (covering 1617-1643) of the _Theatrum Europeum_ (Frankfort, 1635), etc., which pertains incidentally to American affairs (Muller, 1872, no. 1,514). Fitzer’s _Orientalische Indien_ (1628) and Arthus’s _Historia Indiæ orientalis_ (1608) are abridgments of the _Small Voyages_.

[210] Vol. IV. p. 442.

[211] Sabin, vol. x. no. 42,392; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 530.

[212] Muller (1872), no. 1,867.

[213] Vol. III. p. 47. Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. ii. nos. 159, 169, 189, 223, 308, 330, 397. Sobolewski’s copy was in the Menzies sale (no. 1,649). Quaritch’s price is from £75 to £100, according to condition, which is the price of good copies in recent sales.

[214] Muller (1872), no. 2,067.

[215] _Catalogue_ (1875), no. 3,284; (1877), no. 1,627; Tiele, no. 1.

[216] Muller (1872), no. 1,837.

[217] This collection also includes the voyages of Barentz, and of Hudson, as well as several through Magellan’s Straits, with Madriga’s voyage to Peru and Chili.

[218] The collection, as it is known, is sometimes dated 1644 and 1645, but usually 1646 (Muller, 1872, no. 1,871; Tiele, _Mémoire bibliographique_, p. 9; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. nos. 567, 586; Sabin, iv. 315, 316). A partial English translation appeared in London in 1703 (Muller, 1872, no. 1,886). The _Oost-Indische Voyagien_, issued at Amsterdam in 1648 by Joost Hartgers, is a reprint of part of Commelin, with some additions. Only one volume was printed; but Muller thinks (1872 _Catalogue_, no. 1877) that some separate issues (1649-1651), including Vries’s voyage to Virginia and New Netherland, were intended to make part of a second volume. Cf. Sabin, viii. 118; Stevens, _Nuggets_, no. 1,339.

[219] Vol. IV. p. 219.

[220] The original of Ogilby’s _America_: cf. Vol. III. p. 416.

[221] Muller (1872), no. 1,884. Another Dutch publication, deserving of a passing notice, which, though not a collection of voyages, enlarges upon the heroes of such voyages, is the _Leeven en Daden der doorluchtigste Zee-helden_ (Amsterdam, 1676), by Lambert van den Bos, which gives accounts of Columbus, Vespucius, Magellan, Drake, Cavendish, the Zeni, Cabot, Cortereal, Frobisher, and Davis. There was a German translation at Nuremberg in 1681 (Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,149; Stevens, 1870, no. 231).

[222] Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,111. A second edition was printed by the widow Cellier in Paris in 1683 (Muller, 1875, p. 395), containing the same matter differently arranged.

[223] An earlier edition (1667) did not have them (Muller, 1875, p. 394). Capel’s _Vorstellungen des Norden_ (Hamburg, 1676) summarizes the voyages of the Zeni, Hudson, and others to the Arctic regions.

[224] Sabin, iv. 68; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 50. It includes in the later editions Castell’s description of America, with other of the Harleian manuscripts, and gives Ferdinand Columbus’ life of his father.

[225] _Historical Magazine_, i. 125.

[226] Allibone; Bohn’s _Lowndes_, etc.

[227] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,400; Sabin, viii. 92; Muller (1872), no. 1,901.

[228] H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 745, who errs somewhat in his statements; _Murphy Catalogue_, no. 1,074; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 88, with full table of contents. The best description is in Muller (1872), no. 1,887. Although Vander Aa says, in the title of the folio edition, that it is based on the Gottfriedt-Abelin _Newe Welt_, this new collection is at least four times as extensive.

[229] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 96.

[230] Carter-Brown, iii. 110.

[231] Carter-Brown, iii. 150.

[232] The publication began in numbers in 1708, and some copies are dated 1710 (Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 158).

[233] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 208, in ten vols., 1715-1718. H. H. Bancroft (_Central America_, ii. 749), cites an edition (1715-1727) in nine vols. Muller (1870, no. 2,021) cites an edition, ten vols., 1731-1738.

[234] Sabin, vol. i. no. 1,250.

[235] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 792; H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 747.

[236] Volumes xii. to xv. are given to America; the later volumes were compiled by Querlon and De Leyre.

[237] Different sets vary in the number of volumes.

[238] Muller (1872), nos. 1,895-1,900; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 831; H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 746. A German translation appeared at Leipsic in 1747 in twenty-one volumes.

[239] H. H. Bancroft, Central America, ii. 750.

[240] Muller (1872), nos. 1,980, 1,981. There was a German translation, with enlargements, by J. C. Adelung, Halle, 1767; an English translation is also cited. A similar range was taken in Alexander Dalrymple’s _Historical Collection of Voyages_ in the South Pacific Ocean (London, 1770), of which there was a French translation in 1774 (Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,730). The most important contribution in English on this subject, however, is in Dr. James Burney’s _Chronological History of Discovery in the South Sea_ (1803-1817), five volumes quarto.

[241] Dr. Johnson wrote the Introduction; there was a third edition in 1767 (Bohn’s _Lowndes_, p. 2994).

[242] H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 750.

[243] H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 754.

[244] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,494.

[245] Sabin, v. 473; H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 750.

[246] Sabin, ix. 529; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,602; H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 750.

[247] Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,733; H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 751.

[248] H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 751; Allibone.

[249] H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 749.

[250] H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 752.

[251] There was a quarto reprint in Philadelphia of a part of it in 1810-1812.

[252] There is a catalogue of voyages and an index in vol. xvii. Cf. Allibone’s _Dictionary_.

[253] Stevens, _Bibliotheca geographica_, no. 317.

[254] Muller (1872), no. 1,842.

[255] Muller (1875), no. 3,303.

[256] Complete sets are sometimes offered by dealers at £30 to £35.

[257] H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 757.

[258] A Spanish translation of the modern voyages by Urrabieta was published in Paris in 1860-1861. The Spanish _Enciclopedia de viajes modernos_ (Madrid, 1859), five volumes, edited by Fernandez Cuesta, refers to the later periods (H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, ii. 758).

[259] The plane earth cut the cosmic sphere like a diaphragm, shutting the light from Tartarus.

_ἀυτὰρ ὕπερθεν_ _γῆς ῥίζαι πεφύασι καὶ ἀτρυγέτοιο θαλάσσης._ (Hesiod, _Theog._ 727.)

“and above Impend the roots of earth and barren sea.”

(_The remains of Hesiod the Ascræan_, etc., translated by C. A. Elton, 2d ed. London, 1815.)

Critics differ as to the age of the vivid description of Tartarus in the Theogony.

[260] Pythagoras has left no writings; Aristotle speaks only of his school; Diogenes Laertius in one passage (_Vitae_, viii. 1 (Pythag.), 25) quotes an authority to the effect that Pythagoras asserted the earth to be spherical and inhabited all over, so that there were antipodes, to whom that is _over_ which to us is _under_. As all his disciples agreed on the spherical form of the earth while differing as to its position and motion, it is probable that they took the idea of its form from him. Diogenes Laertius states that Parmenides called the earth round (_στρογγύλη_, viii. 48), and also that he spoke of it as spherical (_σφαιροειδῆ_, ix. 3); the passages are not, as has been sometimes assumed, contradictory. The enunciation of the doctrine is often attributed to Thales and to Anaximander, on the authority of Plutarch, _De placitis philosophorum_, iii. 10, and Diogenes Laertius,