CHAPTER XIV

CONCLUSION OF THE CAMPAIGN. LOSSES AND RESULTS

The passage of the Berezina practically put an end to the existence as an organised body of the remains of the _Grande Armée_. Of the 45,000 or 47,000 combatants whom Napoleon had near Studianka on the 26th, there probably remained on the 29th little more than 25,000, a total which rapidly diminished through slaughter, fatigue, famine, despair and, above all, the steadily increasing cold. The 2nd and 9th Corps had sacrificed themselves heroically to cover the passage, but the double ordeal of battle and hasty retreat was too heavy for them to bear, and they began to disband like the rest of the army. They had already been reduced to a mere handful. In a report on the evening of the 30th Victor stated that he had only 60 mounted horsemen left. He believed that he still had 4000 infantry--the surviving half, as he explained, of the 2 divisions which had fought so gallantly on the 28th--but on calling the roll he found that they had already dwindled to 3300.

While the battles of the 28th were raging the corps of Davout and Eugène had defiled on Zembin. The effects of the neglect of Chaplitz to break down the long wooden bridges over the marshes were now apparent; the marshes were hardly as yet solid enough to bear vehicles, and had the bridges been destroyed nothing could have passed. Before daylight on the 29th Napoleon started with the Guard, followed by Victor and Ney, but the passage over the long narrow bridges was so slow that at 10 p.m. Ney was only at Zembin, 7 or 8 miles from Studianka. With him were Eblé and the remnant of his pontonniers, and when the last troops had passed they fired and blew up sections of the bridges to check the pursuit of the Russians.

On November 26th Kutuzov, who was then at Staroselie, 12 miles west of Kopis, seems to have awakened to the probability that Napoleon would escape. At any rate, he suddenly acted with convulsive energy, and during the next 2 days the _Corps de Bataille_ marched 42 miles. The effort, of course, exhausted it, and on the 29th it could only cover 11. In any case it was too late. Napoleon himself was already safe, and, though only followed by a remnant of his once mighty host, was able and willing to give endless trouble to Europe.

Miloradovich reached Borisov on the 28th, too late to take part in the battles. Wittgenstein was retarded by the necessity of bridging the Berezina at Studianka, for which purpose he had to avail himself of Chichagov’s pontoons from Borisov. He directed Kutuzov II, who had just joined him, to pursue Wrede towards Vilna, and Orlov-Denisov, reinforced by some cavalry and mounted infantry, to follow Napoleon. Chichagov pushed forward Chaplitz, and prepared himself to follow with the bulk of his army.

For the relics of the _Grande Armée_ there was now, as De Chambray says, no resource but in hasty flight. Wrede, after reoccupying Glubokoië, had moved southward to Dokchitsi, and was directed to cover the right flank of the retreating army; but his force, at first about 10,000 strong, rapidly dwindled from the ravages of cold and hardships, and the steady harassing of Kutuzov II. To expect that he could check Wittgenstein, who crossed the Berezina on the 31st, and began to pursue by roads roughly parallel to the main highway, was hopeless.

The country between the Berezina and Vilna had not been completely wasted; the towns still existed; there were small garrisons and magazines in some of them. But the increasing cold rapidly shattered every semblance of organisation. It rapidly became so fearful that all energy was absorbed in fighting it and endeavouring to preserve existence. The number of men actually with the colours dwindled fast. On December 1st Ney sent the eagles of the 3rd Corps with their guards and the regimental officers to take refuge with the head-quarters and the few thousand troops who still marched with it. When he had sent them off there remained to escort him only a company of 100 fighting men! The others, under General Ledru, tramped doggedly on for two days and three nights, only halting for necessary rest, and joined the head-quarters at Molodechno.

The flight to Vilna contains little of military interest. It was a mere rout of the most pitifully helpless condition, the mass of fugitives trailing mechanically along the road, followed, surrounded, and massacred by the Cossacks, while Chichagov’s army and Yermólov’s division marched steadily in the rear, ready to overwhelm any solid resistance that might be made. But, in truth, little could be offered. On November 29th Lanskoi’s cavalry detachment seized Plechenitzi on the French line of retreat, nearly capturing the wounded Marshal Oudinot, whose staff heroically defended the house in which he lay. Chaplitz crossed the Zembin marshes by strengthening the ice with planks and brushwood, followed up the French rear-guard, and captured 7 guns and hundreds of stragglers. On the next four days there were further rear-guard actions, all much alike and all resulting in loss of guns and prisoners to the unhappy French, whose misery and demoralisation prevented them from responding to the splendid example still set them by their heroic leader. The hopeless condition of affairs may be gauged by the fact that on December 2nd there remained hardly 13,000 men with the colours (De Chambray says only 8800). With the head-quarters there were still perhaps 6000 or 7000; Ney had about 2500[10]; Victor perhaps as many; while the 1st, 4th, and 8th Army Corps and the cavalry could not muster 1000 armed men between them. There was still a considerable number of armed officers, but they fell sick or broke down daily. Disorganisation was complete. Disbanded men who had hitherto kept their weapons now threw them away. Forage could be procured; and food in quantity sufficient to support life was not lacking. But rest was now more necessary even than food, and it was impossible to obtain it. The bulk of the men were already broken by misery and fatigue, and were forced to continue their weary march amid a cold which grew ever more severe. On December 3rd it became intense; on the 5th the thermometer fell to 20° below zero (Réaumur); on the 6th to 24°; on the 7th to 26°; and it is said to have fallen still lower later on. Its severity struck even men like Löwenstern, accustomed to the winters of the Baltic provinces.

At Vilna Napoleon might expect his last powerful reinforcement--Loison’s division of the 11th Corps, which reached the Lithuanian capital in the last week of November with two cavalry regiments of D’Estrée’s Neapolitan division in Danzig. There were besides in Vilna 6000 or 7000 troops of all kinds--_régiments de marche_ and Polish and Lithuanian levies. Maret, with the best intentions but disastrous results, ordered Loison’s division forward to Ochmiana to take position and cover the retreat of the relics of the army into Vilna. It was composed of young French and German recruits, and three or four days of the cruel weather nearly destroyed it. How many men actually died and how many disbanded cannot be ascertained; it is only certain that on December 7th there remained in the ranks less than 3000 men!

At Molodechno on the 3rd, just as the cold was becoming deadly, Napoleon, who already contemplated leaving the army, issued practically his last direct orders. The remains of the Polish divisions were sent off south-west towards Warsaw, which they eventually reached in safety with such guns as they had preserved. Here Napoleon received the first posts which had reached him for several days, the others having presumably been intercepted by the Cossacks. Here also he composed and sent off the 29th Bulletin. It is so well known that little reference to it is necessary. It is, however, to be observed that it is as grossly mendacious as any of the Napoleonic series; and the Emperor’s total lack of appreciation of the often heroic conduct of his troops throws a very disagreeable light upon his character. Certainly no one, reading its paragraphs, would conclude that the campaign had been an annihilating catastrophe. Every post brought shoals of letters to Maret, enquiring about the food supplies at Vilna, furiously attacking the Poles for not supporting him, and his own agents for not having urged them to do so! One most remarkable question is as to whether Vilna and Kovno are fortified. Surely Napoleon should have given orders on this point. The fact seems to be that at first he had been over-confident of success, and later had overlooked the necessity of protecting his bases--witness the case of Minsk. On the 29th of November he had ordered the minister to clear all the diplomatic body away from Vilna, lest they should be witnesses of the awful state of the army.

On December 3rd, Victor--much against his will--relieved Ney of rear-guard duty. He was weary of the war, and desired chiefly to save the relics of his corps. The result was a quarrel between the two marshals. The survivors of the 9th Corps succeeded in holding off Chaplitz in an engagement on the 4th, but next day Victor reported that it was completely used up, and could not receive the lightest attack. He hurried on to Smorgoni with the few hundred frost-bitten men who remained to him.

Napoleon himself reached Smorgoni at 8 a.m. on the 5th. There he called to his presence Murat, Eugène, Berthier, Davout, Ney, Lefebvre, Mortier and Bessières, and announced to them his intention of proceeding forthwith to Paris. There can be no doubt that this was his wisest course of action. His presence at the capital was imperatively necessary to direct new levies, and to sustain public spirit. The army practically existed no longer, and could gain nothing by his remaining with it; finally, any longer delay might render it impossible for him to reach his own frontier across Germany.

Murat, by virtue of his rank, succeeded to a command which was merely nominal. It was no doubt wise to leave all the corps commanders with the army, since the circumstance might impose upon the Russians; but otherwise it was a measure of doubtful utility. Ney, the hardest fighter of them all, and apparently the only one who persistently held firm to his duty, was on bad terms with Davout and Victor, and Davout and Murat quarrelled whenever they met. As it was, there being hardly anything to command, their squabbles counted for less than they might otherwise have done.

Napoleon left in his carriage at 7 p.m., accompanied by Caulaincourt. Duroc and Lobau followed in a sledge; and on the box of the carriage were the Mameluke Rustan and Captain Wasowicz of the Polish Lancers of the Guard, who acted as interpreter. Believing the road to be clear, he was escorted only by a small detachment of Neapolitan cavalry--and thus the mighty conqueror stole away from the scene of his ruin, leaving the survivors of his gigantic host to the climate and the arms of Russia.

As a fact, he had a very narrow escape from capture, since Seslavin that day made a dash at Ochmiana. Loison’s division, however, or what remained of it, had reached the town just before; Seslavin was driven out, and bivouacked for the night a little way to the south, so that the Emperor arrived in safety. At Medniki, the next stage, he met Maret, who had come out to meet him. The minister informed him of the enormous magazines which had gradually collected in Vilna. Presumably, as De Chambray suggests, Maret’s returns under this heading had failed to reach the Emperor, for he expressed his great relief, and directed Maret to tell Murat to halt for eight days in the city, in order to restore the physique and morale of the army. He arrived at Vilna on the 6th, leaving again, after a brief halt, for Warsaw. There, on the 10th he had the interview with De Pradt which the latter has so graphically described. He started again in a few hours _via_ Dresden for Paris, which he reached on the 18th.

At Vilna, indeed, there were 4,000,000 rations of biscuit and flour and 3,600,000 of meat, besides an immense quantity of grain; 27,000 spare muskets, 30,000 pairs of boots, and great stores of clothing and equipment. But little of this was destined to be of use to the unhappy victims of Napoleon’s overweening ambition. The scenes on the road between Vilna and the Berezina would pass all belief were there not trustworthy witnesses, both French and Russian, to bear testimony to them. The road and its borders were strewn with dead men and horses and abandoned guns and vehicles, often broken and half-burned, the fugitives having endeavoured to utilise them as fuel. Along this way of sorrow trailed an endless stream of human beings of both sexes, falling at every step to mingle with the corpses upon which they trampled. Those who fell were quickly stripped of their wretched rags by the passers-by--themselves doomed to the same fate before long. To dwell upon the horrors which marked every mile of the flight is useless. They may be gathered from countless works composed by eyewitnesses. The sense of humanity had been in many cases extinguished, and there are well-attested incidents of cannibalism. Langeron vouches for having seen bodies from which the flesh had been hacked. The intense cold produced insanity; men took refuge in heated ovens and were roasted to death, or sprang into the fires. To be taken prisoner brought no alleviation of the lot of the hapless fugitives. The Cossacks usually stripped them; often, too, the Russians, exasperated at the destruction of Moscow and the ravages of the invaders, gave no quarter even to those who surrendered. Besides, they could do nothing to provide for them even had they the will. Prisoners died, as before, by the roadside, stripped, famished, frozen; at Vilna they were packed into buildings where pestilence raged amid cold, filth, and lack of proper food.

On towards Vilna, to which they looked forward as a haven of rest, the wretched horde streamed. The Cossacks hung about the route, dashed at will into the huddled mass, mixed with the crowd, and killed and plundered with deadly dexterity. Around the head-quarters still moved a considerable but steadily diminishing body of fighting men, but discipline had vanished, and even the Guard marched in confusion, and paid little heed to orders. Here and there among the piteous crowd that followed were to be found groups of armed officers and men, often sick and worn out, but retaining spirit to sell their lives dearly when attacked, but these were few. Even the rear-guard was not an organised body--merely a band of desperate warriors held together, usually, by the personal influence of the one Marshal of France who returned from Russia with added renown.

On the heels of the French rear-guard marched Chaplitz’s division, attacking at every opportunity, picking up abandoned guns and vehicles mile by mile and disarming prisoners, who were then left to live or die as they might. After Chaplitz, always between a piteous double stream of “prisoners” whom it could neither care for nor guard, tramped the Army of the Danube, everyone from the Admiral downwards marching on foot to escape frost-bite, and carefully taking every precaution against it. Sometimes the road was so choked with dead that the dismounted cavalry in the advance had to clear it before the guns and trains could be got forward. Langeron says that, despite the weather, fatal cases of frost-bite were almost unknown among these veterans of the Turkish War.

It is distressing, amid the stories of the universal misery and destitution, to read of the waggon-loads of luxuries belonging to Napoleon, Murat and other generals which were taken by the Russians. There is a grim humour in learning that the uncouth captors often took perfumes for spirits and liqueurs, and ate pomade in mistake for butter!

Victor on reaching Ochmiana found, instead of Loison’s strong division, 3000 or 4000 half-frozen recruits who would waste away entirely in a couple of days. He continued his retreat in all haste, followed and harassed by Chaplitz and Platov, who picked up prisoners by thousands and cannon by scores. On the 9th, a little way short of Vilna, Wrede arrived. His force had dwindled from cold, dispersion, and losses in skirmishing to a remnant of less than 3000 men, but he still possessed several guns. Murat and the head-quarters had reached Vilna on the 8th; but as early as the 6th bands of ragged and destitute fugitives had begun to enter the city to the consternation of the inhabitants. Even in Murat’s column there was panic and disorder, which was only checked for a while by the Chasseurs of the Old Guard, who held together in the mob and prevented a mad rush. But when they had entered the crush became terrible, and order impossible. The gates were choked and, amongst others, Davout and his staff could only enter by a gap in a wall. The fugitives poured through the streets seeking for food and shelter--often vainly, for the horrified inhabitants barricaded themselves in their houses--and when they could not obtain it, dropped down to die. The Jewish tradesmen sold food to the helpless wretches literally for its weight in gold; but when the city was evacuated, unless all accounts lie, they murdered and robbed them wholesale.

To stay in Vilna, even for a few days, was impossible. Seslavin and his Cossacks actually entered the city on the 9th, but were, of course, obliged to retreat almost immediately. But the action showed the absolute recklessness of the Russians, and the French army was destitute of power to resist. So many of the men dispersed in the city that on the 10th only 6000 or 7000 at most were under arms. A large part of the fugitives never left Vilna again. Many were worn out by sickness and fatigue, and having once lain down to rest had not power to rise. Many died through drinking spirits, in the hope of resisting the cold. Many more were frost-bitten, and sudden warmth added to neglect produced gangrene. Nearly 20,000 helpless creatures were left, mostly to perish, in the city when the remainder pursued their way to the Niemen. No news as to the actual state of affairs had been allowed to reach Vilna, and the consequence was that no preparations had been made for the reception of the army. Murat simply lost his head; at the first sound of the cannon at the advance posts he left the palace in which he had established himself and hurried to the Kovno gate to be ready to escape. Berthier issued hasty orders to destroy the arms and ammunition in the arsenal. Eblé, whose noble life was almost spent, and who had set the crown upon his reputation by his unfailing heroism and self-sacrifice during the last stages of the retreat, was charged with this melancholy duty, Lariboissière being even nearer his end. Directions were given to issue food and clothes to everybody abundantly and without attention to forms. Orders were sent to Schwarzenberg to withdraw to Bielostok, while Macdonald was instructed to retreat to Tilsit. The hopeless task of holding back the Russians was thrown upon the shoulders of Ney.

Wrede with his frozen and disorganised remnant was driven in upon Vilna by Platov on the 9th. The Cossacks were already all round the town skirmishing with the defenders. Apart from the destruction wrought by the cold the latter suffered considerable loss. The Lithuanian Tartar Squadrons, destined to form part of the Guard, were completely annihilated. In the night Murat evacuated Vilna, and next day Ney abandoned it, the Cossacks following him through the streets.

A few miles from Vilna the road to Kovno leads over a steep hill. The remains of the army trains and those from Vilna, which were following the army, found themselves blocked at the foot of the icebound slope, up which the horses were utterly unable to drag them. The last remaining guns and most of the waggons had to be abandoned. The army pay-chests, containing 10,000,000 francs, were abandoned and partly pillaged by the soldiers. Only Napoleon’s private treasure and carriages, and a very small proportion of the trains, were by desperate exertions preserved, 20 horses being necessary to drag a single vehicle up the hill. In the midst of the disorder and pillage the Cossacks arrived. Platov opened on the crowd with his light guns, but his wild horsemen for the most part fell upon the spoil and apparently disdained to take prisoners. The disaster was due to sheer lack of management, since the Novi Troki road, which was level and little longer, turned the hill to the south, and might easily have been used for the retreat.

It was as hopeless to attempt to hold firm at Kovno as at Vilna. There were 42 guns in the town, partly those of Loison’s division, which had been left there, great magazines of food and clothing, and about 2,500,000 francs in cash. There was a feeble _tête du pont_, but the Niemen was frozen and could be crossed anywhere on the ice. On the 12th the main body poured into the town--about 20,000 men, mostly in the last stage of misery and despair and nearly all disarmed. The Guard mustered 1600 bayonets and sabres. Ney, who had been fighting with Platov all the way from Vilna, reached the town in the evening; with the garrison troops added to the relics of the rear-guard he had not 2000 men. Efforts were made to distribute the stores and re-arm the disbanded troops, but the men threw away the muskets. The magazines were pillaged, the miserable wretches naturally fastening upon the spirit stores. Men drunken and dying lay in heaps in the snow-covered streets. Most of the benumbed fugitives lacked even the sense to avail themselves of the ice on the river; they crowded mechanically over the bridge, fighting for precedence, stifling and trampling each other down, as at the Berezina and Vilna. Murat placed some guns in battery on the left bank of the Niemen, and left for Königsberg on the 13th, while Ney and the rear-guard occupied the town, which they held until dark. Platov sent across a detachment on the ice, which captured the guns on the left bank and barred Ney’s retreat. His men were largely huddling in the houses; he had only a few hundred armed soldiers. He turned down the left bank of the river and then diverged to the left across the Pelwiski forest, eventually making his way by Gumbinnen to Königsberg. He abandoned in the forest Loison’s 16 guns, almost the last artillery that the army retained.

The Russians did not immediately cross the political frontier, and bitterly as the Prussian peasantry hated the French they did not actively ill-treat them. Many isolated fugitives were disarmed, but their misery was such as to melt even hearts steeled by hatred and the memory of recent oppression. De Fezensac says that the happiness of being fed and lodged prevented them from noticing the hostility of the people. The bulk of the mob of fugitives reached Königsberg by the 20th, and thence cantonments were spread along the Vistula. On that day the infantry of the Guard counted about 2500 officers and men, of whom 1000 were sick. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Corps mustered between them on January 10th, 1813, some 13,000 men sound and sick, of whom 2500 were officers. As to the condition of the army, nearly all the troops were disarmed and had to be furnished with new muskets from the vast magazines at Danzig. On December 23rd Eblé, now in chief command of the artillery, reported that of all the vast train which had entered Russia with the Central Army there remained but 9 guns and howitzers, and 5 caissons!

Two days before Lariboissière had died, and on December 30th Eblé also passed away. Colonel Pion des Loches, a man who rarely has a good word to say for his superiors, expresses himself thus concerning them: “Both were victims of their zeal and devotion. Our army lost in them its pillars and supports ... and what are all our other generals worth beside them?” As his comrades in arms laid Eblé to rest in the Roman Catholic cemetery at Königsberg, Napoleon was signing the decree which created him First Inspector-General of Artillery. Eblé’s grave has vanished, for the cemetery has been destroyed, but his glory far outshines that of thousands of better known men.

Marshal Kutuzov reached Vilna on December 12th to control the hitherto independent movements of Chichagov and Wittgenstein. His own troops were following under Tormazov, but they were so shattered by the long march from Moscow that their offensive power was for the time at an end, and they were cantoned about Vilna. Chichagov was to follow to the Niemen to support Platov and the advance-guards which hung on the heels of the retreating French. Wittgenstein was ordered to intercept Macdonald on his expected retreat to the Niemen, while Paulucci was to press him in rear. Sacken’s army, supported by the Mozyr force, now under Tuchkov II, and a detachment from Bobruisk, was to deal with Schwarzenberg. The Emperor Alexander reached Vilna on December 22nd, and at once devoted himself to the task of endeavouring to save the lives of his captured enemies. The hospitals were choked with the Russian sick, and the French prisoners, almost all ill and helpless, were perishing wholesale. Biscuit and bread they received, but there was no other help for them. Gangrened wounds, frost-bite, and typhus produced by filth, hunger, and putrefaction, swept them away. In three weeks 15,000 are said to have died. Alexander and Constantine made magnificent efforts to cope with the awful mass of human misery. Reckless of personal danger, they personally superintended the relief operations; the Grand Duke nearly died of the fever which he caught in the midst of his labour of humanity. St. Priest was transferred from the work of collecting the Russian stragglers to that of superintending the hospitals of the prisoners, for which his French origin especially fitted him.

Macdonald, before Riga, received his orders to retreat on December 18th, and started next day in two main columns, he himself leading the way with Grandjean’s division, a Prussian infantry brigade, and Massenbach’s cavalry; while Yorck followed a day’s march behind the rest of the Prussians. Wittgenstein himself could hardly intercept him; but the flying detachments of Kutuzov II and Diebich, thrown far forward, might hope to impede Macdonald’s march. The Marshal on reaching Koltiniani divided his own column, taking advantage of two roads thence to Tilsit, and intending to reunite his whole corps at Tauroggen. Kutuzov II was too weak to intercept him; but Diebich, with his 1500 cavalry and a few sledge-guns, got between Macdonald and Yorck on the 25th, and boldly proposed to the latter a conference in order to prevent useless bloodshed. After some hesitation Yorck at last made up his mind, and on the 30th concluded the famous convention of Tauroggen, by which the Prussians were declared neutral. The results were incalculably important, but belong rather to the history of the German War of Liberation. The immediate consequence was that the wreck of the _Grande Armée_ was weakened by 16,000 or 17,000 excellent soldiers and 60 guns.

Macdonald, meanwhile, was pursuing his retreat, and on the 27th repulsed Vlastov’s divisions, which had come up to support Kutuzov II, capturing some prisoners and a gun. But at Tilsit, on the 31st, he was deserted by Massenbach and was forced to fall back on Königsberg. He marched rapidly and steadily, and reached the Prussian capital in safety. On January 3rd, 1813, his rear-guard, under Bachelu, was driven through Labiau, after a hard fight, by Wittgenstein’s advance-guard under Chepelev. At Königsberg Macdonald was joined by Heudelet’s division, but Yorck’s defection ended all hope of being able to make a stand on the Pregel, and the retreat was continued to Danzig. When the blockade of Riga was raised, Paulucci sent Lewis with 8000 men to pursue Macdonald, and himself with 3000 made a dash for Memel, which he reached on December 15th, after an amazing march of 200 miles in 8 days. The place immediately surrendered.

While Schwarzenberg had been contending with Sacken, General Kosinski with his Poles had once more invaded Volhynia, but was repulsed after a little skirmishing by Musin-Pushkin.

Schwarzenberg, turning from his pursuit of Sacken, reached Slonim again on December 7th; but on learning of the catastrophe of the _Grande Armée_ he retreated on the 14th to Bielostok, arriving there on the 18th. Reynier drew back behind the Bug. On the advance of Sacken and Tuchkov, to assist whom Kutuzov also directed a column under Miloradovich, Schwarzenberg steadily withdrew, there being nothing but the most insignificant fighting. The Austrians eventually fell back into their own territory, while Reynier retreated towards Saxony. The Polish troops remained in the Vistula fortresses, and were mostly captured in the following year. The little field army which Poniatowski was able to collect was allowed to join Napoleon in Saxony, since its blockade employed too many troops.

Thus in the last days of December the Russian territory had been freed from the vast host which had threatened to overwhelm it. The immediate result of the campaign was the all but complete destruction of an army nearly 700,000 men strong and its immense material. In all it would appear that, exclusive of Polish stationary troops and local levies other than those already mentioned, some 674,000 combatants crossed the Vistula against Russia, of whom about 640,000 actually took part in military operations. Of these 640,000 there remained as organised troops at the end of the campaign only the forces of Schwarzenberg and Macdonald, perhaps 68,000 combatants in all. All the other corps and divisions were represented by about 25,000 disorganised and generally disarmed men--largely officers--without cavalry and with scarcely any artillery. The number of guns which actually entered Russia is somewhat doubtful, but appears to have been over 1300, exclusive of the Riga siege train. Of these some 250 can be accounted for as having returned. The Russians claimed 929 as captured; the rest were no doubt abandoned and never recovered. More than 200,000 trained horses were lost; and it was the want of them which, even more than the deficiency of trained men, ruined Napoleon’s chances in 1813. The total chasm in the Napoleonic ranks was over 550,000 fighting men. As prisoners the Russians claimed 48 generals, 3000 officers, and 190,000 men, but it is to be feared that half of them were captured only to die. Even without making allowance for this, more than 350,000 soldiers must have perished, besides the tens of thousands of camp-followers, refugees, and other non-combatants.

The Russian losses are extremely difficult to compute. It is impossible to work upon the number of men successfully put into the field, and those remaining active at the close of the campaign, since the deficiency does not, as in the case of the Napoleonic army, represent absolute loss. There are reasons for believing that the actual loss of fighting men was nearly 150,000. The number of non-combatants--largely peaceful inhabitants of the country--who perished must have been enormous.

The ultimate results of the Russian victory were the general uprising of northern Germany against Napoleon, the adhesion of Austria--after considerable hesitation--to the anti-Napoleonic coalition, and the complete overthrow within little more than a year of the empire of force which he had built in Europe. Britain had long since destroyed Napoleon’s efforts at gaining power on the sea, and had struck heavy blows at his prestige on land. As the Russian army lay at Tarutino it was gladdened by the news of Wellington’s victories. And the prestige of Napoleon, shaken in Spain, was now shattered in Russia, and his material military power so broken that he was never really able again to face his antagonists on equal terms. It is perhaps true to say that the enthusiastic uprising of Germany was the chief factor in Napoleon’s downfall in 1813, but it was Russia who gave the impulse and cleared the way; and her military aid was of vital importance.

APPENDIX A

FORCES SUCCESSIVELY EMPLOYED BY NAPOLEON AGAINST RUSSIA IN 1812

-------------------+--------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+----- |Date of |Battalions.|Squadrons.| Infantry | Cavalry | Total. |Guns. | Muster | | | and Foot |and Horse | | | Roll. | | |Artillery.|Artillery.| | -------------------+--------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+----- Grand Head-quarters|June 24 | | | 3,075 | 908 | 3,983 | (?) 1st _Corps d Armée_| ” ” | 88 | 16 | 68,627 | 3,424 | 72,051 | 150 2nd ” ” | ” ” | 48 | 16 | 34,299 | 2,840 | 37,139 | 92 3rd ” ” | ” ” | 45 | 24 | 35,755 | 3,587 | 39,342 | 86 4th ” ” | ” 30 | 54 | 20 | 42,430 | 3,368 | 45,798 | 116 5th ” ” | ” 24 | 33 | 20 | 32,159 | 4,152 | 36,311 | 70 6th ” ” |July 1 | 28 | 16 | 23,228 | 1,906 | 25,134 | 58 7th ” ” |June 24 | 18 | 16 | 15,003 | 2,186 | 17,189 | 50 8th ” ” | ” ” | 18 | 12 | 15,885 | 2,050 | 17,935 | 34 9th ” ” |Sept 3 | 43 | 12 | 31,663 | 1,904 | 33,567 | 80 10th ” ” |June 24 | 36 | 16 | 30,023 | 2,474 | 32,497 | 84 Austrian Corps | ” ” | 26 | 44 | 26,830 | 7,318 | 34,148 | 60 Imperial Guard |Estimate| | | | | | |(except | | | | | | |Cavalry)| 38 | 28 | 25,000 | 6,279 | 31,279 | 112 1st Cavalry Corps |June 24 | -- | 54 | -- | 12,077 | 12,077 | 30 2nd ” ” | ” ” | -- | 52 | -- | 10,436 | 10,436 | 30 3rd ” ” | ” ” | -- | 50 | -- | 9,676 | 9,676 | 30 4th ” ” | ” ” | -- | 40 | -- | 7,964 | 7,994 | 24 32nd Division |Nov 2 | 18 | -- | 13,592 | -- | 13,592 | 20 34th ” |Nov 18 | 19 | 6 | 13,290 | 700 | 13,299 | 16 Engineers, | | | | | | | Artillery | | | | | | | Reserves, etc. | | | | | | 10,000?| 230 +----------+----------+--------+----- Forward | 410,849 | 83,279 |504,128 |1,372

Forward | 410,849 | 83,279 |504,128 |1,372 Absentees who rejoined | 37,100 | -- Lagrange’s Division (Drafts) | 13,408 | -- Foreign Guard } | | Battalions } | | Kosinski’s Polish } | | Brigade } _circa_ | 70,000 | 18 Austrian Reserve } | | Brigade } | | 2 German Regiments } | | Drafts of all kinds} | | --------- 624,636 In Duchy of Warsaw and on } | | Vistula } | | 5 Foreign Guard Battalions} | | Heudelet’s Division } | | (20 Battalions) } | | Destrée’s Division } | | (Neapolitans) at Danzig } | 50,000 | 32 New Levies, Drafts, etc. } | | Garrisons on Vistula } | | +--------+----- 674,636 1,422 ===============

It is extremely difficult to compute the numbers of reinforcements, etc., since a proportion of them consisted of convalescents and rejoining stragglers.

No allowance is made for the large number of transport drivers and other non-combatants.

APPENDIX B

COMPOSITION OF THE NAPOLEONIC GRAND ARMY BY NATIONALITIES

Imp. Guard, Head-quarters, Army Corps 1-10, Austrians, 4 Cavalry Corps, 32nd and 34th Divisions.

Battalions. Squadrons. French and New French 239 214 Poles 51 69 Italians 22 14 Croats and Dalmatians 7 -- Spaniards 4 -- Portuguese 6 3 Swiss 12 -- Bavarians 30 24 Saxons 22 32 Westphalians 22 20 Württembergers 12 16 Badeners 7 2 Berg Troops 8 4 Mecklenburg Troops 3 -- Hesse-Darmstadt 6 2 Small Rheinbund States 11 -- Austrians 26 44 Prussians 20 24 Various (Mamelukes) 1

APPENDIX C

FORCES SUCCESSIVELY EMPLOYED BY RUSSIA AGAINST NAPOLEON IN 1812

FIRST ARMY OF WEST. APPROXIMATE STRENGTH

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- |Battalions. | |Squadrons. | | |Cossack Regiments. | | | |Batteries. | | | | |Infantry and Engineers. | | | | | |Cavalry. Force. | | | | | | |Cossacks. | | | | | | | |Artillery. | | | | | | | | | Total. |Guns. -----------------+----+----+--+--+------+------+-----+-----+--------+----- 1st Army Corps | 28 | 16 | 1| 8|17,100| 2,250| 880|1,620| 21,850 | 96 2nd ” ” | 24 | 8 |--| 7|14,400| 1,120| -- |1,340| 16,860 | 84 3rd ” ” | 26 | 4 | 1| 7|15,360| 600| 550|1,340| 17,850 | 84 4th ” ” | 22 | 8 |--| 6|12,960| 1,120| -- |1,120| 15,200 | 72 5th ” ” | 26 | 20 |--| 6|15,840| 2,880| -- |1,400| 20,120 | 80 6th ” ” | 24 | 8 |--| 7|14,400| 1,120| -- |1,340| 16,860 | 84 1st Cavalry Corps|-- | 24 |--| 1| -- | 3,480| -- | 220| 3,700 | 12 2nd ” ” |-- | 24 |--| 1| -- | 3,360| -- | 220| 3,580 | 12 3rd ” ” |-- | 20 |--| 1| -- | 2,800| -- | 220| 3,020 | 12 Cossack Corps |-- | -- |--| 1| -- | -- |6,160| 220| 6,380 | 12 Artillery Reserve|-- | -- |--| 3| -- | -- | -- | 720| 720 | 36 -----------------+----+----+--+--+------+------+-----+-----+--------+----- |95,060|18,730|7,590|9,760|126,140 |584 +------+------+-----+-----+--------+-----

SECOND ARMY OF WEST

7th Army Corps | 24 | 8 |--| 7|14,650| 1,120| -- |1,340| 17,110 | 84 8th ” ” | 22 | 20 |--| 5|12,000| 2,800| -- |1,040| 15,840 | 60 4th Cavalry Corp | -- | 24 |--| 1| -- | 3,360| -- | 220| 3,580 | 12 Cossack Division | -- | -- | 9|--| -- | -- |3,960| 220| 4,180 | 12 27th Infantry | | | | | | | | | | Division | 12 | -- |--|--| 7,200| -- | -- | -- | 7,200 | -- ----------------+----+----+--+--+------+------+-----+-----+--------+--- |33,850| 7,280|3,960|2,820| 47,910 |168 +------+------+-----+-----+--------+---

THIRD ARMY OF WEST

|Battalions. | |Squadrons. | | |Cossack Regiments. | | | |Batteries. | | | | |Infantry and Engineers. | | | | | |Cavalry. Force. | | | | | | |Cossacks. | | | | | | | |Artillery. | | | | | | | | | Total.|Guns. -----------------+----+----+--+--+------+------+-----+-----+-------+----- Kamenski’s Corps | 17 | 8 |--| 4| 9,970| 1,120| -- | 780| 11,870| 46 Markov’s ” | 24 | 8 |--| 7|14,400| 1,120| -- |1,340| 16,860| 82 Sacken’s Reserve | 12 | 24 |--| 2| 4,000| 2,500| -- | 440| 5,940| 24 Lambert’s Corps | -- | 36 |--|--| -- | 5,040| -- | -- | 6,040| -- Irregulars | -- | -- | 9|--| -- | -- |3,960| -- | 3,960| -- Reserve Artillery| -- | -- |--| 1| -- | -- | -- | 240| 240| 12 +------+------+-----+-----+-------+----- |28,370| 9,780|3,960|2,800| 44,910| 164 +------+------+-----+-----+-------+-----

ARMY OF THE DANUBE

-----------------+----+----+--+--+------+------+-----+-----+-------+---- Langeron’s | | | | | | | | | | Division | 12| 8 | 3| 4| 6,000| 1,000|1,000| 700| 8,700| 48 Essen III’s | | | | | | | | | | Division | 12| 8 | 3| 4| 6,000| 1,000|1,000| 700| 8,700| 48 Voïnov’s | | | | | | | | | | Division | 11| 12 | 3| 4| 5,500| 1,500|1,000| 700| 8,700| 48 Bulatov’s | | | | | | | | | | Division | 6| 20 | 1| 4| 3,000| 2,500| 300| 700| 6,500| 48 Sabaniev’s | | | | | | | | | | Division | 9| 8 | 1| 1| 4,500| 1,000| 300| 200| 6,000| 12 Lüders’ | | | | | | | | | | Division | 9| 8 | 2| 1| 4,500| 1,000| 600| 150| 6,250| 12 +------+------+-----+-----+-------+---- |29,500| 8,000|4,200|3,150| 44,850| 216 +------+------+-----+-----+-------+----

ARMY OF FINLAND

Steingell’s Corps| | | | | | | | | | and Field | | | | | | | | | | Detachments | 22 | 6 | 1|4-1/2|-- | -- | -- | -- | 14,000| 54 Garrison | | | | | | | | | | Detachments | 4 | -- | 1| -- |-- | -- | -- | -- | 2,500| 12 +-------+---- | 16,500| 66 +-------+----

RESERVES AND GARRISONS IN JUNE

Depôt, Troops, | | | | | | | | | | etc. | 87 | 54 |--| ? |-- | -- | -- | -- | 35,000| --

CRIMEAN GARRISON

Detachments | 8 | -- |--| 2 |-- | -- | -- | -- | 5,000| 24

Militia, Marines, Recruits, Cossacks, etc. 90,000 ------- Total 410,310 =======

APPENDIX D

STAFF OF NAPOLEON’S GRAND ARMY OF RUSSIA, 1812

Commander-in-Chief:

H.I.M. the Emperor and King Napoleon I.

Chief of Staff Marshal Berthier, Prince of Neuchatel ” Cavalry H.M. the King of Naples (Marshal Murat) ” Artillery Général de Division Comte Lariboissière ” Engineers ” ” Comte Chasseloup ” Bridge Trains ” ” Baron Eblé Intendant General ” ” Comte Mathieu Dumas

CHIEF MINISTERS, COURT OFFICIALS, ETC., ACCOMPANYING THE EMPEROR

Maret, Duke of Bassano Minister of Foreign Affairs Comte Daru Secretary of State General Duroc, Duke of Friuli Grand Marshal of the Palace ” Caulaincourt, Duke of Vicenza Grand Equerry Baron Ménéval Secretary of the Portfolio ” Fain ” ” Archives ” Mounier ” ” Cabinet Colonel Baron de Ponton ” ” ” State-Council Auditor Lelorgne d’Ideville Chief Interpreter Baron Bacler d’Albe Director of Topographical Cabinet

THE GENERAL STAFF

General Officer. Department or Command. Général de Division Junot, Duc d’Abrantes First Aide-de-Camp ” ” Lebrun, Duc de Placentia Aide-de-Camp ” ” Mouton, Comte Lobau ” ” ” Comte Rapp ” ” ” Comte de Narbonne ” ” ” Comte Durosnel ” ” ” Comte Sokolniki Polish Officer Attached ” ” Comte Sanson Topography and History ” ” Baron de Caulaincourt Grand Head-quarters ” Brigade Comte Bailly de Monthion Chief of Berthier’s Staff ” ” Baron Guilleminot Small Head-quarters ” ” Baron Jomini History ” ” Comte Lauer Gendarmerie

There were in Napoleon’s train a large number of General Officers “disposable.” Most of these were appointed to commands later, and mostly appear in the list of Commandants of districts.

GENERAL OFFICERS COMMANDING IN THE DISTRICTS OF THE ARMY (11TH AUGUST)

Government of General of Division Comte Hogendorp Lithuania ” ” Baron Durutte Berlin ” ” Comte Dutaillis Warsaw ” ” Comte Charpentier Vitebsk ” ” Gomès Freyre Glubokoië ” ” Marquis d’Alorna Mohilev ” ” Baillet-de-la-Tour Elbing General of Brigade Castella Königsberg ” ” Corsin Pillau ” ” Plauzonne Plock ” ” Ferrière Bielostok ” ” Tarayre Kovno ” ” Voyezinski Thorn ” ” Wedel Wilkowiski ” ” Brun Grodno ” ” Bronikowski Minsk

Corps. Division. Division General. 1st Corps 1st Infantry Morand (Maréchal Davout, 2nd ” Friant Prince d’Eckmühl) 3rd ” Gudin 4th ” Dessaix 5th ” Compans Cavalry Girardin (Sept.) Artillery Baron Pernety

2nd Corps 6th Infantry Legrand (Maréchal Oudinot 8th ” Verdier Duc de Reggio) 9th ” Merle Artillery Dulauloy

3rd Corps 10th Infantry Ledru (Maréchal Ney, Duc 11th ” Razout d’Elchingen) 25th ” Prince Royal of Württemberg Artillery Foucher

4th Corps 13th Infantry Delzons (His Imperial 14th ” Broussier Highness 15th ” Pino Prince Eugène) Artillery Danthouard

5th Corps 16th Infantry Zayonczek (General Prince 17th ” Dombrowski Poniatowski) 18th ” Kamienicki Artillery Pelletier

6th Corps 19th Infantry Deroy (General Gouvion 20th ” Wrede Saint-Cyr)

7th Corps 21st Infantry Lecoq (General Reynier) 22nd ” De Funck

8th Corps 23rd Infantry Tharreau (General Vandamne) 24th ” Ochs (later General Junot)

9th Corps 12th Infantry Partouneaux (Maréchal Victor, 26th ” Dändels Duc de Belluno) 28th ” Gérard

10th Corps 7th ” Grandjean (Maréchal Prussians (1) Grawert Macdonald, Duc de (2) Yorck Taranto) Cavalry Massenbach

11th Corps 30th Infantry D’Heudelet (Maréchal 31st ” Lagrange Augereau, Duc de 32nd ” Durutte Castiglione) 33rd ” Destrées 34th ” Morand

CAVALRY RESERVE

Commander-in-Chief: The King of Naples.

Chief of the Staff: General Belliard.

Corps. Division. Division General. 1st Corps 1st Light Cavalry Bruyère (Nansouty) 1st Heavy Cavalry Saint-Germain 5th ” Valence

2nd Corps 2nd Light Cavalry Sebastiani (Montbrun) 2nd Heavy Cavalry Wathier 4th ” Defrance

3rd Corps 5th Heavy Cavalry Doumerc 6th ” Lahoussaye (Grouchy) 3rd Light Cavalry Chastel

4th Corps 4th Light Cavalry Rozniecki (Latour-Maubourg) 7th Heavy ” Lorge

APPENDIX E

STAFF OF RUSSIAN ARMIES OPPOSED TO NAPOLEON, JULY, 1812

FIRST ARMY OF THE WEST

Commander-in-Chief General of Infantry Baron Barclay de Tolly Chief of Staff Major-General Yermólov (July) Quartermaster-General Colonel Baron Toll (July) General “of Service” Colonel Kikin Chief of Artillery Major-General Count Kutaïsov Chief of Engineers Major-General Trusson

------+--------------------+---------------+------------------------- Army | | | Divisional Corps.| Corps Commander.| Division. | Commander. ------+--------------------+---------------+------------------------- I |Lieut.-General Count| | | Wittgenstein | 5th Infantry |Major-Gen. Berg | |14th ” |Major-Gen. Sazonov | | 1st Cavalry |Major-Gen. Khakovski II |Lieut.-General | | | Baggohufwudt | 4th Infantry |Major-Gen. Prince Eugen | | | of | | | Württemberg | |17th ” |Major-Gen. Olsuviev III |Lieut.-General | | | Tuchkov I | 3rd ” |Lieut.-Gen. Konovnitzin | | 1st Grenadier |Lieut.-Gen. Strogonov IV |Lieut.-General Count| | | Ostermann-Tolstoï |11th Infantry |Major-Gen. Choglokov | |23rd ” |Major-Gen. Bakhmetiev V |General H.I.H. Grand| | | Duke Constantine |Imperial Guard | | | (Infantry)|Lieut.-Gen. Lavrov (July) | |Combined | | | Grenadiers| | | 1st Cuirassier|Major-Gen. Depreradovich VI |General of Infantry | | | Dokhturov | 7th Infantry |Major-Gen. Kapsevich | |24th ” |Major-Gen. Likbachev | | 1st Cavalry | | | Corps |Lieut.-Gen. Uvarov | | 2nd Cavalry | | | Corps |Lieut.-Gen. Baron Korff | | 3rd Cavalry | | | Corps |Major-Gen. Count | | | Pahlen II Cos- |General of Cavalry | | sacks| Platov | | ------+--------------------+---------------+-------------------------

SECOND ARMY OF THE WEST

Commander-in-Chief General of Infantry Prince Bagration Chief of Staff Major-General Count de St. Priest Quartermaster-General ” ” Vistitski II General of Service Colonel Marin Chief of Artillery Major-General Baron Löwenstern Chief of Engineers ” ” Förster

-------------+---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------- Army Corps. | Corps Commander. | Division. |Divisional Commander. -------------+---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------- VII |Lieut.-General Raievski |12th Infantry |Major-General Kolubakin | |26th ” | ” ” Paskievich VIII |Lieut.-General Borozdin I |2nd Grenadier | ” ” Prince Karl of | | | Mecklenburg | |Combined Grenadiers | ” ” Count Voronzov | |2nd Cuirassier | ” ” Knorring | |4th Cavalry Corps | ” ” Count Sievers | |27th Infantry | ” ” Neverovski | |Cossacks | ” ” Ilovaïski V -------------+---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------------

THIRD ARMY OF THE WEST

Commander-in-Chief General of Cavalry Tormazov Chief of Staff Major-General Inzov Quartermaster-General ” ” Renne Chief of Artillery ” ” Sievers

--------------+-----------------------------+----------------------+---------------------- Army Corps. | Corps Commander. | Division. | Divisional Commander. --------------+-----------------------------+----------------------+---------------------- |Lieut.-General Count Kamenski| 18th Infantry |Major-General Cherbatov | | Combined Grenadiers | ? |Lieut.-General Markov | 9th Infantry | ? | | 15th ” |Major-General Nazimov Reserve |Lieut.-General Sacken | Reserve Battalion & | ” ” Sorokin | | Squadrons (Skeleton) | Cavalry Corps |Major-General Count Lambert | 4 Brigades | ? | | Irregulars | ? --------------+-------------------------------+--------------------+----------------------

ARMY OF THE DANUBE (JULY 31)

Commander-in-Chief Admiral Chichagov Chief of Staff Lieutenant-General Sabaniev Quartermaster-General Major-General Berg General of Service ” ” Tuchkov II

“Corps” Divisional Commanders I General of Infantry Count de Langeron II Lieutenant-General Essen III III ” ” Voïnov IV Major-General Bulatov Reserve Lieutenant-General Sabaniev Detachment Major-General Lüders

ARMY OF FINLAND

Commander-in-Chief: Lieutenant-General Count Steingell

3 Divisions (about half brought to front in September)

STAFF OF THE MAIN RUSSIAN ARMY, OCTOBER 18, 1812

Commander-in-Chief Marshal Prince Golénischev-Kutuzov (Commander--in--Chief of all Russian Armies) Chief of Staff General of Cavalry Baron Bennigsen General of Service Lieutenant-General Konovnitzin Intendant-General Privy-Councillor Lanskoï Chief of Artillery Major-General Baron Löwenstern Quartermaster-General Colonel Baron Toll Commander of _Corps de Bataille_ General of Cavalry Count Tormazov Commander of Advance-Guard General of Infantry Miloradovich

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 10: 2nd Corps 500 infantry; Claparède 200; Dombrowski 800; 5th Corps 323. Cavalry about 500. Artillery perhaps 200.]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

FRENCH AND GERMAN

Bonnal, Gen. _Le Manoeuvre de Vilna._ Bertin de la Martinière. _Campagnes de Bonaparte._ Bertin. _La Campagne de 1812 (Témoins Oculaires)._ Bourgeois, Dr. René. _Tabléau de la Campagne de 1812._ Bousset, L.F.J. de. _Mémoires._ Bignon, Baron. _Souvenirs d’un Diplomat._ Bourgogne, Sergeant. _Mémoires._ Bourgoing, Baron de. _Souvenirs Militaires._ Blaremburg, Lt.-Gen. von. _Erinnerungen._ Castellane. _Journal du Maréchal de._ Chambray, Marquis de. _Histoire de l’Expédition de Russie._ ” ” _La Vérité sur l’incendie de Moscow._ Chuquet. _Collected Letters, etc._ ” _Human Voices from the Campaign of 1812._ Coignet, Le Capitaine. _Mémoires._ Denriée, Le Baron. _Itinéraire de Napoléon._ Fantin de Odoards. _Journal du Général._ Faber du Faur, Major (Württemberg Artillery). _Camp of 1812._ Fain, Baron. _Précis des Événements de 1812._ Fabry, Captain (Editor). _Campagne de Russie_ (French Staff History, June 23-August 20, 1812). Fezensac, Duc de. _Mémoires._ François, Captain. _Mémoires._ Girod de l’Ain. _Vie du Général Eblé._ Grabowski. _Mémoires Militaires._ Gouvion St. Cyr, Marshal. _Mémoires._ Gourgaud, Gen. _Examen Critique_ (of Ségur’s _History_). Griois, Gen. _Mémoires._ Gardaruel, A. _Relation 1812._ G.L.D.L. _Moscow ... le retraite de 1812._ Jomini, Gen. _Précis ... de 1812-14._ Labaume, E. _Relation complète de la Campagne de 1812._ Lejeune, Baron. _Mémoires._ Labeaudorèire, J.P. de. _La Campagne de Russie de 1812._ Margueron, Commandant. _Campagne de Russie_ (French Staff History, January, 1810-January, 1812). _Moniteur Universel, Le._ Maringoné, L.J. Vionnet de. _Fragments de Mémoires._ Napoléon. _Correspondance, Mémoires, etc._ Picard. _La Cavalerie dans les Guerres de la République et de l’Empire._ Pion des Loches, Col. _Mes Campagnes._ Paixhans, H.J. _Retraite de Moscow._ _Notes._ Partouneaux, Comte. _Explications._ Pradt, M. de. _Histoire de l’Ambassade_ (to Warsaw). Roguet, Comte. _Mémoires._ Roos, Ritter H.O.L. von. _With the Grand Army of Napoleon._ Rapp, Comte. _Mémoires._ Ségur, Comte de. _Histoire de ... 1812._ Solignac, Armand de. _La Berezina._ Seruzier, Col. Baron. _Mémoires Militaires._ Thirion, A. _Souvenirs Militaires._ Vlijmen, Gen. van. _Vers la Berezina_ (Documents). Vaudoncourt, G. de. _Relation Impartiale de la Passage de la Berezina._ Zimmerman, G. _Autobiography_ (Commissariat).

There are innumerable volumes of memoirs which deal in part with the campaign. Some need using with caution--e.g. Marbot’s.

RUSSIAN, ETC.

_Archives._ (1) Published by P.J. Schukin. (2) Published by Russian War Office. Bennigsen, Gen. Baron. _Memoirs._ Buturlin. _History of War of 1812_ (French Translation). Bogdanovich. _History of War of 1812_ (German Translation). Chichagov, Admiral. _Mémoires_ (French). Clausewitz, Gen. K. von. _Der Feldzug von 1812_ (English Translation). Danilevski. _History of War of 1812._ Eugen von Württemberg. _Memoirs._ Jensen. _Napoleon’s Campaign in Russia_ (Danish). Langeron, General. _Mémoires_ (French). Löwenstern, Baron. _Mémoires_ (French). Okunev, General. _Considerations, etc._ (French). Osten-Sacken, Freiherr von der. _Der Feldzug von 1812._ Rostopchin, Count. _La vérité sur l’incendie de Moscow_ (French). Zapiski. _Memoirs of Yermólov._

ENGLISH

Cathcart, Lt.-Gen. Sir George. _Commentaries._ George, H.B. _Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia._ Porter, Sir R. _A Narrative._ Wilson, Sir R., Gen. _Narrative._ Wolseley, Viscount. _Decline and Fall of Napoleon._

_Note._--The number of works in the French language dealing with the campaign of 1812 is so enormous that no attempt has been made to give more than a selection.

INDEX

A

Aa, River, 171, 172, 173, 294

Abo, Treaty of, 286

Achard, Colonel of French 108th, 96

Adamovskoë, 301, 308

Alexander I, Tzar of Russia, 1-15, 18, 72, 74, 75-80, 108, 123, 144, 145, 158, 160, 186-188, 235, 243, 245, 246, 248, 249, 258, 387

Alexiev, Russian Major-General, 299

Alorna, Pedro d’Almeida, Marquis d’, Portuguese General in French Service, 116, 357

Amey, French Général de Brigade, 302

Andréossy, General, French Ambassador at Constantinople, 11, 287

Antopol, 163

Arakcheiev, Count Alexei Andréievich, 3, 84, 124, 187

Aubry, Claude Charles, French Général de Brigade, 359

Augereau, Pierre François Charles, Duc de Castiglione, Marshal of France, 261

Augereau, French Général de Brigade, 325

Augustowo, 67, 69, 80

B

Babinovichi, 102

Bachelu, French Général de Brigade, 388

Badajoz, 12

Baggohufwudt, Karol Feodorovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 69, 74, 78, 138, 149, 153, 154, 193, 203, 208, 216, 217, 258

Bagration, Prince Peter Ivanovich, Russian General, 15, 16, 19, 51, 57, 58, 63, 65-69, 73, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83-86, 93-98, 100, 108, 117-121, 123-125, 129-158, 145, 146, 156, 157, 158, 192, 193, 194, 201-211, 246, 247

Bakhmetiev, Russian Major-General, 102, 104, 215

Balashov, Alexander Dmitrievich, Russian Lieut.-General, 75

Balk, Russian Major-General, 305

Balla, Russian Major-General, 141

Banco, Italian Colonel, 113

Baraguay d’Hilliers, Comte, French Général de division, 252, 260, 273, 315, 325, 332

Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail Bogdanovich, Baron, Russian General and War Minister, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 16, 19, 50, 57, 58, 63, 65-70, 73, 74, 78-80, 81, 82, 98-107, 108, 117-121, 123-125, 129-158, 169, 187, 192, 193, 194, 201-219, 226-229, 238, 245, 246, 247, 248

Baste, French Rear-Admiral, 59, 73

Battles and Engagements-- Vilkomirz, 74 Davigelishki, 80 Mir, 84, 85 Romanovo, 86 Saltanovka, 94-97 Drissa, 100 Ostrovno, 102-104 Vitebsk, 105 Velizh, 113 Inkovo, 121 Krasnoï, 126-128 Smolensk, 129-143 Gedeonovo, 147, 148 Lubino, 148-155 Kobrin, 162, 163 Pruzhani, 164 Gorodeczna, 164-168 Eckau, 1st, 172 Schlock, 1st, 172 Jakubovo, 173, 174 Oboiarzina, 175, 176 Svolna, 177 Polotsk, 177-182 Slavkovo, 194 Gridnevo, 197 Kolotskoï, 197 Borodino, 197-219 Mozhaïsk, 222, 223 Krymskoië, 224 The Pakhra, 239 Czerikovo, 239 Voronovo, 239 Spaskuplia, 239 Vinkovo, 255, 259 Vereia, 1st, 245 Vereia, 2nd, 272 Maloyaroslavetz, 274-285 Kreminskoië, 284 Biala, 292 Slonim, 292 Dahlenkirchen, 293 Eckau, 2nd, 294, 295 Sivokhino, 295 Polotsk, 2nd, 299-305 Viasma, 315-319 Dorogobuzh, 324 Vop, 325, 326 Solovievo, 327 Chasniki, 328 Volkovisk, 329, 330 Liakhova, 325 Krasnoï (Battles), 334-343 Smoliani, 346, 347 Dahlenkirchen, 2nd, 347 Novi-Swergen, 348, 349 Borisov, 350, 351 Lochnitza, 355 Berezina, 339-373 Plechenitzi, 376 Vilna, 384 Kovno, 385 Koltiniani, 388 Labiau, 388

Bausk, 171, 294, 295

Bavaria, Maximilian Joseph, King of, 9

Bechenkowiczi, 61, 102, 114, 304, 305, 327, 328

Beguichev, Russian Major-General, 299, 300

Belliard, Austin Daniel, French Général de Division, 122

Benkendorff, Alexander, Colonel, Russian, 81

Bennigsen, Levin August Gottlieb, Baron, Russian General (Hanoverian), 19, 52, 57, 72, 129, 144, 145, 188, 199, 203, 217, 226-228, 238, 245, 255, 256, 258, 259, 308

Berezina, 6, 56, 61, 84, 85, 89, 90, 92, 98, 287, 292, 306, 348-373, 374, 375, 385

Berezino, 90, 92, 349

Berg, Russian Major-General, 173, 175, 178, 182, 299, 300, 346, 366, 370, 371

Bernadotte (Crown Prince Karl Johann of Sweden), 13, 286

Berthier, Alexandre, Prince de Neufchâtel, Marshal of France, 34, 180, 195, 242, 279, 290, 309, 379, 383

Bessières, Jean Baptiste, Duc d’Istria, Marshal of France, 38, 238, 279, 282, 370, 379

Beurmann, Paris Ernest, French Général de Brigade, 121, 122, 320

Bezdizh, 161

Biala, 292

Bianchi, Austrian Lieut.-General, 165, 166, 168

Bibikov, Russian Privy Councillor, 305

Bielostok, 62, 63, 84, 163, 260, 291, 329, 383, 388

Bielsk, 62, 80

Bielovezhi, 329, 330

Billard, 356, 366

Bobr, 61, 89, 328, 356, 359

Bobruisk, 6, 61, 62, 84, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 108, 122, 159, 160, 262, 293, 358, 386

Bogdanovich, quoted, 200, 219, 256, 292

Boghorodsk, 244

Bolshoï-Stakhov, 365, 367, 368

Bonami, 209, 210

Bordesoulle, Etienne Tardif de Pommereaux, Comte de, French Général de Brigade, 89, 90, 98

Borisov, 6, 61, 89, 90, 189, 260, 306, 348, 353, 355-356, 358, 359, 361, 364, 365, 366, 367, 372, 375

Borodino, 57, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200-207, 220, 221, 223, 241, 248, 249, 310

Borovsk, 269, 272, 273, 274, 280, 284

Borozdin I, Mikhail, Russian Lieut.-General, 84, 86, 90, 93, 94, 97, 136, 137, 203, 205, 209, 216, 279

Borozdin II, Nikolai Mikhailovich, Russian Major-General, 212

Bourgogne, Sargent, quoted, 231, 264

Bug, 59, 108, 161, 163, 291, 388

Bulatov, Russian Major-General, 287, 289, 330

Buturlin, Dmitri Petrovich, Count, Russian military author, quoted, 219, 232, 275, 304

Bukharest, 11, 168, 287, 289

Brazhino, 193

Brest-Litovsk, 19, 59, 62, 63, 84, 159, 161, 162, 291, 292, 306, 329, 330

Bridzievo, 99

Brilova, 358, 367

Bronikowski (Pole), French Governor of Minsk, 260, 348-350, 352

Broussier, Jean Baptiste, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 105, 207, 209, 214, 239, 240, 270, 276, 278, 285, 318, 326

Bruyère, French Général de Division, 38, 74, 102, 105, 148, 149, 152

C

Castex, Bertrand Pierre, French Général de Brigade, 74, 180, 299

Caulaincourt, Comte Auguste, French Général de Division, 214, 215

Caulaincourt, Armand Marquis de, Duc de Vicenza, 10, 379

Cavaignac, French Général de Brigade, 261

Chabachevichi, 358-362

Chaplitz, Russian Major-General, 162, 164, 165, 168, 292, 328, 348, 349, 358, 361, 363, 367, 368, 374, 375, 376, 378, 381, 382

Chambray, Georges, Marquis de, French soldier and author, 139, 172, 205, 242, 267, 268, 325, 346, 364, 375, 376, 380

Charpentier, French Général de Division, 116, 123, 252

Charrier, French Général de Brigade, 270

Chasniki, 305, 327, 328

Chasseloup-Laubat, François, Comte, French Engineer-General, 356, 359

Chastel, Pierre Louis Aimé, Baron, French Général de Division, 127

Chelkanovo, 325, 333

Chepelev, Russian Major-General, 388

Cherbatov, Alexei Grigorievich, Prince, Russian Major-General, 165-167, 292, 368

Cherechev, 164, 165, 166

Chereia, 328, 345, 347, 356

Chernishev, Colonel Alexander Ivanovich, 10, 291, 292, 348, 353

Chernishnia, 239, 240, 244, 258

Chichagov, Pavel Vasilievich, Russian Admiral, 11, 53, 168, 169, 262, 286-292, 296, 306, 328, 329, 331, 345, 348-368, 372, 375, 376, 381, 382, 386

Chilova, 333, 334

Choglokov, Pavel Nikolaievich, Russian Major-General, 102, 150, 152, 319, 333, 340

Ciudad Rodrigo, 12

Claparède, Michel, Comte, French Général de Division, 39, 90, 92, 97, 104, 148, 224, 231, 238, 240, 256, 259, 280, 281, 284, 334, 337, 357, 362, 364

Clausewitz, General, quoted, 80, 98, 105, 145, 170, 188, 192, 193, 197, 199, 200, 213, 224, 227, 245, 254, 255, 356

Colbert, French Général de Brigade, 83, 88, 90, 104, 238

Compans, Jean Dominique, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 83, 92, 94, 97, 140, 191, 202, 205, 206, 279

Constantine Pavlovich, H.I.H. Grand Duke, brother of Alexander I, 119, 136, 137, 144, 146, 248, 353, 387

Continental System, 15

Corbineau, Jean Baptiste Juvenal, French Général de Brigade, 173, 178, 181, 182, 299, 302, 305, 327, 347, 353, 360

Coutard, French Général de Brigade, 251, 296, 347

Czerikovo, 239

D

Dahlenkirchen, 293, 294

Dändels, Hermann Willem, Dutch General, 305, 327, 328, 366

Danilevski, quoted, 75

Danzig, 3, 15, 16, 19, 61, 67, 261, 377, 386, 388

Daru, Comte, French Minister, 254

Dashkova, 94, 96, 97

D’Auvray (Dauvray), Saxon Major-General in Russian service, 170, 177

Davidov, Russian Colonel (Cossacks), 250, 325

Davout, Louis Nicholas, Prince d’Eckmühl and Marshal of France, 13, 15, 16, 18, 35, 70, 71, 73, 78, 79, 81-84, 86, 88, 89-98, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 122, 126, 132, 134, 138, 140-144, 145, 147, 148-156, 159, 191, 195, 197, 204-218, 221, 222, 224, 270, 272, 278, 280, 281, 282, 284, 307, 308, 310, 312, 314, 315-319, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337-340, 344, 354, 356, 359, 362, 364, 366, 374, 379, 382

Delaître, French Général de Brigade, 366

Delzons, Alexis Joseph, Baron, French Général de Division, 103, 207, 213, 216, 271, 272, 276, 285

Delzons, Captain, 276

Deroy, Bernard Erasmus, Bavarian General, 178, 180, 181, 182

Desaix, Joseph Marie, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 83, 92, 94, 97, 114, 140, 205, 206

Desna, 61, 298, 300, 302, 304

D’Estrées, French Général de Division, 261, 377

Diebich, Russian Major-General (Prussian), 170, 180, 370, 387

Dmitrov, 244

Dnieper, 6, 11, 60, 61, 84, 90, 97, 98, 109, 117, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 132, 136, 139, 144, 148, 327, 342

Dniester, 287

Dode, French General of Engineers, 357

Dokhturov, Dmitri Sergievich, Russian General, 55, 68, 70, 78, 79, 80, 81, 106, 132, 137-143, 145, 147, 155, 202, 203, 207, 213, 216, 226, 227, 247, 271, 272, 273, 274-279, 284, 352

Dolgoruki, Prince, Russian Lieut.-General, 336

Dombrowski, Jan Henryk, Polish General, 122, 123, 260, 293, 348-351, 355, 361, 364, 368

Doronimo, 202

Dorogobuzh, 155, 192, 193, 194, 196, 320, 321, 324, 325

Dorogomilov Suburb (Moscow), 230, 231

Dorokhov, Ivan Semenovich, Russian Major-General, 73, 78, 82, 83, 84, 97, 105, 237, 239, 244, 250, 270, 271, 272, 274, 284, 285

Dorsenne, General, 122

Doumerc, Jean Pierre, Baron, French Général de Division, 78, 173, 174, 180, 182, 260, 296, 299, 305, 368

Drissa, 7, 61, 80, 87, 88, 98-100, 101, 104, 109, 169, 173, 174, 176, 177, 295

Druia, 80, 173, 297, 298, 299

Dubno, 289, 290

Dubrovna, 98, 335

Duka, Russian Major-General, 203, 340

Dukhovchina, 324, 326

Dumas, Mathieu, Comte, French Général de Division, 116

Düna, 2, 6, 11, 60, 61, 79, 80, 84, 99, 100, 102, 105, 109, 114, 123, 170, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179, 180, 293, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 347

Dünaburg, 6, 7, 60, 61, 62, 80, 89, 100, 109, 169, 170, 172, 173, 176, 295, 304

Dufour, French Général de Brigade, 222, 224, 240, 256, 259

Duroc, General; Napoleon’s Grand Marshal of Palace, 379

Durosnel, Comte, French Général de Division, 230

Durutte, Joseph François, French Général de Division, 261, 329, 330

Duverger, Paymaster, quoted, 236

E

Eblé, Jean Baptiste, Baron, French Général de Division (Artillery), 71, 122, 148, 334, 344, 345, 356, 359-362, 371-373, 375, 383, 386

Eckau, 171, 172, 294

Ekeln, Russian Colonel, 294, 296

Engelhart, Russian Major-General, 351

Ertel, Feodor Feodorovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 262-287, 293, 328

Essen I, Ivan Ivanovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 170, 172, 262, 293, 294, 295, 347

Essen III, Peter Kirillovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 287, 289, 292, 328, 330

Eugen of Württemberg, Prince, Russian Major-General, 13, 18, 36, 56, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148, 154, 208, 216, 318, 319, 234

Eugène de Beauharnais, Prince, Viceroy of Italy, 13, 16, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 80, 100-105, 114, 119, 121, 122, 126, 132, 148, 192, 193, 197, 205, 207, 223, 230, 244, 270, 271, 272, 273, 276-279, 280, 284, 314, 315, 316-319, 320, 324, 325, 326, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 345, 354, 362, 364, 366, 374, 379

Evers, French Général de Brigade (Dutch), 259, 262, 284, 314

F

French Army, Organisation, Armament, Discipline, Clothing, Equipment, etc., 17, 21, 22, 23-29, 30, 31-33, 39, 63-76, 77, 109-116, 261-269, 309-314, 321-324, 331-333, 344-345, 364, 365, 375, 376, 380, 384-386

French Army Corps-- 1st Corps, 13, 15, 17, 18, 64, 68, 71, 72, 73, 83, 89, 90, 92, 94-97, 114, 122, 126, 132-143, 193-225, 284, 307, 314, 315-320, 332, 333, 334-343, 364 2nd Corps, 13, 16, 18, 64, 68, 73, 75, 100, 114, 173-182, 295, 296, 298-306, 345-347, 353-373, 374 3rd Corps, 13, 16, 17, 18, 64, 68, 73, 100, 114, 121, 122, 126, 127, 132-143, 147-155, 193-225, 284, 307, 314, 315-321, 324, 327, 334-343, 364 4th Corps, 16, 18, 63, 64, 69, 76, 78, 88, 100, 102-106, 114, 122, 126, 132-143, 193-225, 273-282, 284, 307, 314, 315-320, 325-327, 332, 334-343, 364 5th Corps (Poles), 15, 16, 18, 63, 64, 67, 81, 84, 91, 92, 114, 122, 126, 132-143, 193-225, 238-240, 255-259, 284, 307, 314, 315-320, 334 6th Corps (Bavarians), 18, 63, 64, 69, 76, 88, 100, 114, 176-182, 295, 296, 298-306, 347, 375, 382-384 7th Corps (Saxons), 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 63, 64, 67, 80, 81, 91, 92, 114, 159, 169, 292, 328-331 8th Corps, 13, 16, 18, 19, 63, 64, 67, 80, 81, 84, 87, 91, 92, 114, 122, 126, 132-143, 193-225, 284, 307, 314, 333, 364 9th Corps, 14, 114, 251, 252, 260, 296, 297, 305, 325, 327, 328, 345-347, 356-373, 374-378 10th Corps, 63, 64, 68, 73, 114, 171-173, 293, 295, 347, 348 11th Corps, 14, 114, 261, 373 Imperial Guard, 13, 16, 18, 22-23, 25, 63, 64, 68, 73, 88, 114, 115, 122, 126, 132-143, 193-225, 284, 307, 314, 332, 334-343, 364 Reserve Cavalry, 13, 16, 18, 29, 63, 64, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 78, 86, 90, 91, 100, 121, 122, 126, 127-129, 132-143, 148, 152, 193-225, 238-240, 255, 259, 284, 307, 314, 332, 334-343, 364 Artillery, 13, 75, 241, 265, 268, 332, 334-343, 364

Fain, Baron, Napoleon’s Private Secretary, 242

Fatova, 94, 96

Federovskoië, 316, 318

Ferrier, French Général de Brigade, 239

Fezensac, Raymond de Montesquiou, Duc de, French Colonel, 88, 112, 234, 244, 312, 320, 364, 385

Figner, Russian Captain, 250, 253, 325

Fili, 226

Fock, Alexander, Russian Major-General (Holsteiner), 346, 366, 371

Fominskoië, 269, 271, 272, 280

Fournier, French Général de Brigade, 368, 371

Foy, Maximilien, French Général de Division, 13

François, Captain, quoted, 142, 209, 221

Frankfort-on-Oder, 16

Friant, Louis, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 78, 115, 122, 140, 205, 208, 209

Friederichs, French Général de Brigade, 94, 96, 238, 240, 340

Frimont, Austrian Lieut.-General, 166, 330

Froelich, Austrian Cavalry Brigadier, 166

G

Gablenz, Saxon Cavalry Brigadier, 166

Gaszinski, Polish poet, 9

Gedeonovo, 147, 149, 153

Gérard, Etienne Maurice, French Général de Brigade, 152-155, 205, 207, 214, 279, 316, 338

Gérard, Jean Baptiste, French Général de Division, 366, 368

Girod, General Baron, quoted, 197

Glogau, 13, 15, 16

Glubokoië, 61, 88, 100, 116, 305, 347, 375

Golénischev-Kutuzov, Mikhail Hilarionovich, Prince, Russian Marshal and Commander-in-Chief, 52, 57, 188, 194, 203-219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225-229, 243, 245, 247-251, 255, 256, 258, 259, 261, 270, 271, 274, 276, 279-284, 291, 307, 308, 314, 316, 318, 333-342, 351, 352, 363, 375, 386

Golénischev-Kutuzov, Major-General (Russian), 326, 375, 387, 388

Golitzin I, Dmitri Vladimirovich, Prince, Russian Lieut.-General, 249, 250, 276, 318, 337-340

Gomès, Freyre, Portuguese General in French service, 116

Gonsherevo, 307

Gorbunovo, 131, 146, 147, 148

Gorchakov, Alexei, Prince, Russian Lieut.-General, 57, 201, 202, 203

Gorki, 198, 200, 202, 216

Gorodnia, 279, 281, 282

Gorodeczna, 164-168, 169, 185, 289

Gouvion, St. Cyr, Laurent, Comte, Marshal of France, 36, 50, 114, 176, 177, 178, 179-182, 185, 260, 286, 287, 295-304

Grant, U.S. General, example, cited, 245

Grandjean, Charles Louis Dieudonné, Baron, French Général de Division, 89, 171, 172, 294, 295, 387

Grawert, Prussian General, 171, 172, 293, 294

Gridnevo, 197, 201

Grodno, 59, 62, 64, 69, 78, 80, 81, 82

Grouchy, Emmanuel, Marquis de, French Général de Division, 27, 78, 90, 92, 100, 126, 127, 148, 205, 207, 215, 345

Gudin, Charles Etienne César, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 78, 122, 134, 140, 149, 150, 152

Guilleminot, Baron, French Général de Brigade, 276, 278, 318

Guyon, French Général de Brigade, 123, 189

Gzhatsk, 194, 196, 197, 200, 201, 252, 259, 269, 284, 314

H

Hamen, Russian Major-General, 176, 177, 182, 305

Hardenberg, Baron, Prussian Prime Minister, 297

Harpe, Russian Major-General, 328

Haxo, French Général de Division, 70, 71

Helfreich, Russian Major-General, 175, 177, 178

Hesse-Darmstadt, Prince Emil of, 115

Hesse-Homburg, Prince of, Austrian Major-General, 165, 166

Heudelet, French Général de Division, 261, 388

Hogendorp, Dirk van, Dutch Lieut.-General, 296

Hohenlohe, Prince, Württemberg Colonel, 80

Horodetz, 163

Huard, French Général de Brigade, 103, 104

Hügel, Württemberg Brigadier-General, 145

Hunerbein, Prussian Major-General, 294, 295

I

Iachvil, Lev Mikhailovich, Prince, Russian Major-General, 175, 178, 299, 300, 303, 346, 366

Ielnia, 130, 269, 273, 315, 320, 325

Ignatiev, Russian Major-General, 93

Igumen, 61, 90, 91, 349

Illuxt, 295

Ilovaïski IV, Cossack General, 315

Ilovaïski V, Cossack Major-General, 65

Ilovaïski IX, Cossack Colonel, 284, 306

Inkovo, 121, 122

Insterburg, 61

J

Jakobstädt, 61, 173

Jakubovo, 173, 174

Jassy, 289

Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, 18, 63, 64, 69, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 91

Jomini, French Général de Brigade (Swiss), 116, 184, 255, 308, 334, 357

Junot, Andoche, Duc d’Abrantes, French Général de Division, 116, 126, 139, 146, 148, 149, 152, 155, 223, 259, 263, 270, 281, 284, 309, 310, 324, 325, 332, 333, 334, 335, 354, 364

Jurovo, 333

K

Kaisarov, 250

Kakhovski, Russian Major-General, 173, 178

Kalisch, 15, 16

Kaluga, 117, 118, 227, 237, 238, 254, 255, 269, 307

Kamenetz-Podolski, 289

Kamenski, Sergei Mikhailovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 161, 164, 165

Kapsevich, Russian Major-General, 128

Karpenko, Russian Colonel, 207

Karpov, Russian Major-General (Cossacks) 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148, 152, 250

Kasplia (Lake), 124, 136

Katan, 121, 124, 125, 132, 134, 136

Keidani, 68, 73, 74

Khovanski, Prince, Russian Major-General, 164, 165, 168

Kiev, 6, 61, 62, 66, 160, 348

Kleist, Prussian Major-General, 294

Klengel, Saxon Major-General, 159, 161-163

Kliastitzi, 173

Kniaziewicz, Karol, Polish General of Division, 140, 368

Kobrin, 62, 159, 161-163, 164, 168

Koidanow, 349

Kolomna, 228, 237

Kolopenichi, 359

Kolotskoï, 196, 197, 201, 209, 213, 220, 223, 310

Kolotza, 197, 198, 199, 200, 205, 207

Koltiniani, 387

Kolubakin, Russian Major-General, 96, 131, 209, 210

Königsberg, 15-16, 18, 19, 67, 76, 163, 261, 385, 386, 388

Konopka, Polish General, 260

Konovnitzin, Peter Ivanovich, Count, Russian Lieut.-General, 56, 57, 103, 104, 137, 138, 140, 143, 150-153, 187, 194, 195, 197, 201, 206, 209, 211, 227, 239, 248, 259

Kopis, 342, 352, 375

Korff, Feodor Karolovich, Baron, Russian Lieut.-General, 64, 80, 136, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 154, 203, 249, 258, 276, 315, 319, 337

Korythnia, 127, 128, 129, 337

Kosinski, Polish General, 164, 169, 388

Kossecki, Polish General of Brigade, 348, 349

Kotschubey, Count, 187

Kovel, 168

Kovno, 59, 61, 62-64, 67, 68, 70-73, 80, 260, 383, 384

Kozakovski, Russian Major-General, 175, 182

Krasnoï, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 333, 334, 335-343, 351

Kreminskoië, 284

“Kremlin,” The (Russ. _Kreml_), 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 241, 270, 273

Kreutz, Russian Major-General, 79, 203, 210

Kruchov, Russian Major-General, 161, 163

Krupki, 354, 359

Krymniki, 289

Krymskoië, 224

Kubinskoi, 224

Kudachev, Prince, Russian Colonel, 244, 250

Kulnev, Yakov Petrovich, Russian Major-General, 74, 75, 100, 173-175

Kurland, 108, 170, 171, 260

Kurakin, Prince Alexander Borisovich, Russian Ambassador to Paris, 10, 11

Kutaïsov, Alexander Ivanovich, Count, Russian Major-General, 57, 153, 210

L

Labiau, 388

Laborde, Comte, French Général de Division, 225, 243, 270, 337, 370

La Houssaye, Armand Lebrun, Comte de, French Général de Division, 127

Lambert, Comte Charles (French), Russian Major-General, 160, 161, 162, 164-168, 290, 328, 348-351

Lanchantin, French Général de Brigade, 341

Langeron, Alexandre Andrault, Comte de, French General in Russian Army, 251, 287, 289, 328, 349, 350, 351, 358, 359, 363, 372, 381, 382

Lanskoï I, Russian Privy Councillor, 237

Lanskoï II, Russian Major-General, 376

Lariboissière, Jean Ambroise Baston, Comte de, French General in Artillery, 241, 383, 386

Larionovo, 337

Larrey, Surgeon-General, Baron, 116

Latour-Maubourg, Marie Victor Nicolas Fay, Marquis de, French Général de Division, 38, 80, 86, 91, 98, 113, 114, 126, 139, 159, 191, 205, 210, 212, 256, 332, 334, 335, 337

Lauriston, Comte, French Général de Division, 10, 243, 251

Lavrov, Russian Lieut.-General, 203

Lecoq, Karl Christian Erdmann Edler, Saxon Lieut.-General, 166

Lecchi, Theodoro, Italian General of Brigade, 216

Ledru des Essarts, François Roch, French Général de Division, 38, 112, 134, 140-143, 150, 153, 205, 206, 280, 318, 376

Lefebvre, François Joseph, Duc de Danzig, Marshal of France, 38, 236, 379

Legrand, Claude Juste Alexandre, Count, French Général de Division, 38, 100, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178-182, 300, 303, 304, 327, 328, 368

Lejeune, Louis François, Baron, French Général de Brigade, 212, 215, 354

Lepel, 61, 90, 91, 305, 327, 365

Lesseps, M., 230

Lewis, Russian Lieut.-General, 171, 172, 173, 293, 294, 347, 388

Liadi, 126, 132, 334, 338, 340

Lida, 64, 65, 68, 73, 78, 79

Lieven, Count Christopher, Russian Diplomatist, 99, 249

Lieven, Count, Russian Major-General, 328, 330

Likhachev, Russian Major-General, 138, 141-143, 210, 214, 215

Lilienberg, Austrian Major-General, 166

Liozna, 114, 122

Lithuania (Modern Western Russia), 60, 76, 116, 190, 191

Lobau, Comte (General Mouton), 100, 101, 102, 104, 379

Lochnitza, 350, 352, 355

Loison, Louis Henri, Comte, French Général de Division, 163, 261, 377, 379, 382, 384

Lopuklin, Prince, 187

Lossmina, 2, 126-128, 334, 335, 337, 338, 341

Löw, Saxon Major-General, 296, 368

Löwenstern, Colonel Baron, 118, 153, 187, 204, 214, 215, 216, 226, 239, 251, 253, 256, 276, 278, 327

Löwenstern, Baron, Major-General of Artillery, Russian, 256

Lubino, 131, 146-155, 183

Lublin, 64, 67, 69, 160

Lubra, 335

Luchizza, R., 104, 105

Lüders, Russian Major-General, 262, 288, 348

Lukoml, 346

Lukomlia, R., 327, 328, 346

Lukovkin, Cossack Colonel, 350, 351, 358

Lutsk, 15, 16, 19, 62, 159, 160, 168

Luzha, R., 275, 279, 282

M

Macdonald, Jacques Etienne Joseph Alexandre, Duke de Taranto, Marshal of France, 37, 64, 171, 172, 176, 260, 287, 293, 347, 348, 386-388, 389

Maison, French Général de Division, 300, 303

Malakova Gate of Smolensk, 130, 140, 141, 145

Maliavka, 359

Maloyaroslavetz, 269-285, 307, 309

Marchand, Jean Gabriel, Comte, French Général de Division, 81, 116

Maret, Hugues Bernard, Duc de Bassano, French Minister for Foreign Affairs, 146, 269, 296, 331, 377, 378, 380

Maria Louisa, Empress of the French, 2, 18

Markov I, Russian Lieut.-General, 161, 164, 165, 166, 168

Markov II, Count, Russian Lieut.-General, 200

Marthod, French Major, 244

Massenbach, Prussian Lieut.-General, 347, 387, 388

Maximovo, 316

Meade, U.S. General, example cited, 245

Mecklenburg, Prince Karl of, Russian Major-General, 85, 93, 202

Medyn, 269, 280, 307, 308

Melissino, Russian Major-General, 161, 162-164, 165, 330

Memel, 388

Merle, Pierre Hugues Victor, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 173, 174, 178, 179-182, 299, 300, 303, 304

Merlino, 336

Metternich, Prince, Austrian Prime Minister, 3, 8, 116, 297

Michino, 199, 202

Mikalevka, 321, 334, 345

Miloradovich, Mikhail Andreïevich, Russian General, 55, 57, 194, 200, 203, 224, 225, 229, 230, 237, 238, 239, 240, 247, 250, 256, 258, 259, 270, 271, 274, 289, 307, 308, 309, 314-320, 324, 333, 334-341, 352, 375, 388

Minsk, 61, 62, 64, 65, 69, 73, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89, 91, 115, 159, 189, 190, 260, 269, 286, 292, 306, 328, 329, 345, 348, 349, 351, 353, 362

Mir, 81, 83, 84, 85

Mitau, 59, 61, 63, 89, 171, 172, 293, 294, 295

Mogelnitza-on-Bug, 91

Mohilev, 61, 84, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 104, 108, 109, 113, 122, 123, 130, 260, 293, 357

Molodechno, 357, 376, 377

Momonovo, 225

Montbrun, Louis Pierre, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 78, 102, 104, 105, 122, 123, 126, 127, 152, 206, 214

Montholon, Comte, quoted, 263

Morand, Louis Charles Antoine Alexis, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 71, 78, 140, 149, 154, 204, 205, 207, 209, 214

Mordvinov, Chamberlain, 305

Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, Duc de Treviso, Marshal of France, 38, 88, 223, 224, 230, 231, 270, 273, 274, 281, 284, 309, 315, 338, 340, 379

Moscow (Moskva), 62, 65, 185, 186, 194, 218, 219, 225-240, 242-244, 259, 261, 263-270, 271, 273, 289, 306, 315

Moskva, R, 198-200, 237

Mourier, French Général de Brigade, 139

Mozhaïsk, 197, 198, 217, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 237, 259, 281, 283, 284, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311

Mozyr, 62, 93, 161, 262, 287, 293, 328, 349, 386

Mstislavl, 97, 106, 130

Müller, Rear-Admiral von, Russian, 293

Müller Zakomelski, Peter Ivanovich, Russian Major-General, 249, 250, 256, 258

Murat, Joachim Napoleon, King of Naples, Marshal of France, 14, 37, 73, 78, 101, 102-104, 106, 113, 121, 122, 126, 127-129, 132, 134, 138, 140, 141, 152, 191, 195, 210-216, 222, 223, 224, 229, 230, 231, 238, 239, 240, 244, 255, 256, 258, 259, 271, 279, 282, 309, 379, 380, 382, 383, 385

Musin Pushkin, Russian Major-General, 328, 388

N

Nadva, 124

Nansouty, Etienne Marie Champion de, Comte, French Général de Division, 37, 38, 79, 100, 102, 103, 104, 122, 126, 127, 148, 152, 189, 206, 209, 256

Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1-16, 18, 19, 33, 34, 37, 63, 67-73, 75, 77, 78, 81, 83, 87, 88, 89, 100-102, 104-107, 108, 113-117, 120, 122, 123, 134-144, 146, 148, 149, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 171, 172, 176, 177, 183-186, 188-192, 193-197, 201, 202, 204-219, 220-223, 225, 229-231, 235-240, 241-244, 254, 255, 259, 263-271, 273, 279-283, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 321, 324, 325, 333-340, 342, 343, 344, 345, 351-362, 364, 365, 368-373, 374, 377-380, 386, 389, 390

Nara, 245, 256

Narbonne, Comte, 11

Narew, R., 81

Nelson, Admiral, example of, quoted, 212

Nesvizh, 62, 81, 84, 85, 86

Nevel, 296

Neverovski, Dmitri Petrovich, Russian Major-General, 56, 65, 98, 120, 125, 126-129, 131, 132, 202, 206

Ney, Michel, Duc d’Elchingen, Marshal of France, 13, 17, 35, 73, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 112, 114, 116, 121-123, 126-129, 132-135, 139-143, 145, 147, 155, 191, 205-218, 220, 224, 234, 244, 270, 271, 272, 274, 280, 307, 314, 316-320, 321, 324, 327, 332, 333, 334, 336, 337, 341, 342, 354, 357, 362, 364, 367-373, 374-381, 384, 385

Niemen, R., 18, 19, 59-61, 63-70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 80, 82, 89, 108, 191, 348, 384, 385, 386

Nikolaev, 82

Nitcha, R., 174

Nizhnii Novgorod, 227

Norway, 13

Novi Bykhov, 97, 106

Novi Dvor, 65

Novi Svergen, 62, 348

Novi Troki, 77, 80, 88

Novigrodek, 62, 82, 84

Novosilki, 96, 97

O

Oboiarzina, 174, 175

Ochmiana, 61, 79, 81, 377, 379, 382

Ochs, Westphalian General of Division, 152

Oder, R., 3, 261

Okunev, General, quoted, 66, 158

Oldenburg, 2, 3

Olsuviev, Zacharii Dmitrievich, Russian Major-General, 154, 208

Orani, 73, 78

Orders (Russian)-- St. George, 247 St. Andrew, 192 St. Vladimir, 247 St. Alexander Nevski, 247

Orlov-Denisov, Vasilii Vasilievich, Russian Major-General, 150, 152, 250, 256, 258, 325, 375

Ornano, Polish General of Division, 207

O’Rourke, Russian Major-General, 358

Orsha, 60, 61, 90, 91, 92, 94, 104, 114, 156, 189, 260, 305, 334, 336, 342, 343, 344, 350, 351, 353, 354

Ostermann-Tolstoï, Alexander Ivanovich, Count, Russian Lieut.-General, 102-104, 138, 203, 207, 215, 216, 227, 247, 258, 337

Ostrog, 62, 286, 289

Ostrovno, 102, 104, 105

Oudinot, Charles Nicolas, Duc de Reggio, Marshal of France, 13, 35, 74, 75, 78, 100, 101, 114, 172, 173-179, 182, 345, 346, 353, 355, 357-359, 361, 362, 364, 365, 367, 368, 372, 376

Ozharovski, Count, Russian Major-General, 250, 272, 334, 336, 338

P

Pahlen I, Peter Petrovich von der, Count, Russian Major-General, 79, 105, 106, 136, 147, 203

Pahlen II, Pavel Petrovich, Count, Russian Major-General, 353, 355, 358, 359, 363, 367

Pajol, Claude Pierre, French Général de Brigade, 72, 78, 79, 90, 92, 123, 189, 196

Pakhra, R., 237, 238, 239, 240

Panki, 229

Paris, 380

Partouneaux, Louis, Comte, French Général de Division, 346, 356, 366, 367

Paskievich, Ivan Feodorovich, Russian Major-General, 57, 93, 96, 97, 120, 129, 131, 158, 209, 210, 307, 308, 310, 316, 318, 319, 336, 341

Paulucci, the Marchese di, Russian Lieut.-General (Italian), 99, 101, 347, 388

Pelletier, French Général de Brigade, 319

Perebrod, 100

Petrovski Palace, 236

Phillipon, Baron, French Général de Division, 336

Phull, Baron Karl, German Lieut.-General in Russian Service, 7, 54, 66, 80, 98, 99, 100

Pilwiski, 67, 68, 385

Pino, Dominico, Comte, Italian General, 38, 189, 205, 217, 223, 242, 278, 285, 336

Pinsk, 91, 162, 286, 293

Pinsk Marshes, 16, 19, 41, 60, 62, 86, 161, 163

Pion des Loches, Colonel, quoted, 386

Pire, French Général de Brigade, 102

Platov, Matvei Ivanovich, Russian General of Cossack, 53, 65, 66, 73, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 93, 97, 105, 121, 138, 193, 194, 203, 213, 216, 222, 223, 224, 227, 249, 250, 270, 274, 282, 307, 308, 314, 316, 318, 319, 320, 324, 325, 326, 333, 337, 342, 352, 354, 364, 367, 382-384, 385, 386

Plauzonne, French Général de Brigade, 207

Plechenitzi, 376

Plock, 15

Poddubno, 165, 166

Poland, 2, 8, 60

Polonka, 163

Polota, R., 177, 178, 299, 300

Polotsk, 61, 100, 101, 102, 104, 169, 173, 176, 177-182, 185, 254, 260, 261, 287, 295, 296, 298-304, 305, 306, 347

Poniatowski, Joseph Anthony, Polish Prince and General, 36, 80, 81, 92, 98, 135, 140, 141, 148, 193, 204, 207, 208, 216, 223, 224, 256, 271, 272, 281, 307, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 326, 389

Poniemon, 70, 71

Population of Russian Towns, 63

Poriechie, 106, 109, 114, 118, 121, 124, 132, 156, 157

Posen, 16

Potemkin, Russian Colonel, 216, 224

Pouget, Baron, French Général de Brigade, 328

Pradt, Dufour de, Archbishop of Malines, 9, 191

Praga, 291, 368

Pregel, R., 388

Preising, Graf von, Bavarian Major-General, 116, 207, 331

Prenn, 80

Prikaz Vidra, 121, 123, 136

Prizmenitza, 180, 181

Propoïsk, 106

Prudichevo, 131, 137, 148, 152

Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of, 10, 297

Prussia, 4, 7, 8, 10, 19, 66

Prussian Army, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19

Pruzhani, 19, 91, 162, 163, 164, 291, 328

Pskov, 169

Pushnitzki, Russian Colonel, 141

Putna, R., 289

R

Radziwil, Prince, Polish General of Brigade, 172

Raievski, Nikolai Nikolaievich, Russian Lieut.-General, 55, 84, 85, 86, 92, 94, 96, 97, 109, 125, 129, 131-137, 138, 143, 202, 216, 227, 237, 238, 247, 276, 278, 279, 336

Rapp, Jean Baptiste, French Général de Division, 206, 242, 282, 368

Rasasna, 122, 123, 126

Razitzi, 173, 176, 177

Razout, Jean Nicolas, Baron, French Général de Division, 134, 140, 142, 150, 152, 205, 280, 318, 324, 341

Reynier, Jean Louis Ebenezer, Comte, French Général de Division, 36, 69, 80, 81, 84, 87, 92, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164-168, 292, 329, 330, 388, 389

Riazan, 228

Ricard, French Général de Division, 340, 341

Riga, 6, 60, 61, 62, 89, 109, 170, 171, 172, 260, 287, 293, 294, 295, 297, 347, 387

Rochechouart, Comte de, French Officer in Russian Service, 352

Rogachev, 113, 123

Roguet, François, Comte, French Général de Division, 284, 336, 337, 338, 340

Romanovo, 85, 86

Romoeuf, French Général de Brigade, 209

Rosen, Grigorii Vladimirovich, Baron, Russian Major-General, 121, 340

Rossi, Russian Major-General, 141, 142

Rossi, R., 329, 330

Rossieni, 64, 68, 73, 171

Rostopchin, Feodor Vasilievich, Comte, Governor-General of Moscow, 186, 225, 226, 232, 233

Rosniecki, Alexander, Polish Cavalry General, 84, 86

Roussel, 103

Royal Citadel of Smolensk, 130, 131, 135, 138

Rüdiger, Russian Colonel, 304

Rudnia, 106, 121, 122

Rumiantzev, Count Nikolai Petrovich, Grand Chancellor of Russia, 45, 248

Rurikovich Tzars of Russia, 117

Rusa, 223

Russian Army, 43-50, 63, 65, 66, 68, 108-109, 245-256, 287, 289, 298, 333, 382

Russian roads, 6, 59, 61, 67, 79, 80

Rustan, Napoleon’s Mameluke attendant, 379

S

Sabaniev, Russian Lieut.-General, 287, 289, 328, 348, 349, 358, 363, 368

Sacken, Fabien von der Osten, Baron, Russian Lieut.-General (German), 56, 66, 160, 161, 168, 292, 328-331, 348-386, 388

Sahr, Saxon Brigadier, 166

St. Genies, French Général de Brigade, 100

St. Germain, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 102, 256

St. Petersburg, 144

St. Priest, Emmanuel, Comte de, Russian Major-General (French), 119, 147, 202, 387

Saltanovka, 92, 109

Saltikov, Nikolai Ivanovich, Count, Russian Field-Marshal, 72

Salza, Baron, Russian Staff Officer, 153

Saumarez, Sir James de, British Admiral, 12

Sazonov, Russian Major-General, 173, 175, 178, 179, 304

Scharnhörst, Prussian General, 99

Scheler, Württemberg Lieut.-General, 116, 134, 140, 142, 150, 153, 205, 230

Schlock, 172, 293, 294

Schwarzenberg, Karl Philip, Fürst von, Austrian General, 19, 60, 66, 69, 81, 87, 91, 92, 159, 160, 163-169, 251, 260, 287, 290-292, 296, 306, 328-331, 348, 351, 383, 387, 388, 389

Sebastiani, Francesco Horatio Bastien, Comte, French Général de Division (Corsican), 38, 80, 114, 121, 122, 123, 230, 239, 256, 258, 259

Sebezh, 169, 173, 174, 295

Selets, 94, 96

Semenovskoï, 198-200, 203, 206-216

Semlevo, 194, 315, 320

Semlino, 223

Sereth, R., 289

Seslavin, Captain, Russian, 250, 272, 325, 379, 383

Shakovski, Ivan, Russian Major-General, 216

Shavli, 16

Sheïn Ostrog, 138, 148

Shevardino, 201, 206

Shevich, Russian Major-General, 106

Shuvalov, Pavel Andreïevich, Count, Russian Lieut.-General, 69, 102

Siberia, 186

Siberia, Prince of, Russian Major-General, 305

Sieben, Bavarian Major-General, 181, 182

Siegenthal, Austrian Lieut.-General, 165, 166

Sienno, 328

Sievers I, Count, Russian Major-General, 93, 94, 97, 125, 203, 206

Sievers II, Count, Russian Colonel of Engineers, 298, 299, 300

Sigismund III, King of Poland, 130

Sissoiev, Cossack Colonel, 93, 94, 96

Sivokhino, 173, 174, 176, 182, 286, 295, 298

Skalon, Russian Major-General, 141

Sklov, 114

Slavkovo, 194, 308

Slonim, 16, 62, 64, 81, 84, 91, 159, 260, 292, 329, 330, 348

Slutsk, 62, 85, 86, 90

Smolensk, 61, 62, 70, 97, 99, 106, 108, 116-121, 123-127, 128, 129, 144, 145-148, 156-158, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190, 193, 194, 251, 252, 254, 259, 260, 269, 305, 306, 308, 310, 315, 324, 325, 326, 327, 331-335, 337, 340, 341

Smoliani, 346, 347

Smorgoni, 64, 73, 83, 378, 379

Sokal, 59

Sokolnicki, General (Polish), 135

Solovievo, 131, 137, 146, 154, 155, 158, 192

Soltyk, Comte, Polish Officer, quoted, 71

Sorbier, Jean Barthelemy, Comte, French Général de Division, 215, 216

Sparrow Hills, 229, 230

Spas, 178-181

Spas Kuplia, 239, 250, 258

Staroi Borisov, 364, 366

Staroi Bykhov, 61, 93-97

Staroï Konstantinov, 160, 289

Staroi Selie, 375

Stavidzki, Russian Colonel, 131

Steingell, Thaddeus, Count, Russian Lieut.-General, 58, 171, 262, 286, 287, 291, 295, 297, 298-304, 327, 366, 370

Stragan, R., 149, 150, 153

Strogonov, Pavel Alexandrovich, Russian Major-General, 104, 138, 207, 208, 250

Struria, 299, 300

Studianka, 353, 357, 358-362, 364-372, 374, 375

Styr, R., 168, 286, 289, 290, 291

Subervie, French General of the Brigade, 80

Surazh, 106, 113, 114, 118

Suvorov (Field-Marshal Prince), mentioned, 188

Sventsiani, 61, 64, 66, 68, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79

Sver, 78, 79

Svislocz, on Berezina, 85

Svislozh, 330

Svolna, 177

Sweden, 12, 13

T

Tarutino, 239, 240, 245, 248, 269, 250, 251, 256, 258, 261, 269, 270, 272, 274, 276

Tauroggen, 387

Teveli, 168

Tharreau, Jean Victor, Baron, French Général de Division, 38, 91, 92, 139, 208

Thorn, 15

Tilsit, 5, 11, 59, 61, 63, 64, 68, 73, 387, 388

Tilsit, Treaty of, 5

Toll, Karl, Baron, Quartermaster-General of 1st Russian Army, 54, 101, 119, 148, 192, 196, 227, 228, 255

Tolochin, 334, 353

Tormazov, Alexander Petrovich, Count, Russian General, 19, 52, 58, 66, 69, 91, 159, 161-169, 250, 286, 287, 289-291, 296, 337-340, 386

Tornov, Russian Colonel, 149

Torres Vedras, 7

Tuchkov I, Nikolai Alexeivich, Russian Lieut.-General, 69, 104, 136, 137, 149, 152, 202, 203, 207, 208, 213

Tuchkov II, Peter Alexeivich, Russian Major-General, 349, 386, 388

Tuchkov III, Pavel Alexeivich, Russian Major-General, 147, 148-154

Tuchkov IV, Alexander Alexeivich, Russian Major-General, 101, 104, 206, 208, 209

Turno, Polish Brigadier-General, 84, 85

Turshaninov, Russian Colonel, 303

Tutulmin, Director of Moscow Foundling Hospital, 233, 243

Tyskiewicz, Polish Cavalry General, 85, 86, 284

Tzarévo, 198, 203, 211, 212

U

Uchach, 104, 302, 305

Ula, R., 327, 346

Uspenskoïe, 198

Usveia, 346

Utitza, 198, 199, 202, 206, 207, 208, 216

Uvarova, 334, 338

Uvarov, Feodor Petrovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 64, 74, 75, 101, 103, 118, 136, 147, 150, 193, 213, 214, 224, 227, 318, 336

Uzha, R., 192

V

Valence, Cyrus Marie Alexandre, Comte de, French Général de Division, 78, 83, 92, 94

Valentin, French Général de Brigade, 181

Vandamme, Comte, French Général de Division, 87

Vassilchikov, Hilarion Vasilievich, Russian Major-General, 85, 96, 97, 125, 137, 249, 258, 276, 315, 318, 337

Vaudoncourt quoted, 354

Veliaminov, 293

Velikii Luki, 254

Velikii Novgorod, 169

Velizh, 113, 114

Verdier, Jean Antoine, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 174, 175, 176, 178-182

Vereia, 245, 269, 271, 272, 274, 281, 284, 307, 309, 310

Verkalobovo, 97

Veselovo, 350

Viasma, 2, 194, 196, 262, 284, 309, 310, 314-320

Viazema, 224, 225

Victor (Claude Victor Perrin), Duc de Belluno, Marshal of France, 14, 37, 251, 252, 260, 296, 297, 305, 315, 325, 328, 345-347, 356, 359, 363, 364, 366-373, 374, 377, 382, 387

Vileika, 88

Vilia, 2, 67, 72, 73, 74

Vilkomirz, 64, 74, 75, 78, 79

Villata, Italian Brigadier-General, 113

Villeblanche, M. de, French Intendant of Smolensk, 252

Vilna, 15, 16, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67-80, 108, 115, 116, 146, 188, 190, 191, 251, 269, 287, 305, 347, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387

Vinkovo, 239, 256, 259, 262, 274

Virgin of Smolensk, the, 202

Vistitski II, Russian Major-General, 196

Vistula, 2, 15, 16, 61

Vitebsk, 60-62, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 173, 182, 260, 283, 305, 308, 328, 351

Vladimir, 227, 231, 244, 246

Vladimir Monomakh, King of Russia, 231

Vlastov, Russian Major-General, 178, 295, 304, 327, 356, 370

Voïkov, Russian Artillery Colonel, 154

Voïnov, Russian Lieut.-General, 287, 289, 291 328, 348, 349, 350, 355, 358, 363

Volkhonski, Peter Mikhailovich, Prince, Alexander’s Adjutant-General, 65

Volkovisk, 19, 62, 65, 66, 69, 77, 81, 329, 385

Vologin, 82

Volokovaia, 124, 125, 136

Vop, R., 325, 326

Voronovo, 232, 239, 258, 271, 272

Voronzov, Mikhail Semenovich, Count, Russian Major-General, 56, 85, 97, 202, 203, 206

W

Warsaw, 8, 15, 16, 62, 63, 67, 159, 160, 164, 191, 291, 329, 378

Warsaw (Grand Duchy), 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 18, 59, 61, 62, 64, 67, 92, 292

Wasowicz, Captain, Polish, 379

Wellesley, Lord, British Minister, 12

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 7, 199, 390

Wengrow, 260, 291

Witte, Russian Colonel, 329

Wittgenstein, Peter, Count, Russian Lieut.-General (German), 55, 58, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 100, 101, 104, 105, 114, 169-182, 245, 261, 262, 286, 287, 295, 296, 297-304, 305, 306, 325, 327, 328, 331, 345-347, 352, 353, 356, 358, 359, 363, 364-371, 375, 386

Wilson, Sir Robert, British Major-General, 120, 141, 144, 219, 225, 232, 239, 246, 251, 275, 280, 281, 288, 311, 354

Winzingerode, Ferdinand, Baron, Russian Lieut.-General (Hessian), 117, 118, 122, 230, 244, 250, 270, 273, 315, 326

Wollzogen, Colonel von, German Officer on Russian Staff, 98, 118

Wrede, Karl Philip, Comte, Bavarian General, 178-182, 295, 299, 300, 304, 347, 375, 382, 384

Württemberg, Prince Alexander of, 99, 153

Württemberg, Friedrich Wilhelm, King of, 3

Wylie, Doctor Sir James, 211

Y

Yefremov, Russian Colonel, 250

Yermólov, Alexei Petrovich, Russian Major-General, 54, 101, 119, 124, 125, 147, 150, 210, 227, 246, 256, 272, 352, 359, 364

Yorck, Prussian Lieut.-General, 294, 295, 387, 388

Yukhnov, 269, 284

Yurí “Dolgorúki,” Founder of Moskow, 231

Yurkovski, Russian Major-General, 324, 327

Z

Zamosc, 164, 169

Zapolski, Russian Major-General, 93

Zaslavl, 160, 289

Zayonczek, Joseph, Polish General, 140, 326, 332, 335, 354, 368

Zea Bermudez, Spanish envoy, 12

Zechmeister, Austrian Major-General, 166

Zembin, 349, 350, 356, 361, 362, 376

Zvenigorod, 223

TRANSCRIBERS NOTE:

Original spelling has been retained.

No attempt to resolve differences in spelling of place or family names has been made.

WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD.

PRINTERS, PLYMOUTH